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EXPERIMENT MODULE
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION LABORATORY
FLUID DYNAMIC
(ALF)
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2018
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 2
Contributor:
Dr. Yogi Wibisono Budhi, Dr. Irwan Noezar, Dr. Ardiyan Harimawan, Darren Kurnia, Paul
Victor, Dr. Pramujo Widiatmoko
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 3
TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................................. 3
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... 4
LIST OF TABLE ....................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER II PURPOSE AND TARGET OF EXPERIMENT ................................................ 8
2.1. Purpose ........................................................................................................................ 8
2.2. Target .......................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER III EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ............................................................................. 9
3.1. Equipment and measuring tools .................................................................................. 9
3.2. Material ....................................................................................................................... 9
3.3. Experimental Tool Scheme ......................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER IV WORK PROCEDURE .................................................................................... 11
4.1. Determination of Tap Water Density ........................................................................ 11
4.2. Determination of Tap Water Viscosity ..................................................................... 12
4.3. Start Up Procedure .................................................................................................... 13
4.4. Shut Down Procedure................................................................................................ 14
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 15
APPENDIX A RAW DATA TABLE ..................................................................................... 16
APPENDIX B CALCULATION PROCEDURE .................................................................... 18
APPENDIX C LITERATURE SPESIFICATION .................................................................. 20
APPENDIX D .......................................................................................................................... 22
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 4
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1. Piping tool SOLTEQ ............................................................................................. 10
Figure C.1. Moody Diagram .................................................................................................... 20
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 5
LIST OF TABLE
Table 3.1. Caption of figure 3.1 .............................................................................................. 10
Table A.1. Measurement of head loss measuring tool/fitting/pipe .......................................... 16
Table A.2. Measurement of tap water density ......................................................................... 16
Table A.3. Measurement of tap water viscosity ...................................................................... 17
Tabel C.1. Data Diameter of Pipe, Fitting, and Valve ............................................................ 21
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 6
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Fluid is a kind of substance that can not resist form changes permanently. The shape changes
in the fluid will form layers that flow over another layer and form new layers. In the process,
the shear stress arises and the magnitude depends on the fluid viscosity as well as the fluid
flow rate relative to the particular direction. This shear stress will disappear after the fluid
reaches an equilibrium state.
Based on its density properties, fluids can be divided into two types: compressible and
incompressible fluids. The compressible fluid has a sensitive density changing in temperature
and pressure (e.g. gas). In contrast, incompressible fluids are more stable against the
influence of pressure and temperature (e.g. liquid).
In a piping system for flowing the fluid, common components or equipment used include
pipe / tube, valve, blower, pump. The pipe serves as place where the fluid flow, while the
valve is useful for regulating fluid flow. Mechanical energy is required to move and adjust
the fluid flow rate in the piping system. Tools that can include pump, blower, fan, and
compressor. Based on the principle of action, the fluid transfer apparatus is divided into two,
direct pressure to the fluid or by generating rotation using torque.
The Bernoulli equation is used to analyze energy changes in the piping system.
(
) (
)
Keterangan:
A : pump suction section
B : pump discharge section
(
(
)
)
The amount of work from the pump depends on capacity and head. Capacity is the mass flow
rate per volume of fluid being flowed, while the head is the total difference of inlet and outlet
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 7
pressure. The head is expressed in the height of the fluid column under adiabatic conditions.
The efficiency of the pump is expressed as the ratio of output power to the input. In the
operation of the pump, the cavitation phenomenon should be avoided. Cavitation is a
phenomenon of partial change of fluid to vapor due to the suction pressure higher than fluid
vapor pressure. The appearance of bubbles in the liquid stream due to the process can damage
the pump. To avoid cavitation, the value (NPSH) R must be met. (NPSH) R represents the
total fluid head at the center line of the pump, minus the vapor pressure (P). NPSH can be
calculated using the following equation.
(
)
(NPSH) A in the pump installation should be greater or equal to (NPSH) R for the desired
capacity.
Fluid flow rate can be measured with various types of measuring instruments, for example
pitot tube, orificemeter, and venturimeter. These three tools use the Bernoulli principle to
determine the fluid flow rate.
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 8
CHAPTER II
PURPOSE AND TARGET OF EXPERIMENT
2.1. Purpose
This practice is done with the aim to study the characteristics of the piping system, as well as
the fluid that flows in it.
2.2. Target
From this practicum praktikan expected:
Determine the relationship of flow rate and head loss
Determine the relationship of Reynold numbers with pipe friction coefficient
Determine the K value of each fitting
Calculate the required constants for calculating the fluid flow rate
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 9
CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
3.1. Equipment and measuring tools
The tools and measuring tools used in this experiment are:
a) A set of SOLTEQ
b) Viscometer Ostwald
c) Picnometer
d) Stopwatch
e) Meassuring cylinder 1 Liter
f) Analytical balance
g) Bucket, clean cloth, and tissue
3.2. Material
Materials used in this experiment are:
a) Aqua dm
b) Tap water
3.3. Experimental Tool Scheme
The arrangement of tools used in this experiment can be seen in Figure 3.1, and with the
information shown in Table 3.1.
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 10
Figure 3.1. Piping tool SOLTEQ
Table 3.1. Caption of figure 3.1
Kode Keterangan Kode Keterangan
A 6 mm smooth bore pipe K In-line y strainer
B Sudden contraction L 90o elbow
C 10 mm smooth bore pipe M 90o bend
D Sudden enlargement N 90o T
E 17 mm smooth bore pipe O Pitot static tube
F 17 mm artificial roughened pipe P Venturimeter
G 45o elbow Q Orificemeter
H 45o Y R Outlet control valve
I Gate valve S Water manometer
J Globe valve T Digital manometer
D C
A
B
E
F G
H I
J K L
M N OP Q R
S
T
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 11
CHAPTER IV
WORK PROCEDURE
Following the procedures bellow which is the practical work module of Fluid Dynamic
module.
4.1. Determination of Tap Water Density
Start
Pycnometer and
acetone are prepared
Pycnometer is washed, and
dried
Empty pycnometer is
weighed; mass
recorded
Empty
pycnometer
mass
Aqua dm is inserted into the
pycnometer until it is fully
loaded
The pycnometer is
closed tight until aqua
dm overflows
The outer wall of the
pycnometer is dried with a
clean tissue or dry cloth
The pycnometer
contains aqua dm
weighed; mass
recorded
pycnometer
+ fluid mass
The aqua dm
temperature in the
pycnometer is
measured
Aqua dm
Temperature
Repeated using
tap water
Pycnometer is emptied;
rinsed with acetone; then
dry it
Tap water density is
calculated
Tap
water
density
Finish
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 12
4.2. Determination of Tap Water Viscosity
Start
Clean and dry the
viscometer
Put the aqua dm into the
viscometer
The liquid is inhaled from the
upper end of reservoir B up to
m
The liquid is allowed to flow; the time
from point m to n is recorded
Time from
m to n
Repeat procedure to find time m to
n tap water
The viscosity of tap water is
sought by comparing the
viscosity of aqua dm
Tap water
viscosity
Finish
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 13
4.3. Start Up Procedure
Start
Tools set up
Fill the water container with water until it reaches half or more of the
container
Open the whole valve; pump and manometer is connected to the
power supply
Power supply Is turned on
Finish
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 14
4.4. Shut Down Procedure
Start
All valve is opened
Power supply Is turned off
The content of the container tub is
drained and dried
Clean up the equipment
Finish
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 15
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Geankoplis, C. J., 2003, Transport Process and Separation 4th
edition, USA: Prentice Hall
(halaman 90 – 107; 136 – 149)
SOLTEQ, Fluid Friction Measurements Apparatus Model : FM 100, Equipment for
Engineering Education & Research, 2011
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 16
APPENDIX A
RAW DATA TABLE
Examples of observation tables used in the experiment are as follows:.
EXAMPLE
Table A.1. Measurement of head loss measuring tool/ fitting / pipe
Flow Rate Variation to- Volume (mL) Time (s) Head Loss (mm H2O)
Table A.2. Measurement of tap water density
Empty pycnometer masses (g)
Empty pycnometer mass + aqua dm (g)
Empty pycnometer mass + tap water (g)
Aqua dm temperature (oC)
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 17
Table A.3. Measurement of tap water viscosity
Travel time aqua dm (s)
Travel time tap water (s)
Aqua dm Temperature (oC)
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 18
APPENDIX B
CALCULATION PROCEDURE
Calculations performed on this Fluid Dynamic module can be done with the following steps:
1. Density calculation of tap water
The density of aqua dm is obtained from literature data of density relation to aqua dm
temperature. Tap water density can be calculated by the following equation:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2. Viscosity Calculation of tap water
The viscosity of aqua dm was obtained from literature data of viscosity relation to aqua dm
temperature. The viscosity of tap water can be calculated by the following equation :
( )
( )
3. Calculation of the flow rate relationship with head loss on the smooth pipe
First calculate the fluid flow velocity in the pipe (u) and connect the head loss (Δh) using the
linear regression plot to obtain the following equation:
( )
The relationship of flow rate with head loss can be known by calculating the value of k
4. Calculation of Reynolds number relationship to friction coefficient on crude pipe
Calculate the Reynolds number on the coarse pipe flow with the following equation:
Dengan = water tap density (kg/m3), fluid flow rate inside pipe (m/s), d = pipe
diameter (m), = tap water viscosity (kg/m.s)
After that, connect the Reynolds number with the existing friction coefficient on the Moody
diagram located in Appendix C. So we can obtain the equation of the relationship between
Reynolds number with coarse linear friction coefficient linearly.
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 19
5. Calculation of fitting and valve characteristics
Calculate the value of hv (velocity head) first with the equation:
With u = linear flow rate (m/s), and g = gravity acceleration constant = 9,8 m/s2. After getting
the value of hv, plot hv to h (head loss reading) in a linear order to get value of K (= h / hv)
6. Characteristics of measuring instruments
Calculate the value of Q (tap water flow discharge (m3 / s)) and connect the plot linearly to
the root of the head loss (√Δh (m1 / 2
)) to obtain k (= Q / √Δh)
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 20
APPENDIX C
LITERATURE SPESIFICATION
Figure C.1. Moody Diagram
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 21
Table C.1. Data Diameter of Pipe, Fitting, and Valve
Section Diameter (cm)
6 mm smooth bore pipe 0,6
Sudden contraction 0,25 0,1
10 mm smooth bore pipe 0,1
Sudden enlargement 0,1 0,25
17 mm smooth bore pipe 0,17
17 mm artificial roughened pipe 0,17
45o elbow 2,5
45o Y 2,5
Gate valve 2,5
Globe valve 2,5
In-line y strainer 2,5
90o elbow 2,5
90o bend 2,5
90o T 2,5
Pitot static tube 2,5
Venturimeter 2,5
Orificemeter 2,5
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
FLUID DYNAMIC MODULE (ALF)
ALF – 2018/PW 22
APPENDIX D
JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS CONTROL SHEET
No Material Material Properties Repressive act
1 Water (H-
2O)
• Melting point 0oC
• Boiling point 100oC
• Stable to the
reaction
• Viscosity 0,860
cP pada 26oC
• Good solvent
Does not require special
countermeasures
Accidents that may occur Repressive act
Short-circuiting electrical connections. Try to disconnect the electrical current on the appliance. If
this is not possible, contact the authorities.
Twisted due to waterlogging caused by
leakage of hose connection.
Ensure that all hose connections are installed properly and
correctly, so that no water leaks and floods. Clean in case
of waterlogging. Safety equipment
Safety Procedures
Checking Tools
• Ensuring the connection of the hose to the
appliance is properly connected and
connected to the drain.
• Ensure that the electricity in the pump is
properly connected, the cables and the
outlet are kept away from the water
source.
Post Experiment
• Clean the waterlogging around the
appliance.
• Disconnect electricity power from the
pump.
• Scroll the power cord and manometer and
place it in place.
Determination of Density and Viscosity
• Make sure the Ostwald pycnometer and
viscometer are put in a safe place.
• Avoid grasping both stalks of the Ostwald
viscometer because the viscometer is very
fragile.
Experiment
• Be careful in the flow of water. Large
water flow pressure can cause the loss of
hose connection at sight gauge.
• Be careful when touching all three gauges
because the connection is easily removed..
Assistant Advisor LabTK coordinator
Practicum coat