fm 5-430-00-1 planning and design of roads, airfields, and heliports in the theater of operations-road design

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Headquarters,

Department of the Army

DIST RIB UTION RE S TR ICTION : Approved for public release; distribution is u nlim ited.


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Chap te r 3: Com m an d a nd Co n tro l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

FI RE-F IGH TIN G HQ TE AM (LA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

WARTIME F IRE -FIGH TIN G TASKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

DETERMINING MANNING REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1ASSIGNING SHIFTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

INVENTORYING EQUIPMENTAND SUPPLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

ACQUIRINGTH E COMMANDER'S PRIORITY LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

MAKINGA F IR E -F IGHTING P LAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

SELECTING DISPERSAL SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

DETERMINING RADIO STATUSAND CALL SIGNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

LOCATING VEHICLE MAINTENANCE P ERSONNELAN D ASSETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

INITIATINGAN F CC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

DEVELOPING MUTUAL-AID AGREEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

LOCATING F IRE -F IGHTING ASSETSANDE STABLISHING RESUPPLY CHANNELS . . . . 3-3

INITIATINGTH E REQUIRED TRAINING P ROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

CONDUCTING F IRE -P REVENTION INSPECTIONSOF F ACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3ENSURINGTHAT PROTECTIVE MEASURES ARE TAKENTO PROTECT PERSONNEL

AND E QUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

PREPARINGA RESPONSE CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

FI RE-F IGH TIN G TE AMS (LB AND LC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

Chap te r 4: Warti me Ope rati ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

FIRE-PROTECTION WARTIME MISSION, LIMITING FACTORS, AND

ASSU MP TIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

F IR E-P ROTECTION WARTIME MISSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

LIMITING FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

ASSUMPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

PREATTACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3F IR E-P ROTECTION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

PLANNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

TRAINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

CRITICAL ACTION S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6

TRANSATTACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7

PO STATTACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

TRANSITIONTO BASE OPERABILITY (BO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

LOCATION OF A F IR E CHIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8

CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9

Fi re Spre ad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9

Da m aged F acility F ires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10

Vehicle Oper abilit y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10Explosive Ordnan ce Reconna issa nce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10

Decont a min at ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10

Cont a min at ion Avoida nce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

F IR E-DEPARTMENT OPERATION P ROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

RE ATTACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12

VEH ICLE AND MANP OWER CALCU LATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
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Cha pt e r 5: Fir e -P rev e nt ion Ope ra tio ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

Section I. Pla ns an d P rocedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

FI RE REGULATION S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

PRE F IRE P LANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2AIRCRAFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2

MISSILE AND SPACE VEHICLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

NATURAL-COVER F IRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

P REDISASTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

Section II. Wa ter S upp ly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

STORAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

GROUND STORAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

H IGH -LEVEL STORAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

REQUIRE MENT S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5

Gr id S yst em . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5Non gr id S yst em . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5

FI RE HYDRANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6

LOCATIONAN D SPACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6

F LOW TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6

Section III. Fire Pr event ion Dur ing Field-Tra ining Exercises (FTXs)/Deploymen ts . . 5-8

SMOKIN G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8

MATCH ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8

OP EN F IRE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9

FLARES AND SMOKE GRE NADE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9

HEATERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9

TENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10

VEH ICLE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10STORAGE AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11

CAMOUFLAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11

DISTRIBUTION OF F IRE E XTINGU ISHE RS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 -12

Cha pt e r 6: Wat er -Tan ke r Re su pp ly Op e rat ion s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1MISS ION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

RES UP PLY OPE RATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

TEM PORARY WATER SU P PLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

DRAFTIN G SI TE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

FI RE-FIGH TIN G OP ERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

Chap te r 7: Aircraft Crash /Res cu e F ire-Figh tin g Ope ratio ns . . . . . . . . . 7-1AIRCRAFT CRASH OP E RATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

AIRCRAFT E MERGEN CY NOTIF ICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

NOTIFYINGTH E CONTROL TOWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

NOTIFYING OTHER P ERSONNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

STANDBY AND RESP ONS E OPE RATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2

COMMUN ICATI ONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
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AIRCRAFT-ACCIDE NT EME RGE NCY TEAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3

EME RGE NCY RES P ONSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4

ONAN AIRFIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4

F ire-F ight ing a n d Res cue Cr ews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4Medical P ers onn el a nd Ambu lan ce Crews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4

F ire Ch ief orSF O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5

Pr ovost Ma rsh al,MP , orGua r d P ers onne l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5

Aviat ion Ma int en an ce Officer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5

P hotogr ap hic P ers onn el . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5

Aviat ion S a fety Officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5

Ch ap la ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5

P ub lic Affair s Officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5

OFF AN AIRFIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6

GRID MAP S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6

SCH EDU LED AEROME DICAL EVACUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7

SE ARCH AND RE SCU E OP ER ATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7

EME RGEN CY EVACUATION OF THE INJ URE D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7

FARP OP ERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7

HAZARDOU S MATE RIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8

AIRCRAFT P REF IRE P LANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8

TECHN IQUES AND PROCEDURES OF FI GHTING AIRCRAFT FI RES . . . . . . . 7-9

AIRCRAFT F IRE -FIGH TING AND CRASH/RESCUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9

AIRCRAF T E NGI NE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9

AIRCRAF T SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9

FUEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11

INSTALLED F IRE EXTINGUISHING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11

ELECTRICAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11

HYDRAULIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11OXYGEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-12

ANTI -ICING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-12

ORDN ANCE AND AIRCRAFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-12

SP ECIAL H AZARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13

FLAMMABLE MATERIALS I N AIRCRAF T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13

AVIATION GASOLINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13

J E T F UELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14

J et A Fu el . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14

J et B Fue l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14

HYPERGOLIC F UEL M IXTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14

FUEL CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14

AIRCRAFT IN CIDE NTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15WHEEL, BRAKE , AND TIR E F IRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15

WHEELS-UP LANDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15

WATER CRASHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15

NOS E-DIVE CRASHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15

BUILDING CRASHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15

H ILLSIDE CRASHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15
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HELICOPTER CRASHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15

NO-F IR E CRASHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16

RESP ONSE PROCE DURE S TO AN AIRCRAFT E MERGE NCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16

F IR E-TRUCK P OSITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16INITIAL ATTACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16

RESCUE ENTRANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16St an da rd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17

Eme rg en cy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17

Cut-In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17

VICTIM RESCUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-18

E XTINGUISHMENT AND OVERHAUL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20

Chap te r 8: Stru ctu ral F ire-Figh tin g Ope ratio ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

Section I. Fir e Oper at ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

STRU CTURAL OP ER ATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

EME RGE NCY NOTIF ICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2

STRATE GY AND TACTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2

ACCESSIBILITYTO A F IR E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3

F IR E-F IGHTING EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3

BUILDING F EATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3

P ROTECTIVE SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4

E XPOSURE HAZARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4

TIM E OF E MERGENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4

HAZARDS F ROM CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4

STRU CTURAL F EATU RES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4

E XTERIOR WALLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4

ROOFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6

Sh ingled R oofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6Comp osit ion Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7

Met a l Roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7

F LOORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7

DOORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8

DOO R LOC KAND FASTENER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8

FORCIBLE ENT RY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8

DOORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8

Over hea d Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8

Stopped-F ra me D oor s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

Rabbet ed-Fr a me D oor s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

Doub le Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

La tched Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9Sin gle-Hin ged Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

Fire Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

WINDOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

Fa ctory-Type Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

Ch eck-Ra il Win dows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
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Bas em en t Wind ows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10

Cas em en t Wind ows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10

CEILINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10

WALLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10FENCE LOCKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10

SAFE TY PRE CAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11

VEN TIL ATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11

TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12

Horizon ta l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12

Vert ical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13

For ced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14

Por ta ble Ma chin es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14

Fog S t re a ms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14

COMMON ROO F TYPESAND OPENING TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14

LOCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16

Sect ion I I. Res cue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16PROCE DURE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16

SE ARCH PATTERN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18

SE ARCH AND RE SCU E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18

ROOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18

COLLAPSED BUILDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18

CAVE -INS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-21

ELECTRICAL CONTACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-21

VEHICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-21Sa fety Cons ider at ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-21

Asses sm en t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22

St ab ilization an d Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22

VICTI M CARE AND RE MOVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22CARRIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-23

OTHER REMOVAL METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-25

Dr aggin g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-25

Usin g a S t ret cher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-25

Usin g a La dde r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-25

Section I II. Cont rol a nd E xtin gu ish me nt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-26

LOCATI NG A FIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-26

INTERIOR F IRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-26

EXTERIOR F IRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-26

CONF INING A FIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-26

Section I V. Salva ge an d Over hau l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-27

PROTE CTION P ROCE DURE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-27SALVAGE COVER S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28

TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28

MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28

THROWSAND SPREADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28
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OVER HAUL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-31

STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-31

H IDDEN F IRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-31

Section V. Invest igat ion a nd Ret ur n t o Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-31INITIAL IN VESTI GATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-31

ORIG IN OF A FIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-33

WOO D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-33

GLASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-33

METAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-34

CAUSE OF A FIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-34

LOSS E STIMATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-35

FI NAL ACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-35

RETU RN TO QUARTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-36

Chapte r 9: Misce llane ous Fac il ity-Base d Fire-Figh ting Operation s . . 9-1

TACTICAL PE TROLE UM TERMINAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1MISSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

S IT E DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

TRAINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

ADDITIONAL SUPPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2

F IR E-SUPPRESSION E QUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2

LOGIST ICS BASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4

F IR E P ROTECTIONAND P REVENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4

OTHER MISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4

INTERN MEN T/DISLOCATE D-CIVILIAN CAMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4

GEN ER AL-SUPP ORT H OSP ITAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5

Chapte r 10: Fire-Figh ting Operation s Invo lving Explosiv es . . . . . . . . 10-1RES PONS IBILI TIE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

COMMANDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

F IR E DEPARTMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

SUPPORT AGENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

FI RE DIVIS ION S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-2

DIVISION 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2

DIVISION 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2

DIVISION 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2

DIVISION 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3

FI RE SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3

CHEMICALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6FI RE-FIGH TIN G P ROCEDURE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8

AMMUNITION AND E XPLOSIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8Division s 1 a n d 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8

Division 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9

Division 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9

CHEMICAL WEAPONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9Nerve Agent s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
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Blist er Agen t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10

Blood Agen ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10

Chok ing Agen ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10

Riot-Con tr ol Agent s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10

NUCLEAR WEAPONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11

UN EXPL ODE D ORDN ANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13

DROPPED MUNITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13

PROJECTED MUNITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13

THROWN AN D PLACED MUNITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13

UXO H AZARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13

UXO SP OT RE P ORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-13

Chap ter 11: HAZMAT Incid en ts an d Fire P roce du res . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1Section I. H AZMAT Incident s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1

SCOP E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1

RESP ONS IBILITIE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2

DEPLOYED MILITARY P ERSONNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2

F IR E-FIGHTING TEAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2

INCIDENT COMMANDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2

HAZMAT-INCIDE NT RE SPON SE PROCE DURE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-2

SIZING UP AND ESTABLISHING COMMAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3

CONTROLLING ACCESSTO TH E SCENE , SECURINGTH E SCENE , AND ISOLATING

TH E HAZARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4

IDENTIFYINGTH E H AZARDAND E VALUATINGTH E RISK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5

RESCUINGAND EVACUATING PERSONNELAND VICTIMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5

STAGINGTH E RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6

REEVALUATINGTH E SITUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7

FI RST RE SP ONDE R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7ENTRY CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7

DECONTAMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7

SUPPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8

MEDICAL SUPPORT/E MERGENCY MEDICAL SUPPORT (EMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8

INCIDE NT COMMAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8

SAFE TY PROCE DUR ES AND SITE SAFE TY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8

TECHNICAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9

PROTECTIONOF PERSONNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9

OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10

PE RSONAL PROTE CTION E QUIP MEN T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11

COMMUNICATING INSIDE ACID SUITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11REMOVING FACE P IECES BEFORE LEAVINGAN ARE A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11

WORKING WIT H AN AIR SUPPLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-11

TOOLS AND EQUI PME NT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12

Section I I. HAZMAT Fire Pr ocedu res . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-13

NU CLE AR FI RE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-13

STORAGE F IRE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-13
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RAIL F IRE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-14

TRANSP ORT-VEHICLE FI RES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-14

TACTICAL-VEH ICLE FI RES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-14

WEAPO N-OP ER ATION F IRE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-14MISSILE FIRE S (WITH OR WITHOU T WARHEADS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-15

INERT M ISSILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-15

P ARTIALLY COMPLETED MISSILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-15

COMPLETE MISSILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-16

Appe nd ix A: Metri c Co nv e rsio n Ch art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

App e nd ix B: Airc ra ft P re fire P lan s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

FAMI LIARIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-1

SP ECIF ICATI ONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-1AH-1 H ue y Cobr a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3

A-H 64 L ongbow Apach e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-8

CH -47 Ch inook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-14CH-54 Ta h re-Sk ycran e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-18

OH -6 Ca yus e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-21

OH -58 Kiowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-24

UH -1 Ir oqu ois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-27

UH -60 Bla ckha wk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-31

F IXED-WING AIRCRAFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-34

C-5 Ga la xy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-34C-12 H u ron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-47

C-17 Globem ast er I II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-54

C-130 H er cules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-81

C-141 S tar lifter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-90

OV-1 Moha wk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-96

U-21 K ing Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-100

Appe nd ix C: Ammu nit ion Iden tifica tion Cha rt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-1

Glo ss ary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glo ssa ry -1

Re fere nce s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Re fere nce s-1

SOU RCES US ED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFE RENCE S-1

J OINTAND MULTISERVICE P UBLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCES-1

ARMY P UBLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCES-1

OTHER MILITARY PUBLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCES-1

NONMILITARY PUBLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCES-2

DOCUME NTS N EE DED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REF ERE NCE S-2


RELATED P UBLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REF ERE NCE S-4


Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index-1
http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://appa.pdf/http://appb.pdf/http://appb.pdf/http://appb.pdf/http://appb.pdf/http://appb.pdf/http://appb-1.pdf/http://appb-1.pdf/http://appb-2.pdf/http://appb-2.pdf/http://appb-2.pdf/http://appb-3.pdf/http://appb-3.pdf/http://appb-3.pdf/http://appb-3.pdf/http://appb-3.pdf/http://appb-3.pdf/http://appb-3.pdf/http://appb-3.pdf/http://appb-3.pdf/http://appb-4.pdf/http://appb-5.pdf/http://appb-7.pdf/http://appb-8.pdf/http://appb-8.pdf/http://appb-8.pdf/http://appc.pdf/http://glossary.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://index.pdf/http://index.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://refs.pdf/http://glossary.pdf/http://appc.pdf/http://appb-8.pdf/http://appb-8.pdf/http://appb-8.pdf/http://appb-7.pdf/http://appb-5.pdf/http://appb-4.pdf/http://appb-3.pdf/http://appb-3.pdf/http://appb-3.pdf/http://appb-2.pdf/http://appb-2.pdf/http://appb-2.pdf/http://appb-1.pdf/http://appb-1.pdf/http://appb.pdf/http://appb.pdf/http://appb.pdf/http://appb.pdf/http://appb.pdf/http://appa.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/http://chap11.pdf/


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x

PrefaceThe pu rpose of this f ield man ua l (FM) is to give a comman der a nd m embers of

fire-fighting teams direction on deploying and using engineer fire-fighting teams.

En gineer f ire-fight ing tea ms will provide fire-prevent ion/-protection, aircra ft-

c ra sh / r e scue , na tu ra l - cover , an d ha za rdous -m a te r i a l (H A ZM A T) (inc iden t )

responses within a t heat er of operat ions (TO). Normally, there will not be enough

fire-fighting assets within t he TO. Therefore, comm an ders mu st pr ioritize assets

a n d f a c il i t i es t h a t a r e m i s s i on - e s s e n t i a l a n d d e p l o y f ir e - fi gh t i n g a s s e t s

accordingly. This man ua l will not provide the a ns wer to every possible incident

scenar io. I t w i ll , however , provide a comm an der a nd f i re- fight ing t eams t he

knowledge to ma ke informed, t imely, an d confident decisions at an incident . If

m ore spec i fi c t echn ica l gu ida nce i s needed , i nd iv idu a l s sh ou ld acqu i r e t h e

appropr i a t e t echn ica l orde r , t echn ica l m anu a l , o r In t e rn a t iona l F i r e S e rv iceTraining Association (IFSTA) manual.

Appendix A conta ins a n En glish-to-metric-measurem ent conversion cha rt.

U n les s oth e rw ise s t a t ed , f ire-f ight ing team s refers to mi l i tary en gineer f ire-

fighting team s.

The pr oponen t for th is publication is HQ TRADOC. Submit cha nges for impr oving

th is publ ica t ion on Depar t ment of th e Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recommended

C han ges to Pub l ica t ions a nd B lank Form s) d i r ect ly to C om m a ndan t , U n i t ed

Sta tes Army En gineer School (USAES), ATTN: ATSE-TD-PD-P, Fort Leonar d

Wood, MO 654 73-6650.

Unless otherwise sta ted, ma sculine pr onoun s do not refer exclusively to men.


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Fire-Fighting Basics 1-1

Chapter 1

Fire-Fighting Basics

1-1. All levels of comma nd ar e resp onsible for t he Arm y's fire-protection

plan. All comma nders and supervisors mu st be responsible for the fire-

safety policies and plans in t heir organ izat ions. They mu st be aware of fire

safety in all en deavors of life.

THREAT

1-2. Fire-fight ing teams a re not priority targets, but th ey may become targets

of opportu nit y becau se of their location in relat ion t o oth er m ission-essentia l

facilities. In low-level conflicts, fire-fight ing t eam s become t ar gets b ecaus e of

th e response in to th e publ ic domain. Fi re- fight ing un i ts ha ve no organicsecur ity ass ets. During fire-fighting operat ions, all crew members are engaged

in th e ope ra t ions . B ecau se o f t h i s , s ecur i ty m us t be p rov ided for du r ing

response, retrieval, and fire-fighting operations.

TRAINING

1-3. Fi re - figh t ing t ea m s a r e m an ned by qua l i fi ed m i l it a ry occupa t iona l

special ty (MOS) 51Ms. The Bas ic Fire-Protection Appr ent ice Cours e (51M

advanced individual training [AIT]) is currently conducted at Goodfellow Air

Force B ase (AFB ) , Texas (TX) , an d i s 13 w eeks long . O th e r a dvan ced ,

specialized cour ses ar e ta ught ther e as well.

1 -4 . D u r i n g g a r r i s on o p e r a t i o n s , e n g i n e e r fi r e - fi g h t i n g t e a m s w i ll b e

opera tionally assigned t o an insta llat ion's fire depa rt ment . This will allow th e

51M firefight ers t o pr actice an d tra in with an inst al lat ions f irefighter s to

ma inta in ski l l s , kn owledge, an d per form an ce accordin g to thei r m iss ion-

essential t ask list (METL).

SU P P ORTING FORCE XXI

1-5. Fir e-fight ing tea ms will sup port Force XXI by providing fire pr otection t o

deployed forces throughout the world in areas of operation (AOs) where the

current infrastructure has collapsed or is in such deterioration that it cannot

supp or t th e Uni ted St a t es (US) in ter es ts . The num ber an d types of f ire-

fighting tea ms n eeded to protect an AO will depend on its size and t he t ype of

facilities in t ha t AO. Chapt ers 2 a nd 3 addr ess th e issue of fire-fighting t eams.

C o n s i d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g g u i d e l i n e s w h e n p l a n n i n g f o r f i r e - p r o t e c t i o n

requirements:

Avia t ion (u n it s u pp or t )one LB tea m per air-tra ffic services compa ny.

Air fie ld (p oi nt s u pp or t )two LB team s per fixed a irfield a nd heliport

(UH-60, AH-64, CH-47).


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FM 5-415

1-2 Fire-Fighting Basics

Su pp ly (a rea s upp or t)one LB team for each of the following: 5

square miles of AO, corps support group (CSG), division support area

(DSA), ar ea su ppor t group (ASG), corps s tora ge ar ea (CSA), an d

thea ter s torage area (TSA).

Am m u nit ion (p oin t su p por t )one LB team for each of the following:

amm uni t ion supply point (ASP) , nuclear amm un i t ion supply point

(NASP), and chem ical am mu nit ion su pply point (CASP).

Pet roleum, oi ls , and lubr icants (POL) (point suppor t )two LB teams

p e r p e t r o le u m s u p p l y com p a n y a n d t w o p er p e t r o le u m p i p e li n e /

term inal opera tions compan y.

Internment /dis located civi lian camp (point suppor t )one LB team per

internment/dislocated civilian camp.

Con t in ge n cy op er a t ion sone LB team per 5 squ ar e miles of AO.

N at ur al cover /br ushtwo LB team s per ASG.

NOTE: Each LB team requires one LC team for wa ter supply.

MISSION S TATEMENT

1-6. O n the 24-hour concep t and accord ing to ex i s t ing d i r ec t ives ( the

comm and er 's priori ty l ist an d m ission requiremen ts) , engineer fire-fighting

team s will provide fire-prevent ion/-protection, a ircra ft-crash/rescue, na tu ra l-

cover-fire, an d HAZMAT resp onses with in a TO. The tea ms will

Conduct fire-prevention inspections an d fire-fighting operations.

Provide first-responder-level medical response and assistance to

victims.

Provide an in i t ia l response to HAZMAT incidents.

Set up, opera te , and mainta in a 24-hour-a-day, fi re-depar tment

commun ications network.

Conduct POL fi re-fight ing opera t ions .

Conduct reconnaissance of the water -supply points.

Provide water resupply to the fi re-fight ing teams.

M ain ta in t he em ergency wa te r-supp ly poin t s .

Provide addit ional manpower suppor t t o the fi re-fight ing teams.

Provide com m and and con t rol (C2) of non-fire-fighting assets used

when s upporting br ush fire-fighting operations.

Conduct crash/rescue operations, provide support for normal fl ight

a n d m a i n t e n a n ce op e r a t i on s , a n d s u p p o r t m e d i ca l -e v a cu a t i on

(MEDEVAC) operations.


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Organization, Responsibilities, and Equipment 2-1

Chapter 2

Organization, Responsibilities, and Equipment

2-1. This chapter lists t he fire-fighting organ izationa l cha in of comman d

an d its r esponsibilities. The composition an d m akeu p of the fire-fighting

team s ar e a lso addressed. With t his informat ion, a comma nder in a TO

will know what his fire-fighting resources are an d how to use th em.

ORGANIZATIONS

2-2 . T h e a g e n c i e s l i s t e d b e l ow p r o vi d e r e g u l a t o r y g u i d a n c e ( d oc t r i n e ,

directives, policies, and s o forth ), comm an d a nd super vision, qu ality cont rol,

logistics, an d t rainin g guidance for all unit s n eeding this informat ion.

D EPARTMENTOF TH E ARM Y

2-3. DA supervises the fire-protection program by

Developing, reviewing, and pu blishing directives, procedures,

stan dard s, and policies.

Conduct ing s taff v is it s to major and in termedia te commands and

selected r epresent ative bases.

Reviewing and analyzing fire-incident reports from the instal lat ions.

ENGINEER B RANCH

2-4. The chief of engineer s coordin at es th e tra ining of fire-protection un its an d

provides a l ink wit h oth er DA agencies, Air Force civil engineers, and th e

Na vy Burea u of Yar ds a nd Docks. The U SAES is res ponsible for doctr ine,

combat development , n ew equipment , t ra in ing, and mi l itar y f ire- fight ing-

pers onnel i ssu es . The Air Force i s th e execut ive agen cy for f ire- f ight ing

tr ain ing cond ucted a t th e Depar tm ent of Defenses (DODs) Fire Pr otection

School at Goodfellow AFB, TX.

MAJOR COMMAND

2-5. Ea ch comm an der is r esponsible for th e fire-protection pr ogra m on his

insta llation. If an insta llation h as t wo or more comma nds, the host comma nd

is responsible for th e program . The comm and supervises th e f ire-protection

program by us ing di rect ives from higher h eadqua r ter s (HQ) an d by us ing

comman d-cha nn el commun icat ions . Fi re-protect ion opera t ional -readin essinspect ions (FPORIs) are condu cted n o less th an every 36 month s , unless

special problems arise. An inst allat ions fire ma rsh al

Is the staff officer responsible for carrying out an instal lat ion's fire-

protection progra m.

Is responsible for staff supervision over an instal lat ion's fire-

protection organizations.


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FM 5-415

2-2 Organization, Responsibilities, and Equipment

Coordinates fire-protection matt ers with al l other activit ies on an

installation.

FIRE-PREVENTION/-PROTECTION PROGRAMS

2-6 . F i r e - p r e ve n t i o n p e r s o n n e l e s t a b l i s h s t a n d a r d s a n d p r a c t i ce s f orprevent in g accidenta l fi res . They us e sur veys a nd ins pect ions to moni tor

compliance to these standards and recommend corrective action or penalties

for noncompliance. The fire-protection personnel perform fire-rescue/crash-

rescue opera tions, HAZMAT operat ions, an d fire-sup pression opera tions.

FIRE -FIGHTING TEAMS

2-7. Personnel in t hese t eam s provide fi re-prevent ion an d f ire-protect ion

services for deployed forces in st abil i ty opera tions an d su pport opera tions.

The tea ms a re u sed when h ost na t ion (HN) fi re-protect ion suppor t cann ot

provide adequat e protection or is nonexistent . The teams pr otect inter na l and

e x t e r n a l ( H N a n d o t h e r U S s e r v ic es ) Ar m y a s s e t s . T h e y m a i n t a i n f ir e -

protection equipm ent, a dvise the h igher comm an ders of fire-defense plan s,

and tr ain a uxiliary f irefighters as r equired. The fire-fighting team s ar e LA,

LB, LC. They ar e designed to provide ta sk-oriented su pport , depending on t he

t a c t i ca l a nd log is t i ca l cons ide ra t ions invo lved . See C hap t e r 3 for m ore

informat ion on th ese teams.

TEAM LA, F IR E-P ROTECTION HQ

2-8. This team provides C2/administr ative support . One LA team can cont rol

th ree to seven fire-fighting t eams (LB or LC). A team comman der serves a s

th e fire ma rsh al of an inst allat ion/a facility or with in his ar ea of res ponsibility.

An LA team's m issions are to

P lan for fi r e defense on an ins t a lla t ion .

Conduct fi re-prevent ion inspect ions .

C onduct fir e inves t iga t ions.

Establi sh a fi re-depar tment communicat ions network between the

HQ, the m ilita ry police (MP), th e airfield, an d th e fire-fighting t eam s.

C om m and the fir e -figh t ing t eams .

M ain ta in and r e fill fir e ext inguisher s.

M ake m inor r epa ir s t o fir e hoses.

Inspect a nd mainta in f ixed fi re-protect ion sys tems on an insta l la t ion/

in an AO.

Coordinate th e resupply of fire-fighting assets, agents, self-conta inedbreat hing a ppara tu s (SCBA) air, and fuel.

Coordinate mutua l aid with other services/HN fire-protection assets.

TEAM LB, F IR E TRUCK

2-9. This tea m pr ovides f ire pr otect ion, adminis ters fi r s t a id , provides an

ini t ia l response to HAZMAT incidents , an d im plements a f i re-prevent ion


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FM 5-415

Organization, Responsibilities, and Equipment 2-3

p r o g r a m . A c om m a n d e r ' s p r i m a r y t a s k l i s t d e t e r m i n e s t h e t e a m ' s

assignmen ts. An LB team 's missions ar e to

Provide crash /rescue support for MEDEVAC and norma l fl ight or

maintenan ce st andbys.

Conduct fire-prevention inspections on an instal lat ion or airf ield.

Provide C2 of the non-fire-fighting assets used to support natural-

cover fire-fight ing operat ions (hea vy equipmen t, person nel).

Conduct fire-fighting operations (structural , crash/rescue, and nat ural

cover) on an inst allat ion/in an AO.

Provide emergency medical ass is tance to vict ims.

Conduct an in it ia l response to HAZMAT incidents.

Conduct the t ra in ing of uni t -level fi re br igades.

Ass is t with medical resources dur ing mass casual ty incidents.

Ass is t in HN suppor t (HNS), as a commander requi res .

TEA M LC, WATER TRUCK

2-10. This team tra nsports water to resupply fire-fighting t eams when a fixed

water supply is not in place. It also supp lies ma npower to fire-fighting tea ms.

One LC team is as signed to each LB team. An LC team's missions a re to

Conduct water -resupply suppor t t o the fi re-fight ing teams.

Provide addit ional manpower suppor t t o the fi re-fight ing teams.

Conduct reconnaissance of the water -resupply points.

Mainta in the emergency water -supply points.

Assi st i n HN S, a s a com m ander r equ ir e s.

FIRE-PROTECTION PERSONNEL

2 -1 1 . A n i n s t a l l a t i o n s f ir e d e p a r t m e n t e m p l o y s m i l it a r y a n d c i vi l ia n

personnel. Manpower resources and Army manpower policies determine the

nu mber of military an d civilian per sonn el assigned to a fire depar tmen t. The

dut ies and r esponsibi li t ies for mi l i tary f i refighters a re out l ined in Arm y

R egu la t ion (A R ) 611-201 and fo r c iv i l i an f i r e f igh te r s i n H andbook o f

Occup ational Group s andSeries.

FIRE -FIGHTING DR ILLS

2-12. Firef ighters pra ct ice hose , ladder , and pu mp dr i ll s , un der s imu lated

conditions, to achieve a high proficiency level. The drills must be varied soth a t t he f i r e figh te r s use a l l t h e f ir e -p rotec t ion equ ipm ent . In each d r i l l,

firefighters have a series of assignments that they must execute quickly and

precisely. These assignm ents involve laying out hose l ines, put t ing a pum p

into operation, and erecting ladders on buildings. Firefighter s sh ould condu ct

these dr i l l s dur ing peacet ime an d when opera t ing in secur ed area s dur ing

deployment . They must condu ct the dr i l ls to become fam iliar wit h th e new


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FM 5-415

2-4 Organization, Responsibilities, and Equipment

equipment and operations that they may need when they deploy to or with

un i t s t ha t r equ i r e t he i r suppor t a pa r t f rom norm a l m is s ions . AR 420-90

outlines refresher drills for firefighters.

P ERSONAL P ROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (P P E)

2-13. A ll fi r e f igh te r s dep loy ing to a TO m us t ha ve the r equ i r ed PP E t o

perform th eir a ssigned du ties sa fely an d effectively. A detachm ents sergean t

(SGT) must ensu re th at

All firefighters h ave all of their required PPE in serviceable condit ion.

Any shor tages and unserviceable PPE ar e repor ted to the commander

an d rep laced before deploying.

Al l commanders are aware of every i tem of PPE that i s required for

norm al per forma nce of th e f iref ighter s dut ies , to include sp ecia l

protective clothing th at th ey ma y need for a mission (HAZMAT suits,

for examp le).

2-14. A

Documents

fm 5-430-00-1 planning and design of roads, airfields, and heliports in the theater of operations-road design