Focus on Grammar 2 Grammar Chart Transparencies

Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Focus on Grammar 2Grammar Chart Transparencies

The purpose of the grammar charts is to help students notice the form of the structure, to pre-teach some ofthe grammar notes that follow, and to familiarize students with grammar terminology.The Focus on Grammar(FOG) transparencies give instructors a tool to more effectively engage students in class as they tackle a newgrammar point together.

Here are some suggestions for using the transparencies.

� Ask questions that will help students become aware of the form of the structure. For example, for areview of the simple past (Unit 29, page 281), read the statement, “I stayed home” and ask the class to namethe verb. (Stayed.) Ask students what form it is. (The simple past form.) Ask students if the form is regular orirregular. (Regular.)

� Have students use the examples in the charts to practice the form. In the When, What + Noun unit (Unit11, page 103), you might ask students to look at the examples in the chart and change some of the ele-ments. (When is Independence Day in the United States? → When is Election Day in the United States?).

� Use the charts with Grammar in Context. Ask students to look at Grammar in Context and find examplesthat illustrate the points in the grammar charts. Students can also use the grammar terms in the charts tolabel items in Grammar in Context.

� Compare charts. For example, in Unit 8, page 71, compare affirmative and negative statements in the sim-ple present. Ask, “Which kind of statement uses do/does (not)?” (Negative statement.) Ask, “Do you use thebase form for the affirmative or the negative?” (You use it for the negative, and with I, you, we, and they inthe affirmative.)

� Help students understand grammar terminology through the use of the charts. All Focus on Grammarcharts are clearly labeled. (Affirmative/Negative, Yes/No Questions, Wh- Questions, Subject, Base Form,Subject Pronoun, Object Pronoun, etc.) Ask questions to make certain students understand what the labelsmean.

� Use the charts to practice items from a list. For example, in Unit 38, page 387, students could practice themodals by making up sentences about themselves and classmates. Instead of “I would like some help,”theycould say, “I would like some water,” “You should wear a coat,” or “I ought to plan a trip.”

� Ask students to provide personal examples. For example, in Unit 28, page 275, students could say a fewthings using gerunds and infinitives, “I enjoy singing,” “I want to teach,” and “I hope to teach music.”

Guidelines provided by Irene E. Schoenberg

Grammar Presentation

Singular

Subject Be

I am

You are

David

He popular.

VictoriaShe

is

Soccer

It

Focus on Grammar 2, Third Edition, Unit 1 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Plural

Subject Be

Masami and IWe

You and Josh students.You

areIvona and JuanThey

Seoul and Londoncities.

They

Contractions

I am � I’m we are � we’re

you are � you’re you are � you’re

he is � he’s they are � they’re

she is � she’s David is � David’s

it is � it’s

THE PRESENT OF BE: STATEMENTS

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

(continued)


NEGATIVE STATEMENTS AND CONTRACTIONS (SHORT FORMS)

Singular

Subject + Be/Not

I am not

I’m not

You are not

You’re not

You aren’t

His is not from London.

He’s not

He isn’t

She is not

She’s not

She isn’t

It is not

It’s not new.

It isn’t

Plural

Subject + Be/Not

We are not

We’re not

We aren’t

You are not

You’re not in London.

You aren’t

They are not

They’re not

They aren’t

Singular

Be Subject

Am I

Are you

he in room 2?

Is she

it



THE PRESENT OF BE: YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

YES/NO QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS

Singular

Yes No

you are.you’re not.

you aren’t.

I am. I’m not.

he is.he’s not.

Yes, No, he isn’t.

she is.she’s not.

she isn’t.

it is.it’s not.

it isn’t.

Plural

Be Subject

we

Are you on time?

they

Plural

Yes No

you are.you’re not.

you aren’t.

Yes,we are.

No, we’re not.

we aren’t.

they are.they’re not.

they aren’t.

OTHER SHORT ANSWERS

Yes.

No.

I don’t know.

Yes, I think so.

No, I don’t think so.



Singular

Subject Be Time Marker

I was

You were

He in Kyoto last year.

She was

It

Plural

Subject Be Time Marker

WeYou were in Toronto two weeksThey ago.

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

Singular

Subject Be/Not Time Marker

I was notwasn’t

You were notweren’t at the party last night.

HeShe

was not

Itwasn’t

Plural

Subject Be/Not Time Marker

WeYou

were notat the party last night.

Theyweren’t

THE PAST OF BE; PAST TIME MARKERS


(continued)


YES/NO QUESTIONS

Singular

Be Subject Time Marker

Was I

Were youat the party last night?

heWas she

it

Plural

Be Subject Time Marker

weWere you at the party

two weeks

theyago?

PAST TIME MARKERS

yesterday

the day before yesterday

last _____ (night, week, year)

(a week, two weeks, a month, two months) _____ ago

SINGULAR AND PLURAL COUNT NOUNS; PROPER NOUNS



Singular Nouns (one)

He is a photographer.

He is an artist.

Plural Nouns (more than one)

They are photographers.

They are artists.

Irregular Plural Nouns

Singular Plural

man men

woman women

child children

foot feet

tooth teeth

person people

Nouns That Are Always Plural

pants

scissors

clothes

glasses

Proper Nouns

Harlem is in New York City.

Maya Angelou has a home in Harlem.

DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES



Noun Be Adjective

The room issmall.

The rooms are

Adjective Noun

It is asmall

room.

They are rooms.



The glasses are betweenthe book and the watch.

The glasses are behind the box.

The glasses are in his pocket.

The man is in back of the woman.

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

The glasses are next to the newspaper.

The glasses are under the table.

The glasses are on the table near the window.

The man is in front ofthe woman.



Questions

Question Word Be

Who are René Magritte and Salvador Dali?

What is The Son of Man?

Where are Magritte and Dali from?

Why is the museum closed?

Answers

Short Answers Long Answers

Artists. They’re artists.

A painting. It’s a painting.

Belgium and Spain. Magritte is from Belgium and Dali is from Spain.

It’s Monday. The museum is closedbecause it’s Monday.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH WHO, WHAT, WHERE, AND WHY



Affirmative Statements

Subject Verb

I

You*work.

We

They

He

She works.

It

*You is both singular and plural.

Negative Statements

Subject Do not /Does not Base Form of Verb

I

You* do notwork.

We don’t

They

Hedoes not

She work.

Itdoesn’t

THE SIMPLE PRESENT: AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS



Yes/No Questions

Do/Does Subject Base Form of Verb

I

Doyou*

we

they work?

he

Does she

it

Short Answers

Affirmative Negative

you you

I/we I/we

youdo.

youdon’t.

Yes, they No, they

he he

she does. she doesn’t.

it it

*You is both singular and plural.

THE SIMPLE PRESENT: YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

Wh- Questions About the Subject

Wh- Word Verb

Who dreams?

What happens during REM sleep?



Long Answers

You sleep from 10:00 P.M. to 5:00 A.M.

I sleep on the futon.

We need two pillows.

He gets up late because he goes to bed late.

She dreams about a movie star.

The blanket feels good.

Short Answers

From 10:00 P.M. to 5:00 A.M.

On the futon.

Two pillows.

He goes to bed late.

A movie star.

Good.

Answers

Everyone does.

People dream.

THE SIMPLE PRESENT: WH- QUESTIONS; SHORT AND LONG ANSWERS

Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Do/Does Subject Base Form of Verb

When do I sleep?

Where do you sleep?

What do we need?

Why does he get up late?

Who(m) does she dream about?

How does it feel?



QUESTIONS WITH WHEN AND WHAT + NOUN; PREPOSITIONS OF TIME;ORDINAL NUMBERS

When

When Verb

When is Independence Day in the United States?

Answers

It’s on July 4th.

On July 4th.

July 4th.

What + Noun

What Noun

What day is his graduation?

What time does it start?

Answers

It’s on Monday.

On Monday.

Monday.

It’s at 2:00.

At 2:00.

2:00.

(continued)


Prepositions of Time

in December.

in (the) winter.

Her graduation isin 2007.

in the morning.

in the afternoon.

in the evening.

Is your birthdayon Wednesday?

on December 25th?

The party isat 7:30.

at night.

Ordinal Numbers

1st = first 12th = twelfth 32nd = thirty-second

2nd = second 13th = thirteenth 40th = fortieth

3rd = third 14th = fourteenth 43rd = forty-third

4th = fourth 15th = fifteenth 50th = fiftieth

5th = fifth 16th = sixteenth 60th = sixtieth

6th = sixth 17th = seventeenth 70th = seventieth

7th = seventh 18th = eighteenth 80th = eightieth

8th = eighth 19th = nineteenth 90th = ninetieth

9th = ninth 20th = twentieth 100th = hundredth

10th = tenth 21st = twenty-first 101st = one hundred and first

11th = eleventh 30th = thirtieth



Possessive Nouns

Singular Nouns Plural Nouns

John’s last name is Tamez. The girls’ gym is on this floor.

Russ’s last name is Stram.

My mother’s name is Rita. My parents’ car is in the garage.

The woman’s name is Carmen. The women’s restroom is on the first floor.

POSSESSIVE NOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES; QUESTIONS WITH WHOSE

Possessive Adjectives

Possessive Subject Pronouns Adjectives Example Sentences

I My I am a student. My name is Antonio.

You Your You are next to me. Your seat is here.

He His He is a professor. His subject is computers.

She Her She’s my boss. Her name is Ms. Alvarado.

It Its It’s my sister’s dog. Its name is Lucky.

We Our We are businessmen. Our business is in the United States and Asia.

You Your You are students. Your class is in room 405.

They Their They are musicians. Their band is great.

Questions with Whose

Questions Answers

Carmen’s.

Whose hair is long? Carmen’s is.

Carmen’s hair is long.

Svetlana’s.

Whose eyes are green? Svetlana’s are.

Svetlana’s eyes are green.

Yoko’s.

Whose homework is this? It’s Yoko’s.

It’s Yoko’s homework.

Ken’s.

Whose books are these? They’re Ken’s.

They’re Ken’s books.



Singular

This / That Verb

This is a good photo.

That was in Bryce.

Plural

These / Those Verb

These are new photos.

Those are from my last trip.

Singular

This / That Noun Verb

This photo is clear.

That photo has nice colors.

Plural

These / Those Noun Verb

These horses are tired.

Those horses are rested.

QUESTIONS WITH OR AND ANSWERS

Questions with or Answers

Are you hungry or thirsty? I’m thirsty.

Do you usually walk or drive? I usually drive.

THIS / THAT / THESE / THOSE



This / That One

Thisone

is my book.

That is Marco’s.

ONE

Singular Count NounA / An or Noun Phrase

I don’t needa pen.

I have one.an original copy.

SingularAdjective Count Noun

I need a gray shirt. He needs a blue one.

The Noun It

Where’s the CD? It’s on the table.

Plural CountAdjective Noun

The gray sweatshirts are twenty dollars.

ONES

IT

Possessive Adjective Noun It

Where’s your watch? It’s in the drawer.

This/That Noun It

Where’s that book? It’s on my desk.

The gray ones are twenty dollars.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE




Subject Be Base Form of Verb + -ing

I am

You are

He

She is eating.

It

We

You are

They

Negative Statements

Subject Be Not Base Form of Verb + -ing

I am

You are

He

She is not flying.

It

We

You are

They



PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: YES/NO QUESTIONS AND WH- QUESTIONS

Yes/No Questions

Base Form of Be Subject Verb + -ing

Am I

Are you

he

Is she working?

it

we

Are you

they

Short Answers


you are. you’re

I am. I’m

he he’s

Yes, she is. No, she’s not.

it it’s

you you’re

we are. we’re

they they’re

Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Be Subject Base Form of Verb + -ing

Why are you staying home?

What are you watching?

Who is he meeting?

Where are they going?

Answers

I’m sick.

The I Love Lucy show.

His teacher.He’s meeting his teacher.

To the movies.They’re going to the movies.

Answers

My friend (is).

They’re making candy.

Wh- Questions about the Subject

Wh- Word Be Base Form of Verb + ing

Who is reading?

What is happening?



THE IMPERATIVE

Affirmative

Base Formof Verb

Write to the magazine.

Negative

Base FormDon’t of Verb

Don’t send money.



CAN/CAN’T FOR ABILITY AND POSSIBILITY;

COULD FOR PAST ABILITY

Affirmative and Negative Statements

Subject Can / Could Base Form of Verb

I

You

He can

She can’t

It couldspeak Spanish.

We couldn’t

You

They

Yes/No Questions

Can/Could Subject Base Form of Verb

Canyou understand?

Could

Answers

Yes, we can understand.

No, we can’t understand.

Yes, we could understand.

No, we couldn’t understand.

SUGGESTIONS

Disagree

No, I don’t feel like it.

Why don’t we . . . instead.

Sorry, not today.

I can’t. I . . .

Agree

OK.

That’s a good idea. (Good idea.)

That sounds good to me. (Sounds good to me.)

Sounds like a plan.



Affirmative

Base Form Let’s of Verb

Let’s go to the beach.

Negative

Base Form Let’s Not of Verb

Let’s not go to the beach.

Suggestions for a Group

Base Form Why Don’t We of Verb

Why don’t we go on a bike tour?

Suggestions for Another Person

Base Form Why Don’t You of Verb

Why don’t you get the cameras?

RESPONSES



Subject Base Form of Verb

I

You

He

Shewalked.

Itarrived.

Westudied.

You

They


THE SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS—AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

Negative Statements

Subject Did Not Base Form of Verb

I

You

He

She did notwalk.

It didn’tarrive.

Westudy.

You

They

Common Past Time Markers

Yesterday Ago Last

yesterday two days ago last night

yesterday morning a week ago last Monday

yesterday afternoon a month ago last week

yesterday evening a year ago last summer

a couple of days ago last year

THE SIMPLE PAST: IRREGULAR VERBS—AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS




Subject Verb

I

You

He

Shebought

Itrode the horses.

Wesaw

You

They

Negative Statements

Subject Did not / Didn’t Base Form of Verb

I

You

Hebuy

She did notride the horses.

It didn’tsee

We

You

They

Affirmative of Be

Subject Was / Were

He was lucky.

They were unlucky.

Negative of Be

Subject Was / Were

I wasn’t home.

We weren’t at the library.

THE SIMPLE PAST: YES/NO AND WH- QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Answers

J. R. R.Tolkien wrote it. (J. R. R.Tolkien.)

It became a big success.



Yes/No Questions

Did Subject Base Form of Verb

I

you

he

sheDid

itstart?

we

you

they

Affirmative ShortAnswers

you

I

he

sheYes,

itdid.

you

we

they

Negative Short Answers

you

I

he

sheNo,

itdidn’t.

you

we

they

Wh- Questions

Base FormWh- Word Did Subject of Verb

What I ask?

Where you go?

When he write?

Whydid

we leave?

Who(m) you call?

How long they stay?

Answers

You asked about his name.

I went to the library. (To the library.)

He wrote at night, after work. (At night, after work.)

We went someplace else.

I called my friend. (My friend.)

They stayed for an hour. (For an hour.) (An hour.)

Wh- Questions about the Subject

Wh- Word Past Form of Verb

Who wrote The Hobbit?

What happened?



Affirmative

There Be Subject Place/Time

There isa restaurant on this level.

a movie at 6:30.

There aretwo restaurants near the entrance.

shows at 7:00 and 9:00.

THERE IS / THERE ARE; IS THERE . . . ? / ARE THERE . . . ?

Negative

There Be Subject Place/Time

There isn’t a restaurant on the second level.

There aren’t any movies at 8:00.

Contractions

there is there’s

there is not there isn’t

there are not there aren’t

Yes / No Questions

Be There Subject Place

Is there a pizza place on Second Street?

Are there any banks nearby?

Short Answers


Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.

Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.

SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS

Plural

Subject Pronoun Object and Verb Pronoun

We’re us.

You’re happy. He likes you.

They’re them.



Singular

Subject Pronoun Object and Verb Pronoun

I’m me.

You’re you.

He’shappy. He likes

him.

She’s her.

It’s wonderful. it.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS

Subject Verb Direct Object To Indirect Object

She senta tape

to me.it

Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object

She sent me a tape.

To Before the Indirect Object

e-mail

give

hand

lend

owe

pass

read

sell

show

teach

tell

throw

write

COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS; ARTICLES


Non-count Nouns

Non-count Quantifier Noun

a little

Carol needs some help.

a lot of



Singular Count Nouns

Article or Singular One Noun

a banana.

She wantsan apple.

onebanana.

apple.

Plural Count Nouns

Number or Plural Quantifier Noun

seven

a fewfriends.

He has some

a lot ofbooks.

many

(continued)


Singular Count Nouns

Article or Singular One Noun

a pear.

I didn’t buyan apple.

onepear.

apple.

Plural Count Nouns

Number or Plural Quantifier Noun

two

I didn’t buy any

manypears.

a lot of

Non-count Nouns

Non-count Quantifier Noun

I didn’t buyany

much milk.

a lot of

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

The Definite Article The

Count Noun Non-Count Noun Plural Count Noun

I need the menu. He has the butter. She has the napkins.

THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE; HOW OFTEN . . . ?

The Simple Present

I eat at eight o’clock.

He eats at eight too.

She doesn’t eat with me.

They don’t eat with us.

Does he eat meat?

Do you eat in the cafeteria?



The Present Progressive

I’m eating now.

He’s eating now.

She isn’t eating with him.

They aren’t eating with us.

Is he eating chicken?

Are you eating chicken?

How Often

I

doyou

take medicine?we

How oftenthey

heclean?

does she

it snow?

Answers

Three times (a day).

Once (a week).

Every (Sunday).

Rarely.

Once in a while.

Never.

(continued)


Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of Subject Frequency Verb

Iwork

You

He

She workson Tuesdays.

It

We

You work

They

Adverbs of Frequency with Be

Adverbs of Subject Be Frequency

I am always

You are almost always

He frequently

She is usually/oftenbusy.

It sometimes

We rarely/seldom

You are almost never

They never

always

almost always

frequently

usually/often

sometimes

rarely/seldom

almost never

never

ADVERBS AND EXPRESSIONS OF FREQUENCY

Adverbs of Frequency

always 100%

almost always

frequently

usually/often

sometimes 50%

rarely/seldom

almost never

never 0%

Expressions of Frequency

every (day).

twice (a day).

Emiko shops three times (a month).

several times (a year).

once in a while.



State Sense / Need / of Being Emotion Appearance Preference Mental State Possession Measurement

be love hear want agree have cost

hate see need disagree own weigh

like feel prefer guess belong owe

dislike taste understand

smell know

sound remember

look believe

think

mean

NON-ACTION (STATIVE) VERBS



GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

GerundSubject Verb (Verb + -ing)

I enjoy dancing.

Subject Verb Infinitive

I want to sing.

InfinitiveSubject Verb or Gerund

I likepainting.

to paint.

Verbs + Verbs + Verbs + Infinitive or Gerund Infinitive Gerund

avoid agree refuse hate

enjoy decide want like

finish expect love

keep hope prefer

keep on intend

regret need

think about plan



THE SIMPLE PAST

Affirmative (All Verbs Except Be)

Subject Verb

I stayed

We wenthome.

Affirmative of Be

Subject Verb

I was

We werehome.

Negative (All Verbs Except Be)

Base FormSubject Did Not (Didn’t) of Verb

I stay

Wedid not (didn’t)

gowith them.

Negative of Be

Subject Verb

I was not (wasn’t)

at work.We were not

(weren’t)

Yes / No Questions (All Verbs Except Be)

Did Subject Base Form of Verb

Didshe

leave?they

Yes / No Questions with Be

Was / Were Subject

Was hehome last night?

Were they

Wh- Questions

Base Form Wh- Word Did Subject of Verb

When they arrive?

Where he work?

How did it begin?

Why he leave?

Who(m) you help?

Wh- Questions with Be

Wh- Word Past Form Subject

When were you there?

Where was he from?

How was his test?

Why were they late?

Who(m) were they with?

Wh- Questions About the Subject

Wh- Word Past Form

Who invented the game?

What happened to him?

How many people watched the show?

Wh- Questions About the Subject with Be

Wh- Word Past Form

Who was his friend?

What was his last name?

How many people were there?



BE GOING TO FOR THE FUTURE

Affirmative / Negative Statements

Subject + Be (Not) Going to Base Form of Verb

I’m

You’re

He’s (not) going to study tomorrow.

We’re

You’re

They’re

It’s (not) going to rain tomorrow.

Yes / No Questions

Be Subject Going to Base Form of Verb

Am I

Are you going to drive tomorrow?

Is he

Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Be Subject Going to Base Form of Verb

What is she do?

Where are they going to go?

How am I get there?

Short Answers

Meet her friend.

To the library.

By plane.

Short Answers


Yes, you are. No, you’re not.

Yes, I am. No, I’m not.

Yes, he is. No, he’s not.



WILL FOR THE FUTURE


Subject Will Base Form of Verb Time Marker

I

You

He

She

Itwill leave tomorrow.

We

You

They

Negative Statements

Subject Will Not Base Form of Verb Time Marker

I

You

He

Shewill not leave tonight.

It

We

You

They

Contractions


I’ll I

you ’ll you

he ’ll he

she’ll she won’t

it’ll it

we’ll we

you’ll you

they’ll they

(continued)


Yes / No Questions

Will Subject Base Form of Verb Time Marker

I

you

he

sheWill

itarrive tomorrow?

we

you

they

Will it rain tonight?

Short Answers


Yes, you will. No, you won’t.

Yes, I will. No, I won’t.

Yes, he will. No, he won’t.

Yes, she will. No, she won’t.

Yes, it will. No, it won’t.

Yes, you will. No, you won’t.

Yes, we will. No, we won’t.

Yes, they will. No, they won’t.

Yes, it will. No, it won’t.

Future Time Markers

today

tonight

tomorrow

morning

this afternoon

evening

morning

tomorrowafternoon

evening

night

week

month

next year

Monday

weekend

2010

the 22nd century

in twenty years

two weeks

a few days



MAY OR MIGHT FOR POSSIBILITY

Affirmative / Negative Statements

Subject May / Might (Not) Base Form of Verb

I

You

Hemay

Shemight

(not) play soccer.

We

You

They

Itmay

(not) rain this afternoon.might

Answers

Quantity Expressions

A lot. (A lot of apples.)

One bag. (One bag of apples.)

Two pounds. (Two pounds of apples.)

One or two. (One or two apples.)

A few. (A few apples.)



QUESTIONS WITH ANY / SOME / HOW MUCH / HOW MANY; QUANTITY EXPRESSIONS

Articles and Numbers

Quantity Singular Expressions Count Noun

a pear?

Do you want an apple?

one banana?

Some and Any

Quantity Plural Count Noun Expressions or Non-count Noun

I want someapples.

water.

I don’t want anypears.

tea.

Do you wantany apples?

some water?

Questions with How Much

How Much Non-count Noun

How much milkdo you need?

did she buy?

Answers

Quantity Expressions

A lot. ( A lot of milk.)

Two quarts. (Two quarts of milk.)

A carton. (A carton of milk.)

A glass. (A glass of milk.)

A little. (A little milk.)

Questions with How Many

How Many Plural Count Noun

How many applesdo we need?

did he buy?

Enough + Nouns

Enough Noun (Plural Count or Non-count)

Wehave

enoughvegetables.

don’t have meat.



Too Many / Too Few Plural Count Noun

There aretoo many cars.

too few parking spaces.

TOO MUCH / TOO MANY / TOO + ADJECTIVE

Too Much / Too Little Non-count Noun

There istoo much noise.

too little light.

Too Adjective

It’s toohot.

cold.



POSSESSIVES

Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun

This is my bike. Mine is red.

That is your bike. Yours is green.

Is that his pen? No. His is black.

Is that her book? No. Hers is at home.

This isn’t our classroom. Ours is on the second floor.

That’s not their car. Theirs is in a garage.

Its name is Goldy.

Review of Pronouns and Adjectives

Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun

I me my mine

he him his his

she her her hers

it it its

we us our ours

you you your yours

they them their theirs

Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Can Subject Base Form of Verb

When can I borrow the car?

Where can we park?



CAN or MAY FOR PERMISSION

Statements

Can / MaySubject Can’t / May Not Base Form of Verb

Youcan

start today.may

Hecan’t

eat nuts.may not

Yes / No Questions

Can / May Subject Base Form of Verb

CanI have the day off?

May

Can I help you?

May

Answers

Yes, you can.

Yes, you may.

Sure.

Of course.

I’m sorry. We’re too busy.

Yes, thanks.

No, thanks. I’m just looking.



REQUESTS, DESIRES, AND OFFERS

Polite Requests

Would You / Could You /Can You (Please) Base Form of Verb

Would youCould you help me?Can you

Short Answers


Sure. Sorry, I can’t. I have to work.Of course. I’d like to, but I can’t. I have a OK. class.I’d be glad to.

Desires

Subject Would Like

I

You

Hesome help.

She would liketo move.

We

You

They

Contractions

I would = I’d

you would = you’d

he would = he’d

she would = she’d

we would = we’d

you would = you’d

they would = they’d

Offers

Would Subject Like

Would you likesome blueberries?

to join us?

Short Answers


Yes, thank you.No, thanks.

Yes, I would.



MODALS

SHOULD, SHOULDN’T, AND OUGHT TO

Yes / No Questions

Should Subject Base Form of Verb

we

Should he wear a suit?

they

Wh- Questions

Wh- Word Should Subject Base Form of Verb

What I do?

Whenshould

we go?

Short Answers


you you

Yes, he should. No, he shouldn’t.

they they


Subject Should/Ought to Base Form of Verb

I

You

He should

She should not shake hands.

We (shouldn’t)

You ought to

They

It be a surprise.

(continued)



Subject Had Better Base Form of Verb

had bettertake an umbrella.We

(’d better)

Youhad better not

wear jeans.(’d better not)

Contractions

I had better → I’d better we had better → we’d better

you had better → you’d better you had better → you’d better

he had better → he’d better they had better → they’d better

she had better → she’d better

HAD BETTER AND HAD BETTER NOT



MODALS

HAVE TO AND DON’T HAVE TO


Subject Have to / Has to Base Form of Verb

Ihave to

You

Hehas to

She take a history class.

We

You have to

They

It has to be a three-credit class.

Negative Statements

Subject Do Not / Does Not Have to Base Form of Verb

Idon’t

You

Hedoesn’t

She have to take a math class.

We

You don’t

They

Itdoesn’t have to be 10 pages long.

The report

(continued)


Past of Have to and Must

Subject Had to Base Form of Verb

I

You

He

She had to leave early.

It

We

You

They

Yes / No Questions

Do / Does Subject Have to Base Form of Verb

DoI

You

Doeshe

she have to read the whole book?

you

Do we

they

Does It be a five-page report?

Short Answers


Yes, you do. No, you don’t.

Yes, I do. No, I don’t.

Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.

Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.

Yes, we do. No, we don’t.

Yes, you do. No, you don’t.

Yes, they do. No, they don’t.

Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.

MUST AND MUSTN’T


Subject Must Base Form of Verb

I

You

He

Shemust

Itmust not arrive early.

We(mustn’t)

You

They



COMPARATIVES

ADJECTIVES

Comparative Forms of Adjectives

ComparativeAdjective Than

bigger

Portland, Oregon is busier than Portland, Maine.

more crowded

Comparative Forms of Irregular Adjectives

Irregular Comparative Adjective Than

My map isbetter

yours.worse than

My new office is farther my old one.

QUESTIONS WITH WHICH

Which + Noun

Which Noun Verb Comparative Adjective

Which city is bigger?

Which restaurant is more expensive?

Which

Which Verb Comparative Adjective

Which is bigger?

Which is more expensive?



ADVERBS OF MANNER

Adjective + -ly

Adjective Adverb

accurate accurately

bad badly

careful carefully

clear clearly

fluent fluently

free freely

loud loudly

neat neatly

nervous nervously

quick quickly

quiet quietly

sarcastic sarcastically

serious seriously

slow slowly

Same Adjective and Adverb Form

Adjective Adverb

early early

fast fast

hard hard

late late

long long

Irregular Adverb Form

Adjective Adverb

good well


The Same + Noun (Noun Phrase) + As

The Same Noun As

My bag is size yours.

My hair is length his.

My eyes are color my brother’s.

My suitcase was the same weight as theirs.

My brother is height my father.

Irene Stone has initials Inez Sanchez.

Jim likes kind of movies I do.


ENOUGH; TOO / VERY; AS + ADJECTIVE + AS; SAME / DIFFERENT

Adjective + Enough

Adjective Enough (Infinitive)

The melon is ripeenough

(to eat).

It wasn’t dark (to see the stars).

Too + Adjective

Too Adjective (Infinitive)

That job was too difficult (to do).

Very + Adjective

Very Adjective

It’s very expensive.

The Same As

My first name isthe same as

yours.

My initials are his.

As + Adjective + As

As Adjective As

This melon isas

smallas

an orange.

This melon isn’t tasty the other one.

Different From

The new edition isdifferent from

the old one.

These books are those.



SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES

Superlative Forms of Irregular Adjectives

Superlative Adjective

This is the best photo of all.

We had the worst weather on Saturday.

Her home is the farthest of all.

Superlative Forms of Adjectives

Superlative Adjective

The emperor penguin the biggest of all the penguins.

That photo is the funniest of all.

That program the most interesting one on TV.

Documents

Focus on Grammar 2 Grammar Chart Transparencies