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1 General Mathematics (Preliminary Course) | Running Costs & Depreciation
Focus Study Driving 2 (FSDr2)
Running Costs & Depreciation
Name ……………………………………………………………………
G. Georgiou
2 General Mathematics (Preliminary Course) | Running Costs & Depreciation
• Identify Fuel Consumption Measures as Rates • Calculate the Amount of Fuel used on a Trip • Compare Fuel Consumption Statistics for Various Vehicles • Compare the Amount of Fuel Needed and Associated Costs for Various Sizes,
Makes and Models of Vehicles, over Various Distances • Collect and Present Data on the Price of Fuel over Time to Identify Trends The cost of running a car will be covered in an assignment you will be given later this year and due in Term 3. The syllabus points above simply require you to apply the knowledge and skills from in MM1 and DA1. Therefore, we will not repeat these skills here. However, there are some aspects of this unit that are new. Important terminology is covered on the next page.
3 General Mathematics (Preliminary Course) | Running Costs & Depreciation
Depreciation is the loss in value of items (assets) over time. An asset can lose value through age, wear-‐and-‐tear, or by becoming out-‐dated by new or more efficient models. The most common type of depreciating asset is a vehicle. Salvage Value: ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ Initial Value / Purchase Price: ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ Total Depreciation: ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ Written Off: ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................
4 General Mathematics (Preliminary Course) | Running Costs & Depreciation
• Calculate the Depreciation of a Vehicle using the Straight-‐Line Method • Create a Depreciation Graph Based on the Straight-‐Line Method of
Depreciation (Graphs to be Produced from Formulae and Tables) • Use Prepared Graphs and Tables of Straight-‐Line Depreciation to Solve
Problems The “straight line method” of depreciation means that the product depreciates by the same amount every time period. For example: a car costs $20 000 and depreciates by $3000 each year. After the first year, the car will be worth $17 000. After the second year, the car will be worth $14 000. This will continue until the product is written off (i.e. $0). A second hand car is purchased for $16,000 and depreciates by $2,400 per year. Use the formula S = V0 – Dn to answer the following questions. (a) What is the salvage value of the car after 3 years? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ (b) After how many months will the car be worth half of its purchase price? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................
Formula
Example 1
S = V0 – Dn S = Salvage Value of Asset after n Time Periods. V0 = Initial Value of Asset (purchase price). D = Amount of Depreciation per Period. n = Number of Periods.
PROVIDED ON HSC FORMULA SHEET
5 General Mathematics (Preliminary Course) | Running Costs & Depreciation
A car that is 5 years old has an insured value of $12,500. If the car has depreciated at a rate of $2,500 per year, calculate its purchase price. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ A car that depreciates at $6,500 per year is written off after 12 years. Calculate the purchase price of that asset. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ An old car purchased for $800 depreciates by 10% of the original value each year. (a) Complete the table below.
(b) Use the table in (a) to complete this graph.
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
6 General Mathematics (Preliminary Course) | Running Costs & Depreciation
(c) Calculate the gradient of this graph. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ (d) What is the relationship between the gradient and value of depreciation each year? Write down a statement to indicate what the gradient represents. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ (e) Identify the relationship between the vertical intercept and the initial value of the graph. Hence, indicate what the vertical intercept represents. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................
Value of old car
7 General Mathematics (Preliminary Course) | Running Costs & Depreciation
The graph below shows the value of a second hand car after n years.
(a) What is the original value of the second hand car? ........................................................................................................................................ (b) By what amount does the car depreciate each year? ........................................................................................................................................ (c) Hence, what is the gradient of this line? ........................................................................................................................................ (d) When the salvage value of the car reaches $1,200, the owner needs to buy a new one. After how many years will the owner need to buy a new car? ........................................................................................................................................ (e) Write down the equation for the salvage value of this product in terms of n. ........................................................................................................................................
Example 5
Value of second hand car
Age of car in years
8 General Mathematics (Preliminary Course) | Running Costs & Depreciation
NOTE: • The value of V0 is the vertical intercept. It gives the initial value of the asset.
• The value of D is the gradient of the line. It gives the rate of depreciation. This
value will always be negative.
• The “straight line” depreciation formula is based on y = mx + b.
A car with an initial value of $20,000 depreciates at a rate of $2000 a year. Calculate the flat percentage rate of depreciation per year. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................
Equation Initial Value Rate of Depreciation
S = 1200 – 50n
S = -‐30n + 2000
S = 2000 -‐ 0.5n
Activity Ex 8.06 ALL
Example 6
9 General Mathematics (Preliminary Course) | Running Costs & Depreciation
• Calculate the Depreciation of a Vehicle using the Declining-‐Balance Method • Use Prepared Graphs and Tables of Straight-‐Line Depreciation to Solve
Problems The straight-‐ line method of depreciation assumes that the rate of depreciation NEVER changes. This is generally incorrect. When products depreciate, they tend to depreciate more quickly during the first few years and then more slowly towards the end of their life. Therefore, a more correct way of calculating depreciation is to deduct a certain percentage of the value each time period. Norm uses a tractor on his property. This vehicle depreciates at a rate of 22% p.a. The original value of the tractor was $142,500. (a) What is the value of the tractor after 5 years? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ (b) By how much has the tractor depreciated after the:
(i) First year? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................
Formula
Example 7
S = V0 (1 – r) n S = Salvage Value of Asset after n Time Periods. V0 = Initial Value of Asset (purchase price). r = Depreciation Rate per Period. n = Number of Periods.
PROVIDED ON HSC FORMULA SHEET
10 General Mathematics (Preliminary Course) | Running Costs & Depreciation
(ii) Second year?
........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ A car alarm system originally cost $600 and has a declining balance method rate of depreciation of 15% p.a. (a) Complete this table by calculating the missing values.
Example 9
H.S.C. Question (8)
11 General Mathematics (Preliminary Course) | Running Costs & Depreciation
........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ (b) Use the table of values in part (a) to complete this graph. (c) Use the graph to find out how long it will take for the salvage value to reach $160. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ (d) Use the graph to calculate the salvage value after 5 years. ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................
Value of the car alarm system
12 General Mathematics (Preliminary Course) | Running Costs & Depreciation
Andrew bought a car that depreciates at three different rates: 10%, 20% or 30%. The value of the car after n years can be shown in the graph below.
(a) Which graph represents depreciation at 30% p.a.? ……………………………………… (b) What was the original value of the car? ……………………………………… (c) After 8 years, what is the difference between the largest and smallest salvage value of the car? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ (d) Andrew wants to look at the salvage values if the depreciation rate was 15% p.a. Sketch this graph in relation to the other three graphs? (e) What is the value of the car after 6 years at a depreciation rate of 20% p.a.? ........................................................................................................................................ (f) What is the depreciation of the car in the second year at a rate of 10% p.a.? ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................
Example 10
13 General Mathematics (Preliminary Course) | Running Costs & Depreciation
Straight Line Method Declining Balance Method Type of function:
Type of function:
Graph:
Graph:
Depreciation Amount is the same / different every year.
Depreciation Amount is the same / different every year.
The salvage value reaches / never reaches zero.
The salvage value reaches / never reaches zero.
H.S.C. Question (11)
14 General Mathematics (Preliminary Course) | Running Costs & Depreciation
........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................
H.S.C. Question (12)
Activity Ex 8.07 ALL