ABSTRACT

This paper considered the secured level crossing Signaling system and Fog control train

system. This paper adopted a switching logic methodology to meet the challenges of the

tracking system. This work also focused to map the train on the display screen. If the train

moving close to the level crossing system the signaling system causes to release the green

signal that causes to close the rail gate to avoid the unauthorized entry on the rail track.

The open state of the gate is influenced by the signaling system by means of a ‘Red’ color

signal. The train is allowed to move on the track only by considering the green signal.

The rail track is organized with four stop positions. Stop 1, stop 2, stop 3 and stop 4. The

locations of the train at various stop positions are sensed by using IR sensors. The detected

signal is transmitted to the control room using RF transmitter operating at 433 MHZ. An

Atmel micro controller is used to regulate the entire process to meet the desired state of

the work. This proposed methodology had been successfully implemented on the 30 feet

length of the scaled model of the rail track in the laboratory. The system results

progressive response while tracking the position of the train. The results are recorded and

analyzed. The proposed system may keep alert the monitoring mechanism. So, the

collision of the train and unexpected human errors can be minimized.

pg. 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER-1 PAGE

NO.

1.1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………..................8

1.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF FOG CONTROL TRAIN……….............................9

1.3 WORKING OF FOG CONTROL TRAIN:………………………..10

CHAPTER-2

2.1 LIST OF COMPONENTS ………………………………………………....11-

30

CHAPTER-3

3.1 IMPLEMENTED ALGORITHAM…………………………..….………...31-33

CHAPTER-4

4.1 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS………………………………….................34-36

CHAPTER-5

5.1 ADVANTAGE , DISADVANTAGE AND APPLICATION….................37-

39

5.2 CONCLUSION…………………………………….........................................4

0

REFERENCES…………………………………………………….…..........................4

1

pg. 3

CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Indian railways daily transporting 14 million passengers by 2 million kilometer rail track

per day. Safety is outstanding significance to Indian railways. Safety and reliability are

closely linked components. Deterioration in the safety mechanism is preceded by

increasing the number of failures. A man machine interface system inherently may

enhance the reliability of the equipment. This is the most significant factor in the safety

of the rail transport system. Collision avoidance mechanism, Secured level crossing

system and signaling system having significance importance in railway system. Tracking

the position of the train using Global position receiving system is proposed to be

implemented in motor transport system. Indian railway system is looking forward to

adopt the tracking methodology to have prior state of the train before arriving to the

station. This component is having wide scope of research specifically for Indian rail

system.

pg. 4

1.2 Block Diagram of fog control train:

pg. 5

1.2 Circuit Diagram of fog control Train:

Fig.1.2.1 Circuit Diagram of Fog Control Train

pg. 6

1.3 Working of fog control train:

Fog control train works basis on the principle of LDR sensor and Magnetic sensor. In fog

control train attached three colour signal in front of pilot so that pilot can watch signal

clearly.

The main source (power supply) is 230 v ac supply but the circuit works only 18v so we

connect a step down transformer (18v) and power supply is lower down to 18v.But we

need only 5v so we connect a voltage regulator (7805) and power is decrease from 18v to

5v. The circuit works on 5v.

First station master (toggle switch) provide the signal either (red,yellow green) through

buffer IC to the microcontroller.Signal is then going to the relays through

microcontroller.There are three relays provided for each signal one for red signal, one

for yellow and one for green. When LDR sensor sense fog then fourth relay is active and

fourth relay sent the message to the microcontroller and microcontroller sent the message

to the relay. This relay is connected to the sensor and the modulator circuit convert the

signal from digital to analog and the pilot have demodulator circuit which convert the

signal from analog to digital and this circuit match the signal from which station master

provide the signal. Suppose station master provide green signal then driver also see the

green signal in his cabin.

pg. 7

CHAPTER-2

2.1 List of component:

1. Microcontroller AT89C51.

2. LDR Sensor

3. 74245 Buffer IC.

4. Transformer (step down).

5. Relay.

6. Crystal Oscillator.

7. IC7805.(voltage regulator)

8. Diode.

9. Resister.

10. Variable Resister.

11. Electrolytic Capacitor.

12. Ceramic capacitor.

13. LED.

14. IFT (Infrared frequency Tuner)

15. Transistor.

16. Dynamo.

17. 555 Timer.

pg. 8

2.1.1 Microcontroller:

AT89C51 microcontroller is used to track the position of the train. The received signal

from the IR sensors is to be processed based on the logic developed. The processed signal

is transmitted to the control room for tracking the state of the train. The micro controller

receives input data from ‘6’ no of IR sensors and RF transmitter section. It produce the

processed output to the signaling system, which is whenever two level crossing gates

closed signaling system green signal, otherwise shows red signal will be glows.

pg. 9

Fig.2.1 Microcontroller AT89C51

pg. 10

2.1.2 Description:

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4

Kbytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM).The device is

manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is

compatible with the industry standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out.The on-chip

Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional

nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a

monolithic chip.

The Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and

cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89C51 provides

the following standard features: 4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two

16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial

port, and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with

static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable

power saving modes.

The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters,It has 40 pin and

4 port.Each port has 8 pin, treated as input /output.Pin no 1 to 8 port1, Pin no 10 to 17

port3, Pin no 21 to 28 port2, and Pin no 32 to 39 port0.Pin no 9 Reset pin, pin no 18 and

19 crystal oscillator, pin no 20 GND, pin no 29,30 not connected, pin no31 and 40 Vic.

Pin No

Function Name

1 8 bit input/output port (P1) pins

P1.0

2 P1.1

3 P1.2

4 P1.3

5 P1.4

6 P1.5

7 P1.6

8 P1.7

9 Reset pin; Active high Reset

pg. 11

10 Input (receiver) for serial

communication RxD

8 bit input/output

port (P3) pins

P3.0

11 Output (transmitter) for serial communication

TxD P3.1

12 External interrupt 1 Int0 P3.2

13 External interrupt 2 Int1 P3.3

14 Timer1 external input T0 P3.4

15 Timer2 external input T1 P3.5

16 Write to external data

memory Write P3.6

17 Read from external data

memory Read P3.7

18 Quartz crystal oscillator (up to 24 MHz)

Crystal 2

19 Crystal 1

20 Ground (0V) Ground

21

8 bit input/output port (P2) pins

/ High-order address bits when interfacing with external

memory

P2.0/ A8

22 P2.1/ A9

23 P2.2/ A10

24 P2.3/ A11

25 P2.4/ A12

26 P2.5/ A13

27 P2.6/ A14

28 P2.7/ A15

29 Program store enable; Read from external program

memory PSEN

30 Address Latch Enable ALE

Program pulse input during Flash programming Prog

31

External Access Enable; Vcc for internal program executions

EA

Programming enable voltage; 12V (during Flash programming)

Vpp

32

8 bit input/output port (P0) pins

Low-order address bits when interfacing with external

memory

P0.7/ AD7

33 P0.6/ AD6

34 P0.5/ AD5

35 P0.4/ AD4

36 P0.3/ AD3

37 P0.2/ AD2

38 P0.1/ AD1

39 P0.0/ AD0

40 Supply voltage; 5V (up to 6.6V) Vcc

pg. 12

2.1.3 Features:

Kbytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory. Endurance 1,000 Write/Erase

Cycle. Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MH. Three-Level Program Memory Lock.128

x 8-Bit Internal RAM. 32 Programmable I/O Lines.Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters. Six

Interrupt Sources. Programmable Serial Channel. Low Power Idle and Power Down

Mod

2.2 LDR Sensor:

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is a

function of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light sensitive devices.

Fig.2.2.1 : LDR Sensor

2.2.1 Working Principle of LDR:

A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo

conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the materials conductivity is increased

when light is absorbed by the material. When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on the

pg. 13

device, the electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor material are excited to the

conduction band. These photons in the incident light should have energy greater than the

band gap of the semiconductor material to make the electrons jump from the valence band

to the conduction band. Hence when light having enough energy strikes on the device,

more and more electrons are excited to the conduction band which results in large number

of charge carriers. The result of this process is more and more current starts flowing

through the device when the circuit is closed and hence it is said that the resistance of the

device has been decreased.

2.2.2 Communication:

Fry Transceiver operating at 433 MHz is adopted as a communication device between the

control room and the sensing stage of the circuit at the rail track. Since RF

Communication works on serial communication an encoder is adopted in association with

AT89S52 microcontroller to convert n-bit into serial data. The encoder is TTL

compatible. It is to be converted into serial data using encoder. The RF transmitter is used

to read the serial data, and the signal is modulated using frequency shift keying method.

The modulated signal is transmitted through the antenna. The RF receiver receives the

modulated signal through the antenna. Filtering, processing and demodulation are to be

done at the RF receiver. The serial data at the output stage of the RF Receiver is converted

into TTL form. HT 12D-HT 12E pair is used as encoder and decoder.

Fig 2.3: Simulated Circuit of RF Transmitter Interfaced To Microcontroller

2.3 Buffer IC (74245):

pg. 14

74245 Buffer IC is a bidirectional IC .It has 20 pin. 16 pins are input and output and 4

pins are special. Pin no1 +vcc, Pin no10 GND, Pin no19 GND and Pin no20 +vcc. It is

used to protect IC AT89C51.

2.3.1 Features:

Operating Power-Supply Voltage Range of 2 V to 15 V.

Interface Between I2C Buses Operating at different Logic Levels (2 V to 15 V).

Longer Cables by allowing bus capacitance of 400 pF on Main Side (Sx/Sy) and

4000 pF ON.

Fig2.4.1: Actual diagram of

74245 IC Fig2.4: Pin diagram of 74245 IC

pg. 15

2.4 Transformer:

A transformer can be defined as a static device which helps in the transformation of

electric power in one circuit to electric power of the same frequency in another circuit.

The voltage can be raised or lowered in a circuit, but with a proportional increase or

decrease in the current ratings.

The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual inductance between two

circuits which is linked by a common magnetic flux. A basic transformer consists of two

coils that are electrically separate and inductive, but are magnetically linked through a

path of reluctance. The working principle of the transformer can be understood from the

figure below.

Fig2.5: Transformer

pg. 16

2.4.1 Transformer carries the operations shown below:

Transfer of electric power from one circuit to another.

Transfer of electric power without any change in frequency.

Transfer with the principle of electromagnetic induction.

The two electrical circuits are linked by mutual induction.

2.5 Relays:

Relays are simple switches which are operated both electrically and mechanically. Relays

consist of an n electromagnet and also a set of contacts. The switching mechanism is

carried out with the help of the electromagnet. There are also other operating principles

for its working. But they differ according to their applications. Most of the devices have

the application of relays.

The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal can be used

to control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal can be used to control

a lot of circuits.

Fig 2.6: Relays

pg. 17

2.6: Crystal oscillator:

An electronic circuit or electronic device that is used to generate periodically oscillating

electronic signal is called as an electronic oscillator.

The electronic signal produced by an oscillator is typically a sine wave or square wave.

An electronic oscillator converts the direct current signal into an alternating current

signal. The radio and television transmitters are broad casted using the signals generated

by oscillators.

The electronic beep sounds and video game sounds are generated by the oscillator signals.

These oscillators generate signals using the principle of oscillation.

Crystal oscillators are having a frequency range from 32 KHz to 200MHz.

Fig2.7 Crystal Oscillator

pg. 18

An electronic circuit that is used to generate an electrical signal of precise frequency by

utilizing the vibrating crystal’s mechanical resonance made of piezoelectric material.

Fig2.8: Series Resonant Frequency

Fig2.9: Impedance vs. Frequency Graph and Parallel Resonant Frequency

pg. 19

2.7 Voltage Regulator:

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear

voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would

not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage

at a constant value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to

provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be

connected at input and output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.

Fig 2.10: Voltage Regulator (7805)

Fig 2.10.1: circuit diagram of voltage regulator (7805)

pg. 20

2.7.1 Pin Description:

Pin

No Function Name

1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input

2 Ground (0V) Ground

3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output

2.8 Diode

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts primarily in

one direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance to the flow

of current in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.

A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of

semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical terminals. A

vacuum tube diode has two electrodes, a plate (anode) and a heated cathode.

Semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices.

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction

(called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction

(the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve.

This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating

current to direct current, including extraction of modulation from radio signals in radio

receiversthese diodes are forms of rectifiers.

pg. 21

Fig2.11:-Diode

2.9 Resistor:-

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element.

Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels

within circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust

signal levels, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses.

High-power resistors, that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be

used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads

for generators.

Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or

operating voltage.

Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a

lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

pg. 22

Fig2.12:-Resistor

2.10 Variable Resistor:-

It is an electronic component. It is applied in an electronic circuit for adjusting circuit

resistance to control voltage or current of that circuit or part of that circuit.

The electrical resistance is varied by sliding a wiper contact along a resistance track.

Sometimes the resistance is adjusted at present value as required at the time of circuit

building by adjusting screw attached to it and sometimes resistance can be adjusted as

when required by controlling knob connected to it.

The active resistance value of the variable resistor depends upon the position of the slider

contact on the resistance track.

It mainly consists of a resistance track and a wiper contact. The wiper contact moves

along the resistance track when adjustable component is adjusted.

pg. 23

There are mainly three different types of resistance track used in this resistor they are

carbon track, cermet (ceramic and metal mixture) track and wire wound track.

Carbon track and cermet track are used for high resistance application whereas wire

wound track is used for low resistance variable resistor. The resistance tracks generally

are of circular shape but straight track is also used in many cases.

Fig2.13:-Variable Resistor

2.11 Electrolytic Capacitor:-

All electrolytic capacitors (e-caps) are polarized capacitors whose anode electrode (+) are

made of a special metal on which h an insulating oxide layer originates

by iodization (forming), which acts as the dielectric of the electrolytic capacitor.

A non-solid or solid electrolyte which covers the surface of the oxide layer in principle

serves as the second electrode (cathode) (-) of the capacitor.

Due to their very thin dielectric oxide layer and enlarged anode surface electrolytic

capacitors have—based on the volume—a much higher capacitance-voltage product

compared to ceramic capacitors or film capacitors, but a much smaller CV value than

electrochemical super capacitors.

The large capacitance of electrolytic capacitors makes them particularly suitable for

passing or bypassing low-frequency signals up to some mega-hertz and storing large

amounts of energy.

pg. 24

They are widely used for decoupling or noise filtering in power supplies and DC link

circuits for variable-frequency drives, for couple signals between amplifier stages, and

store energy as in a flash lamp.

Standard electrolytic capacitors are polarized components due to their asymmetrical

construction, and may only be operated with a higher voltage on the anode than on the

cathode at all times.

Voltages with reverse polarity, or voltage or ripple current higher than specified, can

destroy the dielectric and thus the capacitor.

The destruction of electrolytic capacitors can have catastrophic consequences

(explosion).

As to the basic construction principles of electrolytic capacitors, there are three different

types: Aluminium, tantalum, and niobium capacitors.

Each of these three capacitor families uses non-solid and solid manganese dioxide or

solid polymer electrolytes, so a great spread of different combinations of anode material

and solid or non-solid electrolytes is available.

An electrolytic capacitor is a polarized capacitor which uses an electrolyte to achieve a

larger capacitance than other capacitor type

Electrolytic capacitors have a larger capacitance than most other capacitor types, typically

1µF to 47mF.

There is a special type of electrolytic capacitor, called a double-layer capacitor or a super

capacitor, whose capacitance can reach thousands of farads. The capacitance of an

aluminium electrolytic capacitor is determined by several factors, such as the plate area

and the thickness of the electrolyte.

Fig2.14: Block Diagram of Electrolytic Capacitor

pg. 25

Fig2.15:-Electrolytic Capacitor.

2.12 Ceramic Capacitor:-

A ceramic capacitor is a fixed value capacitor in which ceramic material acts as

the dielectric.

It is constructed of two or more alternating layers of ceramic and a metal layer acting as

the electrodes.

The composition of the ceramic material defines the electrical behaviour and therefore

applications. Ceramic capacitors are divided into two application classes:

Class 1 ceramic capacitors offer high stability and low losses for resonant circuit

applications.

Class 2 ceramic capacitors offer high volumetric efficiency for buffer, by-pass, and

coupling applications

pg. 26

Fig2.16:-Ceramic Capacitor.

2.13 Led:-

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source.It is a p–n

junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to

the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing

energy in the form of photons.

This effect is called electroluminescence, and the colour of the light (corresponding to the

energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may

be used to shape its radiation pattern.

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962,] the earliest LEDs emitted low-

intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements

in remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer

electronics.

The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs

are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high

brightness.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small

incandescent bulbs.

They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-segment displays,

and were commonly seen in digital clocks.

pg. 27

Fig2.17:-LED (Light Emitting Diode)

2.14 IFT (Infrared Frequency Tuner):-

The IR-702T is a 2-channel infrared wireless tuner employing a fixed frequency system.

This tuner is combined with an infrared wireless microphone and an infrared wireless

receiver to make up the infrared wireless microphone system. The infrared microphone

system eliminates problems with interference or eavesdropping.

pg. 28

Fig2.18:-IFT Circuit.

2.15 Transistor:-

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals

and electrical power.

It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to

an external circuit.

A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current

through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher

than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal.

Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded

in integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is

ubiquitous in modern electronic systems.

First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by

American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley.

The transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and

cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things.

Fig2.19:-Transistor

pg. 29

2.16 Dynamo:-

A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of

a commutation.

Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for industry,

and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion devices were

based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary

converter.

Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation, for efficiency,

reliability and cost reasons.

A dynamo has the disadvantages of a mechanical commentator. Also, converting

alternating to direct current using power rectification devices (vacuum tube or more

recently solid state) is effective and usually economical.

Fig2.20:-Dynamo.

pg. 30

2.17 Timer (555):-

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation,

and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator,

and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package.

Fig2.21: 555 timer IC

CHAPTER-3

3. IMPLEMENTED ALGORITHAM:

; PROGRAMME

; With press of key output on led goes high to low input are low

;*********************************************************

; .ORG 0000H

MOV P0,#00H

MOV P1,#0FFH

MAIN:

JNB P1.0,one

JNB P1.1,two

pg. 31

JNB P1.2,three

JNB P1.3,four

JNB P1.4,five

SJMP MAIN

one:

SETB P0.0

JNB P1.0,one

CLR P0.0

SJMP MAIN

two:

SETB P0.1

JNB P1.3,four

JNB P1.1,two

CLR P0.1

SJMP MAIN

three:

SETB P0.2

JNB P1.4,five

JNB P1.2,three

CLR P0.2

SJMP MAIN

four:

CLR P0.1

pg. 32

CLR P0.2

SETB P0.0

JNB P1.3,four

CLR P0.0

SJMP MAIN

five:

CLR P0.1

CLR P0.2

SETB P0.0

JNB P1.4,five

CLR P0.0

SJMP MAIN

DELAY: ;.5 sec delay

MOV TMOD,#10H ;Timer 1 Mode 1H

MOV R0,#100

AGAIN: MOV TL1,#0B0H ; for 50ms 3cb0H is to be put

MOV TH1,#03CH ;label can not be repeated in different sub routine

SETB TR1

BACK: JNB TF1,BACK ;stay until timer rolls over

CLR TR1

CLR TF1

DJNZ R0,AGAIN ;If R3 not zero then reload timer

RET

pg. 33

; .END

CHAPTER-4

4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS:

The Experiments were conducted to produce the desired output tracking signals at the remote control room. The RF transmitter operating 433MHz frequency is used to transmit the status of the train to the control room.Initially all the red LEDS are at the ON state i.e. “1111” in binary form and all the four Green LEDs are at OFF state i.e. “0000” in binary form.

Fig 4.1: Initial state of the tracking system at the control room.

The IR sensor 1ocated at the station 1 is detected causes to change the state of Red LEDs to “1110” and the state of green LEDS will be “0001”.

Fig 4.2: State of the tracking system at the control room when the train reached to station 1

pg. 34

The IR sensor at the level crossing gate is to be detected by the controller at the signal controlling circuit causes to indicate either green or red LED ON. Red LED on the track forced to stop the train. The green LED On state allows the train to move on the track. The controlling and RF transmitter circuit allowed detecting the IR 2 at the station 2. This detected signal causes to change the state of RED LED s to“1100” and the green LEDS to be “0011” at the remote control room.

Fig 4.3: State of the tracking system at the control room when the train

Fig 4.4: State of the tracking system at the control room when the train reached to

station 3

pg. 35

When the train reaches to its destination i.e. at the station 4 the Red LEDs state is represented with “0000” and the green LEDs state is represented with “1111” in binary. Fig 4.5: State of the tracking system at the control room when the train reached to

station 4

The data at sensors will be transmitted to the control room by using RF transmitter module. The data received by the receiver send by the transmitter. The transmitter and receiver are in synchronous to each other with help of clock circuit. Receiving section at control room operates based on the receiving signal, that signal given to the level crossing gates. And they operate with the help of switching logic in the micro controlled When the train reaches to station 3 the RED LEDs state is represented with “1000” and the green LEDs state is represented with “0111”.

Fig 4.6: Signaling system of the gate open state indicates red signal on the track

pg. 36

CHAPTER-5

5.1 ADVANTAGE OF FOG CONTROL:

1. Dependable:

The greatest advantage of the railway transport is that it is the most dependable mode of

transport as it is the least affected by weather conditions such as rains, fog etc. compared

to other modes of transport.

2. Better Organised:

The rail transport is better organised than any other form of transport. It has fixed routes

and schedules. Its service is more certain, uniform and regular as compared to other

modes of transport.

3. High Speed over Long Distances:

Its speed over long distances is more than any other mode of transport, except airways.

Thus, it is the best choice for long distance traffic.

4. Cheaper Transport:

It is a cheaper mode of transport as compared to other modes of transport. Most of the

working expenses of railways are in the nature of fixed costs. Every increase in the

railway traffic is followed by a decrease in the average cost. Rail transport is economical

in the use of labour also as one driver and one guard are sufficient to carry much more

load than the motor transport.

pg. 37

5. Signalling system:

In fog days due to fog train arrived to the destination very late. Signal is not visible to

pilot .hence through this project it is very useful to pilot have seen the signal in his engine

cabin. Sensor sense the signal range from which is allotted to the station master and pilot.

6. Safety:

Railway is the safest form of transport. The chances of accidents and breakdowns of

railways are minimum as compared to other modes of transport. Moreover, the traffic

can be protected from the exposure to sun, rains, snow etc.

The chances of accident is reduces through this.Train has arrived the destination on the

time. Fuel consumption is also reduces.

5.2 DISADVANTAGE:

1. Huge Capital Outlay:

The railway requires is large investment of capital. The cost of construction, maintenance

and overhead expenses are very high as compared to other modes of transport. Moreover,

the investments are specific and immobile. In case the traffic is not sufficient, the

investments may mean wastage of huge resources.

2. Lack of Flexibility:

Another disadvantage of railway transport is its inflexibility. Its routes and timings

cannot be adjusted to individual requirements.

pg. 38

5.3 APPLICATION:-

In winter season train is very delayed due to fog. The main application of this project is

to control the train signaling system.

Signal is also provided to the pilot through the station master and there is no need to see

the signal in fog days. Pilot also see the signal in his engine cabin. Signal is same as

provided to the pole and the driver.

When two train is on same track and the two train are apart which is fixed range then

signal is automatic red and the train which is previous is stopped.

There is a voltage supply (earth) along with the train track when the track is break then

the pilot knows that the track is break and the next signal is automatic red and the train

is stopped.

Every train coach is fitted with dynamo and when the train is on full speed then dynamo

is working and the power (electric) is stored and this power is used for the electricity

supply.

pg. 39

5.4 CONCLUSION:

The proposed developed methodology produced reliable results. Fog control train system using LIR sensors and RF Technology may enable the rail department to safeguard the human life from accidents. The positional status of the train transmitted to the control room using RF technology can be replaced the manual human interpretation. Automating the monitoring system may curtail the human errors from train accidents. In future rout mapping method with auto error correction mechanism may improve the safety mechanism to the rail transport system.

pg. 40

5.5 REFERENCES:

Md. Reya Shad Azim1 , Khizir Mahmud2 and C. K. Das. “Automatic Train Track

Switching System with Computerized Control from the Central Monitoring Unit

International Journal Vol 7(1) pages 201- 214, 2014.

Anand Kr.Gupta et.al, “Railway Track Finding System with RFID Application”, International Journal. Shaik Nahid, Srinivas Padala, V.Samson Deva Kumar, “Design and Development of

Train Tracking System in South Central Railways”, International Journal of Science and

Modern Engineering, Vol1 (12),Pages 60-64, Nov 2013. Rajkumar et.al , “GPS and Ethernet based real time train tracking system”, Advanced Electronics Electronic Systems(ICAES) international conference , IEEE explore digital library, pages 282-286, 21-23 sept, 2013. N. K. Das. Et.al,” Satellite Based Train .Monitoring System”, Journal of Electrical

Engineering, Vol. EE 36(II), pages 35-38, December 2009. Science and Technology, Vol

7 (1), pages 201-212, 2014.