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Nuclear Techniques in Food andAgriculture

Role of IAEA in Animal Production and Health

Kathiravan Periasamy

Food and Agriculture

Human Health

Programme of Action forCancer Therapy - PACT

Environment

Water Resources

Radioisotope Production andRadiation Technology

Nuclear Science

NuclearEnergy

NuclearSafety andSecurity

NuclearSciences andApplications

Safeguards

TechnicalCooperation

International Atomic Energy Agency

Joint FAO/IAEA Programme in Food and AgricultureJoint FAO/IAEA Programme in Food and Agriculture

Atoms for FoodAtoms for Food

Joint FAO/IAEA Programme in Food and AgricultureCorporate MissionCorporate Mission

Atomic energy for peace,health and prosperity

Sustainable agriculturaldevelopment, improved

nutrition and food security

to contribute to sustainable food securityand safety by use of nuclear techniques

and biotechnology

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• Food Security

• Food Safety

• Sustainable Agriculture

Our Goals Joint FAO/IAEA Programme in Food and Agriculture

NuclearNuclearTechniquesTechniques

Insect Pest Controlby Sterile Insect Techniques

Plant Breeding &Geneticsby Mutation Techniques

Animal Production &Healthby Serological and MolecularTechniques

Soil & Water Management& Crop Nutritionby Isotopic and Nuclear Techniques

Food & EnvironmentalProtectionby Food Irradiation andRadio-analytical Techniques

Joint FAO/IAEA Programme Organizational Chart

Joint FAO/IAEADivision of Nuclear Techniques

in Food and Agriculture

Plant Breeding & GeneticsSection

Animal Production &Health Section

Insect Pest ControlSection

Soil & Water Management& Crop Nutrition Section

Food & EnvironmentalProtection Section

IAEADepartment of Nuclear

Sciences and Applications

FAOAgriculture and Consumer

Protection Department

Plant Breeding & GeneticsLaboratory

Animal Production & HealthLaboratory

Insect Pest Control Laboratory

Soil & Water Management& Crop Nutrition Laboratory

Food & EnvironmentalProtection Laboratory

Seibersdorf

Animal Production and Health SubAnimal Production and Health Sub--programmeprogramme

Animal Production and Health Section- Vienna Headquarters- Seibersdorf Laboratory

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Our MandateOur Mandate

Efficient use of locally available animal genetic andfeed resources

Adequate management practices and efficientreproductive / breeding programmes

Development of proactive disease prevention andcontrol measures

Assist MS to improve livestockproductivity through:

using nuclear and nuclear-related technologies

Working in PartnershipWorking in Partnership

FAO Animal Production and Health Division (AGA)

International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)

World Animal Health Organisation (OIE)

Africa Union's Inter-African Bureau of Animal Resources (IBAR)

World Health Organization (WHO)

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)

EU Commission

plus FAO & IAEA Member States 154 IAEA Member States192 FAO Member States

Modalities of Cooperation

Coordinated Research Projects

Technical Cooperation Projects

Modalities of Cooperation – Coordinated ResearchProject

o Bring together research institutes in both developing and developedcountries to network on a specific research topic

o CRPs are composed byo Research Contract holderso Agreement holderso Technical Contract holders

o Contracts up to US$ 10,000

o CRPs last for 3-5 years

o 3-4 Research Coordination Meetings (RCM) are held to evaluate andharmonize activities

o The results are freely available through IAEA’s publications andrelevant international journals

CRP

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Sub-programme Activity AreasCoordinated Research Projects – CRP –

Early and Rapid Diagnosis of Transboundary Animal Diseases14 contracts (Africa / Asia)

Control of Foot and Mouth Disease9 contracts (Africa / Asia, Latin America)

Irradiated Vaccines in the Control of Infectious TransboundaryDiseases

10 contracts (Africa / Asia, Latin America, Europe)

Use of Stable Isotopes to Trace Bird Migrations (AvianInfluenza)

Disease Diagnosis and Control

Genetic Variation on the Control of Resistance to InfectiousDiseases in Small Ruminants

12 contracts (Africa / Asia / Latin America)

Use of Enzymes to Improve Utilization of Fibrous Feeds andReduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

11 contracts (Africa / Asia / Latin America)

Animal Production

Sub-programme Activity AreasCoordinated Research Projects – CRP –

Modalities of Cooperation – TC Projects

o The IAEA Technical Cooperation Department (TC) facilitates thetransfer of nuclear and related technologies

o TC works in full partnership with the IAEA Technical Departments

o Over US$ 70 million per year in nearly 100 developing countries

o Project proposals are approved in a 2-year cycle

o Submitted by local institutions through national atomic energyauthorities

o Provides supports for expert missions, fellowships, training courses,and equipment

o Projects last for 2-4 years and amount for US$ 50,000 to 200,000per year

Sub-programme Activity Areas (Support to TC projects)

Animal Health (59%)(control & disease diagnosis)

Veterinary DrugResidues (3%)

Animal Production (38%)(improving nutrition, reproduction

& breeding)

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Countries with TC Projects in 2013-2014

Bosnia andHerzegovina

Bulgaria

Europe

BoliviaBelizeEl SalvadorHondurasParaguayUruguay

Latin America

CambodiaMongoliaMyanmarNepalSri Lanka

Asia

Africa

AlgeriaAngolaBeninBurkina FasoBotswanaCentral African Rep.CameroonChadCôte d’IvoireCongo (IDRC)EritreaEthiopiaKenya

LesothoMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaNigerSierra LeoneTanzaniaUgandaZambiaZimbabwe

TC or CRP – What is the difference?

Research based project

Single activity

Interest of contracting institute

Seed money for research

Not for capacity building

Call for specific CRPs

Direct submission to the IAEA

Approval based on technical merits

5 years

Emphasis on technical results

Transfer and adoption of proven technology

Variety of activities

Involves an array of stakeholders

Large amount of funds

Strong capacity building component

Applications on a 2-year cycle

Submission through the NLO

Approval based on country priorities

2 – 4 years

Emphasis on MS needs

CRP TC

Most Widely Used

Nuclear and Molecular Technologies

Animal Health Irradiated vaccines Radio-Isotopes to detect bird migration Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) Nucleic acid based multiple pathogen detection

Animal Production Radio-Immuno Assay for monitoring reproductive health Whole genome Radiation Hybrid Panel mapping (60Co) DNA markers for selective animal breeding Radio-isotopes to trace nutrient metabolism (Nitrogen

metabolism / microbial mass (15N, 32P, 35S, 14C), Tannin content(125I, 14C)

Radio-isotopes for meat traceability

Improving animal productivity and healththrough nuclear and molecular technologies

AP&H

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Animal Production

Objective: To improve livestock production systems throughbetter feeding, reproduction and breeding whileconserving the environment

Improving the efficiency of utilizationImproving the efficiency of utilization of locallyof locallyavailableavailable feed resourcesfeed resources

Label with isotopeLabel with isotopee.g.e.g. 1515N,N, 1313CC

Feed toFeed tolivestocklivestock

Partitioning of nutrients in thePartitioning of nutrients in thebody, milk & faecesbody, milk & faeces

Tissue sampling toTissue sampling todetermine isotopedetermine isotopedistributiondistribution

LocalLocalfeed resourcesfeed resources

Improving Livestock Reproduction EfficiencyProgesterone radioimmunoassay

• To improve Artificial Insemination Services

• To detect cycling and anoestrous females

• To identify non-pregnant females

• To evaluate resumption of ovarian activity

• To evaluate heat detection efficiency and monitorheat synchronization

• To assist embryo transfer

AIDA Asia AIDA Africa

SPeRM

LIMA

Improving Livestock Farm ProductivityImproving Livestock Farm ProductivitySSoftware for data collection & analysis

to store and analyze information from AI services in conjunction with RIAprogesterone values (4 species)

for data handling on semen processing and sire performance (4 species)

to store and analyze a full range of livestock farm data (6 species)

AIDA AsiaLIMA

SPeRMAIDAAfrica

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FAO’s Global Plan of Action on AnimalGenetic Resources

More than 70 populations of goat and sheepwere evaluated and characterized in 7 Asiancountries

Phenotypic characterization identified uniquetraits

Molecular markers were used to evaluategenetic diversity and relationship among thebreeds/populations

More than six National TC and one regionalTC projects

A Beetal goatfrom Pakistan

Dendrogram showing relationships among breeds

DNADNA--based Technology for Improving Livestockbased Technology for Improving LivestockGenetic characterization of indigenous livestock breeds

Structure analysis of 10 Chinese goat populations

o There is evidence for within and between breedgenetic variation in resistance to gastrointestinalnematode infections

o Opportunity to select animals for enhanced resistanceto parasitism

o CRP on “Genetic variation on the control ofresistance to infectious diseases in small ruminants”

o Scientists from 12 IAEA Members Statesparticipating in the project

o Quantification of indigenous breeds for their level ofparasite resistance against and artificial challengeand field exposure

o Identification of genetic variation among and withinthe breeds in candidate genes involved in immunepathways

o Association of genotype and phenotype

DNA-base Technology for Improving LivestockGenetic Variation on Resistance to Internal Parasites

K=2

K=6

K=5

K=4

K=3

K=7

Figure 4

DNADNA--base Technology for Improving Livestockbase Technology for Improving LivestockRadiation Hybrid Maps (RHMap)

o A method for ordering markers along achromosome

o Irradiated donor cells are fused withrecipient rodent cells

o Hybrid cell lines are grouped in panels ofclones

o Each panel contains a set ofchromosome fragments produced byradiation-induced breakage

o Clones are screened by PCRamplification to establish the presence ofa given marker

o The proximity of markers are calculated instatistical models

Donor cells

Radiation

Irradiateddonorcells

Rodentcells

Fusion

Radiationhybridcells

Cell cloning

Cytological and molecularanalysis

o Promoted by the International SheepGenomics Consortium (ISGC), Australia

o At least 50 breeds from Africa, Asia, Europe,and the Americas

o 60,000 SNP array

o IAEA – ILRI collaborative work on the AfricanDorper breed

o Only 19 SNP markers failed for the AfricanDorper DNA samples (49,034 SNP)

o Provides data on genetic biodiversity, evolutionof breeds, genetic relationships among breeds,and genomic location of genes affectingimportant traits

DNADNA--base Technology for Improving Livestockbase Technology for Improving LivestockSheep HapMap

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East AfricaSouthern AfricaEast AsiaSouth East AsiaSouthwest PacificEastern Europe and Caucasus

Europe

Near and Middle East

North America

Central America

South America

The Global Livestock DNA Bank Animal Health

Objective: To reduce risks from transboundary animaldiseases (TAD) and those of veterinary publichealth importance

Control of Diseases by Early and Rapid DiagnosesDiseases supported at present

Serological &Serological &Molecular TestsMolecular Tests

Rinderpest

Trypanosomosis

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

Brucellosis

Rift Valley Fever

Newcastle

Influenza H1N1

Avian Influenza

Classical Swine Fever

African Swine Fever

African Horse Sickness

Blue Tongue

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)

Fascioliasis

Working together to eradicate rinderpest and make the worlda safer place for food production from livestock and for trade

RINDERPEST GLOBAL ERADICATION PROGRAMMEGREP: A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP

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1942-1972

1980-1982

1987

2007

2008

2009-2011

Evolution of PPR Distribution in the world

APHS assists on reducing health risksthrough early, rapid and sensitiveserological and molecular detection ofInfluenza A viruses

Use of stable isotopes to determine themigration route of wild birds and thedissemination of infection

Control of Diseases by Early and Rapid DiagnosesAvian influenza, Stable isotopes and Migratory birds

o Traditional vaccines against parasitic and some bacterial and viraldiseases are not quite effective

o Gamma radiation attenuation stop pathogen multiplication butenables highly effective immune response

o Malaria vaccine: the first human radiation-attenuated anti-parasitevaccine

o 60Co gamma irradiation

o Radiation technology has to be improved Attenuating dose Flow-through methods Number of parasites per vaccine dose Procedures for the preservation, handling and transport of

immunogenic material

o Possible pathogens: Parasites: Trypanosoma, Faciola, Schistosoma, Theileria Virus: Rift Valley Fever, Foot and Mouth Disease Bacteria: Leptospira

Control of Diseases by Efficient VaccinesIrradiated vaccines

Irradiated trypanosomes

Pox-like lesions appear onthe skin, and various organsSheep poxvirus

Lumpy skindisease virus

Goat poxvirus

Sheep andgoat poxvirus??

Nomenclature based on the host of originSome reports indicate the involvement ofboth sheep and goats in some outbreaksInfections cannot be distinguishedclinically or serologically

The Genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV): sheep poxvirus (SPPV), goatpoxvirus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)

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Animal Production and Health LaboratoryELISA and Molecular Techniques

Adaptive and applied research for improved animalproductivity, disease diagnosis and geneticsdisease resistance

Technical advice to Member States

Training on disease diagnosis and gene mapping

Production of reference sera for diagnostic tests

OIE Collaborating Centre for ELISA and moleculartechnologies in Animal Disease Diagnosis

Seibersdorf Laboratories

Animal Production and Health Section