Food and Food and AgricultureAgriculture

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History and Types of History and Types of AgricultureAgriculture

Demand-based agriculture - production determined by economic demand and limited by classical economic supply and demand theory. This approach became common during the industrial revolution.

Resource-based agriculture - production determined by resource availability; economic demand usually exceeds production. This approach was the original type of farming 10,000 years ago. Modern approaches are very high tech and somewhat more expensive.

Plant Food SourcesPlant Food Sources• 250,000 plant species • 3000 tried as crops • 300 grown for food • 100 species used on large scale for food • 15 to 20 species15 to 20 species provide vast majority (90%)

of man’s food needs• It takes about 16 pounds of grain to produce

one pound of edible meat• Largest crop volumes provided by: wheat,

rice, corn, potatoes, barley– Wheat and rice supply ~60% of human

caloric intake

Other Plant Food SourcesOther Plant Food Sources1. Potatoes2. Barley3. Sweet Potato4. Cassava

(source of tapioca)

5. Grape6. Soybean7. Oats8. Sorghum9. Sugarcane

10. Millet11. Banana12. Tomato13. Sugar Beet14. Rye15. Orange16. Coconut17. Cottonseed18. Apple19. Yam

20. Peanut21. Watermelon22. Cabbage23. Onion24. Bean25. Pea26. Sunflower

Seed27. Mango

Types of CropsTypes of Crops

•Cash crops vs. subsistence crops

•cash crops may provide non-food products (latex)

•provide products which do not make up our primary nutrition (tea, coffee)

AgroecosystemsAgroecosystems

• Ecosystem created by agricultural practices–characterized by low

•Genetic diversity•Species diversity•Habitat diversity

AgroecosystemsAgroecosystemsAgroecosystems differ from natural ecosystems in

five major ways:1.Farming attempts to stop ecological succession2.Species diversity is low

a.farmers usually practice monocultureb.monoculture tends to soil fertility

3.Farmers plant species (crops) in an orderly fashion - this can make pest control more difficult

4.Food chains are far more simple in agroecosystems

5.Plowing is like no other natural disturbancea.plowing can erosion b.cause more nutrient loss (which is replaced by

fertilizer)

World Food Supply and the EnvironmentWorld Food Supply and the Environment

• Our current food problem is the result of our human population

• Food production depends upon favorable environmental conditions

• Agriculture changes the environment - such changes can be detrimental

• Food supply can be adversely affected by social unrest that influence agriculture

Grain ProductionGrain Production

• Grain production increased from 631 to 1780 million metric tons from 1950 to 1990.

• Has leveled off since then• Top five countries in order of producing the most

amount of grain are:

1. China

2. United States

3. India

4. Canada

5. Ukraine

LivestockLivestock

domesticated livestock (sheep, pigs, chickens, cattle) are an important food source for humans

ruminants (four-chambered stomachs) contain bacteria that can convert plant tissue to animal protein/fat hence, plant material originally unusable for man is converted into food sources that can be ingested by man

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Meat SourcesMeat Sources

• About 90% of all meat and milk are consumed by United States, Europe and Japan which constitute only 20% of world population

• About 90% of the grain grown in the United States is used for animal feed

• 16 kg of grain 1 kg of meat– By eating grain instead would get 20 times the

calories and 8 times the protein

Malnutrition and FaminesMalnutrition and Famines

• One quarter of the human population is malnourished– Sub-Saharan Africa (~225 million)– East and Southeast Asia (~275 million)– South Asia (~250 million)– Parts of Latin America

Malnutrition/FaminesMalnutrition/Famines• Stem from not enough calories per day in addition to not

getting the necessary amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), minerals, and vitamins

• Generally diets are high in starches• Famine conditions

– Major droughts -- Political instability– Population sizes -- Land Seizures– Massive immigration -- Pestilence– Floods -- Distribution

breakdown– Wars --Panic buying– Chaos in economy -- Hoarding

Limits on Food ProductionLimits on Food Production

arable landprecipitationtemperatureClimate change

Methods to Increase Food SupplyMethods to Increase Food Supply• Improved irrigation and utilization of water

– Drip irrigation• Increasing arable land

– Difficult because of precipitation and temperature

• Eating lower on the food chain – Most rangeland is not arable and

humans cannot utilize grass/hay as food; therefore, this argument is not considered valid

Methods to Increase Food SupplyMethods to Increase Food Supply• Food distribution modification

– Today distribution of food is a major problem in Africa/Asia

– Best solution: teach locals how to best utilize their land with appropriate technology so they can attempt to support themselves and not rely on others.

New vs. OldAgriculture

Soil ResourcesSoil Resources

• What is Soil?

• Ways We Use and Abuse Soil

• Erosion

How much Land How much Land is Arable?is Arable?

Pests and Pests and PesticidesPesticides

The problem with chemicalsThe problem with chemicals

• Groundwater contamination• Effects of low concentrations?• Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification

Pesticides Pro and ConPesticides Pro and Con• Kill unwanted pests that carry

disease (rats, mosquitoes, Tse-Tse flies)

• Increase food supplies

• More food means food is less expensive

• Effective and fast-acting

• Newer pesticides are safer, more specific

• Reduces labor costs on farms

• Food looks better

• Agriculture is more profitable

• Accumulate in food chain• Pests develop resistance –

500 species so far• Resistance creates pesticide

treadmill• Estimates are $5-10 in

damage done for $1 spent on pesticide

• Pesticide runoff• Destroy bees - $200 million• Threaten endangered species• Affect egg shell of birds• 5% actually reach pest• ~20,000 human deaths/year

Types of PesticidesTypes of Pesticides• Biological – Ladybugs, parasitic wasps, etc.• Carbamates effect nervous system of pests more water

soluble than chlorinated hydrocarbons– Aldicarb, aminocarb, carbaryl (Sevin), carbofuran,

Mirex• Chlorinated Hydrocarbons affect nervous system –

– Aldrin, Chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, lindane and paradichlorobenzene

• Fumigants are used to sterilize soil and prevent grain infestation

Types of PesticidesTypes of Pesticides• Inorganic – arsenic, copper, lead, mercury

– Highly toxic and bioaccumulation • Organic or natural – derived from plants such as

tobacco and chrysanthemum• Organophosphates – extremely toxic, low persistence

– Malathion, parthion, chlophyrifos, acepate, propetamphos and trichlofon

Pesticide Protection Laws in the U.S.

• Government regulation has banned a number of harmful pesticides but some scientists call for strengthening pesticide laws.– The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the

Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulate the sales of pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).

– The EPA has only evaluated the health effects of 10% of the active ingredients of all pesticides.

Fig. 13-30, p. 299

What Can You Do?

Reducing Exposure to Pesticides

• Grow some of your food using organic methods.

• Buy organic food.

• Wash and scrub all fresh fruits, vegetables, and wild foods you pick.

• Eat less or no meat.

• Trim the fat from meat.

Integrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest Management

• Some practices for preventing pest damage may include– inspecting crops and monitoring crops for damage– using mechanical trapping devices– natural predators (e.g., insects that eat other insects) – insect growth regulators– mating disruption substances (pheromones)– if necessary, chemical pesticides

Parts of IPMParts of IPM• Polyculture instead of monoculture• Intercropping – alternate rows of crops that have different

pests• Planting pest-repellent crops• Mulch to control weeds• Natural insect predators – ladybugs, preying mantis, birds• Rotating crops to disrupt insect cycles• Using Pheromones to attract insects to traps• Releasing sterilized insects

Fig. 13-33, p. 302

Solutions

Sustainable Organic Agriculture

More Less

High-yield polyculture

Soil erosion

Soil salinizationOrganic fertilizers

Aquifer depletionBiological pest control Overgrazing

Integrated pest management

Overfishing

Loss of biodiversity

Efficient irrigation Loss of prime

croplandPerennial crops

Crop rotationFood waste

Water-efficient crops

Subsidies for unsustainable farming and fishing

Soil conservation

Subsidies for sustainable farming and fishing

Population growth

Poverty

Sustainable Agriculture

• Results of 22 year study comparing organic and conventional farming.

Figure 13-34Figure 13-34

Fig. 13-34, p. 302

Solutions

Organic Farming

Improves soil fertility

Reduces soil erosion

Retains more water in soil during drought years

Uses about 30% less energy per unit of yield

Lowers CO2 emissions

Reduces water pollution from recycling livestock wastes

Eliminates pollution from pesticides

Increases biodiversity above and below ground

Benefits wildlife such as birds and bats

Fig. 13-35, p. 303

What Can You Do?

Sustainable Organic Agriculture

• Waste less food

• Eat less or no meat

• Feed pets balanced grain foods instead of meat

• Use organic farming to grow some of your food

• Buy organic food

• Eat locally grown food

• Compost food wastes