Food and Nutrition Food and Nutrition Surveillance and Response Surveillance and Response

in Emergencyin Emergency

Course OrientationCourse Orientation

Introduction to the characteristics and Introduction to the characteristics and trends of disasters, trends of disasters,

The impact of disasters on affected The impact of disasters on affected populationpopulation

How to build the capacity of How to build the capacity of vulnerable communities to cope with vulnerable communities to cope with disasters despise social, political, disasters despise social, political, economic and cultural constraints.economic and cultural constraints.

Unit PurposeUnit Purpose

Objectives -- demonstrate knowledge of:Objectives -- demonstrate knowledge of: Different disasters, their trends and consequences on Different disasters, their trends and consequences on

displaced peopledisplaced people the major political, economic, social and cultural processes the major political, economic, social and cultural processes

surrounding humanitarian emergencies.surrounding humanitarian emergencies. The International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and the Human The International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and the Human

Rights Law (HRL) and their application in humanitarian Rights Law (HRL) and their application in humanitarian emergencies.emergencies.

The role of humanitarian assistance in disaster prevention, The role of humanitarian assistance in disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness.mitigation and preparedness.

The underlying principles of public health management The underlying principles of public health management and the main problems of public health control in and the main problems of public health control in emergencies.emergencies.

The underlying principles of environmental health The underlying principles of environmental health management and the main problems of environmental management and the main problems of environmental health control in emergencies.health control in emergencies.

Identify the common issues surrounding food and Identify the common issues surrounding food and nutritional emergencies.nutritional emergencies.

Competencies: Competencies: learners to acquire the following key learners to acquire the following key competencies:competencies: To analyze current trends and consequences of large, To analyze current trends and consequences of large,

displaced populations following major disasters.displaced populations following major disasters. To apply the IHL and HRL to conflict and non-conflict To apply the IHL and HRL to conflict and non-conflict

situations.situations. To recognize the political, economic, social and cultural To recognize the political, economic, social and cultural

issues surrounding humanitarian emergencies.issues surrounding humanitarian emergencies. To identify appropriate disaster prevention, mitigation, and To identify appropriate disaster prevention, mitigation, and

preparedness measures.preparedness measures. To understand the public health risk factors and the main To understand the public health risk factors and the main

constraints of public health management in emergencies.constraints of public health management in emergencies. To understand the environmental health risk factors and To understand the environmental health risk factors and

the main constraints of environmental health management the main constraints of environmental health management in emergencies.in emergencies.

Recognize the effect of disasters on food security and the Recognize the effect of disasters on food security and the risk factors for malnutrition in emergencies.risk factors for malnutrition in emergencies.

Terms and definitionsTerms and definitions Acute Emergency PhaseAcute Emergency Phase

Begins immediately after the impact of the disaster Begins immediately after the impact of the disaster and may last for 0-3 months. It is characterized by and may last for 0-3 months. It is characterized by initial chaos and a high crude mortality rate (CMR). initial chaos and a high crude mortality rate (CMR). Ends when CMR drops below 1/10,000 people/day.Ends when CMR drops below 1/10,000 people/day.

AsylumAsylum Giving sanctuary, refuge, shelter or proction from Giving sanctuary, refuge, shelter or proction from

siezure to a refugee from another country.siezure to a refugee from another country. CampCamp

A place where a group of displaced people A place where a group of displaced people temporarily lodge in tents, huts or other makeshift temporarily lodge in tents, huts or other makeshift shelters. The setting may be in tented cities, or small shelters. The setting may be in tented cities, or small open settlements or even larger, more crowded open settlements or even larger, more crowded settlementssettlements

Definitions cont’dDefinitions cont’d Complex Humanitarian EmergencyComplex Humanitarian Emergency

A major man-made disaster that may be complicated A major man-made disaster that may be complicated by natural disaster(s), and loss of life. It often by natural disaster(s), and loss of life. It often requires the support of a multinational military peace requires the support of a multinational military peace operation.operation.

A humanitarian crisis in a country or region where A humanitarian crisis in a country or region where there is a total or considerable breakdown of there is a total or considerable breakdown of authorithy resulting from internal and/or external authorithy resulting from internal and/or external conflict, which requires an international response that conflict, which requires an international response that goes beyond the mandate and capacity of any single goes beyond the mandate and capacity of any single agency (UNDHA)agency (UNDHA)

Complex Political disasterComplex Political disaster Situations in which the capacity to sustain livelihood Situations in which the capacity to sustain livelihood

and life is threaned primarily by political factors, and and life is threaned primarily by political factors, and in particular, by high levels of violence.in particular, by high levels of violence.

Definitions cont’dDefinitions cont’d DisasterDisaster

A serious disruption of the functioning of a society, causing A serious disruption of the functioning of a society, causing widespread human, material, or environmental losses which widespread human, material, or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own reseources ---reseources ---unusual events, not part of ‘normal life’unusual events, not part of ‘normal life’. .

Disasters happen when the forces of a hazard exceed theability of a Disasters happen when the forces of a hazard exceed theability of a community to cope on its own ==> not all communities are at risk of community to cope on its own ==> not all communities are at risk of every disaster though every community is at risk of some particular every disaster though every community is at risk of some particular disaster.disaster.

Regardless of the cause, disasters have the following Regardless of the cause, disasters have the following characteristicscharacteristics

Agreat or sudden misfortuneAgreat or sudden misfortune Beyond the normal capacity of the affected community to cope, Beyond the normal capacity of the affected community to cope,

unaidedunaided The interface betweenvulnerable human conditions and a natural The interface betweenvulnerable human conditions and a natural

hazard.hazard.

Definitions cont’dDefinitions cont’d HazardHazard

Extreme event (natural, man-made) that may disrupt the lives of Extreme event (natural, man-made) that may disrupt the lives of people, particularly vulnerable people, exposing them to loss of people, particularly vulnerable people, exposing them to loss of property or livelihood, injury, or death.property or livelihood, injury, or death.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)Internally Displaced Person (IDP) Persons who have been forced to flee from their homes Persons who have been forced to flee from their homes

suddenly or expectedly in large numbers, as a result of armed suddenly or expectedly in large numbers, as a result of armed conflict, internal strife, systematic violations of human rights, or conflict, internal strife, systematic violations of human rights, or natural or man-made disasters, and who are within the territory natural or man-made disasters, and who are within the territory of their own country.of their own country.

Persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged Persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of, or in oerder to avoid the effects of, armed conflict, as a result of, or in oerder to avoid the effects of, armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or natural human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an natural human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border.internationally recognized state border.

Definitions cont’dDefinitions cont’d Post-Emergency PhasePost-Emergency Phase

Begins when the CMR drops below 1/10,000 people/day and may last 1-6 Begins when the CMR drops below 1/10,000 people/day and may last 1-6 months or longer. Characterized by improvement and expansion of relief months or longer. Characterized by improvement and expansion of relief activities.activities.

RefugeRefuge Any person who, owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons Any person who, owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons

of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, political opinion is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the of his country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the of his former habitual residence as a result of such events is unable or, owing to former habitual residence as a result of such events is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.such fear, is unwilling to return to it.

Every person who, owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign Every person who, owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination, or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the domination, or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his country of origin or nationality, is compelled to leave his place whole of his country of origin or nationality, is compelled to leave his place of habitual residence in order to seek refuge in another place outside his of habitual residence in order to seek refuge in another place outside his country of origin or nationality.country of origin or nationality.

ReliefRelief Assistance given to people in need after a disaster. The initial assistance Assistance given to people in need after a disaster. The initial assistance

in an emergency is usually provision of food, clean water, shelter and in an emergency is usually provision of food, clean water, shelter and protection.protection.

Definitions cont’dDefinitions cont’d Rehabilitation or Reconstruction PhaseRehabilitation or Reconstruction Phase

After the relief phase, reconstruction begins. This should lead to After the relief phase, reconstruction begins. This should lead to restoration or pre-disaster conditions (repaired facilities, restoration or pre-disaster conditions (repaired facilities, functioning services, self-reliance).functioning services, self-reliance).

RepatriationRepatriation Returning to the country of birth or citizenship. May be forced or Returning to the country of birth or citizenship. May be forced or

voluntary.voluntary. ResettlementResettlement

Allowing refugees to settle in a third country when repatriation or Allowing refugees to settle in a third country when repatriation or integration is not possible. Usually offered as a temporary integration is not possible. Usually offered as a temporary solution.solution.

VulnerabilityVulnerability The defenselessness, insecurity, and exposure to risks, shock The defenselessness, insecurity, and exposure to risks, shock

and stress – and having difficulty coping with them.and stress – and having difficulty coping with them. Living on an ‘edge’ such that if something goes wrong, or if part Living on an ‘edge’ such that if something goes wrong, or if part

of the situation changes, then the ability to sustain life is of the situation changes, then the ability to sustain life is endangered. The potential that when something destructive endangered. The potential that when something destructive happens, people will not be able to handle the consequences by happens, people will not be able to handle the consequences by themselves.themselves.

Abbreviations (Abbreviations ( ) )

UNDHA - The United Nations UNDHA - The United Nations UNDRO - The United Nations Disaster Relief UNDRO - The United Nations Disaster Relief

Organization.Organization. UNHCR - The United Nations High Commission for UNHCR - The United Nations High Commission for

Refugees.Refugees. UN/ILO - The United Nations International Labour UN/ILO - The United Nations International Labour

Organization. Organization. USOFDA - US Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance.USOFDA - US Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance. WHO - The World Health OrganizationWHO - The World Health Organization

General references for the courseGeneral references for the course WHO. 2000. The Management of Nutrition in Major Emergencies. WHO. 2000. The Management of Nutrition in Major Emergencies.

Geneva: World Health Organization.Geneva: World Health Organization. UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, WHO. Food and Nutrition Needs in UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, WHO. Food and Nutrition Needs in

Emergencies. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Emergencies. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, United Nations Children's Fund, World Food Programme, Refugees, United Nations Children's Fund, World Food Programme, World Health Organization, 2002. (electronic)World Health Organization, 2002. (electronic)

Appleton, J., A. Borrel, A. Duffield, T. Frankenberger, L. Gostelow, Appleton, J., A. Borrel, A. Duffield, T. Frankenberger, L. Gostelow, Y. Grellety, S. Jaspars, D. Maxwell, A. Taylor, M. Toole, and H. Y. Grellety, S. Jaspars, D. Maxwell, A. Taylor, M. Toole, and H. Young. 2000. "Chapter 5: Nutrition of Refugees and Displaced Young. 2000. "Chapter 5: Nutrition of Refugees and Displaced Populations." Populations." Fourth Report on The World Nutrition Situation; Fourth Report on The World Nutrition Situation; Nutrition through the LifecycleNutrition through the Lifecycle, UN Administrative Committee on , UN Administrative Committee on Coordination/ Sub-Committee on Nutrition (ACC/SCN) with Coordination/ Sub-Committee on Nutrition (ACC/SCN) with International Food Policy Research Institute, Geneva (electronic: 1).International Food Policy Research Institute, Geneva (electronic: 1).

Mason, F and Taylor, A., 2002. A Review of the Advances and Mason, F and Taylor, A., 2002. A Review of the Advances and Challenges in Nutrition in Conflicts and Crises Over the Last 20 Challenges in Nutrition in Conflicts and Crises Over the Last 20 Years. SCN News. 24(July):21-27. (electronic: 2)Years. SCN News. 24(July):21-27. (electronic: 2)

The Sphere Project. Minimum Standards in Food Security, Nutrition The Sphere Project. Minimum Standards in Food Security, Nutrition and Food Aid. Chapter 3 in: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum and Food Aid. Chapter 3 in: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. Geneva: Chapter 3 The SPHERE Standards in Disaster Response. Geneva: Chapter 3 The SPHERE Project, 2003. (electronic: 3)Project, 2003. (electronic: 3)