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8/8/2019 Food Quality Compost DL Guelph Jan 2005
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Manure and compost use..
A HOT topic!
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FOOD QUALITY ISSUES
AROUND USE OFMANURE AND COMPOST USE
1. NUTRIENTS
2. GM DNA
3. FECAL PATHOGENS
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Composting is:
A managed process of biological oxidation,including a thermophilic phase, of a solid
heterogenous organic substrate.
CAN/
CGSB,2004
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Composting
A managed processOrganic materialsare -
Mixed
Piled
Heatedabove 55oC
Cured
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On-farm composting systems
vary in terms of:
Scale
Methods
Feedstocks
Compostingobjective
Intended marketoruse
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Draft Canadian Standards
CAN/CGSB, 2004. Part I (Principles), 5.3.7
Manure and soil amendments Broadprinciplesregardingappropriateuseof
manu
reandcompostsetc.
CAN/CGSB, 2004. Part II (Guidance), 5.4.2.
Un-composted farmyard manure mustbe
appliedatleast 60 days priortoharvest,..100days wherecrop edible portioncontactssoil.
Liquid Manure, or manure runoff..must
notbeappliedtocropsintendedforhumanconsum tion.
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NUTRIENTS
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Predictingcompost N releasedifficultNdyagamiyeetal.,1997
Janssen,1996
Variabilityincompost quality
Roddetal., 2002
Sikoraand Enkiri, 2001
UnfavourableratioofPK to N
Eghballand Power, 1999
Reideretal., 2000
Challenges with compost use
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Conservenutrientsduringcomposting
Combinecompostandlegumes
Gaugesoilnutrientavailability
Challenges with compost use
some possible solutions
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Crop: Timothyor timothy & clover mixture
Treatments: Fertilizer,dairy manure,composts
Lynchetal., 2004
Combining composts with legumes
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0
50
100
150
200250
300
350
Timothy
Timothy/Clover
Timothy Timothy/Cloverkg N ha-1
Forage quality
------------Composts------------Manure-
--Fert--
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Varieties: Shepody,A90586-11
Amendments N applied (kg N/ha)Control 0
Nutriwave manure 300; 600
Compost 300; 600
Manure and Compost
Use in Organic PotatoProduction
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Biomass sampling
Amendment application
HarvestSoil N and moisture
Manure and Compost use
in Organic Potato Production
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Gauging Soil N Availability
NH4+
NH4+
NH4+NO3-
NO3-
NO3-
NH4+
NH4+NO3-
Anions Cations
Soil Particle
10 cm
PlantRootSimulator (PRS) Probes
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0
5
10
15
2025
30
35
Control
Manure
300
Manure
600
Compost
300
Compost
600
A90586-11
Shepody
A90586-11 Shep d
`
Yields -2003
T ha-1
Kentdale 2003
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Control
Manure
300
Manure
600
Compost
300
Compost
600
A90586-11
Shepody
A90586-11 Shep d
`
Yields -2004
T ha-1
Kentdale 2004
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0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
Control
Manure
300
Manure
600
Compost
300
Compost
600
N conc. (%)
N conc. (%)
Tuber Quality
Shepody
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1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.1
Control
Manure
300
Manure
600
Compost
300
Compost
600
Sp. Gravity
Sp. Gravity
Tuber Quality
Shepody
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
3 10 16 23 30
Days after planting
AvailableNsupply(ugcm-
Manure 600
Manure 300
Control
Comp. 300
Comp. 600
Gauging Soil Available N:
PRS Probe N Flux
Kentdale 2003
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Kentdale 2003
Can we predict N needs of crop?
Relationship between plant N uptake
and N sorbed on PRS probes (0-30 d).
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
N sorbed on probes (ug cm-2 d-1)
PlantN
uptake
k
/ha
Relationship between plant N uptake
and N sorbed on PRS probes (0-3d)
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
N sorbed on probes (ug cm-2
d-1)
PlantN
uptake
k
/ha
R2= 0.98; y=58.76 + 23.8x R2= 0.98; y=66.68 + 13.76x
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GM DNA
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GM in plant residues
Is composting a useful met od for t e
elimination oftransgenic DNA from GM plant
residues?
Rasmussen et al., 2004
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In-vessel
composter
Rasmussen et al., 2004
Degradation of GM-DNA
with time
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GM DNA and Conventional Manure
on Organic Farms
Dotransgenes from geneticallymodified (GM)
corn and soybean fed to animals, survive in
manure and composted manure?
Martin, R., Van Acker, R. and McLean, N. 2005.
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Feed and manure from 4 farms:
1) conventional dairy2) organic dairy
3) conventional poultry
4) organic poultry
Manure samples composted bystandard and vermi-composting
methods
Composting lasted 16 weeks andsamples collected every 4 weeks for
DNA analysis.
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DNA was extracted from feed, manure and
compostPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used
to amplify:
- a 101 base pair sequence unique to the35S promoter (from cauliflower mosaic
virus)
- a 151 base pair sequence unique to the
nos terminator (from Agrobacterium)
Both sequences are found in most GM
plants
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As expected, both GM DNA sequences
were detectable in 100% of theconventional feed samples
Unexpectedly, feed samples from anorganic poultry farm showed that 6 of 8
tested samples, amplified one of the GM
sequences.
There were similar results in 4 of 7 feed
samples from other organic farms.
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In manure, the DNA from feed was not
always degraded. The 101 bp sequencefrom the 35S promoter region was
amplified in 3 of 9 poultry samples and
in 1 of 4 dairy manure samples.
In poultry manure, it was possible that
the GM DNA originated from uneaten
feed that was spilled onto manure.
However, the dairy manure was
collected directly from the cow.
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In compost, GM DNA sequences were notdetected in any of the dairy compost
samples. However, 3 of 15 poultry compost samples
had low levels of the 35S promotersequence of DNA. Two were from 3-month
compost and one from 2-month compost. Poultry vermicompost also tested positive
for the 35S sequence at 4 months.
Further tests could determine if these
segments are part of functional genes.
Manure contaminated by feed might bemore resistant to degradation duringcomposting. A concern for farmers wanting
to compost conventional poultry manure.
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Fecal Pathogens
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Fecal Pathogens
E.coli 0157
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Cyrptosporidium
Giardia
Salmonella
E.coli 0157
Woods End Laboratory, 2005
http://www.woodsend.org/
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PotentialSurvivalof Fecal
Pathogensinthe Environment
Material Temp. Salmonella E-coli
Soil Cold (5C)
Warm (30C)
12-28 weeks
4 weeks
100 days
2 daysCattle
Manure
Cold (5C)
Warm (30C)
12-28 weeks
4 weeks
100 days
10 days
Liqu
idManure
13-75 days
10-100 days
Compost 7-14 days 7days
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SurvivalofFecal Pathogensinthe
Environment
Cote and Quesy, 2003.
Evaluated recommendations of Canadian
Horticulture Council
Contaminated liquid hog manure applied in
carrot, cabbage and cucumber production.
E.coli undetectable in soil after 60d, and not on
vegetables.
Islam et al., 2004.
In re-contaminated compost Salmonella and
other atho ens ersisted >1 0d.
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Compost Tea
and Fecal Pathogens
aspecialconcern?
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US Research by - Ingram USDA-ARS, Belltsville,
- Brinton et al. (2004) , Woods End
US Compost Tea TaskF
orce recommendations- Test teas for E.coli IF
(1) tea contains nutrient additives
(2) are to be used > 1 hr after production
and are to be used on
(3) food crops harvested
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Fecal Pathogensand
Organic ProduceMinnesota study of produce in fields of 32
organic and 8 conventional farms
Analyzed unwashed. tomatoes, lettuce, cabbage,
cucumbers, broccoli, strawberries, apples
Ordinary E.coli levels on produce:
Conventional: 1.6%
Certified organic: 4.3%
Organic: 11.4%
Mukherjee et al., 2004, J. Food Prod.
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Fecal Pathogensand
Organic Produce
No E.coli 0157:H7 or other pathogenic strains
found.
Ordinary E.coli incidence was 19 times higher
when manure or compost was < 1 year old.
Lower incidence in certified farms attributed to
guidelines re. composting and interval between
manure application and harvest.
Mukherjee et al., 2004, J. Food Prod.
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What is Organic?
Thank you!
www.organicagcentre.ca