Food self-sufficiency in urban areas: Rooftop greenhouse ...icta.uab.cat/ecotech/sudoe/course_2013/Sanye_RGS.pdf · agrourban production through Rooftop Greenhouse (RTG) systems in

Food self-sufficiency in urban areas:

Rooftop greenhouse systems

- Introductory course on Environmental Science: Water, waste, agriculture and bioindicators -

Agriculture

MSc. Esther Sanyé

Dr. Joan Rieradevall

Dr. Juan Ignacio Montero

Dr. Jordi Olvier

Contents

1. Urban areas, food and environment

2. Rooftop greenhouse systems

3. Barriers and opportunities

4. RTG potential in urban areas

5. Environmental benefits of logistics

6. Energy benefits for the building

7. Further research








7. Further research

50.3% of worlwide population (70% estimated by 2050)[1] Cities

[1] UN-Habitat (2010) State of the world’s cities 2010/2011. Bridging the urban divide. Earthscan, London; [2]Jones A, An Environmental Assessment of Food Supply Chains: A case study on Dessert Apples. Environ Manage 30: 560 – 576 (2002); [3]Milà i Canals L, Cowell SJ, Sim

S and Basson L, Comparing Domestic versus Imported Apples: A focus on energy use. Environ Sci Pollut Res 14: 338 – 344 (2007); [4]Torrellas

M, de León WE, Raya V, Montero JI, Muñoz P, Cid MC and Antón A, LCA and tomato production in the Canary Islands. The Eighth International Conference on EcoBalance, 10-12 December, Tokyo (2008).


Cities

Food demand

50.3% of worlwide population (70% estimated by 2050)[1]

Increase of food transportation requirements to urban areas (importation)





Cities

Food demand



Environmental impacts[2,3,4]

↑Food

importation Cities has displaced production

areas (urban expansion)

↑Logistics

requirements Increase of energy consumption and associated GHG emissions

Globalization Expansion of distance between

production and consumption areas





Cities

Food demand



Environmental impacts[2,3,4]

↑Food

importation Cities has displaced production

areas (urban expansion)

↑Logistics

requirements Increase of energy consumption and associated GHG emissions

Globalization Expansion of distance between

production and consumption areas

Urban sustainability

Food transportation and urban production (self-sufficiency) are KEY POINTS





Food distribution centre in Barcelona: MercaBarna


Barcelona 13.64% 0 – 100 km

Girona 0.61% 100 – 150 km

Lleida 2.73% 100 – 200 km

Tarragona 2.60% 100 – 200 km

CATALUNYA 19.58% 0 – 250 km

ESPANYA 67.85% 1.000 km (average)

Rest of the World 32.15% 300 km (FR)

20.000 km (NW)

The last year were sold:

520.060 tonnes of vegetables

Less distance

Lower impacts

Promotion of local food

(i.e. Slow food

movement, km. 0

certification)

Integration of

agriculture into cities6,7

(i.e. planning, agrourban

systems)

Need of growing food nearer to

the cities

Urban challenge

Sustainable actions

[6] Cerón I, Sanyé E, Rieradevall J, Montero JI, Oliver-Solà J. Barriers and opportunities to implement Roof Top Eco-Greenhouse (RTEG) in Mediterranean Cities of Europe. J Urban Tech 19 (4): 87-103; [7] Despommier D. The vertical farm: controlled environment agriculture carried out

in tall buildings would create greater food safety and security for large urban populations. Journal of Consum Prot Food Saf 6: (2) 233-236 (2010)


Integration of agriculture into cities

URBAN FARMING


INTO BUILDINGS

Periurban farming

Community gardens

Guerrilla gardening

PERIURBAN URBAN SPACE

Rooftop gardening

Unprotected Protected

Vertical farming

Rooftop greenhouse


INTO BUILDINGS

Protected

Vertical farming

Rooftop greenhouse







7. Further research

2. Rooftop greenhouses (RTGs)

Lineal system (open)

Circular system (closed)

Agriculture area

City

Production Retail Distribution Consumption

Roof Top Greenhouse

Agriculture production

ConsumptionDistribution

RetailCity


Real experiencies

Kentucky University Fairmont Royal Hotel

GothamGreens

Brooklyn, NY

Labelled in

supermarkets


SERVICES RESEARCH Sm

all

scale

COMMERCIAL

Larg

e s

cale

Lufa farms

Montreal, Canada

Pilot project: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona


RESEARCH

Sm

all

scale

New ICTA-ICP Building

Expected: 2014

Bellaterra, Barcelona

1st interconnected RTG in Spain








7. Further research


• Reduced transport costs

• Cost savings related to energy and

water consumption

• Revaluation of unproductive space

•Innovative project attractive to

investors

• Existence of financial aid for new

products

• High cost of supporting

infrastructure, management and

investment

• Narrow profit margin for horticultural

products

• Investor distrust of new products

• Long-term repayment

• Labor availability

ECONOMICAL

Opportunities Barriers

Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Sanyé-Mengual E, Montero JI & Rieradevall J (2012) Barriers and opportunities regarding the implementation of Rooftop Greenhouses (RTEG) in Mediterranean cities of Europe. Journal of Urban Technology 19 (4): 87-103


• Reducing impacts associated with

transport

• Reuse of gray water and rainwater

• Minimization of resource use in

hydroponic systems

• Carbon fixation

• Naturalization of the city

• Reduction of energy demand in the

building

• Reduction of surface area for rooftop

solar panels

• Environmental impact of the

greenhouse construction materials

ENVIRONMENTAL




• Trend of self-sufficiency in cities

• Experience in greenhouses and

climatic architecture

• Minimizing consumption through

regulating or controlling energy

systems

• Technological complexity

• Complexity of adapting existing

buildings / Rehabilitation

• Building overloading

• Possible need to strengthen the

structure

• Lack of simulation models for these

agro-architectural hybrid systems

TECHNOLOGICAL




• Development of sociability

• Value of fresh produce

• Food safety

• Integration in education system

• Incompatible uses

• Need to train qualified personnel

SOCIAL



4. RTG potential







7. Further research

Case study: Zona Franca park (Barcelona)

-Quantification of real potential

-Identification of criteria for short-term implementation

-Creation of a geospatial database

Aim: Quantification of the potential for implementing RTGs in urban areas (industrial and services parks)

Methods: - Geospatial analysis: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) - Environmental analysis: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

4. RTG potential

Why logistics/ industrial parks?

Large rooftop areas

Single-owner property

Well-communicated

Food distribution centers

Potential flows exchange

Sanyé-Mengual E, Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Montero JI, Rieradevall J (2013) A guideline for assessing the implementation of agrourban production through Rooftop Greenhouse (RTG) systems in industrial and logistics buildings in parks. Habitat International (submitted to)

Case 2: Zona Franca Park Implementation criteria

4. RTG potential

Planning

Agriculture

Ecomomy Legal

Technical Selective criteria

SPECIFICATIONS Planning must allow

greenhouse installations in rooftops

PRODUCTIVITY Non-shady roofs

STABILITY Type: Flat

Material: Concrete

AVAILABILITY Free space for RTG

SPECIFICATIONS Accomplishment of

specific technical codes

VIABILITY Minimum area of 500 m2

METHOD: Expert consultations


SHORT-TERM potential: 13,1 ha (≈ 8% polígon)

4. RTG potential

Case 2: Zona Franca Park Potential implementation area


ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS

SHORT-TERM potential: 13,1 ha

≈ 8% polígon

Potential PRODUCTION: ≈ 2000 t tomato

(per year)

CO2 savings: ≈ 850 t CO2eq

due to the AVOIDED DISTRIBUTION

ENERGY savings:

≈ 3500 GJ due to the AVOIDED DISTRIBUTION

TOMATO SELF-SUFFICIENCY:

≈ 150.000 people (≈10% of BCN population)

Case 2: Zona Franca Park Indicators

4. RTG potential









7. Further research

Aim: Quantification of the environmental and energy benefits related to the avoided distribution of tomato from agrourban production (RTG) in Barcelona

Methods: -Environmental analysis: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) -Specific data: Interview with the managers + Surveys to sellers


Sanyé-Mengual E, Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Montero JI, Rieradevall J (2013) Environmental analysis of the logistics of agricultural products from Roof Top Greenhouse (RTG) in Mediterranean urban areas. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 93(1): 100–109.

Current Linear System (CLS) scenario Produced: Almeria Distributed to: MercaBarna Sold and consumed: Barcelona

1.166 kg Tomato

+ packaging

TomatoProducer

Warehouse (Almeria)

Retail

Distribution Centre

(Barcelona)

1.1 kg tomato + packaging

1 kg tomato

Return with other products

Return without cargo

System boundaries

0,743 Wh

BUILDING LIGHTING

1.166 kg tomato

+ packaging

1.1 kg tomato

+ packaging

0.166 kg H2O(g)

Dry Air Refrigeration

0.1 kg damaged product

Packagingproduction

Rawmaterials

1.166 kg Tomato

Packaging

Composting

Return

without cargo

Greenhousestructure

Auxiliary equipment

Climate system

Pesticides Fertilizers Agriculture production

Packaging production

Distributionstage

Retail stage

Consumption

Packaging waste


waste

Compost



Packagingproduction

Rawmaterials

1 kg Tomato Packaging

Greenhousestructure

Auxiliary equipment

Climate system

Pesticides Fertilizers Agriculture production

Packaging production

Consumption

Packaging waste


waste

Retail

1 kg tomato

Packaging

Retail stage

Packaging

TomatoProducer

Distribution stage

1 kg Tomato+ Packaging

After 50 uses

System boundaries


Rooftop Greenhouse (RTG) scenario Produced: Barcelona Distributed to: --- Sold and consumed: Barcelona


CLS Scenario RTG Scenario

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

ADP AP EP GWP ODP HTP CED

Agriculture production Packaging production

Distribution Retail

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

ADP AP EP GWP ODP HTP CED

Agriculture production Packaging production

Distribution Retail

Causes Packaging use optimization 55.4–85.2% Transport reduction 7.6–15.6% ↓ Product losses 7.3–37%

RTG Implementation ↓ Environmental impact:44.4–75.5% ↓ Energy consumption: 73.5%



6. Energy benefits







7. Further research

DesignBuilder

Arquitectura

6. Energy benefits

Aim: Analyse the synergies between the greenhouse and the building through the interconnection, focusing on the energy exchange

Methods: -Flows analysis: Energy analysis – Simulation of buildings

Cerón-Palma I, Oliver-Solà J, Sanyé-Mengual E, Montero JI & Rieradevall J (2013) Energy and environmental analysis of heat flows in Rooftop Eco-Greenhouse: A case study in the Mediterranean city of Barcelona. Building and environment (submitted to)

6. Energy benefits


6. Energy benefits

Savings of 3.7% in all winter (October to march)

79% of the energy requirements for heating


7. Further research







7. Further research

Environmental and energy analysis of the infrastructure of a Rooftop Greenhouse

Study system: New ICTA-ICP building

Environmental analysis: LCA

Energy analysis: Cumulative Energy Demand (CED)

Environmental impact of the infrastructure

Energy sinergies

Legal barriers

7. Further research

Energy modelling of the exchange waste heat flows between the greenhouse and the building


Energy modelling: DesignBuilder


Energy sinergies

Legal barriers

7. Further research

Legal barriers for implementing RTGs in urban buildings (e.g. secutiry,…)


Aim: Identification of barriers and proposal of

solutions


Energy sinergies

Legal barriers

7. Further research

Thanks!

And... Questions?

Agriculture

- Introductory course on Environmental Science: Water, waste, agriculture and bioindicators -

MSc. Esther Sanyé

Dr. Joan Rieradevall

Dr. Juan Ignacio Montero

Dr. Jordi Olvier

Documents

Food self-sufficiency in urban areas: Rooftop greenhouse ...icta.uab.cat/ecotech/sudoe/course_2013/Sanye_RGS.pdf · agrourban production through Rooftop Greenhouse (RTG) systems in