FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION SYSTEM FOR

RURAL ENERGY APPLICATION TO RUN AC

AND DC LOADS

EEE

K.Saida Rao Ch.Chaithanya RAMANANDATIRTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

EEE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to make a special mention of the following people without whose help this

project would have not been completed. We are grateful to my Parents for their care, love and

support.

Special thanks to our Principal Dr.M.Venu for his guidance. We

express our sincere gratitude to Mr.K.Anand, Head of the Electrical and Electronics

Engineering Department and project coordinator Miss.Sushma for her valuable suggestions

and technical guidance. We specially thank Mr.S.Ramu, our internal guide for giving us an opportunity

to do this project and also other staff members who gave me support, encouragement and

suggestion which had helped to make the right choice at this juncture of our career.

K Saida rao

CH.Chaithanya

FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION SYSTEM FOR RURAL

ENERGY APPLICATION TO RUN AC AND DC LOADS

ABSTRACT

The objective of this project is to generate the electric power through the fabrication of

foot step arrangement. Now day’s power demand is increased, so this project is used to generate

the electrical power in order to compensate the electric power demand. The whole human/ bio-

energy being wasted if can be made possible for utilization it will be great indentation and crowd

energy frames will be very useful energy in crowded countries.

In this project the conversion of the force energy in to electrical energy. The control

mechanism carries the piezo electric sensor, A.C ripples neutralizer, unidirectional current

controller and 12V, 1.3Amp lead acid DC rechargeable battery and an inverter is used to drive

AC/DC loads. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12

volt D.C to 230 volt A.C. this 230 volt A.C voltage is used to activate the loads. We are using

conventional battery charging unit also for giving supply to circuitry.

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT i

LIST OF FIGURES iv

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Motivation 1

1.2 Problem definition 2

1.3 Objective of Project 2

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 3

2.1 Introduction 3

2.2 Existing System 4

2.3 Proposed System 5

2.4 Ultimate Aim 5

3. ANALYSIS

3.1 Introduction 6

3.2 Block diagram 7

3.3 Sensor 8

3.4 Piezo Electric Sensor 8

4. BLOCK DESCRIPTION

4.1 Rectifier 11

4.2 Filter 14

4.3 Voltage regulator 14

4.4 Battery 15

4.4.1 Categories and types of batteries 15

4.4.2 How batteries work? 18

4.4.3 Battery lifetime 20

4.5 Inverter 20

4.6 Bulb 21

4.7 switches 22

5. DESIGN 23

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Designing figure

6. RESULT 25

6.1 Method of Implementation

6.2 Result analysis

7. CONCLUSION 26

8. FUTURE SCOPE 27

REFERENCES 28

LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE. NO

1 Block Diagram 8

2 Lead Zirconate Titanate Unit Cell 9

3 Tourmaline Piezo Electric Sensor 10

4 Tourmaline Piezo Electric Sensor 11

5 Symbol Of Piezo Electric Sensor 12

6 Rectifier Circuit Description 13

7 Bridge Rectifier Output Waveforms 14

8 Voltage Regulator Circuit 15

9 Voltage Regulator 16

10 Different Types Of Batteries 17

11 12v Lead Acid Battery 20

12 220v Ac Blub 22

13 Foot Step Design At Steps 24

14 Symbol Of Piezo Electric Sensor 25

CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION

Energy is the ability to do work. While energy surrounds us in all aspects of life, the

ability to harness it and use it for constructive ends as economically as possible is the challenge

before mankind. Alternative energy refers to energy sources, which are not based on the burning

of fossil fuels or the splitting of atoms. The renewed interest in this field of study comes from the

undesirable effects of pollution (as witnessed today) both from burning fossil fuels and from

nuclear waste byproducts. Fortunately there are many means of harnessing energy, which have

less damaging impacts on our environment in India.

The alternatives are,

Solar

Wind Power

Geothermal

Tides

Hydroelectric

In addition to these we have developed a new methodology of generating power using

human energy and the name of this alternative is a foot step power generation.

1.1 MOTIVATION:

Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and well

being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Primitive man required

energy primarily in the form of food. He derived this by eating plants or animals, which he

hunted. With the passage of time, man started to cultivate land for agriculture. He added a new

dimension to the use of energy by domesticating and training animals to work for him. With

further demand for energy, man began to use the wind for sailing ships and for driving

windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water for sailing ships and for driving windmills,

and the force of falling water to turn water wheels. Till this time, it would not be wrong to

say that the sun was supplying all the energy needs of man either directly or indirectly and that

man was using only renewable sources of energy.

1.2. PROBLEM DEFINITION:

Some developing countries and newly-industrialized countries have several hours of daily

power-cuts in almost all cities and villages because the increase in demand for electricity exceeds

the increase in electric power generation. People in these countries may use a power-inverter

(rechargeable batteries) or a diesel/petrol-run electric generator at their homes during the power-

cut. The use of standby generators is common in industrial and IT hubs. This ultimately increases

the shortage of power.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT:

The main aim of this project is to develop much cleaner cost effective way of power

generation method, which in turns helps to bring down the global warming as well as reduce the

power shortages.

CHAPTER 2

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 INTRIDUCTION:

FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION:

The usage of traditional power generation method such as burning of coal, wood, diesel

(generators) etc is continuously depleting our natural resources such as fossil fuels, which is the

demand for power has exceed the supply due to the rising population. In addition to this the

traditional methods cause pollution,

GLOBAL WARMING:

Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Earth's near-

surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century, and its projected continuation. Global surface

temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 100 years ending in 2005. The

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that most of the increase since

the mid-twentieth century is "very likely" due to the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas

concentrations. Natural phenomena such as solar variation combined with volcanoes probably

had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect from

1950 onward.

Climate model projections summarized by the IPCC indicate that average global surface

temperature will likely rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the twenty-first century.

This range of values results from the use of differing scenarios of future greenhouse gas

emissions as well as models with differing climate sensitivity. Although most studies focus on

the period up to 2100, warming and sea level rise are expected to continue for more than a

thousand years even if greenhouse gas levels are stabilized. The delay in reaching equilibrium is

a result of the large heat capacity of the oceans.

Increasing global temperature is expected to cause sea levels to rise, an increase in the

intensity of extreme weather events, and significant changes to the amount and pattern of

precipitation, likely including an expanse of the subtropical desert regions.. Other expected

effects of global warming include changes in agricultural yields, modifications of trade routes,

glacier retreat, mass species extinctions and increases in the ranges of disease vectors.

Remaining scientific uncertainties include the amount of warming expected in the future,

and how warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe. Most

national governments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse

gas emissions, but there is ongoing political and public debate worldwide regarding what, if any,

action should be taken to reduce or reverse future warming or to adapt to its expected

consequences.

Global dimming, the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the

Earth's surface, may have partially mitigated global warming in the late 20th century. From 1960

to 1990 human-caused aerosols likely precipitated this effect. Scientists have stated with 66–90%

confidence that the effects of human-caused aerosols, along with volcanic activity, have offset

some of the global warming, and that greenhouse gases would have resulted in more warming

than observed if not for these dimming agents.

Ozone depletion, the steady decline in the total amount of ozone in Earth's stratosphere, is

frequently cited in relation to global warming. Although there are areas of linkage, the

relationship between the two is not strong.

2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM:

Other people have developed Rack-pinion and pulley (mechanical-to-electrical) surfaces

in the past, but the Crowd Farm has the potential to redefine urban space by adding a sense of fluidity and

encouraging people to activate spaces with their movement. The Crowd Farm floor is composed

of standard parts that are easily replicated but it is expensive to produce at this stage. This

technology would facilitate the future creation of new urban landscapes athletic fields with a spectator

area, music halls, theatres, nightclubs and a large gathering space for rallies, demonstrations and

celebrations, railway stations, bus stands, subways, airports etc. like capable of  Harnessing

human location for electricity generation.

2.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM:

NEED FOR THE SYSTEM:

Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot power with human locomotion is very

much relevant and important for highly populated countries like India and China where the

roads, railway stations, bus stands, temples, etc. are all over crowded and millions of people

move around the clock. This whole human/bio energy being wasted if can be made possible for

utilization it will be great invention and crowd energy farms will be very useful energy sources

in crowded countries. Walking across a "Crowd Farm," floor, then, will be a fun for idle people who

can improve their health by exercising in such farms with earning. The electrical energy generated at

such farms will be useful for nearby applications.

2.4 ULTIMATE AIM:

The ultimate aim of this project is to develop much cleaner cost effective way of power

generation method, which in turns helps to bring down the global warming as well as reduce the

power shortages

CHAPTER 3

3. ANALYSIS

3.1 INTRODUCTION:

Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and

wellbeing ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Due to this a lot of energy

resources have been exhausted and wasted. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot

power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated

countries like India and China where the roads, railway stations, bus stands, temples, etc. are all

over crowded and millions of people move around the clock. This whole human/ bio-energy

being wasted if can be made possible for utilization it will be great invention and crowd energy

farms will be very useful energy sources in crowded countries

In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by simply

walking or running on the foot step. Non-conventional energy system is very essential at this

time to our nation. Non-conventional energy using foot step is converting mechanical energy

into the electrical energy. This project uses piezoelectric sensor.

In this project the conversion of the force energy in to electrical energy. The control

mechanism carries the piezo electric sensor, A.C ripples neutralizer, unidirectional current

controller and 12V, 1.3Amp lead acid dc rechargeable battery and an inverter is used to drive

AC/DC loads. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12

Volt D.C to the 230 Volt A.C. This 230 Volt A.C voltage is used to activate the loads. We are

using conventional battery charging unit also for giving supply to the circuitry.

This project uses regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage

regulator is used for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac

output of secondary of 230/12V step down transformer.

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Figure 3.1 8: Foot Step Power Generation System For Rural Energy Application To Run Ac And Dc

Loads

3.3 SENSOR

A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can

be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, mercury converts the measured

temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass

tube. At thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by

a voltmeter. For accuracy, most sensors are calibrated against known standards.

3.4 PIEZO ELECTRIC SENSOR

A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to

measure pressure, acceleration, strain or force by converting them to an electrical signal.

Piezoelectric materials exhibit the unique property known as the piezoelectric effect. When

these materials are subjected to a compressive or tensile stress, an electric field is generated

across the material, creating a voltage gradient and a subsequent current flow. This effect stems

from the asymmetric nature of their unit cell when a stress is applied. As seen in Figure 1, the

unit cell contains a small positively charges particle in the center. When a stress is applied this

particle becomes shifted in one direction which creates a charge distribution, and subsequent

electric field. These materials come in several different forms. The most common is crystals, but

they are also found as plastics and ceramics.

Figure 3.2: Lead Zirconate Titanate unit cell

Piezoelectric sensors have proven to be versatile tools for the measurement of various

processes. They are used for quality assurance, process control and for research and development

in many different industries it was only in the 1950s that the piezoelectric effect started to be

used for industrial sensing applications. Since then, this measuring principle has been

increasingly used and can be regarded as a mature technology with an outstanding inherent

reliability. It has been successfully used in various applications, such as in medical,

aerospace, nuclear instrumentation, and as a pressure sensor in the touch pads of mobile phones.

In the automotive industry, piezoelectric elements are used to monitor combustion when

developing internal combustion engines. The sensors are either directly mounted into additional

holes into the cylinder head or the spark/glow plug is equipped with a built in miniature

piezoelectric sensor.

The rise of piezoelectric technology is directly related to a set of inherent advantages.

The high modulus of elasticity of many piezoelectric materials is comparable to that of many

metals and goes up to 10e6 N/m² [Even though piezoelectric sensors are electromechanical

systems that react to compression, the sensing elements show almost zero deflection. This is the

reason why piezoelectric sensors are so rugged, have an extremely high natural frequency and an

excellent linearity over a wide amplitude range. Additionally, piezoelectric technology is

insensitive to electromagnetic fields and radiation, enabling measurements under harsh

conditions. Some materials used (especially gallium phosphate or tourmaline) have an extreme

stability even at high temperature, enabling sensors to have a working range of up to 1000°C.

Tourmaline shows pyroelectricity in addition to the piezoelectric effect; this is the ability to

generate an electrical signal when the temperature of the crystal changes. This effect is also

common to piezoceramic materials.

Figure 3.4: Tourmaline Piezo Electric Sensor

Elevated temperatures cause an additional drop in internal resistance and sensitivity. The

main effect on the piezoelectric effect is that with increasing pressure loads and temperature, the

sensitivity is reduced due to twin-formation. While quartz sensors need to be cooled during

measurements at temperatures above 300°C, special types of crystals like GaPO4 gallium

phosphate do not show any twin formation up to the melting point of the material itself.

Figure 3.3: Symbol Of Piezo Electric Sensor.

CHAPTER 4

4. BLOCK DESCRIPTION

4.1 RECTIFIER

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating

D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is

used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.

The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles

of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four

diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite

ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.

Figure 4.1: Rectifier Circuit

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas

diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load

resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.

For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas,

D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load

resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half

cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.

Figure 4.2: Rectifier Circuit Description

In one simple inverter circuit, DC power is connected to a transformer through the centre

tap of the primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow current to flow

back to the DC source following two alternate paths through one end of the primary winding and

then the other. The alternation of the direction of current in the primary winding of the

transformer produces alternating current (AC) in the secondary circuit.

The electromechanical version of the switching device includes two stationary contacts

and a spring supported moving contact. The spring holds the movable contact against one of the

stationary contacts and an electromagnet pulls the movable contact to the opposite stationary

contact. The current in the electromagnet is interrupted by the action of the switch so that the

switch continually switches rapidly back and forth. This type of electromechanical inverter

switch, called a vibrator or buzzer, was once used in vacuum tube automobile radios. A similar

mechanism has been used in door bells, buzzers and tattoo guns.

As they became available with adequate power ratings, transistors and various other types

of semiconductor switches have been incorporated into inverter circuit designs.

Figure 4.3: Bridge Rectifier Output Waveforms

4.2 FILTER

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier

and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and

load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this

point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

4.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an

electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project,

power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812

voltage regulators are to be used.

Figure 4.4:Voltage Regulator Circuit

The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the

required output voltage levels. The L78xx series of three-terminal positive regulators is available

in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and several fixed output voltages,

making it useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can provide local on-card

regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each

type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it

essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output

current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with

external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.

Figure 4.5:7805 Voltage Regulator

4.4 BATTERY

Battery (electricity), an array of electrochemical cells for electricity storage, either

individually linked or individually linked and housed in a single unit. An electrical battery is a

combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into

electrical energy. Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby

power applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and

wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data

centers.

4.4.1. Categories and types of batteries

Batteries are classified into two broad categories, each type with advantages and

disadvantages.

Primary batteries irreversibly (within limits of practicality) transform chemical energy to

electrical energy. When the initial supply of reactants is exhausted, energy cannot be readily

restored to the battery by electrical means.

Secondary batteries can be recharged; that is, they can have their chemical reactions

reversed by supplying electrical energy to the cell, restoring their original composition.

Historically, some types of primary batteries used, for example, for telegraph circuits,

were restored to operation by replacing the components of the battery consumed by the chemical

reaction. Secondary batteries are not indefinitely rechargeable due to dissipation of the active

materials, loss of electrolyte and internal corrosion.

Figure 4.6: Different Types Of Batteries

Primary batteries:

Primary batteries can produce current immediately on assembly. Disposable batteries are

intended to be used once and discarded. These are most commonly used in portable devices that

have low current drain, are only used intermittently, or are used well away from an alternative

power source, such as in alarm and communication circuits where other electric power is only

intermittently available. Disposable primary cells cannot be reliably recharged, since the

chemical reactions are not easily reversible and active materials may not return to their original

forms. Battery manufacturers recommend against attempting to recharge primary cells.

Common types of disposable batteries include zinc-carbon batteries and alkaline

batteries. Generally, these have higher energy densities than rechargeable batteries, but

disposable batteries do not fare well under high-drain applications with loads under 75 ohms (75

Ω).

Secondary batteries:

Secondary batteries must be charged before use; they are usually assembled with active

materials in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries or secondary cells can be recharged by

applying electrical current, which reverses the chemical reactions that occur during its use.

Devices to supply the appropriate current are called chargers or rechargers.

The oldest form of rechargeable battery is the lead-acid battery. This battery is notable in

that it contains a liquid in an unsealed container, requiring that the battery be kept upright and the

area be well ventilated to ensure safe dispersal of the hydrogen gas produced by these batteries

during overcharging. The lead-acid battery is also very heavy for the amount of electrical energy

it can supply. Despite this, its low manufacturing cost and its high surge current levels make its

use common where a large capacity (over approximately 10Ah) is required or where the weight

and ease of handling are not concerns.

A common form of the lead-acid battery is the modern car battery, which can generally

deliver a peak current of 450 amperes. An improved type of liquid electrolyte battery is the

sealed valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery, popular in the automotive industry as a

replacement for the lead-acid wet cell. The VRLA battery uses an immobilized sulfuric acid

electrolyte, reducing the chance of leakage and extending shelf life. VRLA batteries have the

electrolyte immobilized, usually by one of two means.

Gel batteries (or "gel cell") contain a semi-solid electrolyte to prevent spillage.

Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) batteries absorb the electrolyte in special fiberglass matting.

Other portable rechargeable batteries include several "dry cell" types, which are sealed

units and are therefore useful in appliances such as mobile phones and laptop computers. Cells of

this type (in order of increasing power density and cost) include nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-

zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells. By far, Li-ion has the

highest share of the dry cell rechargeable market. Meanwhile, NiMH has replaced NiCd in most

applications due to its higher capacity, but NiCd remains in use in power tools, two-way radios,

and medical equipment. NiZn is a new technology that is not yet well established commercially.

Recent developments include batteries with embedded functionality such as USBCELL,

with a built-in charger and USB connector within the AA format, enabling the battery to be

charged by plugging into a USB port without a charger, and low self-discharge (LSD) mix

chemistries such as Hybrio, ReCyko, and Eneloop, where cells are recharged prior to shipping.

4.4.2 How Batteries Work?

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy. It

consists of a number of voltaic cells; each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in

series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes

electrolyte and the electrode to which anions (negatively-charged ions) migrate, i.e. the anode or

negative electrode; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which cations

(positively-charged ions) migrate, i.e. the cathode or positive electrode. In the Redox reaction

that powers the battery, reduction (addition of electrons) occurs to cations at the cathode, while

oxidation (removal of electrons) occurs to anions at the anode. The electrodes do not touch each

other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte. Many cells use two half-cells with

different electrolytes. In that case each half-cell is enclosed in a container, and a separator that is

porous to ions but not the bulk of the electrolytes prevents mixing.

Each half cell has an electromotive force (or emf), determined by its ability to drive

electric current from the interior to the exterior of the cell. The net emf of the cell is the

difference between the emfs of its half-cells, as first recognized by Volta. Therefore, if the

electrodes have emfs E1 and E2, then the net emf is E2 - E1 ; in other words, the net emf is the

difference between the reduction potentials of the half-reactions.

The electrical driving force or across the terminals of a cell is known as the

terminal voltage (difference) and is measured in volts. The terminal voltage of a cell that is

neither charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage and equals the emf of the cell.

Because of internal resistance, the terminal voltage of a cell that is discharging is smaller in

magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the terminal voltage of a cell that is charging

exceeds the open-circuit voltage. An ideal cell has negligible internal resistance, so it would

maintain a constant terminal voltage of until exhausted, then dropping to zero. If such a cell

maintained 1.5 volts and stored a charge of one Coulomb then on complete discharge it would

perform 1.5 Joule of work. In actual cells, the internal resistance increases under discharge, and

the open circuit voltage also decreases under discharge. If the voltage and resistance are plotted

against time, the resulting graphs typically are a curve; the shape of the curve varies according to

the chemistry and internal arrangement employed.

Figure 4.7: 12v Lead Acid Battery

As stated above, the voltage developed across a cell's terminals depends on the energy

release of the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline and carbon-zinc cells

have different chemistries but approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts; likewise NiCd and

NiMH cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.2 volts. On the other

hand the high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions of lithium compounds give

lithium cells emfs of 3 volts or more.

4.4.3 Battery Lifetime

Even if never taken out of the original package, disposable (or "primary") batteries can

lose 8 to 20 percent of their original charge every year at a temperature of about 20°–30°C. This

is known as the "self discharge" rate and is due to non-current-producing "side" chemical

reactions, which occur within the cell even if no load is applied to it. The rate of the side

reactions is reduced if the batteries are stored at low temperature, although some batteries can be

damaged by freezing. High or low temperatures may reduce battery performance. This will affect

the initial voltage of the battery. For an AA alkaline battery this initial voltage is approximately

normally distributed around 1.6 volts. Discharging performance of all batteries drops at low

temperature.

4.5. INVERTER

An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating

current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of

appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits.

Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications,

from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct

current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power

from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.

There are two main types of inverter. The output of a modified sine wave inverter is

similar to a square wave output except that the output goes to zero volts for a time before

switching positive or negative. It is simple and low cost and is compatible with most electronic

devices, except for sensitive or specialized equipment, for example certain laser printers. A pure

sine wave inverter produces a nearly perfect sine wave output (<3% total harmonic distortion)

that is essentially the same as utility-supplied grid power. Thus it is compatible with all AC

electronic devices. This is the type used in grid-tie inverters. Its design is more complex, and

costs 5 or 10 times more per unit power. The electrical inverter is a high-power electronic

oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC converters  was made to work in

reverse, and thus was "inverted", to convert DC to AC. The inverter performs the opposite

function of a rectifier.

4.6 BULB

Figure 4.8: 220v Ac Blub

A bulb is a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases. The leaves often function

as food storage organs during dormancy .

A bulb's leaf bases generally do not support leaves, but contain food reserves to enable

the plant to survive adverse conditions. The leaf bases may resemble scales, or they may overlap

and surround the center of the bulb as with the onion. A modified stem forms the base of the

bulb, and plant growth occurs from this basal plate. Roots emerge from the underside of the base,

and new stems and leaves from the upper side.

Other types of storage organs (such as corms, rhizomes, and tubers) are sometimes

erroneously referred to as bulbs. The correct term for plants that form underground storage

organs, including bulbs as well as tubers and corms, is geophytes.

Some epiphytic orchids (family Orchidaceous) form above-ground storage organs called pseudo

bulbs that superficially resemble bulbs.

4.7 SWITCH

In a telecommunications network, a switch is a device that channels incoming data from

any of multiple input ports to the specific output port that will take the data toward its intended

destination. In the traditional circuit-switched telephone network, one or more switches are used

to set up a dedicated though temporary connection or circuit for an exchange between two or

more parties. On an Ethernet local area network (LAN), a switch determines from the physical

device (Media Access Control or MAC) address in each incoming message frame which output

port to forward it to and out of. In a wide area packet-switched network such as the Internet, a

switch determines from the IP address in each packet which output port to use for the next part of

its trip to the intended destination.

In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communications model, a switch performs

the layer 2 or Data-Link layer function. That is, it simply looks at each packet or data unit and

determines from a physical address (the "MAC address").

CHAPTER 5

5. DESIGN

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Whenever force is applied on piezo electric crystals that force is converted to Electrical

energy is used to drive DC loads. And that minute voltage which is stored in the Lead Acid

battery. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert the 12 Volt D.C

to the 230 Volt A.C. This 230 Volt A.C voltage is used to activate the loads. We are using

conventional battery charging unit also for giving supply to the circuitry.

5.2DESIGNING FIGURE

Figure 5.1: Foot Step Design At Steps

Figure 5.2: Foot Step Design Under The Road

CHAPTER 6

6. RESULT

6.1 METHOD OF IMPLEMENTATION

1. The "Crowd would work something like this A responsive sub-flooring system would be

placed under, say, the platform of a subway terminal. The blocks that make up the system would

depress slightly under the force of human footsteps. As the blocks slipped against each other,

they would generate power in the form of an electric current.

2. The electric current could be used, among other things, to light up signs about the energy created by the

pedestrians, the creators say. People should understand the direct relationship between their

movement and the energy produced," said co-creator Thaddeus Jusczyk.

6.2 RESULT ANALYSIS

While the Crowd Farm wouldn't work in the home (a single human step generates only enough

power to light 15-watt light bulb for one second), it could really draw some power from a crowd

producing thousands of steps.

CHAPTER 7

7. CONCLUSION

The project “FOOT STEP POWER GENERATION FOR RURAL ENERGY

APPLICATION TO RUN A.C. AND D.C. LOADS” is successfully tested and implemented

which is the best economical, affordable energy solution to common people. This can be used for

many applications in rural areas where power availability is less or totally absence. As India is a

developing country where energy management is a big challenge for huge population. By using

this project we can drive both A.C. as well as D.C loads according to the force we applied on

the piezo electric sensor.

CHAPTER 8

8. FUTURE SCOPE

Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and well

being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Due to this a lot of energy

resources have been exhausted and wasted. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of foot

power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly populated

countries like India and China in future.

REFERENCES

1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.

2. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

3. Manufacturing Technology-M.Haslehurst.

4. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi

5. Design of transmission elements – S.Md.jalaludeen

6. www.howstuffworks.com