for a living planet thoar xzg fjiksV Z 2008 - Pandaassets.panda.org/downloads/lpr_2008__hindi.pdf · izL rkouk 1 Hkwfedk 2 tSo &fofo/krk] ikfjfLFkfrdh lso k,a] ekuork ds infpUg 4

for a living planet ® thoar xzg fjiksVZ 2008

izLrkouk 1

Hkwfedk 2

tSo&fofo/krk] ikfjfLFkfrdh lsok,a]ekuork ds infpUg 4

lk{; 6

thoar xzg lwpdkad% oSf'od 6iz.kkfy;ka 8tSo HkkSxksfyd {ks= 10VSDlk 12

jk"Vªksa ds ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg 14tSo&{kerk 16[kir dk ty infpUg 18mRiknu dk ty infpUg 20

ifjfLFkfr esa cnyko 22

{kerk lhek dh vksj 22ÅtkZ laca/kh pqukSrh 24vkcknh vkSj [kir 26oSf'od O;kikj 28tSo&{kerk dk izca/ku% ,d ikfjfLFkfrd ra= ds lanHkZ esa 30

vkadM+s vkSj rkfydk;sa 32

ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg] tSo{kerk vkSjtyh; infpUg 32

le;≤ ij gksus okys thoar&xzg lwpdkad]ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg] tSo&{kerk vkSj tyh; infpUg 40

thoar&xzg lwpdkad% tho iztkfr;ksa dh la[;k 40thoar&xzg lwpdkad% rduhdh fVIif.k;k¡ 41ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg% mBus okys iz'u 42

lanHkZ ,oa vf/kd v/;;u gsrq lkexzh 44vkHkkj 45

fo"k; lwph

MCyw-MCyw-,Q-¼tks vesfjdk vkSj dukMk esa oYMZokbYMykbQ QaM ds uke ls Hkh tkuktkrk gS½ fo'o ds lcls cM+s vkSjlcls vf/kd vuqHkoh Lora= laj{k.klaxBuksa esa ls gSA blds yxHkx 50yk[k leFkZd gSa vkSj 100 ls T;knkns'kksa esa bldk fo'oO;kih ra= lfØ;gSA MCyw-MCyw-,Q- dk mís'; gekjhi`Foh ds izkÑfrd i;kZoj.k dks u"Vgksus ls cpkuk vkSj ,sls Hkfo"; dkfuekZ.k djuk gS ftlesa euq"; izÑfrds lkfUu/; esa thou ;kiu dj ldsA

twykWftdy lkslkbVh vkWQ+yanu ¼yanu tSfod laLFkk½

varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij oSKkfud foe'kZ]laj{k.k vkSj f'k{k.k ls lacaf/kr bllaLFkk dh LFkkiuk 1926 esa dh x;hFkhA bldk mís'; leLr fo'o esaizkf.k;ksa rFkk muds vkoklksa dk laj{k.kdjuk gSA ;g laLFkk t+sM-,l-,y-yanu izk.kh m|ku vkSj t+sM-,l-,y-fOgiLusM izk.kh m|ku dh lapkyuO;oLFkk] rFkk izk.kh laLFkku ¼baLVhV~;wVvkWQ+ twykWth½ esa oSKkfud vuqla/kkudk;ks± }kjk fo'o Hkj esa izk.kh laj{k.klaca/kh dk;ksZ± esa lfØ; jgrh gSA

oSf'od infpUg&ra=¼Xykscy QqVfizaV usVodZ½

,slk ra= gS tks i;kZoj.kh; {kerk dheki djrk gS rFkk bls mUur djvkfFkZd lalk/kuksa dh LFkk;h o`f) djusesa lgk;d gksrk gSA vius fofo/klgk;d ekudksa ds lkFk ;g ra=vuqla/kku dk;ks± dk leUo;] ekun.Mksadk foLrkj rFkk uhfr fu/kkZj.k gsrqBksl vk/kkj miyC/k djkrk gS] vkSjbl izdkj vFkZO;oLFkk dks okrkoj.kdh {kerk ds Hkhrj jgdj iuius dhO;oLFkk djrk gSA

MCyw-MCyw-,Q+- baVjus'kuy,osU;w M~;w eksaV CySadlh,p&1196 XySaufLoVt+jySaMwww.panda.org

baLVhV~;wV vkWQ+ twykWthtw+ykWthdy lkslkbVh vkWQ+ yanujhtsUV~l ikdZyanu ,uMCyw1 4vkjokbZ] fczVsuwww.zoo.cam.ac.uk/ioz/projects/indications_livingplanet.htm

Xykscy QqVfizaV usVodZ312] Dys LVªhV] L;wV 300vkWdySaM] dSyhQksZfu;k 94607;w-,l-,-www.footprintnetwork.org

V~osUVh okVj lsUVj];wfuoflZVh vkWQ+ V~osUVh7500 ,-bZ- ,ulsM]n uhnjyS.Mt+www.water.utwente.nl

iz/kku laikndfØl gsYl

laikndlkjkg geÝhtksukFku yksgLVhou xksYMfQaxj

lg;ksxdrkZMCyw-MCyw-,Q-lkjkg geÝhv”kksd pixSuxzsx cksuhZfjpMZ ekWVtqMh vksxyksFkksiZ,feuh xkastkfylekfVZu ,Vfdu

tsM-,l-,y-tksukFku yksgcsu dksyuyqbZl eSdjsFkkjflykdkjkatkfQ;ksuk , iEiyhujktu vehutksukFku bZ- ,e- cSyh

th-,Q-,u-LVhou xksYMfQaxjeSFkhl okWdjusxyesjsMhFk LVsdokVZljkg fjtd,aMªl jhMtfLVu dkbV~t+vkMªh iSyjczSM bfoax,yslsaMªks xkyh;ks'khghdks okMkMSu eksjkujkWcVZ fofy;e

V~osUVhvjtsu okbZ- gksbdLVªkeslQhu esdksusu

thoar xzg fjiksVZ 2008 1

vUrjkZ"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa gky esa vkbZ eanh dk nkSj bl ckr dkfuf'pr ladsr gS fd ge vius lalk/kuksa dk mudh {kerk lsvf/kd nksgu dj jgsa gSaA ysfdu ikfjfLFkfrdh dtZ ladV dh

vk'kadk foÙkh; eanh dh laHkkouk dks Hkh Qhdk djus okyk gSA

pkgs ge taxy dh lhek esa jgrs gksa ;k chp 'kgj esa] gekjhvkthfodk rFkk lEiw.kZ thou;kiu i`Foh dh izkd`frd iz.kkfy;kas }kjkiznÙk lsokvksa ij gh fuHkZj djrk gSA thoar xzg fjiksVZ 2008 ls Kkrgksrk gS fd bu lsokvksa ds ewyk/kkj lalk/kuksa dks ge bruh tYnh[kRe djrs tk jgs gSa fd mUgsa HkjikbZ dk ekSdk gh ugha feyrkA ftlizdkj csfglkc [kpZ ls eanh vkrh gS mlh rjg ls csfglkc [kir lsfo'o dh izkd`frd iwath fouk'k ds dxkj rd igaqp xbZ gS ftllsgekjh Hkkoh le`f) dks [krjk iSnk gks jgk gSA thoar xzg lwpdkad lsirk pyrk gS fd xr 35 o"kks± esa gh geus i`Foh dh ikfjfLFkfrdhlEink dk yxHkx ,d frgkbZ fgLlk u"V dj fn;k gSA

fQj Hkh gekjh ekaxsa yxkrkj c<+rh tk jgh gaS] ftlds fy, ekuotula[;k vkSj O;fDrxr [kir esa fujUrj o`f) mÙkjnk;h gSA gekjsoSf'od&infpUg ¼Xykscy QqVfizaV½ bl le; fo'o dh iqu% mRiknu{kerk ls djhc 30 izfr'kr vf/kd gSaA ;fn /kjrh ij gekjh ekaxsa blhxfr ls tkjh jgha rks 2030 ds e/; rd gesa vius thou Lrj dksdk;e j[kus ds fy, nks xzgksa ds leku /kjrh dh vko';drk iM+sxhAbl o"kZ dh fjiksVZ esa igyh ckj /kjrh ds ty lalk/kuksa ij gekjh[kir ds dqizHkko vkSj dbZ {ks=ksa esa ty dh deh dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

bu lHkh ds cgqr xEHkhj ifj.kke n`f"Vxkspj gksrs gSa vkSj bl o"kZ dhvk, fnu lekpkjksa dh lqf[kZ;ksa esa geus budh >yd Hkh ns[kh gSA[kk|ké] vkgkj vkSj tSo bZa/ku dh c<+rh ekax vkSj dqN LFkkuksa ijikuh dh deh dh otg ls bl o"kZ dbZ Qlyksa dk vUrjkZ"Vªh; ewY;fjdkMZ dk;e dj x;k gSA fyf[kr bfrgkl esa igyh ckj fiNyhxfeZ;ksa esa vkfdZfVd vkbZl dSi ds vkl&ikl [kqyk ikuh cgrk gqvkik;k x;k Fkk] tks gekjs dkcZu infpUgksa ¼dkcZu QqVfizaV½ ds izHkko dhotg ls yqIr gks jgs /kzqoh; cjQ dk ladsr nsrh gSA

ikfjfLFkfrdh ØsfMV ladV ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; pqukSrh gSA thoar xzgfjiksVZ 2008 ds vuqlkj fo'o dh rhu pkSFkkbZ ls vf/kd vkcknhikfjfLFkfrdh ds dtZnkrk ns'kksa esa fuokl djrh gS & mudh jk"Vªh;[kir ns'k dh tSo{kerk ls vf/kd gSA bl izdkj geesa ls T;knkrjyksx fo'o ds vU; fgLlksa dh ikfjfLFkfrdh lEink dk 'kks"k.k djdsvius thou Lrj vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+k jgs gaSA

lq[kn lekpkj ;g gS fd gekjs ikl ikfjfLFkfrdh dtZ ladV dhfn'kk ifjorZu djus ds lk/ku miyC/k gaS & ikfjfLFkfrdh eanh dksjksdus esa vHkh vf/kd foyac ugha gqvk gSA bl fjiksVZ esa mu izeq[k{ks=ksa dk mYys[k gS tgka gesa vius thou Lrj vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk esaifjorZu djus dh vko';drk gS rkfd ge viuh ikfjfLFkfrdh;{kerk dk vfrØe.k u dj viuk thou;kiu dj ldsaA

bl pqukSrh dk Lrj cgqr O;kid rFkk nwjxkeh gS blfy, vyx&vyx{ks=ksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ikfjfLFkfrdh vlarqyu dh leL;k dks gydjus ds fy, {kerk vojks/kksa ¼lLVsusfcfyVh oStst½ dh vo/kkj.kk izkjaHkdh gSA bl fo'yss"k.k ls gesa vlarqyu ds fy, ftEesnkj fofHkUu dkjdksasadks lekIr djus vkSj muesa ls izR;sd ds fy, vyx&vyx lek/kkuksa dkizLrko djus esa enn feyrh gSA bl ,dy lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ pqukSrhds fy, MCyw-MCyw-,Q- DykbesV lksY;w'kUl ekWMy esa bl vojks/kfo'ys"k.k dk mi;ksx djds ;g n'kkZus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gS fd 2050esa oSf'od gfjr xg xSl ds /kq,as esa deh djrs gq, oSf'od ÅtkZ lsokvksadh ekax esa izR;kf'kr of) dks dSls iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA eq[;r%bl ekWMy esa [krjukd tyok;q ifjorZu dks jksdus ds fy, rRdkydkjZokbZ djus dh vko';drk dks mtkxj fd;k x;k gSA

tc ge iFoh dh lsokvksa ij viuss izHkkoh infpUgksa esa deh ykus dkiz;kl djsaxs] rHkh gesa bu lsokvksa dk lao/kZu djus okys ikfjfLFkfrdra=ksa dk izca/ku djus esa n{krk izkIr gksxhA blesa lQyrk izkfIrds fy, gesa lalk/kuksa dk izca/ku izdfr dh 'krksZa vkSj izkdfrd ekun.Mksaij djuk gksxkA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd geas O;kid ikfjfLFkfrdhifj.kkeksa ij fuxkg j[krs gq, df"k ;k eRL; ikyu vkfn {ks=ksa esa fu.kZ;ysus gksaxsA bldk ;g Hkh rkRi;Z gS fd gesa iwjs ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dhns[kHkky djus ds fy, viuh lhekvksa ls ijs tkdj nwjxkeh lek/kku<wa<+us gksaxs] pkgs lEifÙk dh lhek,a gks ;k jktuhfrd lhek,aA

yxHkx pkj n'kd igys viksyks ds 8 varfj{k ;kaf=;ksa us izfl) ÞvFkZjkbt+ß dk fp= fy;k Fkk ftlesa pUnzek ls i`Foh xzg dh lcls igyhrLohj FkhA rc ls ysdj nks ihf<+;ksa ds dky esa fo'o] ikfjfLFkfrdhdtZnkrk dh fLFkfr ls ikfjfLFkfrdh ?kkVs rd igqap pqdk gSA ekuoiztkfr;ksa dh izoh.krk vkSj leL;k lek/kku laca/kh ,d egku ijEijkjgh gSA euq"; ftl Hkkouk ls izsfjr gksdj pUnzek rd igqapk Fkk] vcmlh Hkkouk ls gesa viuh Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dks bl ikfjfLFkfrdh dtZ lseqDr djkus ds fy, iz;kl djus gksaxsA

tsEl ih- yhiegkfuns’kd] MCyw-MCyw-,Q- baVjus’kuy

i;kZoj.k dh {kfr ls mRiUu gksus okys ikfjfLFkfrdh vlarqyurFkk izkÑfrd laLkk/kuksa] oU; izkf.k;ksa] tyh; thoksa ,oaouLifr;ksa ds Øfed fouk'k ds izfr yksxksa dks tkx:d djus ds

fy, MCywMCyw,Q&baVjus'kuy }kjk izLrqr ^thoar xzg fjiksVZ&2008*dk fgUnh laLdj.k vius izcq) ikBdksa rd igqpkrs gq,]MCywMCyw,Q&bafM;k] larks"k ds lkFk fpUrk dk Hkh vuqHko djrh gSA

gesa larks"k gS fd viuh jk"VªHkk"kk ds ek/;e ls ge i`Foh ij ekuoh;fØ;kdykiksa ls fujUrj gksus okyh izkÑfrd {kfr ,oa budks jksdus dsmik;ksa dk foLr`r ys[kk&tks[kk lizek.k izLrqr dj ldsA fpUrkbldh gS fd fodkl ds uke ij i;kZoklksa dh {kfr] taxyksa dklQ+k;k] tSo&fofo/krk dk {k;] ikfjfLFkfrdh vlarqyu] tyok;qifjorZu] /kzqoh; cQZ dk xyuk] ok;q rFkk ty iznw"k.k] ufn;ksa rFkkXysf'k;jksa dk {kj.k vkfn ,sls ifjorZu gSa tks euq"; lfgr lHkhizkf.k;ksa ds fouk'k dk lwpd gaSA

fjiksVZ ds voyksdu ls Kkr gksxk fd Hkkjr dh fLFkfr Hkh vR;arfparuh; gSA gekjh tula[;k&o`f) rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl dh orZekuvo/kkj.kk dk ikfjfLFkfrdh lsokvksa ij nq"izHkko iM+k gSA ;g 'kkspuh;gS fd ftl ns'k esa vkfndky ls ekuo izÑfr ds lkfUuè; esa fodflrgksrk jgk] tgka ufn;ksa] ioZrksa ,oa o`{kksa dh iwtk gksrh vkbZ gS] tgkaouksa esa rifLo;ksa ds lkFk oU; tho fuHkZ; fopj.k djrs Fks] ogha vcizÑfr ij ?kkrd izgkj gks jgs gSaA izkÑfrd vkokl yxkrkj u"V gksusls tUrqvksa ij [krjk c<+k gS] tks ekuo thou ds fy, Hkh 'kqHk ladsrugha gSA

bl fjiksVZ esa] laj{k.k ds izfr yksxksa dks tkx:d djus ds lkFk&lkFkmu mik;ksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] ftuls ge i`Foh dks LoLFkvkSj thoar j[k ldsaA

vkb;s ge lc feydj gekjh i`Foh ds laj{k.k ds fy, iz;kl djusdk ladYi ysaA

/kU;okn&

jfo flagegklfpo rFkk eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh

MCywMCyw,Q&bafM;k

izLrkouk nks 'kCn

2 thoar xzg fjiksVZ 2008

Hkwfedk

gekjh i`Foh ,d ek= tho vkoklh; xzg gSA blesaeuq"; lesr iztkfr;ksa dh fofo/krk dk ikyu&iks"k.kdjus dh {kerk cgqr vf/kd fdUrq ewyr% lhfergSA tc euq"; bl {kerk dk vko';drk ls vf/kdiz;ksx djrk gS rks ikfjfLFkfrdh lhekvksa vFkkZr~i`Foh dh tho iz.kkfy;ksa dk {k; gksrk gSA vUrr%bl uqdlku ls euq"; dh [kq'kgkyh ladV esa iM+tkrh gSA

bl fjiksVZ esa oSf'od tSo fofo/krk vkSjekuoh; nksgu dh cnyrh fLFkfr dk vUos"k.kdjus ds fy, nks vuqiwjd mik;ksa dk lgkjk fy;kx;k gSA thoar xzg lwpdkad i`Foh dsikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa dh fLFkfr dk lwpd gS vkSjikfjfLFkfrdh infpUgksa }kjk bu ra=ksa ij ekuoh;ekax dh lhek vkSj vusd izdkj dh >ydfeyrh gSA

fo'o ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa 1686 es#n.M/kkjh iztkfr;ksadh vkcknh ds vk/kkj ij ekis x, oSf'od tSofofo/krk ds ^thoar xzg lwpdkad* esa xr ek= 35o"kksZa ¼fp= 1½ esa djhc 30 izfr'kr dh fxjkoV vkbZgSA bl fjiksVZ esa igyh ckj thoar xzg lwpdkad esa'kkfey vkadM+ksa esa tSo HkkSxksfyd vkSj oxhZÑrlewg ds lkFk&lkFk ^ck;kse* }kjk fo'ysf"kr dhtkus okyh iztkfr;ksa dh la[;k ds #>kuksa dks'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA gkykafd dqN 'khrks".k {ks=ksaesa tSo fofo/krk dk uqdlku cjkcj gks x;k gS fQjHkh lexz thoar xzg lwpdkad esa fxjkoV fn[kkbZ nsjgh gSA vc tho oSKkfud tSo fofo/krk lEesyuesa lu~ 2010 rd] oSf'od tho fofo/krk ds gzkldh xfr dks de djus gsrq] fuf'pr fd;s x;sekewyh y{;ksa dks Hkh izkIr djus dh laHkkouk ?kVrhgh izrhr gksrh tk jgh gSA

i`Foh ds thfor lalk/kuksa ij ekuork dh ekax]mlds ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUgksa ds vuqlkj vc i`Fohdh djhc 30 izfr'kr iqu%fuekZ.k {kerk ¼fp= 2½dks ikj dj xbZ gSA ;g oSf'od vlarqyu c<+rkgh tk jgk gS rFkk ifj.kkeLo#i ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=det+ksj iM+ jgs gSa vkSj ok;q] Fky vkSj ty esadpjk tek gks jgk gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i gksusokys ouksa ds fouk'k] ikuh dh deh] tSo fofo/krkesa deh rFkk tyok;q ifjorZu dh otg ls lHkhns'kksa dh [kq'kgkyh vkSj fodkl ds fy, [krjkc<+rk gh tk jgk gSA

dbZ ns'kksa vkSj {ks=ksa esa ikuh dh deh dh fLFkfrfpUrktud curh tk jgh gSA vr% bl fjiksVZ esarhljs mik;] tyh; infpUg dks 'kkfey fd;kx;k gS ftlesa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh [kir dsQyLo:i jk"Vªh;] {ks=h; ;k vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij

ty lalk/kuksa esa ekax ds ncko dks mtkxj fd;kx;k gSA gkykafd vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ikuh dksnqyZHk lalk/ku ugha ekuk tkrk gS] fQj HkhHkkSxksfyd fLFkfr vkSj le; nksuksa n`f"V;ksa ls mldsforj.k vkSj miyC/krk esa cgqr vlekurk;sa gSaAbl le; djhc 50 ns'kksa ds lkeus dekscs'k ikuhdh leL;k gS rFkk tyok;q ifjorZu dh otg lso"kZ Hkj ;k ekSle fo'ks"k esa ikuh dh deh dklkeuk djus okys yksxksa dh la[;k esa o`f) gksus dhlaHkkouk gSA ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ds LokLF;] vPNsmRiknu vkSj euq"; ds dY;k.k ij bldk xgjkvlj gksrk gSA

vkcknh dh o`f) vkSj O;fDrxr [kir esa gksus okyhfujUrj vf/kdrk ds ifj.kkeLo:i fiNys 45 o"kks±esa /kjrh ij euq"; dh ekax yxHkx nqxquh gks xbZgSA 1961 esa fo'o ds yxHkx lHkh ns'kksa ds ikl

World biocapacity

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

fp= 1% thoar xzg lwpdkad] 1970&2005

lwpdkad

¼1970¾

1-0½

fp= 2% euq"; ds ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg] 1961&2005

i`FohtSlsx

zgdhla[;k

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 05 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 05

fo'o dh tSo{kerk


izLrkouk

viuh [kqn dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus dsfy, t+:jr ls vf/kd {kerk Fkh( bl fLFkfr esalu~ 2005 rd ewyr% ifjorZu gqvkA vc dbZ ns'kvU; ns'kksa ls lalk/kuksa dk vk;kr djds rFkkdkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM o vU; xzhu gkÅl xSlksa dslaxzg LFkku ¼MfEiax xzkm.M½ ds :i eas vUrjkZ"Vªh;ok;qeaMy dk bLrseky djds viuh vko';drkvksadks iwjk dj ikrs gaS ¼fp= 3½A vko';drk lsvf/kd fonksfgr bl lalkj esa ikfjfLFkfrdh n`f"Vls dtZnkj ns'k [kkl :i ls LFkkuh; vkSj oSf'odvlarqyu ds lkFk&lkFk euq"; dh thou&j{kkiz.kkyh ij fuHkZj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dh lsokvksa ds{kh.k gksus ls [krjs esa gSaA

;fn ge vius dkjksckj dks blh <ax ls tkjh j[krsgSa rks 2030 ds izkjEHk rd euq"; dh oLrqvksa vkSjlsokvksa laca/kh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy,

gesa nks xzgksa dh vko';drk gksxhA ysfdu fLFkfresa cnyko djus ds fy, dbZ izHkkodkjh mik;miyC/k gSaA okrkoj.kh; {kerk laca/kh pqukSrh dklek/kku djus ds fy, rduhdh mUufr dhegRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgsxh gh vkSj dkSu&dkSu ls mik;vko';d gSa] bldh tkudkjh rFkk lek/kku HkhmiyC/k gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ekStwnk rduhd dsvk/kkj ij ge LoPN ÅtkZ fuekZ.k vkSj dk;Z {kerkdh vksj vxzlj gks dj ÅtkZ lsokvksa dh 2050rd dh vuqekfur ekax vkSj dkcZu ds /kq,a esa dehdjus ds mís'; dks dSls iwjk dj ldrs gSa] ;gk¡;g n'kkZus ds fy, bl fjiksVZ esa vojks/k fo'ys"k.kdh vo/kkj.kk dk lgkjk fy;k x;k gSA

LFkkuh; Lrj ij gksus okys uohuhdj.k gsrqlgk;rk rFkk rduhdh gLrkUrj.k miyC/k djkusls fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks viuh [kq'kgkyh

esa o`f) djus esa enn fey ldrh gS vkSj vf/kdlalk/kuksa okys fuekZ.k pj.kksa ls cpk tk ldrk gSAftu 'kgjksa esa vc vk/kh ls vf/kd tula[;kfuokl djrh gS mUgsa okafNr Lrj dh thou 'kSyhdh lgk;rk nsus ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gSvkSj lkFk gh LFkkuh; vkSj oSf'od ikfjfLFkfrdhra=ksa laca/kh ekax dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSAefgyk l'kDrhdj.k] f'k{kk rFkk ifjokj fu;kstudh lqfo/kk,a lqyHk djkdj tula[;k o`f) dks/khek ;k foijhr Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg] tks euq"; dh izd`fr ls ekaxdk izrhd gS vkSj ^thoar xzg lwpdkad*] ftllsizd`fr ds lexz LokLF; dks ekik tk ldrk gS]Li"V vkSj l'kDr ekun.Mksa dk dke djrs gSaA;fn euq"; pkgs rks viuh [kq'kgkyh vkSjikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dks lqjf{kr j[krs gq, i`Foh ds

lalk/kuksa dh lhekvksa ds Hkhrj jgdj xqt+kjk djldrk gSA

ffpp== 11%% tthhooaarr xxzzgg llwwppddkkaaddAAoSf'od lwpdkad ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 1970 ls2005 rd dh vof/k esa es#n.Mh; iztkfr;ksa dhla[;k esa yxHkx 30 izfr’kr dh deh vkbZ gSA

ffpp== 22%% eeuuqq"";; ddkk iikkffjjffLLFFkkffrrddhh iinnffppUUggAA1961 ls 2005 dh vof/k ds nkSjku thoeaMyij euq"; dh ekax nqxquh ls vf/kd gks xbZ gSA

ffpp== 33%% iikkffjjffLLFFkkffrrddhh ddss ddtt++ZZnnkkrrkk vvkkSSjj ddttZZnnkkjj nnss’’kkAA dt+Znkj ns’kksa esa ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg mudh [kqndh tSfod {kerk ls vf/kd gksrs gSa( dt+Znkrkns’kksa esa ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg mudh [kqn dhtSo{kerk ls de gksrs gSaA

fp= 3% ikfjfLFkfrdh ds dtZnkrk vkSjdt+Znkj ns’k] 1961 vkSj 2005

ikfjfLFkfrdh dtZnkj% infpUg lkis{k tSo{kerk

ikfjfLFkfrdh dtZnkrk% tSo{kerk lkis{k infpUg

150 izfr'kr ls vf/kd 100&150 izfr'kr vf/kd

50&100 izfr'kr vf/kd0&50 izfr'kr vf/kd

50&100 izfr'kr vf/kd

100&150 izfr'kr vf/kd 150 izfr'kr ls vf/kd

0&50 izfr'kr vf/kdvi;kZIr vkadMs+

1961¼2005 ns'k lhek,a½

2005


tSo&fofo/krk] ikfjfLFkfrdh lsok,a] ekuork ds infpUg

thoar xzg lwpdkad ls irk pyrk gS fd fo'o dslHkh ck;kse vkSj {ks=ksa esa taxyh iztkfr;ksa vkSjizkd`frd ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ij ncko gSA tSo&fofo/krk dks gksus okys izR;{k ekuo 'kkL=h;[krjksa dks izk;% fuEufyf[kr ik¡p 'kh"kZdksa esafoHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS%

• [kkldj d`f"k dh otg ls izkÑfrd vkoklksadk uqdlku] fc[kjko ;k ifjorZu

• eNyh idM+us vkSj f'kdkj [ksyus dh otg lsiztkfr;ksa dk vf/kd 'kks"k.k

• iznw"k.k

• vkØked iztkfr;ksa ;k vkuqoaf'kdksa dk foLrkj

• tyok;q ifjorZu

;s ik¡pksa [krjs ewyr% tho eaMy ij euq"; dhekaxksa & [kkus&ihus] ÅtkZ ;k oLrqvksa ds fy,izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dk mRiknu vkSj [kir rFkkblls tqM+s dpjs dk fuiVku & ;k dLcksa] 'kgjksarFkk vofLFkfr }kjk izkd`frd ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa dsfoLFkkiu ls iSnk gksrs gSa ¼fp= 4 ns[ksa½A bldsvykok fo'o esa oLrqvksa vkSj yksxksa dh Hkkjhvkoktkgh Hkh vtuch iztkfr;kas vkSj chekfj;kas dslaØe.k dk dkj.k cu x;k gSA

d`f"k dk;ksZa] pjkxkgksa] eRL; ikyu rFkk vkS|ksfxd;k 'kgjh mi;ksx dh otg ls izkd`frd vkoklu"V vkSj :ikUrfjr ;kfu [kf.Mr gks x, gSaAufn;ksa esa cka/k cukdj mudk ekxZ cnydj mudkflapkbZ] tyh; ÅtkZ ;k izokg fofu;a=.k fd;ktkrk gSA leqnzh ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa] fo'ks"kr%leqnzry dks eNyh idM+us ds midj.kksa] fuekZ.kdk;Z rFkk nksgu djus okys m|ksxksa }kjk HkkSfrd:i ls fou"V fd;k tk jgk gSA

taxyh iztkfr;ksa dh vkcknh dk vo'kks"k.k vkcknhdh iztuu {kerk ls vf/kd nj ij nksgu vFkokHkkstu] oLrqvksa ;k nokvksa ds fy, i'kqvksa ;k ikS/kksads u"V djus dk ifj.kke gSA ;g leqnzh

tSo&fofo/krk ds izfr [krjs dk izeq[k dkj.k jgk gSrFkk vf/kd eNfy;ka idM+us ls dbZ O;kikfjdeRL; laxzg u"V gks x, gSaA ;gh ugha] vko';drkls vf/kd nksgu ds dkj.k i`Foh ds vusd thoiztkfr;ksa] fo'ks"kr% m".k izns'kh; Lru/kkjh i'kqvksadks] ekal ds fy;s f'kdkj djus ds dkj.k xaHkhjladV gks x;k gSA bekjrh ydM+h vkSj bZa/ku dsfy, isM+ksa dh vf/kd dVkbZ dh otg ls Hkh ouksavkSj muls tqM+s ikS/kksa o i'kqvksa dh la[;k esa dehvkbZ gSA

fo'o ds ,d fgLls ls nwljs fgLls esa tkucw> dj;k vutkus esa ykbZ xbZ vkØked iztkfr;ka] tksogka tkdj ns'kh iztkfr;ksa dh izfr}anh] ijHk{kh ;kijthoh cu tkrh gSa] dbZ ns'kh iztkfr;ksa ds iruds fy, ft+Eesnkj gSaA ;g ckr [kklrkSj ij }hiksavkSj ehBs ikuh okys ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa esa egRoiw.kZgksrh gS tgka bUgsa LFkkfud iztkfr;ksa dks gksus okys[krjs ds :i esa fy;k tkrk gSA

iznw"k.k dks] [kklrkSj ij tyh; ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksaesa] tSo&fofo/krk ds uqdlku dk nwljk izeq[k dkj.kekuk tkrk gSA vf/kd iks"k.k gsrq d`f"k esa ukbVªkstuvkSj Q+kWLQ+ksjl [kknksa dk bLrseky] jklk;fudrRoksa dh vf/kdrk vkSj vkWDlht+u esa deh dkdkj.k gksrk gSA izk;% [ksrh ;k eRL; ikyu esadhVuk'kdksa ds mi;ksx] m|ksxksa vkSj [knkuksa lsfudyus okys dpjs ls t+gjhyk jklk;fud iznw"k.kiSnk gksrk gSA ok;qeaMy esa dkcZu Mk;vkWDlkbM dsteko ls leqnzksa dk vEyhdj.k gks jgk gS] ftldkdop/kkjh rFkk 'kSy fHkfÙk okys thoksa ij O;kidizHkko iM+us dh laHkkouk gSA

fu'p; gh] vkxkeh n'kdksa esa tSo&fofo/krk dkslcls vf/kd [krjk tyok;q ifjorZu ls gksxkA/kqzoh; vkSj ioZrh; ds lkFk&lkFk rVh; vkSj leqnzhikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa esa izkjfEHkd izHkko fn[kkbZ iM+usyxs gaSA LFkkuh; Lrjksa ij Hkkoh izHkko dk iwokZuqekuyxkuk eqf'dy gS ysfdu dksbZ Hkh ikfjfLFkfrdh

ra= cnyrs rkieku ;k ekSle ds <ax esa cnyko dsizfr laosnu'khy gksrk gSA

Li"V :i ls ;s lkjs [krjs ;k ncko vf/kd nwjLFk]vizR;{k dkjdksasa ds izHkko dh otg ls iSnk gksrs gSaAtSo&fofo/krk fouk'k ds dkjd] Hkkstu] ikuh] ÅtkZvkSj oLrqvksa laca/kh euq"; dh ekaxksa dh otg lsiSnk gksrs gSaA d`f"kxr Qlyksa] ekal rFkk nqX/kmRiknksa] eNyh rFkk leqnzh Hkkstu] 'kgjksa vkSjuxjksa dh bekjrh ydM+h vkSj dkxt+] ikuh] ÅtkZrFkk ifjogu laca/kh t+#jrksa ds mRiknu vkSj [kirds lanHkZ esa bUgsa le>k tk ldrk gSA fo'otula[;k vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk esa tSls&tSls o`f) gksrhgS] tSo&fofo/krk ij ncko oSls&oSls c<+rk tkrk gSArduhdh vkSj lalk/ku {kerk esa tSls&tSsls lq/kkjgksrk gS] ;g nokc Hkh oSls&oSls de gks tkrk gSAikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa vkSjiztkfr;ksa ij lalk/kuksa dh [kir dh otg ls gksusokys ekax dks ekius dk ,d lexz mik; gSA tSo&fofo/krk ds fouk'k dkjdksasa vkSj ekuoh;infpUgksa ds chp ijLij laca/kksa dks le>ukizkd`frd ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa vkSj oU; iztkfr;ksa dsfouk'k dh xfr dks /khek djus] jksdus rFkk fn'kkifjorZu djus ds fy, vko';d gSA

ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= laca/kh lsok,a

ekuork LoLFk ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa ij fuHkZj jgrhgS% buls gekjs thou dh xq.koÙkk dks cy feyrkgS vkSj mlesa lq/kkj gksrk gS] buds fcuk /kjrh jgus;ksX; ugha gksxhA feysfu;e bdksflLVe vlslesaV¼,e-,½ esa ewy :i ls pkj izdkj ds ikfjfLFkfrdhra= lsokvksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS%

• iks"kd pØ] e`nk fuekZ.k vkSj izkFkfed mRiknutSlh lgk;d lsok,a

• [kk|kUu] rkt+k ikuh] oLrqvksa ;k bZa/ku mRiknutSlh vko';d lsok,a

• tyok;q rFkk ck<+ fu;a=.k] ty 'kq)hdj.k] ijkxlspu rFkk dhV fu;a=.k lfgr fu;ked lsok,a]

• lkaLd`frd lsok,a ¼lkSUn;Z] vk/;kfRed] 'kSf{kdrFkk euksjatu laca/kh½

buesa ls izR;sd lsok vUrrksxRok ltho izkf.k;ksa lsiSnk gksrh gSA rFkkfi] ;g vius vki esa oSlh tSo&fofo/krk ugha ftl ij ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dhlsok,a fuHkZj djrh gksa cfYd fof'k"V iztkfr;ksa dhcgqyrk gS ftldh i;kZokl dh fLFkjrk dks dk;ej[kus vkSj bu lsokvksa dks miyC/k djkus esa egRoiw.kZHkwfedk jgrh gSA LFkkuh; Lrj ij ladVxzLriztkfr;ksa esa deh dk foijhr izHkko ikfjfLFkfrdhra= ij vo'; iM+sxk Hkys gh lkoZHkkSfed Lrj ijbu iztkfr;ksa dks dksbZ [krjk u gksA

feysfu;e bdksflLVe vlslesaV ¼,e-,½ esa cryk;kx;k gS fd tSo&fofo/krk esa deh [kk|kUu rFkkÅtkZ vlqj{kk] ck<+ ;k m".k dfVca/kh; rwQ+kuksatSlh izkd`frd vkinkvksa] [kjkc LokLF;] ikuh dhmiyC/krk vkSj xq.koÙkk esa deh rFkk lkaLd`frdfojklr esa fod`fr dk dkj.k curh gSA

T;knkrj lgk;d] fu;ked] vkSj lkaLd`frdikfjfLFkfrdh ra= lsokvksa dh O;kikfjd :i ls[kjhn&Q+jks[r ugha gksrh] blfy, budk dksbZckt+kj ewY; ugha gSA buesa fxjkoV vkus ls LFkkuh;;k vUrjkZ"Vªh; vFkZ O;oLFkk dks dksbZ psrkouh dsladsr ugha feyrsA ckt+kj mu lalk/kuksa ds mi;ksxds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysus dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrs gSaftuls O;fDrxr mRikndksa vkSj miHkksDrkvksa dsykHk vf/kd gksa] ysfdu tSo&fofo/krk vkSjikfjfLFkfrdh lsokvksa dh izk;% mis{kk djrs gaS ftuij vUrr% mRiknu vkSj [kir fuHkZj djrh gSAeuq"; dh [kq'kgkyh esa tSo&fofo/krk ds ewY; dksgkykafd iSls dh n`f"V ls ugha vkadk tk ldrk gS]ij ,d tula[;k dk iks"k.k djus okys vkSj ,slku dj ldus okys xzg ds :i esa gh bl varj dksle>k tk ldrk gSA


izLrkouk

fp= 4% tSo&fofo/krk dk gzkl] ekuoh; ncko rFkk ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg] dkj.k ,oa izHkko laca/k

ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg@[kir ds {ks=

tSo&fofo/krk ds gzkl ds vizR;{k dkj.k@ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ka tSo fofo/krk esa izR;{k ncko

[krjs ;k ncko

bekjrh ydM+h] dkxt+ vkSj js'kk]b±/ku dh ydM+h

[kk|kUu Qlysa] frygu Qlysa] js'ksnkjQlysa] ekal] nqX/k mRikn] v.Ms] [kkysa]rkykcksa esa ikyh eNfy;ka ,oa leqnzh Hkkstu

fuekZ.k] lhes.V] mR[kuu vkSj /kkrq,a

taxyh ekal] eNyh vkSj leqnzh&Hkkstu

?kjsyw is; ty vkSjvkS|ksfxd ty “kks/ku

ifjogu O;kikj i;ZVu

ÅtkZ mi;ksxthok’e bZa/ku dk ngu

bekjrh ydM+h] yqxnh] dkxt+ mRiknu] tykÅ ydM+h dk laxzg

mitkÅ Hkwfe dk vUrj.kpjkxkgksa dk vUrj.keRL; ikyu dk vUrj.k

'kgjh Hkwfe esa vUrj.k vkSj lM+d fuekZ.k] cka/k fuekZ.k

tky ls eNyh idM+uk ¼tgkt+h midj.kksa lfgr½Mksfj;ksa ls eNyh idM+uk

ekal ds fy, taxyksa esa f'kdkjoU;tho O;kikj

ukbVªkstu ,oa xa/kd ;qDr xSl mRltZu] tSfod dpjkd`f"k jklk;uksa dk mi;ksx[knkuksa dk dpjk vkSj mlls lalj.k

tgkt+jkuh

tkus vutkus vtuch iztkfr;kas dk izos'k

dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] ehFksu rFkkvU; gfjr x`g xSlksa dk mRltZu

ouksa] ckxkuksa rFkk eaxzksoksa dk gzkl vkSj fc[kjko

?kkl ds eSnkuksa ,oa -------- {ks=ksa dk uk'k vkSj iru

ufn;ksa dk fo[k.Mu vkSj fu;a=.k

izoky fHkfÙk ,oa rVh; i;kZoklkas dk fouk'k

furyLFk i;kZoklksa dk fouk'k

vko';drk ls vf/kd eNyh idM+uklg leqnzh thoksa dh idM+

tyh; ,oa LFkyh; iztkfr;ksa dk vf/kd mRiknu

iks"kdksa dk iz;ksx] jlk;uksa dh vf/kdrk] tgjhys izHkko

vEyh; o`f"V

dhVuk'kd ,oa fo'kSys jlk;u

leqnz esa rsy dk QSyuk

lkxj vEyhdj.k

leqnzh vkØked iztkfr;ka

ehBs ikuh dh vkØked iztkfr;ka

iFoh dh vkØked iztkfr;ka eq[;r% NksVs }hiksa esa

mÙkj&/kqzoh; vkSj ioZrh; i;kZoj.k dk {kj.k

/kqzoh; leqnzksa esa cQZ dk {kj.k

izoky&fHkfÙk esa jklk;fud izHkko vkSj {kj.k

ekSle pØ esa cnyko

lw[ks ds dkj.k taxyksa dk uk'k vkSj e#Hkwfe dk foLrkj

ekSleh vknzZ LFkyksa dk fouk'k

i;kZoklksa dk fouk’k

vfr’kks"k.k

iznw"k.k

vkØked vtuch iztkfr;ka

tyok;qifjorZu


thoar xzg lwpdkad% oSf'od

thoar xzg lwpdkad fo'o dh tSo fofo/krk dhfLFkfr ij utj j[kus ds fy, cuk;k x;k lwpdgSA [kklrkSj ij ;g iztkfr;ksa dh fo'kky vkcknhij mlh rjg ls fuxkg j[krk gS ftl izdkjckt+kj lwpdkad 'ks;jksa ds ewY; ;k miHkksDrkoLrqvksa ds [kqnjk ewY; lwpdkad ij LVkWd ekdsZVfuxkg j[krk gSA thoar xzg lwpdkad iwjs Hkwe.Myij yxHkx 5000 Lru/kkjh i'kqvksa] i{kh] ljhlì¼lk¡i½] mHk;pj izkf.k;ksa dh 1686 iztkfr;ksa dhvkcknh ds #>kuksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA izR;sd iztkfrdh vkcknh esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dk vkSlr fy;ktkrk gS vkSj mUgsa 1970 ds lkis{k esa n'kkZ;k tkrkgS ftldk eku 1-0 fy;k x;k gSA

oSf'od thoar xzg lwpdkad blesa nks lwpdksa & 'khrks".k ¼ftlesa /kqzo 'kkfey gSa½rFkk m".k dfVca/kh; dk lekos'ku gksrk gS ftlesals izR;sd dks leku egRo fn;k tkrk gSA m".k

dfVca/kh; vkSj 'khrks".k lwpdksa esa i`Foh] ehBs ikuhvkSj leqnzh iztkfr;ksa esa izR;sd dks leku egRofn;k tkrk gSA

m".k dfVca/kh; lwpdkad esa vÝhdk m".kdfVca/kh;] Hkkjr] iz'kkar vkSj fu;ksVªkWfidy {ks= esaikbZ tkus okyh i`Foh rFkk ehBs ikuh dh iztkfr;ksadh vkcknh ds lkFk&lkFk ddZ js[kk vkSj edj js[kkds chp ds {ks= esa ik;h tkus okyh leqnzh iztkfr;ksadh vkcknh dk Hkh lekos'k gksrk gSA

'khrks".k lwpdkad esa isysvkdZfVd rFkk usvkdZfVd{ks= esa ikbZ tkus okyh i`Foh rFkk ehBs ikuh dhiztkfr;ksa dh vkcknh ds lkFk&lkFk m".k dfVca/kmÙkj rFkk nf{k.kh {ks=ksa dh leqnzh iztkfr;ka 'kkfeygSa ¼fp= 8 ns[ksa½A

oSf'od lwpdkad ls irk pyrk gS fd 1970 ls2005 ds chp yxHkx 30 izfr'kr dh fxjkoV vkbZgS ¼fp= 5½A blh vof/k ds m".k dfVca/kh;

lwpdkad esa djhc 50 izfr'kr dh deh vkSj'khrks".k lwpdkad esa ugha ds cjkcj lexz cnykovk;k gS ¼fp= 6 vkSj 7½A

'khrks".k vkSj m".k dfVca/kh; vkcknh ds #>kuksa dschp dk Li"V vUrj i`Foh] ehBs ikuh rFkk leqnzhiztkfr;ksa esa Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA rFkkfi] bldk;g vFkZ dnkfi ugha gS fd m".k dfVca/kh;tSo&fofo/krk dh fLFkfr 'khrks".k tSo&fofo/krk dhfLFkfr ls [kjkc gSA ;fn lwpdkad esa fiNys n'kdksads ctk; 'krkfCn;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk rks gksldrk gS fd 'khrks".k iztkfr;ksa dh vkcknh esaleku ;k vf/kd fxjkoV fn[kkbZ nsrhA ;g lgh gS;k ugha] lwpdkad ls irk pyrk gS fd m".kdfVca/kh; ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa esa tSo&fofo/krk dkxaHkhj fouk'k gqvk gS vkSj ;g izfØ;k tkjh gSA

fp= 5% oSf'od thoar xzg lwpdkad

blesa 1970 ls 2005 ds chp 1686iztkfr;ksa* dh 4642 dh vkcknh esa &28

izfr’kr dk vkSlr #>ku fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA 'khrks".k rFkk m".k dfVca/k ds vkSlr #>kuksa dksleku egRo fn;k x;k FkkA

fp= 6% 'khrks".k thoar xzg lwpdkad

blesa 1970 ls 2005 ds chp 1235iztkfr;ksa* dh 3309 dh vkcknh esa $6izfr’kr dk vkSlr #>ku fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA i`Foh] ehBs ikuh dh rFkk leqnzh iztkfr;ksa dsvkSlr #>kuksa dks leku egRo fn;k x;k FkkA

fp= 7% m".k dfVca/kh; thoar xzg lwpdkad

blesa 1970 ls 2005 ds chp 585 iztkfr;ksa*dh 1333 dh vkcknh esa &51 izfr’kr dkvkSlr #>ku fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA i`Foh] ehBs ikuhdh rFkk leqnzh iztkfr;ksa ds vkSlr #>kuksa dksleku egRo fn;k x;k FkkA*fVIi.kh% dqN iztkfr;ka 'khrks".k rFkk m".k dfVca/kh; {ks=ksaesa gksrh gSaA

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

lwpdkad

¼1970¾1-0½

1970 1980 1990 2000 05

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

lwpdkad

¼1970¾1-0½

1970 1980 1990 2000 05

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0lwpdkad

¼1970¾1-0½

1970 1980 1990 2000 05

fp= 5% oSf'od thoar xzg lwpdkad] 1970&2005

oSf'od lwpdkad

fo'okl dk Lrj

fp= 6% 'khrks".k thoar xzg lwpdkad] 1970&2005

'khrks".k lwpdkad

fo”okl dk Lrj

fp= 7% m".k dfVca/kh; thoar xzg lwpdkad] 1970&2005

m".k dfVca/kh; lwpdkad

fo'okl dk Lrj


lk{;

fp= 8% Hkwe/; tSo HkkSxksfyd {ks= vkSj ck;ksElm".k dfVca/kh; rFkk mi&m".k dfVca/kh; ueh okys pkSM+h iÙkhnkj ou

m".k dfVca/kh; rFkk mi&m".k dfVca/kh; lw[kh pkSM+h iÙkhnkj ou

m".k dfVca/kh; rFkk mi&m".k dfVca/kh; dks.kh; ou

'khrks".k pkSM+h iÙkhnkj vkSj fefJr ou

'khrks".k dks.kh; ou

mÙkjh ou@VSxk

m".k dfVca/kh; rFkk mi&m".k dfVca/kh; ?kkl ds eSnku vkSj >kM+hnkj Hkwfe

'khrks".k ?kkl ds eSnku vkSj >kM+hnkj Hkwfe

ck<+ ifYor ?kkl ds eSnku

ioZrh; ?kkl ds eSnku vkSj >kM+hnkj Hkwfe

Vq.Mªk

Hkwe/;js[kh; ou] taxy vkSj >kfM+;ka

e:LFky rFkk ,Dlsfjd >kM+hnkj ou

lnkcgkj ou

ty fudk;

pV~Vku vkSj cQZ

fu;kjdfVd

VªkWfid vkWQ dSalj

VªkWfid vkWQ dSijhdkuZ

vksf';fud

isfy;kdZfVd

fu;ksVªkWfidy

vaVkjdfVd

vkQjksVªkfidy

baMkseyk;u

vkWLVªsysf'k;u

vksf'k;kfud


thoar xzg lwpdkad% ra= vkSj ck;ksEl

i`Foh] ehBs ty vkSj leqnzh; lwpdksa dh x.kukm".k dfVca/kh; rFkk ' khrks".k d'ks#dh; iztkfr;ksadh vkcknh ds #>kuksa dh vyx&vyx eki djus okysnks lwpdksa ds vkSlr eku ls dh tkrh gSA

1970 ds mÙkjk/kZ ls ¼fp= 9½ i`Foh lwpdkad esayxkrkj fxjkoV vkbZ gS vkSj 1970 vkSj 2005 dschp i`Foh ds d'ks#dh; iztkfr;ksa dh vkcknh esavkSlr 33 izfr'kr dh deh ns[kh xbZ gSA buesavf/kdka'k ifjorZu Hkwe/;{ks= esa gqvk gS( 'khrks".k{ks=ksa esa iztkfr;ksa dh vkcknh esa lexz :i ls ughads cjkcj ifjorZu gqvk gSA Hkwe/; {ks= esa Ñf"kxrdk;ks± vkSj f'kdkj vkfn dh otg ls vf/kd 'kks"k.kls izHkkfor gksdj ouksa ds fouk'k vkSj vU;izkÑfrd vkoklksa dk fouk'k iztkfr;ksa dh vkcknh esa fxjkoV ds fy, ftEesnkj izeq[k dkj.kksaesa ls gSA

leqnzh lwpdkad esa 1970 vkSj 2005 ¼fp= 10½ dschp 14 izfr'kr dh lexz vkSlr fxjkoV ns[kh xbZgSA leqnz ds rkieku esa o`f)] eNyh idM+us dsfouk'kdkjh rjhds rFkk iznw"k.k leqnzh thou esafxjkoV ds fy, ftEesnkj blds dqNsd dkj.k gSaA,d rkt+k v/;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd fo'o ds40 izfr'kr leqnz ekuoh; fØ;kdykiksa ls cqjh rjgizHkkfor gSaA

bl ifjorZu dk eq[; dkj.k cM+s iSekus ij eNyhidM+uk gS] ftlds pyrs fo'o ds vf/kdka'kO;kikfjd leqnzh eRL; m|ksxksa dk iw.kZ nksgu ;kvR;f/kd gzkl gks pqdk gSA leqnz] vko';dlalk/kuksa vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= lsokvksa dk izeq[klzksr gS ftl ij lHkh dk thou fuHkZj jgrk gS(rFkkfi] leqnzh iztkfr;ksa dk lqjf{kr {ks= bl le;fo'o ds leqnz dk ek= 1 izfr'kr ls de gSA rkt+k

vkdyuksa ls irk pyrk gS fd es#n.Mh; izkf.k;ksads vykok Hkh vU; iztkfr;ksa dh vkcknh esa Hkhdeh vkbZ gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] leqnz ds lrg dsrkieku esa o`f) ds pyrs jklk;fud fØ;k rFkkchekfj;ksa dh otg ls izokyksa dh la[;k esa dehvkbZ gS tks c<+rh fpark dk fo"k; gSA

Hkwfe ds ty esa iztkfr;ksa dh vR;f/kd fofo/krkikbZ tkrh gS vkSj lkFk gh buls euq"; dh[kq'kgkyh ds fy;s vko';d lalk/ku vkSjikfjfLFkfrdh lsok,a miyC/k gksrh gSA ehBs tydh iztkfr;ksa ds lwpdkad ls irk pyrk gS fd1970 ls 2005 ds chp ¼fp= 11½ Hkwfe ds ty esaiztkfr;ksa dh la[;k esa vkSlru 35 izfr'kr dhdeh vkbZ gSA ;g Hkh vuqeku gS fd vyx&vyxvk'kadkvksa ds fo#) chloha 'krkCnhsa esa tyknZ {ks=ksaesa 50 izfr'kr dh deh vkbZ gSA ue {ks=ksa esa dehvkSj uqdlku dk dkj.k cM+s iSekus ij eNyh

idM+uk] vkØked iztkfr;ksa dk jguk] cka/kksa dkfuekZ.k vkSj ufn;kas dk ekxZ ifjorZu gSA

fp= 9% i`Foh dh iztkfr;ksa dk thoar xzglwpdkadA bl lwpdkad esa 1970 ls 2005 ds chp 887i`Foh dh iztkfr;ksa dh dqy 2007 vkcknh esavkSlr &33 izfr’kr dk #>ku ns[kk x;k gSAfp= 10% leqnzh; thoar xzg lwpdkadAleqnzh; thoar xzg lwpdkad esa 35 o"kks± esa 341leqnzh iztkfr;ksa dh 1175 vkcknh esa &14izfr’kr dk #>ku ns[kk x;k gSA fp= 11% ehBs ty dh iztkfr;ksa dk thoar xzglwpdkadAehBs ty dh iztkfr;ksa laca/kh lwpdkad esa 1970ls 2005 ds chp 458 iztkfr;ksa dh 1463 dhvkcknh esa &35 izfr’kr dk :>ku ns[kk x;k gSA

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

lwpdkad

¼1970¾1-0½

1970 1980 1990 2000 05

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

lwpdkad

¼1970¾1-0½

1970 1980 1990 2000 05

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

lwpdkad

¼1970¾1-0½

1970 1980 1990 2000 05

fp= 9% i`Foh dh iztkfr;ksa dk thoar xzg lwpdkad]1970&2005

Hkwe/; lwpdkad

fo'okl dk Lrj

fp= 10% leqnzh; thoar xzg lwpdkad]1970&2005

leqnzh; lwpdkad

fo'okl dk Lrj

fp= 11% ehBs ty dh iztkfr;ksa dk thoar xzg lwpdkad]1970&2005

ehBk ty lwpdkad

fo'okl dk Lrj


lk{;

uhps nh xbZ rkfydkvksa esa ck;ksEl dh mu rhuJsf.k;ksa dh iztkfr;ksa dks mtkxj fd;k x;k gSftuesa vf/kd LFkkuh; vkSj oSf'od ncko ds dkj.kvkcknh esa deh gqbZ gSA ;fn iru blh rjg tkjhjgk rks ty 'kq)hdj.k vkSj tyok;q fu;a=.k tSlhikfjfLFkfrdh lsokvksa ds uqdlku ls ekuo dY;k.kvkSj tSo&fofo/krk nksuksa ds fy, xaHkhj nq"ifj.kkelkeus vk;saxsA

Hkwe/;js[kh; ou iztkfr;ksa dh cgqr cM+h fofo/krkdk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djrs gSa vkSj egRoiw.kZ lkoZHkkSfedvkSj LFkkuh; ikfjfLFkfrdh lsok,a miyC/k djkrsgSaA ;g i;kZokl vkSj ;gka dh iztkfr;ka ouksa dsfouk'k] xSj dkuwuh dVkbZ] ouksa dh vkx vkSjtyok;q ifjorZu tSls ncko dh vk'kadkvksa ls xzLrgSA Hkwe/;js[kh; {ks=ksa esa ouksa dk fouk'k tkjh gSvkSj 2000&2005 dh vof/k ds nkSjku czkft+y esaizfr o"kZ djhc 35 yk[k gsDVs;j rFkk baMksusf'k;k esaizfr o"kZ 15 yk[k gsDVs;j dh nj ls izkFkfed

ou yqIr gksrs tk jgs gSaA bls Hkwe/;js[kh; oulwpdkad esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS tks i'kqvksa dh vkcknhesa 60 izfr'kr ls vf/kd dh deh crykrh gS ¼fp= 12½A

1970 ds ckn ls 'kq"d Hkwfe rU=ksa ij iztkfr;ksa dh la[;k esa djhc 44 izfr'kr dh deh vkbZ gS¼fp= 13½A 'kq"d Hkwfe esa i`Foh dh LFkyh; iz.kkyhdk 40 izfr'kr ls vf/kd fgLlk vkrk gS ftlesae#LFky] ?kkl ds eSnku rFkk m".k dfVca/kh; 'kq"dou tSls fofHkUu izdkj ds ikfjfLFkfrdh ra='kkfey gSaA 'kq"d Hkwfe ij Hkh nks yk[k ls vf/kdyksx fuokl djrs gSa ftudh vkthfodk izk;% lh/ksrkSj ij LFkkuh; ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ds oLrqvksa vkSjlsokvksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;|fi 'kq"d Hkwfe ra=ksaesa ikuh esa vfrfjDr ty lzksrksa ds miyC/k djusls euq";ksa ds vYidkfyd ykHk ds fy, i'kqvksa dho`f) djuk laHko gqvk gS] ij uktqd tSfod ra=ksaij bldk foijhr izHkko gqvk gS vkSj tSo fofo/krk

ckf/kr gqbZ gSA vuqeku gS fd 20 izfr'kr 'kq"d Hkwfe{ks=ksa esa] enk dk gzkl gks jgk gSA

vaVkdZfVdk ds vykok lHkh egk}hiksa esa ik;s tkusokys ?kkl ds eSnkuksa dh xq.koÙkk vkSj foLrkj esaxr n'kdksa ls deh vkbZ gS ftldk dkj.k bueSnkuksa dk rsth ls gksrk gqvk Ñf"k gsrq ifjorZugSA euq"; Hkkstu ds fy, izR;{k :i ls vkSjikSf"Vd rRoksa ds fy, ijks{k :i ls ?kkl ds eSnkuksaij mudh ikfjfLFkfrdh lsokvksa gsrq fuHkZj jgrkgSA ?kkl ds eSnku ns'kh ikS/kksa dh iztkfr;ksa lsysdj ckjgfla?kk tSls pjus okys Lru/kkjh izkf.k;ksa&ftudh vkcknh dbZ mPp Js.kh dh ijHk{khiztkfr;ksa ds Hkj.k&iks"k.k ds fy, vR;ko';d gS] dsfy, pjkxkg dh n`f"V ls izkÑfrd fofo/krk dkscy nsrs gSaA 1970 ds ckn ls ?kkl ds eSnkuksa esad'ks#dh izkf.k;ksa dh vkcknh esa 36 izfr'kr dhdeh vk;h gS ¼fp= 14½A ?kkl ds eSnkuksa dkj[kj[kko Ñf=e vkSj izkÑfrd vfXu] pjkbZ]

vdky vkSj cjlkr tSlh izfØ;kvksa }kjk gks tkrkgSA blls izHkkoksa dk ,d uktqd larqyu dk;egksrk gS ftls vklkuh ls u"V fd;k tk ldrk gSftlds pyrs e#LFkyhdj.k tSlh izfØ;k,a rst gks tk;saxhA

fp= 12% Hkwe/; ou thoar xzg lwpdkadA

bl lwpdkad ls irk pyrk gS fd 1970 ls2005 ds chp 187 iztkfr;ksa dh 503 vkcknhesa &62 izfr’kr dk #>ku ns[kk x;k gSA

fp= 13% 'kq"d Hkwfe thoar xzg lwpdkadA

blesa 1970 ls 2005 ds chp 149 iztkfr;ksadh 476 vkcknh esa &44 izfr’kr dk #>kuns[kk x;k gSA

fp= 14% ?kkl ds eSnku thoar xzg lwpdkadA

blesa 1970 ls 2005 ds chp 309 iztkfr;ksadh 703 vkcknh esa &36 izfr’kr dk #>kuns[kk x;k gSA

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

lwpdkad

¼1970¾1-0½

1970 1980 1990 2000 05

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

lwpdkad

¼1970¾1-0½

1970 1980 1990 2000 05

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

lwpdkad

¼1970¾1-0½

1970 1980 1990 2000 05

fp= 12% Hkwe/; ou thoar xzg lwpdkad]1970&2005

Hkwe/; ou lwpdkad

fo'okl dk Lrj

fp= 13% 'kq"d Hkwfe thoar xzg lwpdkad]1970&2005

'kq"d Hkwfe lwpdkad

fo'okl dk Lrj

fp= 14% ?kkl ds eSnku thoar xzg lwpdkad]1970&2005

?kkl ds eSnku lwpdkad

fo'okl dk Lrj


thoar xzg lwpdkad% tSo&HkkSxksfyd {ks=

i`Foh ds Hkwfe ry dks i'kqvksa vkSj ikS/kksa dh la[;kds vuqlkj izns'kksa ;k {ks=ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkldrk gS ¼fp= 8½A izR;sd {ks= esa iztkfr;ksa dhvkcknh ds #>ku mudh rhozrk vkSj tSo&fofo/krkds izfr [krjksa ds vuqlkj vyx&vyx gksrs gSaAfuEufyf[kr fp=ksa ls izR;sd {ks= esa i`Foh rFkk ehBs ty dh iztkfr;ksa esa #>ku ds vkadM+s n'kkZ;sx, gSaA

ûsvkdZfVd {ks=* esa ik;h tkus okyh iztkfr;ksa ijfoLr`r fuxjkuh j[kh tkrh gS] ftlls vkcknh ds#>ku ds laca/k esa cgqr vkadM+s feyrs gSaA 1970 ls2005 ds chp iztkfr;ksa dh Hkjiwj la[;k esa dksbZfo'ks"k ifjorZu ugha fn[kkbZ fn;k gS ¼fp= 15½A

blds foijhr] ^fu;ksVªkWfidy lwpdkad* esa 1970ls 2004 ¼fp= 16½ ds chp cgqr fxjkoV vkbZ gSAbl lwpdkad esa lHkh es#n.Mh; Js.kh ds izkf.k;ksads vkadM+s 'kkfey gSaA ysfdu vU; {ks=ksa dh rqyuk

esa fu;ksVªkWfidy lwpdkad ds vkadM+s cgqr de gSaAifj.kkeLo#i] dksLVk fjdk ds lqugjs esa<d ¼cqQks isfjaxysUlsl½] ftUgsa vc yqIrizk; ekuk tkrkgS] tSls mHk;pj iztkfr;ksa dh la[;k esa vR;f/kd?kkrd fxjkoV ds #>ku ns[ks x, gSaA vU; us;ksVªkWfidy iztkfr;ksa dh la[;k eas Hkh deh Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gS ysfdu bruh rhoz xfrdh ughaA

fu;ksVªkWfiDl esa xzg ij ekStwn lHkh ikS/kksa vkSji'kqvksa dh 40 izfr'kr iztkfr;ka gSaA lHkhtSo&HkkSxksfyd {ks=ksa esa ;gka ij lcls vf/kd tSofofo/krk ik;h tkrh gSA mnkg.k ds fy,] 2000 ls2005 ds chp nf{k.k vesfjdk esa izfr o"kZ yxHkx43 yk[k gsDVs;j ouksa dk uqdlku gqvk gS tks lHkhvU; izns'kksa dh rqyuk esa lokZf/kd gSA

isysvkdZfVd {ks= esa 1970 ls 2005 rd la[;ko`f) ds vkSlr #>ku esa o`f) gqbZ gS ¼fp= 17½A

tula[;k laca/kh vf/kdka'k vkadM+s xr 300 o"kks± lsvf/kd le; ls ekuoh; fØ;kdykiksa ls lclsvf/kd izHkkfor if'peh ;wjksi ls lacaf/kr gaSA 50izfr'kr ls vf/kd Hkwfe dk d`f"k mi;ksx ds fy,ifjofrZr fd;k tk pqdk gS blfy, dbZ iztkfr;ksaesa deh 1970 ls igys gqbZ izrhr gksrh gSA 1970 dsckn ls isysvkdZfVd {ks= ds #>ku vkaf'kd :i lsi;kZokl lqj{kk] iznw"k.k esa deh ;k vU; i;kZoj.klaca/kh lq/kkjksa ds dkj.k lkeus vk;s gSaA

rFkkfi] oS'ohdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i i;kZoj.k ijncko Hkwe/; ,oa vU; {ks=ksa dks LFkkukUrfjr gksx;k gSA iwohZ isysvkdZfVd {ks= esa #>ku defo'oluh; gSa D;ksafd vkadM+s cgqr de ek=k esamiyC/k gSaA fparuh; iztkfr;ksa esa ls ,d gS lSxk,aVhyksi ¼lSxk VVkfjdk½] ftldh vkcknh fiNys40 o"kks± ls f'kdkj ds ncko dh otg ls cgqr dejg xbZ gS ¼i`"B 11 ij ns[ksa½A

vÝhdk ds m".kdfVca/kh; lwpdkad¼vÝksVªksfidy bUMsDl½ esa xr 35 o"kks± esa 19izfr'kr dh deh fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS ¼fp= 18½A bllwpdkad esa rktk ldkjkRed #>ku lQsn xs.Mk¼lsjkVksFksfj;e lkbee½ tSlh iztkfr;ksa ds fy,fd, x, dqN laj{k.k iz;klksa dk urhtk gSaArFkkfi] mÙkjh mi&iztkfr;ka viuh vf/kdka'k,sfrgkfld lhek izns'kksa ls feV pqdh gSa vkSj vcyqIr gksus ds dxkj ij gSa ¼i`"B 11 ij ns[ksa½A

blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd vÝhdk dsm".kdfVca/kh; {ks= esa ;|fi dqN iztkfr;ksa dhryk'k vkSj lqj{kk dh fn'kk esa dqN izxfr gqbZ gSysfdu bl {ks= esa iztkfr;ksa dh fxjrh gqbZ nj dksjksdus ds fy, vc Hkh laj{k.k dk;Z dh cgqrvko';drk gSA

Hkkjr&iz’kkar lwpdkad esa rhu {ks=ksa% b.Mksey;]vkWLVsªysf'k;k vkSj vkslsfu;k dh iztkfr;ksa dh

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

lwpdkad

¼1970¾1-0½

1970 1980 1990 2000 05

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

lwpdkad

¼1970¾1-0½

1970 1980 1990 2000 05

fp= 15% usvkdZfVd thoar xzg lwpdkad]1970&2005

usvkdZfVd lwpdkad

fo'okl dk Lrj

fp= 16% fu;ksVªkWfidy thoar xzg lwpdkad]1970&2004

fu;ksVªkWfidy lwpdkad

fo'okl dk Lrj

fp= 17% isysvkdZfVd thoar xzg lwpdkad]1970&2005

isysvkdZfVd lwpdkad

fo'okl dk Lrj

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0lwpdkad

¼1970¾1-0½

1970 1980 1990 2000 05


lk{;

vkcknh ds vkadM+s lfEefyr fd;s x, gaS D;ksafdbu vyx&vyx {ks=ksa ds ifj.kke n'kkZus ds fy,i;kZIr vkadM+s miyC/k ugha gSaA bl lwpdkad lsirk pyrk gS fd 1970 ls 2005 rd djhc 35izfr'kr dh vkSlr fxjkoV vkbZ gS ftlesa 1970 dsmÙkjk/kZ ls yxkrkj fxjkoV ds #>ku fn[kkbZ nsjgs gSa ¼fp= 19½A m".k dfVca/kh; ouksa dk fouk'k Hkkjr&iz'kkar {ks= esa lcls vf/kd xaHkhj jgk gS tgka rkM+ ds rsy tSls mRiknksa dhvUrjkZ"Vªh; ekax ds pyrs Ñf"k ;k o`{kkjksi.k dsfy, vf/kdka'k ewy ouksa dk lQk;k dj fn;k x;k gSA

fp= 15% usvkdZfVd thoar xzg lwpdkadA

blesa 588 usvkdZfVd iztkfr;ksa dh 1117vkcknh esa lexz :i ls dksbZ ifjorZu ugha ns[kkx;k gSA

fp= 16% fu;ksVªkWfidy thoar xzg lwpdkadA

bl lwpdkad esa 34 o"kksZ esa 144 fu;ksVªkWfidyiztkfr;ksa dh 202 vkcknh esa vkSlru &76izfr’kr ds #>ku ns[ks x;s gSaAfp= 17% isysvkdZfVd thoar xzg lwpdkadA

bl lwpdkad esa 35 o"kks± esa 363 isysvkdZfVdiztkfr;ksa dh 1167 vkcknh esa lexz :i ls$30 izfr’kr ds #>ku ns[ks x;s gSAfp= 18% vÝksVªkWfidy thoar xzg lwpdkadA

bl lwpdkad esa 35 o"kks± esa 201 vÝksVªkWfidyiztkfr;ksa dh 552 vkcknh esa vkSlru &19izfr’kr ds #>ku ns[ks x;s gSaA fp= 19% b.MksisflfQd thoar xzg lwpdkadA

blesa b.Mkseyk;u] vkWLVªkysf'k;k vkSj vksflfud{ks= lfEefyr gSa vkSj 35 o"kks± esa 155iztkfr;ksa dh 441 vkcknh esa &35 izfr’kr ds#>ku ns[ks x;s gaSA

lSxk ,aVhyksi ¼lSxk VVkfjdk½

mÙkjh {ks= dk lQsn xs.Mk ¼lsjkVksFksfj;e lkbee dksVu½

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

lwpdkad

¼1970¾1-0½

1970 1980 1990 2000 05

fp= 18% vÝksVªkWfidy thoar xzg lwpdkad]1970&2005

vÝksVªkWfidy lwpdkad

fo'okl dk Lrj

fp= 19% b.MksisflfQd thoar xzg lwpdkad]1970&2005

b.MksisflfQd lwpdkad

fo'okl dk Lrj

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

lwpdkad

¼1970¾1-0½

1970 1980 1990 2000 05

izf.k;k

sa dh la[;

k ¼n

l y

k[k esa½

izf.k;k

sa dh la[;

k ¼n

l y

k[k esa½

1965 2005

1970 2005

lSxk ,aVhyksi

lSxk ¼lSxk VVkfjdk½ e/; ,f’k;k v)Z 'kq"d?kkl ds eSnkuksa esa ik;k tkusokyk ckjgfla?kk gSftldk lfn;ksa ls ekal] lhax vkSj [kky dsfy, f’kdkj fd;k tkrk jgk gSA gky ds le;esa phu dh ikjaifjd vkS"kf/k esa blds lhaxksa dsbLrseky dh otg ls budh la[;k esa vf/kddeh vk xbZ gSA gkykafd lSxk {ks= okys jkT;ksaesa vc f’kdkj ij izfrca/k gS ¼blfy,vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dh vuqefr ugha gS½] fQjHkh /ku vkSj izca/k voLFkkiukvksa dh deh dslkFk&lkFk det+ksj xzkeh.k vFkZ O;oLFkk dhotg ls O;kid Lrj ij budk f’kdkj fd;ktk jgk gSA gky ds o"kks± esa gks jgh blfxjkoV dk ;gh lcls vf/kd laHkkfor mÙkj gksldrk gS D;ksafd dt+kfdLrku ds ckt+kjksa esaHkkjh ek=k esa lSxk ekal miyC/k gSA

mÙkjh {ks= dk lQsn xs.Mk

,d le; mÙkj e/; vQzhdk esa mÙkjh {ks=dk lQsn xs.Mk ¼lsjkVksFksfj;e lkbee dksVu½cgqrk;r ls ik;k tkrk FkkA vc dsoy dkaxksyksdrkaf=d x.kjkT; esa bldh Kkr vkcknh gStgka la[;k 500 ls ?kVdj 4 jg xbZ gSAde la[;k] izfrcaf/kr HkkSxksfyd forj.k of’kdkj tSls izfrca/k ds pyrs ;g iztkfrvR;Ur nqyZHk gks xbZ gSA gky ds losZ{k.k ls;g irk ugha py ik;k fd ntZ fd;s x,vfUre izk.kh dgka ij gSaA muds ?kfu"B laca/kh nf{k.k {ks= ds lQsn xs.Mksa¼lsjkVksFksfj;e lkbee½ dh la[;k c<+ jgh gSrFkk vR;Ur nqyZHk dkys xs.Ms ¼Mk;lsjkslfodksjful½ ds laj{k.k dh fn’kk esa dkQ+hizxfr gqbZ gSA


thoar xzg lwpdkad% VSDlk

gkykafd ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa ds LFkwy #>kuksa ls

vkcknh dh la[;k esa ifjorZu dk vuqeku lu~

2000 esa gqvk gS ysfdu mlls fofHkUu iztkfr;ksa

vkSj oxhZÑr lewgksa esa ekuoh; ncko dk lkis{k

izHkko ifjyf{kr ugha gks ikrk gSA

vyx&vyx izdkj ds i;kZoklksa esa djhc nl gt+kj

iztkfr;ka jgrh gSaA mudk O;kid forj.k rFkk

muds laca/k esa tqVkbZ xbZ foLr`r lwpuk ds cy ij

if{k;ksa dh vkcknh ds #>ku funsZ'ku ds l'kDr

fo/kku ds :i esa izLrqr gqvk gSA i{kh lwpdkad esa

20 izfr'kr dh deh ¼fp= 20½ m".k dfVca/kh;

vkSj leqnzh if{k;ksa dh losZf{kr vkcknh esa ikbZ xbZ

50 izfr'kr dh xaHkhj fxjkoV dks fNik nsrh gSA

bl gsrq izeq[k vk'kadkvksa esa i;kZokl dk fouk'k]

vkØked vtuch iztkfr;ka vf/kd 'kks"k.k vkSj

iznw"k.k 'kkfey gSaA

bu {ks=ksa esa 5400 ls vf/kd Lru/kkjh iztkfr;ksa dk

mYys[k feyrk gS ftuesa ls 20 izfr'kr dks nqyZHk

iztkfr;ksa dh vkbZ-;w-lh-,u jsM fyLV esa nqyZHk

iztkfr ds :i esa ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA Lru/kkjh

izkf.k;ksa ds lwpdkad esa xr n'kd ls djhc 20

izfr'kr dh deh vkbZ gS ¼fp= 21½] tks

m".kdfVca/kh; {ks=ksa esa lcls vf/kd xaHkhj fxjkoV

gSA bl lewg dks vf/kd 'kks"k.k dk [krjk lcls

vf/kd gS] D;ksafd vÝhdk vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k esa

[kklrkSj ij ekal ds O;kikj ds fy, O;kid Lrj

ij bls fu'kkuk cuk;k tk jgk gSA

gkykafd iztkfr;ksa dh la[;k Hkwe.My ds

vyx&vyx {ks=ksa esa ?kV&c<+ jgh gS ¼i`"B 13 ij

ns[ksa½ vkSj ekuork ds c<+rs infpUgksa dk [krjk

lHkh iztkfr;ksa ij leku ugha gksrk blfy, bu

#>kuksa dk vkSlr djus ls tks vk'p;Ztud

rLohj lkeus vkrh gS mlds vuqlkj cgqr lhiztkfr;ksa dh cgqyrk esa O;kid deh gqbZ gSAlkoZHkkSfed tSo&fofo/krk dh n`f"V ls bl #>kudk ekuo dY;k.k ij nq"izHkko gksxkA euq"; LoLFkikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ,oa iztkfr;ksa dh mUufr ij ghvius fy, ikfjfLFkfrdh lsokvksa dks fujUrjlqfuf'pr dj ldrk gSA

fp= 20% i{kh thoar xzg lwpdkadAblesa 1970 ls 2005 ds chp 895 iztkfr;ksadh 2185 vkcknh esa &20 izfr’kr dk #>kuns[kk x;k gSA 'khrks".k rFkk m".kdfVca/kh;iztkfr;ksa dks leku egRo fn;k x;k gS rkfdfo’kky 'khrks".k vkadM+ksa dh HkjikbZ gks ldsA

fp= 21% Lru/kkjh thoar xzg lwpdkadA blesa 1970 ls 2005 ds chp 355 iztkfr;ksadh 1161 vkcknh esa vkSlru &19 izfr’kr dk#>ku ns[kk x;k gSA

uewus ds :i esa pquh x;h dfri;iztkfr;ksa dh vkcknh esa #>kuvkxkeh i`"B 13 ij 12 LFkyh;] leqnzhrFkk ehBs ikuh dh iztkfr;ksa ds #>kufn[kk;s x, gSa ftuls irk pyrk gS fdthoar xzg lwpdkad dh x.kuk djus dsfy, fdl izdkj ds vkadM+ksa dh t+:jriM+rh gSA fn;s x, mnkgj.kksa ls fofHkUuLFkkuksa esa i’kqvksa dh tula[;k ds #>kudh tkudkjh nh xbZ gS ysfdu ;gvko’;d ugha gS fd blls lHkh iztkfr;ksadh rLohj lkeus vk tk;sA,d ldkjkRed y{k.k ;g gS fd dqNiztkfr;ksa dh la[;k ;k rks fLFkj gaS ;kmudh la[;k c<+ jgh gS vkSj bldk dkj.kekWfj’kl dsLVªsy dh iqu% ’kq:vkr gksus tSlslaj{k.k mik;ksa dh lQyrk gS] ftlls gecgqr dqN lh[k ldrs gSaAnqHkkZX;o’k bu iztkfr;ksa dh vkcknh esa?kVrs gq, #>kuksa dh la[;k ls dqN ,slseqís mtkxj gksrs gSa ftUgsa gy djus dhvksj vHkh /;ku fn;k tkuk gSA ,slk gh,d eqík i;kZokl dk fouk’k gS tSlk fdcM+s iusos ¼CySd foaXM fLVYV½ dh ?kVrhla[;k ls iznf’kZr gksrk gSA nwljk eqíkizR;{k :i ls & dkaxks yksdrkaf=d x.kjkT;esa fgIiks iksVkel ds f’kdkj ;k Mk;e.McSdVsjkfiu ds ,sfrgkfld f’kdkj }kjk & ;kvizR;{k :i ls dqN eRL; ikyu i)fr;ksads ckbZdSp }kjk bu iztkfr;ksa dsvko’;drk ls vf/kd 'kks"k.k ls tqM+k gSAnwljs ekeys ds mnkgj.kksa esa Hkze.k’khy,YcVªkWl vkSj ykWxj gsM VVZy 'kkfey gSaAfVIi.kh% lHkh uewuk iztkfr;ksa ds xzkQ dk vk/kkj 'kwU; gSA

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

lwpdkad

¼1970¾1-0½

1970 1980 1990 2000 05

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

lwpdkad

¼1970¾1-0½

1970 1980 1990 2000 05

fp= 20% i{kh thoar xzg lwpdkad]1970&2005

i{kh lwpdkad

fo'okl dk Lrj

fp= 21% Lru/kkjh thoar xzg lwpdkad]1970&2005

Lru/kkjh lwpdkad

fo'okl dk Lrj


lk{;

ekWfj'kl dsLVªsy ¼QkYdksiaDVkVl½ ekWfj'kl

jsM gkoyj eadh ¼vYdksVk lsuhdqyl½ gkVks elkxqjky] xkSfjdks LVsV] osusTosyk

,yhxsaV QSV&VsYM vksiksle ¼Fkkbykel ,ysxkUl½ ykl fpafdykl us'kuy fjt+oZ] vkWdks] fpyh

xsz VªhÝkWx ¼gk;yk olhZdyj½] dksuflu] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk

lnuZ jkbV g~osy ¼;wckfyuk vkWLVªfyl½] fgUn egklkxj ¼nf{k.kh vÝhdk dk nf{k.kh rV½

Hkze.k'khy vycVªkWl ¼Mk;ksehfM;k ,Dtwykal½] nf{k.k vVykafVd egklkxj ¼cMZ vkbZyS.M] nf{k.k tkWftZ;k½

ykWxjgsM dNqvk ¼ØsV~Vk ØssV~Vk½] nf{k.k iz'kkar egklkxj ¼ozsd vkbZyS.M] vkLVªsfy;k½

g~osy 'kkdZ ¼jkbdksMkWu Vk;il½] fgUn egklkxj ¼vUMeku lkxj] FkkbZyS.M½

CySd foaXM fLVYV ¼fgekuVksil fgekuVksil½] iwohZ vkLVªsfy;k

dksgks lyeksu ¼vksadksjkbul fdlwp½] ;wdsu unh] vykLdk vesfjdk

Mk;e.McSd Vsjkfiu ¼ekykDysehl Vsjkfiu½] dkbZok unh] nf{k.k dSjksfyuk] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk

ghIiksiksVkel ¼ghIiksiksVkel ,EQhfc;l½] dkaxks yksdrkaf=d x.kjkT;

vkc

knh dk U;

wure

vkd

kj

160

1970 2005 1970 2005 1970 2005

1970 2005 1970 2005 1970 2005

1970 2005 1970 2005 1970 2005

1970 20051970 20051970 2005

160 60,000

5,0002,000350

10

5 2

800 400

30,000

xk;@

cNM+s d

k tksM

+k

if{k;k

sa dh la[;

k

tku

ojksa dh la[;

k

iztuu

tksM

+ksa dh la[;

k

eNfy

;ksa d

h la[;

k

izpqjr

k dh la[;

k

?kksal

yksa dh la[;

k

tku

ojksa dh la[;

k

lki

s{k i

zpqjr

k lwpdkad

tku

ojksa dh la[;

k ¼l

a;qDr

iz;kl

½

tku

ojksa dh la[;

k


jk"Vªksa ds ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg

n

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;w-,l-,-

dqoSr

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kk gsj

t+sXkkso

huk

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fu;k

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kcqy

xkfj

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rqdhZ

;wdjsu

fo'o

bZjku

lÅ

nh v

jclsjfc;

k rF

kk ek

suVSux

zksvtZuV

huk

lwMku

eysf'k;

kczk

ft+y

dksLVk

jhd

kek

fj'kl

vyck

fu;k

bDosM

ksjvt+jc

stku

Fkkb

ZySaM

Vªhu

hMkM

rFkk Vk

scSxks

cksfy

fo;k

phu

oSf'od

gSDV

s;lZ i

zfr O;fDr

fufeZr Hkwfe

eNyh idM+us ;ksX; Hkwfe

taxy

pjkxkg

Qly ;ksX; Hkwfe

dkcZu infpUg

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

fp= 22% ns’k ds vuqlkj izfr O;fDr ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg] 2005 ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUgksa }kjk tSoe.My ij] tSfodn`f"V ls mRiknd Hkwfe] vius lalk/kuksa dh izkfIrgsrq vko';d leqnz rFkk dpjs ds fuiVku gsrq ds:i esa] ekuork dh ekaxksa dh iSekb'k dh tkrh gSA2005 esa lkoZHkkSfed ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg izfrO;fDr 17-5 yk[k oSf'od gsDVs;j ¼th,p,½ ;kizfr O;fDr 2-7 th,p, Fkk ¼oSf'od gsDVs;j dkvFkZ gS lalk/ku mRiUu djus vkSj dpjs dkfuiVku djus dh fo'o dh vkSlr {kerk;qDr ,dgsDVs;j Hkwfe½A vkiwfÙkZ ds Lrj ij dqy mRiknd;k tSo{kerk;qDr 13-6 yk[k th,p, ;k 2-1th,p, izfr O;fDr FkkA

fdlh ns'k dk infpUg mlds fuokfl;ksa ds fy;svko';d Ñf"k Hkwfe] pjkxkg Hkwfe] ou rFkk eRL;ikyu {ks= tks mi;qDr Hkkstu] js'kk] ydM+h vkfnoLrq,a miyC/k djkrh gSa vkSj ÅtkZ mRiUu djus esaizkIr dpjs dk vo'kks"k.k djrh gSa rFkk voLFkkiukds fy, vko';d LFkku miyC/k djkrh gSa] bu

lHkh dk ;ksx gksrk gSA pwafd yksx nqfu;k Hkj dslalk/kuksa vkSj HkkSxksfyd lsokvksa dk ykHk mBkrs gSamuds infpUg bu lHkh {ks=ksa dk ;ksx gksrs gSa] Hkysgh os Hkwe.My ij dgha Hkh fLFkr gksa ¼fp= 22½A

xr o"kks± esa ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg [kkrksa esa ,dvfrfjDr ?kVd 'kkfey gksrk Fkk ftlls ijek.kqfo|qr la;a=ksa }kjk iSnk fctyh dks n'kkZ;k tkrkFkkA i)fr laca/kh folaxfr;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy,bl ?kVd dks vc [kkrksa esa 'kkfey ugha fd;ktkrkA bldk ;g rkRi;Z ugha gS fd ijek.kq ÅtkZds bLrseky esa dksbZ tksf[ke ugha gksrk ;k ifjos'kij dksbZ ekax ugha vkrh] cfYd bu tksf[keksa vkSjekaxksa dks tSo{kerk ds fglkc ls lgtrk lsvfHkO;Dr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

ekuork ds infpUgksa us i`Foh dh dqy tSo{kerkdk loZizFke 1980 esa vfrØe.k fd;k Fkk( blvlarqyu esa rHkh ls o`f) gks jgh gS ¼fp= 23½A2005 esa ekax] vkiwfrZ ls 30 izfr'kr vf/kd FkhA

yksx izÑfr&iznÙk dbZ lsokvksa dk bLrseky djrsgSaA ;fn nks ;k nks ls vf/kd lsok,a ijLij vuqdwy


lk{;

n

n

n

n

n

n

gksa vkSj ,d gh {ks= ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gksa rksml {ks= dks infpUg esa dsoy ,d gh ckj fxuktk;sxkA tc lsok,a ,d gh {ks= esa lkFk&lkFkekStwn u gksa rks fdlh ,d lsok ds fy, dh tkusokyh ekax dks iwjk djus ds fy, tSo{kerk dsvf/kd bLrseky dk rkRi;Z gS fd vU; yksxksa dh ekax dks iwjk djus ds fy, de tSo{kerkmiyC/k gksxhA

2005 esa ekuork us tSoe.My ij lcls cM+h tksekax j[kh Fkh og Fkh mldk dkcZu infpUg] ftlesa1961 ls 10 xquk ls vf/kd o`f) gks pqdh FkhA bl?kVd esa leqnz }kjk vo'kksf"kr fd;s tkus okys va'kds vykok thok'e bZa/ku ds mi;ksx ls fudyus okyhdkcZu Mk;vkWDlkbM rFkk Hkwfe dk vlarqyu gSA

vc ns[ksa fd fdu ns'kksa us /kjrh ij lcls vf/kdekax j[kh vkSj le;kuqlkj blesa fdl izdkjifjorZu gq,A 2005 esa vesfjdk vkSj phu dsinfpUg lcls cM+s FksA izR;sd esa xzg dh tSo{kerkdk 21 izfr'kr yxk gqvk FkkA phu esa Hkh vesfjdkdh rqyuk esa izfr O;fDr infpUg de Fkk] ysfdutula[;k 4 xquk T;knk FkhA Hkkjr ds infpUg dh

yEckbZ nwljs uEcj ij Fkh( blesa /kjrh dh dqytSo{kerk dk 7 izfr'kr dk bLrseky gqvk FkkAfp= 24 ls irk pyrk gS fd bu jk"Vªh; infpUgksaesa le; ds lkFk dSls o`f) gqbZ gSA

fp= 22% ns’k ds vuqlkj izfr O;fDr

ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUgA

bl rqyuk esa nl yk[k ls vf/kd vkcknh okyslHkh ns'k 'kkfey gSa] ftlds fy, iwjs vkadM+smiyC/k gSaAfp= 23% ?kVd ds vuqlkj ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUgA

infpUgksa dks ns'kksa dh la[;k ds Øe esa n’kkZ;kx;k gSA likV gjh js[kk }kjk n’kkZ;h xbZ dqytSo{kerk ges’kk ,d xzg /kjrh ds cjkcj gksrhgS] gkykafd mixzg dh tSooSKkfud mRikndrk izfro"kZ cnyrh jgrh gSA gkbMªksikoj esa fufeZr Hkwfe vkSj ou ?kVd ds fy, b±/ku dh ydfM+;ka'kkfey gSaAfp= 24% ns'kksa dh ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUgA

mu ns’kksa ds fy, le;kUrj esa infpUg o`f)]ftudk 2005 esa dqy infpUg lcls vf/kd FkkA

2005 esa] oSf'od :i ls miyC/k tSo{kerk izfr O;fDr 2-1 oSf'od gsDVs;j Fkh

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

;wukbfVM

fdaxMe

Ýkal

teZuh

eSfDldks

czkft+y

tkiku

jf'k;u

Q+SMjs'ku

Hkkjr

phu

;w-,l-,-

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

fp= 23% ?kVd ds vuqlkj ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg] 1961&2005

fp= 24% ns’k ds vuqlkj ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg] 1961&2005

fufeZr Hkwfe

eNyh idM+us ;ksX; Hkwfe

taxy

pjkxkg

Qly ;ksX; Hkwfe

dkcZu infpUg/kjrh

mix

zgksa d

h la[;

k

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 05

/kjrh

mix

zgksa d

h la[;

k

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 05

fo'o dh tSo{kerk

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tSo{kerk

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25

20

15

10

5

0

fp= 25% ns’k ds vuqlkj izfr O;fDr tSo{kerk rFkk lkis{k infpUg] 2005

izfr

O;fDr

miy

C/k t

So{ke

rk ¼Xy

kscy g

sDVs;j

½

infpUg dh rqyuk esa 150 izfr'kr ls vf/kd tSo{kerk

infpUg dh rqyuk esa 100&150 izfr'kr ls vf/kd tSo{kerk



tSo{kerk dh rqyuk esa 0&50 izfr'kr ls vf/kd infpUg



tSo{kerk dh rqyuk esa 150 izfr'kr ls vf/kd infpUg

jk"Vªh; infpUg ls lacaf/kr miyC/k jk"Vªh; tSo{kerk

oSf'od :i ls ijLij fuHkZj vFkZO;oLFkk esa yksxnwj&nwj ls ikfjfLFkfrdh tSo{kerk dk bLrsekydjus yxs gSaA tc phu ratkfu;k ls ydM+heaxokrk gS ;k ;wjksi czkft+y esa iys i'kqvksa dk ekalvk;kr djrk gS rks ;s ns'k ogka dh vkcknh }kjkmiHkksx fd;s tk jgs lalk/ku izkIr djus gsrq viuhlhekvksa ls ckgj dh tSo{kerk ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaaAtSo{kerk dk forj.k fo'o esa leku ugha gksrkAvf/kdre tSo{kerk okys 8 ns'kksa] la;qDr jkT;vesfjdk] czkft+y] :l] phu] dukMk] Hkkjr]vtsZafVuk vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k esa fo'o dh dqytSo{kerk dk 50 izfr'kr Hkkx gS ¼fp= 27½A

fdlh ns'k ;k {ks= ds ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg dkfu/kkZj.k mldh tSo{kerk ls ugha cfYd mldhmiHkksx&fof/k vkSj vkcknh }kjk fd;k tkrk gS ¼fp= 26½A lcls vf/kd tSo{kerk okys vkB esa lsrhu ns'k & vesfjdk] phu vkSj Hkkjr &ikfjfLFkfrdh ds dt+Znkj ns'k gSa] ftuds jk"Vªh;infpUg mudh [kqn dh tSfod {kerk ls vf/kdgSaA vU; ik¡p ns'k dt+Znkrk gSaA

fp= 25 esa fofHkUu ns'kksa dh izfr O;fDr tSo{kerkdh rqyuk n'kkZ;h x;h gSA blls ;g Hkh Kkr gksrk

gS fd fdl ns'k dh tSo{kerk mlds infpUg dhrqyuk esa vf/kd ;k de gSA izfr O;fDr vf/kdretSo{kerk rhu ns'kksa & xkcksu] dukMk vkSjcksfyfo;k & esa ls dsoy dukMk dh izfr O;fDrinfpUg vkSlr ls vf/kd gSaA fQj Hkh mldh [kqndh lhek ds Hkhrj miyC/k tSo{kerk de gSAnwljh vksj izfr O;fDr 13-9 th,p, dh lkrosauEcj dh vkSlr tSo{kerk ds lkFk dkaxks dk izfrO;fDr vkSlr infpUg 0-5 th,p, gS] tks nlyk[k ls vf/kd vkcknh okys lHkh ns'kksa esa ls lclsNksVs ns'kksa esa pkSFks LFkku ij gSA

rFkkfi] dt+Znkj ns'kksa dh la[;k c<+ jgh gSA 1961esa vf/kdka'k ns'kksa dh tSo{kerk muds ikfjfLFkfrdhinfpUgksa ls vf/kd Fkh vkSj fo'o esa ikfjfLFkfrdhdk fo'kq) vkjf{kr Hk.Mkj FkkA 2005 rd dbZ ns'kvkSj lewph ekuork ikfjfLFkfrdh dt+Znkj gks xbZvkSj mudh tSo{kerk dh rqyuk esa infpUg vf/kdcM+s gks x;sA

ikfjfLFkfrdh dtZ+nkj ns'k lalk/kuksa dh iquZLFkkiunj dh vis{kk vius Lo;a ds lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksxrsth ls djds nwljs ns'kksa ls lalk/kuksa dk vk;krdjrs vkSj gfjr x`g xSlksa ds fy, fo'o&okrkoj.k


lk{;

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dks dpjs ds Lo:i ls bLrseky djds gh vius[kir Lrj dks dk;e j[k ldrs gaSA

tSo{kerk izkÑfrd ?kVukvksa vkSj ekuoh;fØ;kdykiksa nksuksa ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA mnkgj.k dsfy,] tyok;q ifjorZu ls ouksa dh tSo{kerk esadeh vk ldrh gS D;ksafd lw[ks vkSj xeZ ekSle lsvkx yxus vkSj dhM+ksa ds QSyus dh laHkkouk c<+tkrh gSA dqN Ñf"kxr i)fr;ksa ls Hkwfe {kj.k ;kued dh ek=k c<+us ls tSo{kerk esa deh vkrhgSA izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ds vf/kd bLrseky vkSjdeh dh otg ls ikfjfLFkfrdh lsokvksa esa LFkk;hdeh vk ldrh gS] vU; LFkkuksa ls vk;kr djus dhlaHkkouk gksus ls ns'k dh vk;kr ij fuHkZjrk c<+ldrh gS vkSj Hkkoh fodkl ds fodYi can gksldrs gSaA blds foijhr] tSo{kerk dslko/kkuhiwoZd izca/ku ls ns'k vius fodYiksa dksdk;e j[k ldrk gS vkSj Hkfo"; ds vkfFkZd vkSji;kZoj.k laca/kh >Vdksa ls viuh j{kk lqfuf'prdj ldrk gSA

vlarqyu ls ifjiw.kZ bl lalkj esa tSo{kerk dsvleku forj.k ij fo'o ds lalk/kuksa ds caVokjsdks ysdj jktuSfrd vkSj uSfrd iz'u [kM+s gksrs gSaA

blds ckotwn] ;g Li"V gS fd vU; yksxksa dstSfod {kerk ij c<+rh fuHkZjrk dh otg lsikfjfLFkfrdh dt+Znkrk ns'kksa dks c<+rs tksf[ke dklkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA blds foijhrikfjfLFkfrdh vkjf{kr Hk.Mkj okys ns'k viuhtSfod lEink dks ,d ykHkdkjh lEifÙk ds :i esans[k ldrs gSa ftuls mUgsa bl vfuf'priw.kZ lalkjesa egRoiw.kZ ykHk gks ldrk gSA

fp= 25% ns’k ds vuqlkj izfr O;fDrtSo{kerkA

bl rqyuk esa nl yk[k ls vf/kd vkcknh okysmu lHkh ns’kksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS ftudsiwjs vkadM+s miyC/k gSaA fp= 26% {ks= ds vuqlkj tSo{kerk vkSjikfjfLFkfrdh infpUgA

fdlh {ks= dh tSo{kerk ¼Bksl LraHk½ vkSj mldsinfpUg ¼fcUnq okyh js[kk½ ds chp dk vUrjmldk ikfjfLFkfrdh vkjf{kr Hk.Mkj ¼$½ ;k ?kkVk¼&½ gksrk gSAfp= 27% jk"Vªh; tSo{kerk okys izeq[k nl ns’kA

ek= nl ns’kksa ds ikl i`Foh xzg dh 55 izfr’krls vf/kd tSo{kerk gSA

a

;w-,l-,-

czkft+y

:l

phu

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vU;

mÙkjh vesfjdk;wjksi uku- bZ;wysfVu vesfjdk rFkkn dSjsfc;u;wjksi bZ;wvÝhdkeè; iwoZ rFkk eè;,f'k;k,f'k;k iSlhfQd

infpUg

fp= 26% {ks= ds vuqlkj tSo{kerk vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg] 2005

fp= 27% jk"Vªh; tSo{kerk okys izeq[k nl ns’k] 2005

tSo{kerk

oSf'o

d g

sDVs;j

lZ i

zfr O;f

Dr

10

8

6

4

2

0

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+2.26

+2.36

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-1.04

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3,56236

6902

487

55324

0330

tula[;k ¼fefy;u½

ikfjfLFkfrdh vkjf{krHk.Mkj ¼$½ ;k ?kkVk ¼&½

11.2%

10.1%

8.7% 8.5%

4.8%

3.4%2.4%2.3%2.3%1.8%

44.5%

2005 esa] oSf'od :i ls miyC/k tSo{kerk izfr O;fDr 2-1 oSf'od gsDVs;j Fkh


ty [kir dk infpUg

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fp= 28% ns’k ds vuqlkj izfr O;fDr ty [kir dk infpUg] 1997&2001 fdlh ns'k dk ty infpUg mlds fuokfl;ksa }kjk

oLrq vkSj lsok,a rS;kj djus ds fy, lkoZHkkSfed

:i esa [kir fd;s tkus okys ty dh dqy ek=k

gksrh gSA blesa ufn;ksa] >hyksa vkSj lzksrksa ¼lrgh

rFkk Hkwfexr ty½ ls fy;k tkus okyk ty

ftldk bLrseky d`f"k] m|ksx vkSj ?kjsyw iz;kstuksa

ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS rFkk cjlkrh ty ftldk

mi;ksx Qly mXkkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS]

'kkfey gksrk gSA ty infpUg ikfjfLFkfrdh

infpUg ds leku gksrk gS% ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg

esa vkcknh }kjk oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks rS;kj djus

ds fy, bLrseky gksus okys dqy mRiknd {ks= dh

x.kuk dh tkrh gS tcfd ty infpUg esa mUgha

oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds fy, visf{kr ty dh ek=k

dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA

ns'k dk dqy ty infpUg nks va'kksa ls cuk gksrk

gSA vkUrfjd ty infpUg ns'k ds Hkhrj rS;kj

gksus okyh vkSj [kir fd;s tkus okys oLrqvksa vkSj

lsokvksa ds fy, vko';d ty dh ek=k gksrh gSA

ckgjh ty infpUg vk;kfrr oLrqvksa dh [kir

ls iSnk gksrs gSa] nwljs 'kCnksa esa] fu;kZr djus okys

ns'k esa oLrqvksa ds mRiknu esa bLrseky gksus okyk

ty bl Js.kh esa vkrk gSA fdlh ns'k ds fu;kZrksa

dks mlds ty infpUg ds fgLls ds :i esa

'kkfey ugha fd;k tkrkA

izfr

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fo'o Hkj esa ckgjh ty infpUg vkSlr O;fDr ds

ty infpUg dk 16 izfr'kr gksrk gS gkykafd ns'kksa

ds Hkhrj rFkk fHkUu&fHkUu ns'kksa ds chp blesa dkQh

varj gksrk gSA 27 ns'kksa dk ckgjh ty infpUg

,slk gS tks muds dqy infpUgksa ds 50 izfr'kr ls

vf/kd cSBrk gSA fo'o dk vkSlr ty infpUg

izfr O;fDr izfr o"kZ 12-4 yk[k yhVj gS( tks

vksyafid rj.krky ds vk/ks ?kuRo ds cjkcj gSA

ty infpUg dk izHkko iwjh rjg bl ckr ij

fuHkZj djrk gS fd ty dgk¡ ls vkSj dc fudkyk

x;k gSA ty ds izpqjrk okys {ks= esa ty ds

bLrseky dk lekt ;k i;kZoj.k ij dksbZ foijhr

vlj gksus dh laHkkouk ugha gksrh] tcfd igys ls

gh ty dh fdYyr ls tw> jgs {ks= esa mlh Lrj

ij ty dk mi;ksx djus ls ufn;k¡ lw[k ldrh gSa

vkSj rRlaca/kh tSo fofo/krk dh ,oa thfodk lk/kuksa

ds lkFk&lkFk ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa dk fouk'k gks

ldrk gSA

ty infpUgksa dk ckáhdj.k] fdlh vkUrfjd ty

dh deh okys ns'k ds fy;s izHkko'kkyh mik; gks

ldrk gS] ij ,slh n'kk esa i;kZoj.kh; nq"izHkkoksa dk

Hkh ckáhdj.k gks tk;sxkA oLrqr% ty O;kikj]

ty lalk/kuksa ds izca/ku esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx dh

vko';drk dh iwjh vis{kk j[krk gS( fo'ks"kr% ,slh

n'kk esa tc fo'o dh 263 cM+h ufn;ka] >hysa rFkk

lSdM+ksa vU; ty lzksr ns'kksa dh lhek,a yka?krs gSaA

• ,,dd ffddyykkssxxzzkkee xxkksseekkaall ddss ffyy,, 1155]]550000 yyhhVVjj%% ekal] nw/k] peM+s vkSjvU; i’kq mRiknksa ij Ñf"k esa mi;ksx gksusokys oSf'od ty dk 23 izfr’kr ikuhbLrseky gksrk gS] tks 1150 yhVj izfr O;fDr izfrfnu ls vf/kd gksrk gSA

• ,,dd ffddyykkssxxzzkkee xxUUuuss ddss ffyy,, 11550000 yyhhVVjj iikkuuhh%% vkSlr O;fDr izfr fnu 70xzke phuh dk bLrseky djrk gS] tks100 yhVj ty ds opqZvy okVj daVsUV ds cjkcj gksrh gS vkSj QlymRiknu esa ikuh ds oSf'od mi;ksx dk 3-4 izfr’kr xUus ds [kkrs esa tkrk gSA

ty O;kikjfdlh mRikn dk ty infpUg ml mRikn dksmRiUu djus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k x;k dqyehBk ty gS ftldk miHkksx lexz mRiknuJà[kyk esa gksrk gSA bls dHkh&dHkh mRikn dkokLrfod tyka'k ¼opqZvy okVj daVsUV½ dgktkrk gSA vf/kd ikuh dh vko’;drk okysinkFkZ tSls ekal] nqX/k mRikn] phuh vkSjdikl ds fy, ikuh dh c<+rh ekax dsQyLo#i ehBs ty lalk/kuksa ij oSf'od nckoc<+ jgk gSA

• 22990000 yyhhVVjj iizzffrr llwwrrhh ddeehhtt%% dikl dhQly ds mRiknu esa oSf'od ty dk 3-7izfr’kr ty bLrseky gksrk gS tks 120yhVj izfr O;fDr izfr fnu gksrk gSA


mRiknu dk ty infpUg

l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

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dEc

ksfM;k

V~;wfu

f'k;

kxzhl

cqYxk

fj;k

gaxjh

lÅ

nh v

jc

1,800

1,600

1,400

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

fp= 29% ns’k ds vuqlkj mRiknu ds dqy ty infpUg] 1997&2005

izfr

o"kZ 3

?ku

fdykse

hVj

izfr

o"kZ 3

?ku

fdykse

hVj

okilh izokg

uhyk ty

gjk ty

100 izfr'kr ls vf/kd ¼xaHkhj ncko½

40&100 izfr'kr ¼xaHkhj ncko½

20&40 izfr'kr ¼e/;e ncko½

5&20 izfr'kr ¼ekewyh ncko½

5 izfr'kr ls de

uhys ty lalk/kuksa dkncko

fVIi.kh% ck;ha vksj ds pkVZ dk iSekuknk;ha vksj ds pkVZ ds iSekus ls 10 xqukvf/kd gSA

fdlh Hkh ns'k esa ogka [kir esa vkus okyh ;kfu;kZfrr oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds mRiknu ds fy,ty dh vko';drk gksrh gSA mRiknu tyinfpUg ns'k esa ?kjsyw] vkS|ksfxd rFkk Ñf"kxriz;kstuksa ds fy, iz;qDr gksus okys leLr ty dkfglkc gksrk gS Hkys gh mu mRiknuksa dh okLrfod[kir dgha Hkh gksA

ty infpUg esa ty dh rhu izdkj dh fdLesagksrh gSa ftUgsa uhyk] gjk vkSj /kwlj ty infpUgksads :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA gjk ty infpUg /kjrhesa lafpr cjlkrh ty dh ek=k gksrh gS ftldkQly okys [ksrksa ls ok"ihdj.k gksrk gSA uhyk tyinfpUg ty fudk;ksa ls fudkys x;s rkts ty dh

ek=k gksrh gS ftldk bLrseky gksrk gS vkSj tksokil ugha vkrkA ;g eq[; :i ls Qly okys[ksrksa ls flapkbZ ty ds ok"ihdj.k }kjk ladfyrgksrh gSA /kwlj ty infpUg mRiknu izfØ;k dsQyLo#i iznwf"kr ty dh ek=k gksrh gSA bldhx.kuk ml ty dh ek=k ds fglkc ls dh tkrhgS ftlds iznwf"kr ty esa feykus ls mldhxq.koÙkk Lohdk;Z Lrj rd igqap tk,A

mRiknu ds ty infpUg dk mi;ksx ns'k ds tylalk/kuksa ij iM+us okys ncko dh tkap djus dsfy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA uhys ty lzksrksa ijiM+usokys ncko dh x.kuk] okf"kZd vk/kkj ij ikuhds dqy mRiknu infpUgksa esa ls gjs infpUg dks?kVkdj mlds dqy iqu% vkiwfrZ gksus okys tylzksrksa ds vuqikr ls vkdfyr fd;k tkrk gSAyxHkx 50 ns'k vkt iwjs o"kZi;±r jgus okyslk/kkj.k ls ysdj ty ncko dk lkeuk dj jgs gSa]tcfd vusdksa o"kZ ds dqN eghuksa esa ty dh dehls izHkkfor jgrs gSaA vU; ns'kksa esa] uhys ikuh ijo"kZHkj gksus okyk ncko gYdk jgrk gS] tks ladsrdjrk gS fd mfpr LFkkuksa ij flapkbZ }kjk ogka


lk{;

l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

eksT+e

fcd

dksfj

;k Mhi

hvkj

lsusxy

cqjdhu

k Qkl

kspSM

vt+jc

stku

ft+Ec

kcos

fpyh

iqrZxky

csfYt

;e

rFkk yXt

+ecxZ

pSd fji

-ey

koh

fØxhLrku

XokV

sekyk

Mksfe

fudu fji

-csf

uu

vaxksy

kck

sfYo;

kisj

kxqos

csykjl

;eu

Msuek

dZ

ykv

ks ih

Mhv

kjuhn

jySaM

ekynkso

k fji-

t+kafc

;k

yhfc

;k

LohM

ujo

kaMk

iiwvk U;

w xwbu

kgk

saMwjl gSr

hlkse

kfy;k

czwaMh

dksLVk jhdk

Vksx

ksfQ

+uySaM

vkWfL

Vª;k

,y l

syok

Mksj

fudkjxqvk

tkft

Z;k

fl,j

k fy

;ksu

seè

; v

Ýhd

u fji

-ykb

csfj;

kek

WjhVsfu

;k

xq;ku

kvyck

fu;k

vje

sfu;k

ukWo

sZfy

Fkwfu

;k

fLoV

t+jy

SaMiu

kek

btjk;y

yscu

kuteSd

ktkM

ZuLo

kthy

SaMvkse

kufQ

+th

xSafc

;k

xSck

suyVfo

;k

ueh

fc;k

ekjh'kl

lwjhuke

HkwVku

fVªuhM

kM r

Fkk Vksc

Sxks

csyht

+lkb

izlck

sRlok

uk

dqoSr

dsi

oMhZ

drj

cgjsu

ckjc

kMksl

vkb

ZlySaM

ekWYV

k

Ñf"k mRiknuksa esa o`f) dh {kerk gSA rFkkfi]'kD;rk dh n`f"V ls vfrfjDr ty fudkyus dsfy, ty dh ekSleh miyC/krk rFkk ty dkmi;ksx djus dk vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa ij bldslaHkkfor izHkko dks /;ku esa j[kuk gksxkA

oSf'od :i ls ty dh vR;Ur ;k ekSleh deh lsizHkkfor yksxksa dh la[;k tyok;q ifjorZu vkSjc<+rh ekaxksa ds dkj.k cgqr vf/kd c<+us dhlaHkkouk gSA bl lanHkZ esa] ty lzksrksa ij [kk| vkSjjs'ks ds mRiknu ls gksus okys izHkko dks le>ukijeko';d gS rkfd yksxksa vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksads fy, ty dh i;kZIr vkiwfrZ lqfuf'pr dh tk ldsA

ffVVIIii..kkhh%% dbZ ns’kksa ds fy, vkadM+ksa ds lhfer gksus dsdkj.k /kwlj ty dks okilh izokg }kjk mRiknu dsinfpUg dh x.kuk esa j[kk x;k gS% d`f"k] m|ksx ;k?kjsyw dk;ks± esa bLrseky gksus ds ckn Hkwry tyfudk;ksa esa igqapus okys ikuh dks okilh izokg ekukx;k gSA

fp= 30% ty infpUg ds ?kVd

lzksr

Hkwryh; rFkkHkwfexr ty

e`nk ueh

ty fudklh

m|ksx

?kjsyw ty

flafpr Ñf"k

o"kkZ vk/kkfjr d`f"k

/kwlj ty

uhyk ty

gjk ty

mRiknksa esa ty fu;kZr

iqufuZ;kZr

mRiknksa esa ty vk;kr

vkUrfjd¼84 izfr'kr½

cká¼16 izfr'kr½

dqy mRiknu tyinfpUg

O;kikj dqy [kir dkty infpUg


fn'kk ifjorZu% ogu{kerk dh vksj

;fn mRiknu dh rqyuk esa [kir esa o`f) tkjh jghrks Hkfo"; D;k gksxk\

ns'kksa ds tyok;q laca/kh varjkZT;h; iSuy usvuqekfur fd;k gS fd] okrkoj.k esa gksus okykdkcZu mRltZu] nzqr vkfFkZd mUufr rFkk ÅtkZlzksrksa ds larqfyr feJ.k ds ifjizs{; esa lu~ 2050rd nqxqus ls Hkh vf/kd gks tk,xkA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k ds lk/kkj.k vuqeku ds vuqlkj ;g izrhrgksrk gS fd fo'o dh vkcknh bl vof/k esa 90vjc ls vf/kd igqap tk,xhA ,Q-,-vks- dsvkdyu ds vuqlkj Hkh [kk|kUu] js'ks vkSj oumRiknksa dh [kir esa o`f) n'kkZbZ xbZ gSA bldsvykok] ;fn orZeku izca/ku ;kstuk,a tkjh jgh rks2050 rd eRL; ikyu esa 90 izfr'kr ls vf/kddh deh vk tk,xhA

fp= 31 ls ekuork ds infpUg ds fy, buifjn`’;ksa dk e/; 'krkCnh rd gksus okyk izHkkofn[kk;k x;k gSA ;fn Ñf"k mit esa orZeku

iSnkokj dh nj tkjh jgh rks Hkh] 2030 rd]orZeku 30 izfr'kr dk vlarqyu 100 izfr'kr rdigqap tk,xkA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ekuo dslalk/kuksa dh ekax vkSj dpjk mRiknu esa lkeatL;j[kus ds fy, i`Foh tSls nks xzgksa ds leku tSfod{kerk dh vko';drk gksxhA

O;kikj esa ;FkkfLFkfr dk ifjn`’; dêj gksrk gSD;ksafd blesa vizR;kf'kr nq[kn vk'p;ks± dh dksbZifjdYiuk ugha gksrh] tSls ehBs ty ds vHkko esatSo{kerk ds uqdlku dk u gksuk] tyok;q ifjorZudks VwVus dh dxkj rd igqapus ls jksdus ds fy,dksbZ QhMcSd ra= dk u gksuk] iznw"k.k ls uqdlkuu gksuk rFkk ,sls vU; fdlh dkjd dk izko/kku ugksuk ftlds dkj.k tSo{kerk esa deh vk ldrhgksA ysfdu ,sls ladsr feyrs gSa fd bl izdkj dhifjdYiukvksa dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk( mnkgj.k ds fy, e/kqefD[k;ksa dh orZeku la[;k esadeh dh otg ls iwjs fo'o esa mu Qlyksa dk uk'k

gks ldrk gS ftuesa ijkx.k dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA

;g vlarqyu ftrus yEcs le; rd tkjh jgsxkikfjfLFkfrdh lsokvksa ij mruk gh vf/kd nckoiM+sxk rFkk ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ds u"V gksus dk[krjk c<+rk tk;sxk vkSj mRikndrk esa LFkk;hdeh vkus dh laHkkouk cuh jgsxhA oSKkfud Hkh]ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= esa VwVus ds dxkj rd igqapusokyh lglk gksus okyh nzqr fxjkoV dk lghvuqeku ugha dj ldrs vkSj u gh ,rn~}kjk vU;ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa dks lg fouk'k ds dkj.kksa dkvuqeku dj ldrs gSaA rFkkfi] vf/kdrj yksx blckr ls lger gksaxs fd mRiknu vkSj [kir ds chpdk vUrj ftruk tYnh [kRe djuk laHko gksxk ;g[krjk mruk gh de gksxk vkSj blls ikfjfLFkfrdhra=ksa dks gq, uqdlku dh HkjikbZ 'kq: gks ldsxhA

lkSHkkX; ls euq"; bl fn'kk dks cny ldrk gSAdkjksckj dks ;Fkkor pykus ds ctk; gesa e/;

'krkCnh rd bl vUrj dks feVkus dk iz;kl djukpkfg,A MCyw-MCyw-,Q vius fofHkUu ogu{kerk vkSjckt+kjksa ds :ikUrj.k ds fØ;kdykiksa ds }kjk blifjorZu dks laHko cukus dk iz;kl dj jgk gS vkSjlkFk gh tyok;q ifjorZu ds ewy dkj.k ds :i easÅtkZ ds mi;ksx dks la;r djus dk iz;kl djjgk gSA fp= 32 esa fn[kk;k x;k gS fd Rofjr :ils mRiknu vkSj [kir esa vUrj u gksus lsikfjfLFkfrdh dtZ+ dh ek=k vkSj vof/k esa fdlizdkj o`f) gksus dh ctk; deh vk;sxhA ,sls jkLrsls ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ds iru dk tksf[ke de gksxkrFkk euq"; ds dY;k.k dks iz'kLr dj mlesa o`f)dh tk ldrh gSA bl izdkj ls tSo&fofo/krk dsgzkl dh orZeku rst nj dks de fd;k tk ldrkgS vkSj mls foijhr fn'kk esa eksM+k tk ldrk gSA

bl ikfjfLFkfrdh vUrj dks ikVus dk vFkZ gksxkekuork ds infpUg vkSj miyC/k tSo{kerk ds chpds vUrj dks lekIr djukA bl vUrj ds vkdkjdk fu/kkZj.k ik¡p dkjdksa }kjk gksrk gSA ¼fp= 33½

1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

01960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

fp= 31% O;kikfjd ;FkkfLFkfr dk ifjn`’; vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh; dtZ fp= 32% ogu{kerk dh vksj okilh

i`Foh

xzgk

sa dh la[;

k

i`Foh

xzgk

sa dh la[;

k

ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg

tSo{kerk

ikfjfLFkfrdh dtZ

ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg

tSo{kerk

ikfjfLFkfrdh dtZtSo{kerk ds vkjf{kr Hk.Mkj


ifjfLFkfr esa cnyko

ekax ds vuqlkj ;s infpUg] tula[;k] izR;sdO;fDr }kjk miHkksx fd;s tkus okyh oLrqvksa vkSjlsokvksa rFkk bu oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds lalk/kuksavkSj dpjs ds mRiknu&rhozrk ds leqPp; gSaAtula[;k] O;fDrxr [kir vkSj oLrqvksa rFkklsokvksa ds mRiknu esa iz;qDr lalk/kuksa ;k mRiknuds QyLo:i folftZr dpjs esa deh vkus lsinfpUg NksVs gks tkrs gSaA

vkiwfrZ ds vuqlkj] tSo{kerk dk fu/kkZj.k miyC/ktSfod mRiknd {ks=ksa ds ifjek.k vkSj ml {ks= dhmRikndrk }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA rFkkfi] mRiknuls o`f)] lalk/kuksa ds vf/kd iz;ksx ;k vf/kddpjk mRiknu ds ewY; ij gh gks ldrh gSA ;fn,slk gksrk gS rks vlarqyu laca/kh fo'kq) izHkko dkfu/kkZj.k djus ds fy, infpUg esa o`f) }kjk izkIrfd;s x, tSo{kerk laca/kh ykHk fdl va'k rdlek;ksftr gks lds gSa ;g Hkh /;ku esa j[kukgksxkA

,slh dbZ j.kuhfr;ka gSa ftuls izd`fr ij euq"; dhekax vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh {kerk dh miyC/krk dschp ds vUrj dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA buesaizR;sd j.kuhfr dks ikfjfLFkfrdh ogu{kerk ds jksdds :i esa tkuk tk ldrk gS ftlds }kjk O;kikjdh ikfjfLFkfrdh O;oLFkk dks ml fn'kk esa eksM+ktk, tgka bu lc ds la;qDr iz;klksa ls vlarqyudks lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gS ¼fp= 34½A

bl izdkj ds jksdksa dks la;ksftr djus dk ,drjhdk infpUg dk fu/kkZj.k djus okys rhuksadkjdksasa dks ,d nwljs ls tksM+uk gSA dfri;j.kuhfr;ka] tks izfr O;fDr [kir vkSj rduhdhjksdksa ls laca/k j[krh gSa & tSls Hkouksa dks vlaokghdjuk & mRiknu vkSj [kir ds vUrj dks dedjus esa 'kh?kz Qynk;h gksrs gSaA vU; j.kuhfr;ka &tSls os mik; ftuls tula[;k o`f) de gks vkSjifj.kker% o`f) foijhr gks tk, & vYikof/k esade izHkkoh gksrs gSa ij nh?kZdkyhu izHkko :i ls

bl vUrj esa fu;fer :i ls deh ykrs gSaA

,d jksd ds Hkhrj dbZ rjg ds gLr{ksi laHko gSaA,sls uxjksa dk fMt+k;u rS;kj djds O;fDrxr[kir dks de fd;k tk ldrk gS tgk¡ xkM+h ysdjtkus dh ctk; iSny py dj tkuk vf/kdlqfo/kktud gksA rduhdh vfo"dkjksa ls lalk/kuds mi;ksx dh dkjxjrk c<+ ldrh gS tSls laoknlaca/kh vko';drkvksa dks yS.Mykbu dh ctk;lsY;wyj Qksu ls iwjk djukA [kjkc gqbZ tehuksa dkiquokZlu djds Ñf"k iSnkokj dks c<+k;k tk ldrkgS rkfd Ñf"k foLrkj ls tqM+s gq, infpUgksa esaU;wure o`f) gksA

oSdfYid :i ls bu jksdksa ds mik;ksa dks izeq[k[kir Jsf.k;ksa ;Fkk Hkkstu] vkJ;] ifjogu] oLrqvksavkSj lsokvksa ds lkFk&lkFk tula[;k foLrkj dsvuqlkj Hkh viuk;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k dsfy,] Hkkstu ds infpUg esa ftl LFkku ls Hkkstuyk;k tkrk gS vkSj ftl n{krk ds lkFk mls

SC

EN

AR

IOS

fp= 33% vlarqyu dk fu/kkZj.k djus okys infpUg vkSj tSo {kerkA fp= 34% ogu{kerk laca/kh jksd vkSj vlarqyu dk var

1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

i`Foh

ds m

ixzgk

sa dh la[;

k

ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg

tSo{kerk

ikfjfLFkfrdh dt+Z

tSo{kerk ds vkjf{kr Hk.Mkj

vlarqyu lekIr djus laca/khj.kuhfr;ksa ds izfr

vo/kkj.kkRed iz;kl

2-1 th,p, izfrO;fDr (2005 oSf'od

tSo {kerk½

vkiwfrZ vkSj eakx ds chp varj %

vlarqyu

2-7 th,p, izfrO;fDr (2005

oSf'od infpUg½

{ks=Qy x tSo mRikndrk ¾ tSo{kerk(vkiwfrZ)

vkcknhizfr O;fDr

[kir lalk/ku laca/kh dpjs

dh c<+rh ek=k ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg

(ekax)x x =

LFkkuh; Lrj ij rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gS mldschp ds fj'rs dks le>dj Hkkstu ds infpUg esadeh ykbZ tk ldrh gSA vkoklh; vkSj O;kikfjdHkouksa dh ÅtkZ dkjxjrk dks Hkh izk;% ukVdh;gn rd c<+k;k tk ldrk gS vkSj vko';dlqfo/kkvkas dks muls tksM+k tk ldrk gS rkfd ,dra= ls fudyus okys dpjs dk bLrseky nwljs ra=ds fy, mi;ksxh gks ldsA

O;fDrxr iz;kl ,d nwljs dks Nksi nsrs gSa ftllsbl vlarqyu esa cgqr gn rd deh ykus ds fy,vkilh lg;ksx ls vftZr lek/kku ds volj iSnkgksrs gSaA ÅtkZ laj{k.k mik;ksa vkSj tSo bZa/ku dsfodYi [kkstus ls laca/kh yxHkx lHkh ikfjfLFkfrdhogu{kerk ds jksd lk/kuksa dh l{kerk esa o`f) gksik;sxhA dqN iz;kl vYidkfyd mís';ksa dh iwfrZds fy, gSa] tcfd nh?kZdkfyd mik;ksa ls blvlarqyu esa deh ykbZ tk ldrh gSA


ÅtkZ laca/kh pqukSrh

dks;yk] rsy rFkk izkÑfrd xSl tSls thok’e bZa/kuds ngu ls iSnk gksus okyh ÅtkZ 2005 esa oSf'odikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg dk yxHkx 45 izfr'kr FkhAthok’e bZa/kuksa ds tyus vkSj mlls tqM+s dkcZuMkbZvkWDlkbM ds /kq,a ds Lrj esa deh djukvko';d gS rkfd iwoZ vkS|ksfxd Lrj ls 20

lsaUVhxzsM ls vf/kd cnyko ds Lrj ds [krjukdtyok;q ifjorZu ls cpk tk ldsA

MCyw-MCyw-,Q- ds tyok;q leL;k gy¼DykbZesV lksY;w'kUl½ ds ekWMy ds iz;ksx }kjkfu'p;iwoZd vf/kd ogu{kerk okys ÅtkZ lzksrksa ,oarduhdksa esa ifjorZu }kjk oSf'od ÅtkZ lsokvksa dhlu~ 2050 dh ekaxksa dks fcuk gfjr x`g xSlksa dsmRltZu esa i;kZIr deh djus dh laHkkoukvksa dhtkap dh x;h gSA

ekWMy esa rhu lekukarj j.kuhfr;ka viukbZ xbZ gSaAm|ksxksa] Hkouksa vkSj lHkh izdkj ds ifjogu lk/kuksa

esa lexz ÅtkZ dh ekax dks lu~ 2025 rd fLFkjdjuk( ok;q] ty] lkSj ,oa rkih; rFkk tSo ÅtkZtSls uohuhÑr gks ldus okyh ÅtkZ dsmi;ksx esa o`f) rFkk ijEijkxr :i ls ÅtkZlk/kuksa vkSj m|ksxksa esa iz;qDr gksus okys thok"eb±/ku esa ls dkcZu dks vyx djuk vkSj mldkHk.Mkj.k djuk] vkSj ckdh mRltZuksa dks Hkh/khjs&/khjs de djukA blds vfrfjDr varfje mik;ds :i esa xSl ds cqycqys rS;kj dj lu~ 2010 ls2040 rd] xSl ds mi;ksx esa o`f) djukA ¼i`"B 25 ckWDl ns[ksa½

orZeku esa miyC/k ÅtkZ lzksrksa rFkk mu lzksrksa dkstks O;kikfjd :i ls vuqdwy gksa ;k ftuds fudVHkfo"; esa vuqdwy gksus dh vk'kk dh tk ldrh gS]ds gh iz;ksx esa lfEefyr djus ls ÅtkZ jksd dsmik; fu'p; gh fDy"V gSaA izR;sd rduhdh lslacaf/kr la/kku ,oa tksf[ke] fØ;kZUo;u esa gksus

okyh eq[; ck/kk,a] lekt }kjk Lohdkjus dhlaHkkouk,a rFkk lacaf/kr ykxr] mUur izkS|ksfxdh dsfodYi dks lhfer djus vFkok izsfjr djus dsdkjd gSaA

fp= 35 eas tyok;q leL;k gy ekWMy ¼DykbZesVlksY;w'ku ekWMy½ dk ,d ifjn`'; n'kkZ;k x;k gS]ftlesa dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM ds /kq,a dks 60 ls 80izfr'kr rd de djrs gq, 2050 rd dhvuqekfur ÅtkZ ekax dks iwjk djus gsrq cukbZ xbZrduhdh jksdksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ÅtkZ lsokvksads fy, vuqekfur 3 xq.kk o`f)] vkbZ-ih-lh-lh- ds ,1ch ifjn`'; ¼vkbZ-ih-lh-lh- 2000½ ijvk/kkfjr gSaA

fp= 36 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS fd ÅtkZ esa cpr vkSjmRltZu jfgr rFkk de mRltZu okyh ÅtkZrduhd ds izos'k }kjk fdl izdkj okafNr urhtsizkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSA

DykbZesV lksY;w'ku ekWMy esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS fd21oha lnh esa fodkl'khy vkSj fodflr ns'kksa dht:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ÅtkZ forj.k esafoLrkj djrs gq, Hkh ÅtkZ lsokvksa ls mRiUu gksusokys mRltZu ls tyok;q dks gksus okys uqdlkudks cgqr de fd;k tk ldrk gSA rFkkfi] visf{kr rduhdh iz.kkfy;ka rFkk voLFkkiuk vkSjlalk/kuksa ds mi;qDr nksgu gsrq rhu vfrfjDrvko';drk,a iwjh djuh gksaxh rkfd ;g lqfuf'prfd;k tk lds fd ÅtkZ lsokvksa ls fudyus okyk fo'oxr gfjr x`g xSl dk /kqvka lsokvksa dkspje lhek rd igqapkrs gq;s nl o"kks± ds Hkhrj ?kVuk 'kq: gks tk;sA ;s vko';drk,a blizdkj gSa%

usr`Ro% lHkh ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa dks vkxkeh 10 o"kksZaesa Li"V vkSj egRokdka{kh y{;ksa ij lgefr] izHkkohj.kuhfr;ksa ij lg;ksx djus rFkk ÅtkZ fodkl ds

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

fp= 35% tyok;q leL;k gy ekWMy dk izrhdkRed ifjn`’; fp= 35 vkSj fp= 37 dh dqath

Qkb

Zuy Å

tkZ ;f

n ¼b

Z-ts- izf

r o"

kZ½

vkS|ksfxd de ÅtkZ [kir vkSj laj{k.k

de ÅtkZ [kir okyh bekjrsa

de ÅtkZ [kir okys okgu

okguksa dk de bLrseky

foekuu vkSj tgktjkuh dh dk;Z{kerk

tyfo|qr esa iquZ&l'kfDrdj.k

ijEijkxr tSo nzO;eku

tSo nzO;eku

iou ÅtkZ

lkSj ÅtkZ

lkSj rki ÅtkZ

lkSj rki m"ek

y?kq ty ÅtkZ la;a=

Hkw rki ¼fo|qr vkSj m"ek½

cM+k ty ÅtkZ la;a= ¼ekStwnk LFkk;h½

lkxj vkSj egklkxjh; ÅtkZ

v{k; ÅtkZ ls gkbMªkstu

ijek.kq ¼dsoy pkyw la;a=½

dkcZu teko rFkk Hk.Mkj.k ds lkFk bLrseky gksus okyk thok’e bZa/ku

vk/kkj Hkkj ds fy, dks;ys ds LFkku ij izkd`frd xSlA

'ks"k thok’e bZa/ku ¼dsoy fp= 37½

fVIi.kh% pwafd ÅtkZ dh vafre ekax esa deh ykus okyh ÅtkZ fdQk;rhrduhdksa dks de /kq,a okys lzksrksa ls feyus okyh ÅtkZ ds lekukUrj fn[kk;kx;k gS] blfy, ifj.kkeksa dks iznr ;k izfrcaf/kr ÅtkZ ds lekukUrj fn[kk;kx;k gSA dqN [kaM ¼ostst½ izfr'kr ds fglkc ls brus NksVs gS fd mUgsa xzkQ ijigpkuuk eqf'dy gSA


ifjfLFkfr esa cnyko

{ks= esa fuos'kksa dks izHkkfor vkSj lefUor djus dsfy, ,der gksuk iMs+xk rkfd Hkkoh vko';drkvksadks lqjf{kr vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ogu lhek ds Hkhrjiwjk fd;k tk ldsA

vR;ko';drk% vkS|ksfxd lapj.k dh xfr esa gksusokys lalkjO;kih vojks/kksa rFkk ikfjfLFkfrdh ogulhek ls vf/kd okyh rduhdksa esa fuos'k djvf/kd ÅtkZ dh [kir okys voLFkkiuk ra= esaQalus ds tksf[keksa ds ifjis{; esa le; dk cgqregRo gks tkrk gSA vf/kd foyac djus ls dedkcZu okyh vFkZO;oLFkk esa lapj.k djuk]vlQyrk ds vf/kdrj tksf[keksa ds lkFk&lkFkfujUrj egaxk vkSj dfBu gksrk tk,xkA

oSf’od iz;kl% izR;sd ns'k dks vius {ks= dhpqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy;s viuh {kerk dsHkhrj muds eki ,oa izdkj ds vuqlkj viuhHkwfedk dk fuokZg djuk iM+rk gSA

ffpp== 3355 eessaa ttyyookk;;qq lleeLL;;kk ggyy eekkWWMMyy ddkk ,,ddiiffjjnn`’’;; ftlesa 2050 rd dh ÅtkZ dhvuqekfur ekax dks iwjk djus ds fy, cukbZ xbZrduhdh jksdksa dks fn[kk;k x;k gSAffpp== 3366%% MMCCyyww--MMCCyyww--,,QQ-- ttyyookk;;qq lleeLL;;kk ggyyeekkWWMMyy ddkk vvkkÅÅVViiqqVVAA ÅtkZ dh cpr vkSj ekax esadeh ¼gjk½ lkekU;r% 2020 rd ÅtkZ ekax dksfLFkjrk iznku djsxhA iznw"k.kjfgr rFkk deiznw"k.k okys ÅtkZ lzksr ¼uhyk½ 2040 rd cutk;saxsA thok’e bZa/ku ftldk dksbZ fodYimiyC/k ugha gS dk iz;ksx ¼/kwlj½ U;wure Lrjrd igqap tk;sxkA ifjn`'; eas Qkyrw {kerk dksvkdfLed ÅtkZ ds :i esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS] ftlsx - vk/kkj uhps ÅtkZ vkiwfrZ ds :i esa fn[kk;kx;k gSA

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

-200

fp= 36% MCyw-MCyw-,Q- tyok;q leL;k gy ekWMy dk vkÅViqV

Qkb

Zuy Å

tkZ ;f

n ¼b

Z-ts- izf

r o"

kZ½

ÅtkZ dh cpr vkSj ekax esa dVkSrh

ijEijkxr thok’e bZa/ku

ijek.kq

iznw"k.k jfgr ;k de iznw"k.k okys jksd [kaM ¼oStst½

vk/kkj Hkkj ds fy, dks;ys ds LFkku ij izkÑfrd xSl dk iz;ksx

,1ch ÅtkZ dh vafre ekax

MCyw-MCyw-,Q- vafre ÅtkZ ekax ifjn`';

[kaM ¼oStst½ ls vkdfLed vkiwfrZ ekax ls vf/kdgS blfy, 'kwU; js[kk ds uhps n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

ÅtkZ [k.M

ikdyk ,aM lksdksyks ¼2004½ }kjk fd, x,vxz.kh dk;Z dks vkxs c<+krs gq, MCyw-MCyw-,Q-tyok;q leL;k gy ekWMy dk vk/kkj ÅtkZlsokvksa esa o`f) djrs gq, dkcZu ds /kq,a dks dedjus okyh rhu iz/kku dk;Zuhfr;ka gSaA

ÅÅttkkZZ llssookkvvkkssaa vvkkSSjj iizzkkFFkkffeedd ÅÅttkkZZ mmRRiikknnuu ddsscchhpp ddss llaaccaa//kk ddkkss rrkkssMM++uukk%% 2025 rd ÅtkZ cprdjds ¼mi;qZDr izfr bdkbZ ÅtkZ ds cnys vf/kdÅtkZ lsok,a izkIr djuk½ izkFkfed ÅtkZ mRiknudh fLFkj fo’kq) ekax ds Hkhrj ÅtkZ lsokvksa dhc<+rh gqbZ ekax dks iwjk djuk laHko gks ik,xkAvuqekfur ekax esa 39 izfr’kr dh deh vkbZgS ftldh otg ls okf"kZd 9-4 xhxk Vu dkcZuls NqVdkjk feyk gSA

ddee ddkkccZZuu mmRRiiUUuu ddjjuuss ookkyyhh rrdduuhhddkkss aa ddkkffooddkkll%% i;kZoj.k rFkk lkekftd fLFkjrk laca/khekinaM dks iwjk djus okyh iw.kZ jsat okyhrduhdksa dk 'kh?kz vkSj lkekUrj vuqla/kku djdsthok’e b±/ku ds ngu esa ,dne deh dh tkldrh gSA 2050 rd 'ks"k ekax dks iwjk djusds fy, miyC/k rduhdksa dh enn yh tk,xh]ftlls okf"kZd 10-2 xhxk Vu dkcZu esavfrfjDr deh gks ldsxhA

ddkkccZZuu tteekkoo rrFFkkkk HHkkaaMMkkjj..kk ¼¼llhhllhh,,ll½½%% 2050rd dkcZu teko rFkk HkaMkj.k rduhd ;qDrthok’e b±/ku ls 26 izfr’kr vfrfjDr izkFkfedmRiknu fd;k tk,xk ftlls okf"kZd 3-8 xhxkVu dkcZu ls NqVdkjk feysxkA u;s la;a=ksa dsfu;kstu vkSj LFkku ds fy, bl dk;Zuhfr dsrRdky izHkko lkeus vk,axs D;ksafd dkcZuMkbvkWDlkbM dks nwj LFkkuksa ij ys tkdj HkaMkj.kdjus esa cgqr [kpkZ vk,xkA

nks vuqiwjd mik;ksa dh vko’;drk gS%

gok vkSj lkSj ÅtkZ tSls lzksrksa ls fudyus okyhÅtkZ dks ifjogu ;ksX; b±/ku rFkk m|ksx dhFkeZy vko’;drkvksa dks iwjk djus okys b±/kuksads :i esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, yypphhyyss bb±±//kkuuvvkkSSjj ÅÅttkkZZ HHkkaaMMkkjj..kk ddkk ffooddkkll djukA gkbMªkstutSls u;s b±/kuksa dh [kkst djuh iM+sxh rkfd ubZizeq[k voLFkkiukvksa vkSj forj.k ds fy, buvis{kkvksa dks iwjk fd;k tk ldsA

blds fy, vYidky esa vvff//kkdd ddkkccZZuu ookkyyssddkkss;;yyss ddss LLFFkkkkuu iijj ddee ddkkccZZuu ookkyyhh xxSSll dkbLrseky fd;k tk,xk rkfd 2010 ls 2040rd u, dks;ys ij vk/kkfjr fo|qr dsUnzksa esafuos’k djus dh vko’;drk u iM+s vkSj dkcZudh ek=k esa dkQ+h deh vk ldsA

fp= 37% iz/kku ÅtkZ [kaM] 2050 rd dh

vuqekfur ÅtkZ ekax esa iwfrZ dh xbZ vFkok jksdh xbZÅtkZ dk izfr'krA

12%

13%2%

16%

11%

1%1%

1%2%5%

10%6%

3%

11%

6%

0-5 izfr'kr ls de] ftlesa 'kkfey gSa %


vkcknh vkSj [kir

ns'k ds dqy ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg dk fu/kkZj.kmldh vkcknh vkSj mlds fuokfl;ksa ds vkSlrinfpUg ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA fuokfl;ksadk vkSlr infpUg vkSlr fuoklh }kjk [kpZ fd,x, lkeku vkSj lsokvksa ds Lrj rFkk mu lkekuvkSj lsokvksa dk izko/kku djus esa iz;qDr vFkokmuls fudys gq, dpjs ls iSnk lalk/kuksa dkifjx.ku gSA oSf'od Lrj ij 1961 ds ckn lsvkcknh vkSj vkSlr infpUg nksuksa esa o`f) gqbZ gSArFkkfi] oSf'od vkSlr infpUg izfr O;fDr 1970ds vkl&ikl lkis{k :i ls fLFkj jgk gSS] tcfdvkcknh esa foLrkj yxkrkj gks jgk gSA fp= 38vkSj 39 esa fo'o ds izR;sd {ks= ds fy, 1961 lsysdj 2005 rd vkSlr infpUg vkSj vkcknh esagq, ifjorZuksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS ;gka izR;sd izns'k esa n'kkZ;k x;k {ks=Qy mldk dqy infpUg gSA

fofHkUu vk; oxZ okys ns'kksa esa fo'o dh tSo{kerklaca/kh lexz ekax esa vkcknh vkSj izfr O;fDrvkSlr infpUg ds va'knku ds vuqlkj cgqrvlekurk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA fp= 40 esa vk;Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZÑr ns'kksa dk 1961 ls 2005 rd bunksuksa dkjdksa esa lkis{k va'knku gS vkSj rqyuk dhn`f"V ls iwjs fo'o dks ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa n'kkZ;kx;k gSA fo'o cSad dh vk; lhek vkSj izR;sd ns'kdh o"kZ 2005 esa jk"Vªh; fo'kq) vk; esa vkSlrukxfjd ds va'knku ds vk/kkj ij ns'kksa dks mPp]e/;e vFkok fuEu vk; Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;kx;k FkkA e/;e vk; oxZ Js.kh esa cSad dh ÅijhrFkk fupyh e/;e Jsf.k;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

1961 dss ckn bu rhuksa vk; oxZ okys ns'kksa esatula[;k c<+h gS ysfdu rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa c<+r dhnj vyx&vyx gSA 1961 ls fuEu vk; oxZ okys

ns'kksa dh tula[;k esa yxHkx rhu xquk o`f) gqbZgS] blh dkj.k ls lalk/kuksa dh ekax vkSj dpjs dsmi;ksx esa o`f) gqbZ gSA

rsth ls c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k ls u dsoy blvlarqyu dks lekIr djus dh pqukSrh esa o`f) gksrhgS cfYd dbZ fuEu vk; okys ns'kksa esa fodkl y{;ksadks gkfly djus esa Hkh #dkoV [kM+h gksrh gSAtSls&tSls vkcknh c<+sxh oSls&oSls izR;sd O;fDr dht:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, miyC/k tSo{kerkesa deh vk,xh ftlds pyrs fdlh nwljs LFkku dhtSo{kerk ij jk"Vª dh fuHkZjrk c<+sxh ;k LFkkuh;vlarqyu dh laHkkouk iSnk gksxh rFkk ikfjLFkfrdhlsokvksa esa deh vk,xhA 1961 esa de vk; okysns'kksa ds ukxfjdksa ds infpUg vkt dh rqyuk esaNksVs FksA mnkgj.k ds fy, vÝhdk esa] tgka vkcknhxr 40 o"kksaZ esa c<+dj rhu xquk gks xbZ gS] ogkaizfr O;fDr miyC/k tSo{kerk esa 67 izfr'kr ls

vf/kd dh deh vkbZ gS vkSj vkSlr O;fDr dsinfpUg esa 19 izfr'kr dh deh vkbZ gSA bldsfoijhr iwjs HkweaMy ds fy, izfr O;fDr tSo{kerk49 izfr'kr gSA bu nksuksa ekeyksa esa deh dk izeq[kdkj.k i`Foh dh mRikndrk esa deh gksus ds ctk,mruh gh ek=k esa tSo{kerk dk vf/kd yksxksa }kjkmi;ksx djuk gSA

e/;e vk; okys ns'kksa esa vkcknh vkSj izfr O;fDrinfpUg esa o`f) ds nksuksa dkj.kksa ls tSoeaMy ijekax esa o`f) gqbZ gSA ;|fi e/; vk; Js.kh okysdqN ns'kksa esa tula[;k o`f) esa FkksM+h deh vkbZ gSysfdu e/;e vk; okys ns'kksa esa thou;kiu djusokys yksxksa dh lexz la[;k 1961 ds ckn nqxquh gksxbZ gSA blds vykok bu ns'kksa esa izfr O;fDrinfpUg esa blh vof/k ds nkSjku 21 izfr'kr dho`f) gqbZ gSA bl vk; Js.kh esa c<+rh le`f) dksthok’e bZa/ku ds mi;ksx esa o`f) rFkk vf/kd

10

8

6

4

2

0

fp= 38% izns’k ds vuqlkj ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg vkSj vkcknh] 1961

ikfjfLFkfr

d i

nfpUg

¼th,

p,

izfr

O;fDr½

fp= 39% izns’k ds vuqlkj ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg vkSj vkcknh] 1961

ikfjfLFkfr

d i

nfpUg

¼th,

p,

izfr

O;fDr½

207

392

202

220

140

1,623

287

330

487

240

553

366

3,562

902

tula[;k ¼fefy;u½ tula[;k ¼fefy;u½

mÙkjh vesfjdk

;wjksi bZ;w

;wjksi ukWu&bZ;w

ysfVu vesfjdk rFkkn dsfjfc;u

e/; iwoZ rFkke/; ,f'k;k

,f'k;k&iSlsfQd

vÝhdk

mÙkjh vesfjdk

;wjksi bZ;w

;wjksi ukWu&bZ;w

ysfVu vesfjdk rFkkn dsfjfc;u

e/; iwoZ rFkke/; ,f'k;k

,f'k;k&iSlsfQd

vÝhdk

10

8

6

4

2

0


ifjfLFkfr esa cnyko

lalk/kuksa dh vko';drk okys Ms;jh vkSj ekalmRiknksa dh [kir esa o`f) ds lkFk tksM+k x;k gSAns'k dh dbZ fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks bllewg ds ns'kksa esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS rFkk izfrO;fDr c<+rs infpUg dks mPp vk; okys ns'kksa dhHkkafr c<+rs vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds lkFk tksM+k x;k gSAmnkgj.k ds fy, phu esa 1961 ls 2000 ds chpizfr O;fDr infpUg vkSj vkcknh nksuksa nqxquh gksxbZ gSa ftlls mlds dqy ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg esapkj xquk ls vf/kd o`f) gqbZ gSA izfr O;fDr e/;einfpUg vkSj rhuksa vk; Jsf.k;ksa esa lcls vf/kdtula[;k dh otg ls 2005 esa tSoeaMy ij e/;einfpUg okys ns'kksa dh ekax rhu lewgksa ds ns'kksa esalcls vf/kd Fkh vkSj mudh [kir euq"; ds dqyinfpUg dk 39 izfr'kr FkkA

mPp vk; okys ns'kksa dh tSoeaMy ij c<+rh ekaxasizfr O;fDr infpUg esa o`f) }kjk lapkfyr gSa]ftlesa 1961 ls 2005 ds chp 76 izfr'kr dh o`f)gqbZ gSA bldk izeq[k dkj.k muds dkcZu infpUg?kVd esa 9 xquk o`f) gksuk FkkA gkykafd vU;Jsf.k;ksa dh vis{kk mPp vk; okys ns'kksa esatula[;k o`f) /kheh jgh gS ysfdu HkweaMy dhdqy 15 izfr'kr vkcknh okys mPp vk; okys ns'kksaesa izfr O;fDr infpUg esa ;g rsth 2005 esa euq";ds dqy infpUg dk 36 izfr'kr FkhA ;g fuEuvk; okys ns'kksa ds dqy infpUg dk 2-6 xquk gSA

fo'o esa igys ls gh ikfjfLFkfrdh vlarqyu]vkcknh vkSj izfr O;fDr infpUg esa fujarj o`f)dks ns[krs gq, ;g jkLrk lkQ+ rkSj ij fpjLFkk;hut+j ugha vkrkA lkSHkkX;o'k bl [kir dk larqyudjus ds fy, ,slh j.kuhfr;ka viukbZ tk ldrh gSaftuls vlarqyu esa deh vk, vkSj euq"; dhle`f) esa o`f) gks ldsA ftl fdQ+k;r ds lkFklkeku vkSj lsokvksa dks miyC/k djkus ds fy,lalk/kuksa dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gS mlds pyrs

LFkkuh; vfo"dkj vkSj vU; ns'kksa ls lalk/kuizca/ku dk;Zuhfr;ka vkSj rduhd dks viukdjmuesa cgqr lq/kkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA mPp vk;okys ns'kksa ls rduhdh varj.k dh otg ls izk;%e/;e vkSj fuEu vk; okys ns'kksa dks vkS|ksfxdfodkl ds vf/kd lalk/ku okys pj.kksa esa dkQhenn fey ik,xhA fo'o dh vk/kh ls vf/kdtula[;k vc 'kgjksa esa fuokl djrh gS] blfy,'kgjksa }kjk voLFkkiukvksa ds laca/k esa fy, x,fu.kZ; LFkkuh; rFkk oSf'od tSo{kerk laca/kh Hkkohekax dks cgqr gn rd izHkkfor djsaxsA vf/kdlalk/kuksa dh vko';drk okyh voLFkkiukvksa esafuos'k djus dk fu.kZ; ysdj] ftlesa ls vf/kdka'kfgLlk vkxkeh 'krkCnh rd tkjh jgsxk] c<+rslalk/kuksa dh deh gksus ls 'kgjksa dh fodkl {kerkesa lq/kkj gksxk] ogka ds fuokfl;ksa dk thou Lrjcsgrj gksxk rFkk HkweaMy ds vlarqyu esa mudk;ksxnku U;wure gksxkA

iwjs fodkl'khy txr esa yM+dksa dh rqyuk esavkSlr rkSj ij yM+fd;ksa dks f'k{kk izkfIr ds devolj feyrs gSaA cqfu;knh LokLF; lsokvksa vkSjifjokj fu;kstu dh v/kwjh ekax ds mPp Lrjksa dkdbZ fuEu vk; okys ns'kksa esa tula[;k o`f) easavf/kd ;ksxnku gksrk gSA efgykvksa dks f'k{kk vkSjvkfFkZd volj nsdj rFkk tks efgyk,a cPPkksa dstUe esa varj j[kuk ;k cPpksa dh la[;k lhferj[kuk pkgrh gSa muds fy, LoSfPNd ifjokjfu;kstu laca/kh ijke'kZ vkSj lsokvksa dhmiyC/krkvksa esa lq/kkj djds tula[;k o`f) dhrst xfr dks /khek fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ekuole`f) ij mlds udkjkRed izHkko dks lekIrfd;k tk ldrk gSA bu j.kuhfr;ksa dks viukus dslkFk&lkFk lq'kklu esa lao/kZu djus ls NksVs]vkjksX;dj rFkk csgrj f'kf{kr ifjokjksa dksizksRlkgu feysxkA

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

fo'o

vkcknh1961 3-09 fcfy;u2005 6-48 fcfy;u

infpUg1961 2-3 th,p,@O;fDr2005 2-7 th,p,@O;fDr

tSo{kerk1961 4-2 th,p,@O;fDr2005 2-1 th,p,@O;fDr










mPp vk; okys ns’k

e/;e vk; okys ns’k fuEu vk; okys ns’k

1960 1975 1990 2005

1960 1975 1990 2005 1960 1975 1990 2005

1960 1975 1990 2005

lwpdkad

¼1961=1.0½

lwpdkad

¼1961=1.0½

lwpdkad

¼1961=1.0½

lwpdkad

¼1961=1.0½

fp= 40% fo'o ds mPp] e/;e vkSj fuEu vk; okys ns’kksa ds ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg vkSjvkcknh] 1961&2005


oSf'od O;kikj

varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ds ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg dkvuqlj.k djus ij fons'kh tSo{kerk dh ekax vkSjbu mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa dh vk/kkjHkwr ikfjfLFkfrdhifjlaifÙk;ksa ds LFkku dk irk pyrk gSA bllsLFkkuh; [kir vkSj nwjxkeh tSofofo/krk ds [krjsds chp laca/k dk;e djus esa enn feyrh gSA

1961 esa] igys o"kZ ds fy, ftlds iwjs vkadM+smiyC/k gSa] ns'kksa ds chp leLr eky vkSj lsokvksadk ysunsu dqy ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg dk 8izfr'kr FkkA 2005 rd blesa 40 izfr'kr ls vf/kddh o`f) gqbZ FkhA ikfjfLFkfrdh dt+Znkj vkSjdt+Znkrk nksuksa ns'k vius [kir ds <ax vkSjojh;rkvksa dk leFkZu djus ds fy, vU; ns'kksa dhtSo{kerk ij cgqr vf/kd fuHkZj gks jgs FksA dqNns'kksa us vk;kfrr ns'kksa esa [kir gksus okys lalk/kuksadk vk;kr fd;k tcfd vU; ns'kksa us vkfFkZd

fodkl ds fy, izlaLdfjr rFkk iqu% fu;kZr dklgkjk fy;k gSA vk;kfrr eky vkSj lsokvksa dsmRiknu ls tqM+s dkcZu mRltZu dks vk;kr dsinfpUg esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

bu ns'kksa }kjk vk;kr djds lalk/kuksa dh ekax dksiwjk djus esa mudh le`f) ds vuqlkj fHkUurk ikbZtkrh gSA 2005 esa mPp vk; okys ns'kksa esa vk;krinfpUg muds [kir infpUg dk 61 izfr'kr Fkktks 1961 esa 12 izfr'kr FkkA e/;e vk; okys ns'kksaesa vk;kr infpUg 2005 esa muds dqy infpUg ds30 izfr'kr ds cjkcj Fkk tcfd 1961 esa ;g 4izfr'kr FkkA fuEu vk; okys ns'kksa esa vk;kr infpUg2005 ds muds [kir infpUg ds 13 izfr'kr dscjkcj Fkk tks fd 1961 esa dsoy 2 izfr'kr FkkA

2005 esa la;qDr jkT; vejhdk dk fu;kZr infpUgfdlh Hkh ns'k ds infpUg ls lcls vf/kd Fkk]

mlds ckn teZuh vkSj phu vkrs FksA vk;krinfpUgksa ds vuqlkj phu nwljs vkSj teZuh rhljsuEcj ij FkkA

;|fi] ;wjksih; la?k dh vkcknh fo'o dh vkcknhdk 8 izfr'kr ls de gS] 2005 esa bldk vk;kr'ks"k fo'o ls 13 izfr'kr Fkk rFkk bldk fu;kZrleLr varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikfjd eky dk 10 izfr'krFkkA ;wjksih; la?k dk 2005 esa fo'kq) vk;kr 199fefy;u th,p, Fkk tks mldh dqy ?kjsyw tSo{kerkdk 18 izfr'kr ls vf/kd ds lerqY; FkkA dsoy;wjksih; la?k ds lnL; ns'kksa] ftuds 2005 vkSj1961 ds vkadM+s miyC/k gSa] dh x.kuk djus ijfo'kq) vk;kr esa 73 izfr'kr dh o`f) ikbZ xbZ gSA

fp= 41 vkSj 42 esa ;wjksih; la?k rFkk mlds izeq[kO;kikfjd lg;ksfx;ksa ds chp vk;kr vkSj fu;kZrdks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

gkykafd ;wjksih; la?k dh rqyuk esa phu dk izfrO;fDr infpUg cgqr de gS] nksuksa viuh ?kjsywtSo{kerk ls nqxquh nj ij bldh [kir dj jgsgSaA ;wjksih; la?k dh Hkakfr phu us vU; ns'kksa lsvk;kr djds vius izkS|ksfxdh [kkrs esa vkaf'kd :ils bl ikfjfLFkfrdh ?kkVs dks iwjk dj fy;k gSA;wjksfi;u la?k dh rjg phu Hkh vius ikfjfLFkfrdh?kkVs ds izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dks nwljs ns'kksa lsvk;kr dj iwjk djrk gS blesa ok;qeaMy esa CO2

dk mRltZu lfEefyr gS bl izdkj og fo'o dslalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djrk gSA 2005 esa phu dk165 fefy;u ?kk dk O;kikj larqyu udkjkRed Fkktks teZuh vkSj cksfYo;k dh iwjh tSo{kerk lsvf/kd FkkA fp= 43 vkSj 44 esa phu rFkk mldsizeq[k O;kikfjd lg;ksfx;ksa ds chp vk;kr vkSjfu;kZr ds infpUg n'kkZ, x, gSaA 2005 esa phu usvarjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ds infpUg dk 9 izfr'kr

fp= 41% ;wjksih; la?k ls 20 O;kikjh lg;ksfx;ksa ds fy, vk;kr infpUg] 2005 fp= 42% ;wjksih; la?k ls 20 O;kikjh lg;ksfx;ksa ds fy, fu;kZr infpUg] 2005

;wjksih; la?k 27 dk dqy vk;kr infpUg ¾ 8270 yk[k ?kk ¼oSf'od infpUg vkdkj dk 5-4 izfr'kr½ 78izfr'kr 20 ns'kksa ls gksrk gS ¼ftUgsa $ LohVtjySaM ds lkFk rhj ds fu'kku ls n'kkZ;k x;k gS½

;wjksih; la?k 27 dk dqy fu;kZr infpUg ¾ 6290 yk[k ?kk ¼oSf'od infpUg vkdkj dk 4-1 izfr'kr½73 izfr'kr 20 ns'kksa ls gksrk gS ¼ftUgsa $ LohVtjySaM ds lkFk rhj ds fu'kku ls n'kkZ;k x;k gS½A

25 ls vf/kd10&255&101&51 ls devi;kZIr vkadM+s

nl yk[k oSf'od gsDVs;j




vk;kr vkSj 6 izfr'kr fu;kZr fd;k FkkA ;g o`f)1961 esa Øe'k% 5 izfr'kr vkSj 1 izfr'kr ls deFkhA tSls gh HkweaMyhdj.k dh xfr rst+ gqbZ ns'kvius mRiknu ds fy, iz;qDr <axksa dk leFkZudjus ds fy, vU; ns'kksa ds izkd`frd lalk/kuksa vkSjikfjfLFkfrdh lsokvksa ij rst+h ls fuHkZj gksrs tk jgsgSaA blls volj vkSj pqukSfr;ka nksuksa feyrh gSaAO;kikj ls fdlh [kkl {ks= eas miyC/k u gksus okyseky dk izko/kku djds thou dh xq.koRrk esa o`f)dh tk ldrh gS ;k mls vf/kd lQy <ax lsfdlh vU; LFkku ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSAmnkgj.k ds fy, orZeku rduhd dks viukdjfdlh [kkl bykds esa tgka xeZ tyok;q esa VekVjksadh [ksrh gksrh gS de bZa/ku dh vko';drk iM+rhgS] tcfd BaMs izns'k esa mlh LFkku ij d`f=e :ils m"ek;qDr gfjr x`gksa esa VekVj mxkuk eagxkiM+ ldrk gSA ysfdu O;kikj dk Hkh ;gh eryc

gksrk gS fd ns'k fo'o ds vU; Hkkxksa esa viusinfpUg dks iwjk djsa vkSj i;kZoj.k] vkfFkZd rFkklkekftd ifj.kkeksa dh ijokg u djsaA

vc miHkksDrkvksa esa tkx:drk vkSj tSo{kerk esa#fp dh otg ls lkeku mRikndksa ds fy, ckt+kjds u;s volj iSnk gks jgs gSa tks LFkkuh; rFkkvarjkZ"Vªh; lzksrksa okys mRiknksa ds i;kZoj.kh;uqdlku dks de djus ds izfr opuc) gSaA eRL;ikyu vkSj ou mRiknksa ds izca/ku laca/kh vxz.khdk;Z dh otg ls ubZ igy dk ekxZ iz'kLr gqvkgS rkfd varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls tqM+h i;kZoj.kh;rFkk lkekftd vkSipkfjdrkvksa esa deh vk ldsrFkk LFkkuh; mRiknksa ds fy, u;s ckt+kj [kksts tkldsa ¼nk;ha fn'kk ds ckWDl dks ns[ksa½A

vf/kd la[;k esa lIyk;j vkSj fuekZrk tokcnsghrFkk fpjLFkk;h O;kikj ds fl)karksa vkSj ekudksa ds

izfr opuc) gksrs tk jgs gSaA yscy vkSj izek.ku;kstukvksa esa bu ekudksa dk vuqikyu djus vkSjizkd`frd lalk/ku rFkk ÅtkZ mi;ksx] fo"kkDr dpjsvkSj lkekftd nkf;Ro tSls eqíksa dks lfEefyrdjus ds fy, vk'oklu fn;k gSA

blds vykok ikfjfLFkfrdh vkSj lkekftd :i lsfpjLFkk;h eky vkSj lsokvksa ds cktkj esa vkaf'kdo`f) djus ds fy, vfrfjDr iz;klksa dhvko';drk iM+sxhA buesa mRiknu ds fy,ldkjkRed izksRlkgu rFkk eky vkSj lsokvksa dsO;kikj ds fy, mRiknu vkSj O;kikj esa ldkjkRedizksRlkgu fodflr djus] O;kikj fojks/kh rFkki;kZoj.k dh n`f"V ls gkfudkjd vkfFkZd lgk;rkrFkk vlarqyu dks lekIr djus ds fy, ldkjkRedizksRlkgu fodflr djuk 'kkfey gS rkfd ,slk ekyvkSj lsok,a rS;kj dh tk,a ftlls vlarqyu lekIrdjus ds nh?kZdkfyd y{; ckf/kr u gksaA

fo'o ds ouksa dk izca/ku djus ds fy, ftEesnkjnn QQkkssjjssLLVV LLVVssookkMMZZff’’kkii ddkkmmaaffllyy dk xBu 1992 esafd;k x;k FkkA vc blds ikl 70 ns’kksa esa 1djksM+ gsDVs;j esa ou gSa tks ,Q,llh ekudksa dsvuqlkj izekf.kr gSa] lHkh mRiknu ouksa dk 7izfr’kr ds cjkcj gSaA ,Q,llh ds yscy;qDrmRiknksa dh fcØh izR;sd o"kZ 20 fcfy;u vejhdhMkyj ls vf/kd dh gSA www.fsc.orgfo'o ds ouksa dk izca/ku djus ds fy, nn eeSSffjjuuLLVVssookkMMZZff’’kkii ddkkmmaaffllyy dk xBu 1997 esa fd;kx;k Fkk tks vc vf/kd eNfy;ka idM+us dklek/kku miyC/k djkrk gSA ;g oU;dSipjfQ'kjht ds fy, i;kZoj.kh; izek.ki= vkSjikfjfLFkfrdh dh yscy dk usr`Ro djrk gSA,e,llh yscy;qDr lhQwM mRikndksa dk [kqnjkewY; 10 yk[k vejhdh Mkyj ds yxHkx gSAwww.msc.org

afp= 43% phu ds lkFk 20 O;kikfjd lg;ksfx;ksa dks vk;kr ds infpUg] 2005 fp= 43% phu ds lkFk 20 O;kikfjd lg;ksfx;ksa dks fu;kZr ds infpUg] 2005

phu dk dqy vk;kr infpUg ¾ 5410 yk[k th,p, ¼oSf'od infpUg vkdkj dk 3-6 izfr'kr½ 91 izfr'kr 20 ns'kksa ls gksrk gS ¼ftUgsa rhj ds fu'kku ds lkFk n'kkZ;k x;k gS½A

phu dk dqy fu;kZr infpUg ¾ 3750 yk[k th,p, ¼oSf'od infpUg vkdkj dk 2-5 izfr'kr½88 izfr'kr 20 ns'kksa ls gksrk gS ¼ftUgsa rhj ds fu'kku ds lkFk n'kkZ;k x;k gS½A




10 yk[k oSf'od gsDVs;j

ifjfLFkfr esa cnyko


tSo{kerk izca/ku% ikfjfLFkfrdh vo/kkj.kk

c<+rh tula[;k] tSo{kerk vkSj ty lalk/kuksa dkvleku forj.k rFkk vc ifjyf{kr gks jgs tyok;qifjorZu ds izHkkoksa dks ns[krs gq, rsy vkSj [kk|kUudh dherksa esa ekStwnk o`f) ds pyrs dqN ,slhlPpkbZ;ka lkeus vkbZ gSa ftudk lkeuk vkxkehn'kd esa uhfr fu/kkZjdksa dks djuk iM+ ldrk gSD;ksafd os lgk;d ikfjfLFkfrdh {kerk ds nk;js dsHkhrj jgrs gq, ekuo thou dh xq.koRrk esa lq/kkjdjus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA

;|fi euq"; ds infpUg dk izca/ku djukvlarqyu dh xfr dks /khek rFkk lekIr djus dsfy, vko';d gksxk] blfy, infpUg vkSjtSo{kerk ds chp ds varj dks mixzg dh laHkkfortSo mRikndrk dk le>nkjh ls bLrseky djdsde Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS rkfd ekuo dhvko';drkvksa esa mudk va'knku vf/kdre jgs vkSjgekjh ewyHkwr ikfjfLFkfrdh lsokvksa esa lq/kkj ykus

dh {kerk de u gks ldsA tSo bZa/ku ds lao/kZulaca/kh uhfr esa Hkze ds dkj.k O;kikj ds dqN ,slsigyw mtkxj gq, gSa ftUgsa uhfr cukus ;k <kapkxrifjorZuksa ij fopkj djus dh vko';drk gSA

tSo bZa/ku dh mRikndrk uohuhdj.k ;ksX;rk rFkkdkcZu mRltZu dh vuqekfur rVLFkrk dks ns[krsgq, mUgsa ÅtkZ lzksr ds :i esa ekuk x;k gSA vU;izdkj dh uohuhÑr gksus okys ÅtkZ Jsf.k;ksa lsfoijhr mudk lgt <ax ls vko';drk dsvuqlkj HkaMkj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj mudsLFkku ij Bksl nzo vkSj xSlh; bZa/ku dk bLrsekyfd;k tk ldrk gSA uohuhÑr gksus okys bZa/ku ds:i esa thok’e bZa/kuksa ds mi;ksx dh rqyuk esabuesa dkcZu dh cgqr deh gksuh dh mEehn gSblfy, ngu }kjk fudkyh xbZ dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbMdk iqu% bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj vkxkehthok’e bZa/ku esa mls lks[k fy;k tkrk gSA

blds ckotwn gky gh esa gq, vuqla/kku ls irkpyk gS fd 'khrks".kh; ouksa] lokuk {ks=ksa] ?kkl dseSnkuksa dks [kk| Qlyksa ls cus thok’e bZa/ku dscnys cpk, tkus okys okf"kZd dkcZu mRltZu dks17 ls 420 xquk iSnk fd;k tk ldrk gSA ouksa dslQk, vkSj Hkw mi;ksx ifjorZu dh otg ls okf"kZddkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM /kq,a dk yxHkx 20 izfr'krfgLlk gS vkSj bl ckr dks le>us dh vko';drkeglwl gks jgh gS fd ;fn gesa [krjukd tyok;qifjorZu ls cpuk gS rks bl ?kVd dk izca/kudjuk gksxkA

mixzg dh tSo mRikndrk dk izca/ku djrs le;vlarqyu esa vk, varj dks ikVk tk ldrk gSysfdu ,slk djuk [krjs ls [kkyh ugha gksxkA d`f"kds v/khu vkus okys {ks= esa o`f) djus lsikfjfLFkfrdh u"V gks tk,xh ftlesa gesa tyvkiwfrZ rVh; bykdksa dh lqj{kk rFkk [kk|kUUk vkSj

js'kksa dh nh?kZdkfyd vkiwfrZ tSlh vko';d lsok,amiyC/k djkuh gkasxhA tSo{kerk dh ifjlainkLora= :i ls dk;e ugha jg ldrh vkSj bUgsackj&ckj lgt esa ifjofrZr ugha fd;k tk ldrk(rkRi;Z lkQ+ gS fd ,d {ks= esa izkIr ykHk vU;{ks=ksa esa lekIr gks tkrk gSA

blh izdkj d`f"k dh iSnkokj ;k rhozrk rFkk i'kq/kuds mRiknu esa izk;% vf/kd ÅtkZ okyh d`f"k i)frds lkFk tqM+s vf/kd dkcZu infpUg dhvko';drk iM+rh gSA [kkn vkSj dhV uk'kdksa dsvf/kd bLrseky ds lkFk&lkFk flapkbZ dh otg lsiznw"k.k ls ysdj eRL; ikyu] euq"; ds LokLF; dksuqdlku igqapkus ls ysdj vkthfodk vkSjtSofofo/krk ds {k; rd cgqr ls nwjxkeh ifj.kkegks ldrs gSa!

ikfjfLFkfrdh dh vo/kkj.kk^ ¼uhps ckWDl ns[ksa½ dksvc O;kid Lrj ij ekU;rk vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj

ckg~; vko’;drk,a vkSj fc[kjko

îkfjfLFkfrdh ra= futh laifRr ds fu;eksa dks ugha ekursA tks dk;Z ,d fdlku djrk gS tSls viuhHkwfe ij ckM+ yxkuk] i’kqvksa ds izR;korZu dks jksduk] Qlyksa ij dhV uk’kdksa dk fNM+dko djuk]Qlyksa dh ubZ fdLesa is’k djuk] f’kdkj djuk vkSj eNyh idM+uk] Hkwfexr ikuh fudkyuk ;ki’kq/ku dh chekfj;ksa dh jksdFkke djuk & bu lc dk ,d nwjxkeh ifj.kke gksxkA vFkZ’kkL=h ftlsckg~; vko’;drk,a vkSj fc[kjko dgrs gSa ;gh ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa dk ewy rRo gSA bu dkj.kksa dspyrs i;kZoj.kh; izca/ku ds fy, fu;eksa ds [ksy&&^bZdks flLVe vizksp* dh vko’;drk iM+rh gS &ftldk nk;jk oS;fDrd laifRr ls ijs gSA jk"Vªh;] {ks=h; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwu ds :i esa ljdkjksadks [kk| mRiknu] ÅtkZ dh [kir] ikuh dk mi;ksx] iztkfr;ksa dk ifjp; rFkk Hkwmi;ksx ifjorZuds fy, lqjf{kr i)fr;ka fu/kkZfjr djuh gksaxhA futh O;kikj dks okftc dherksa ij lalk/ku dkmi;ksx djrs gq, LFkk;h i)fr;ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk iM+sxkA

tSQjh Mh lkWpl] funs’kd] n vFkZ bafLVV~;wVwww.earth.columbia.edu

ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dh vo/kkj.kk

daosU’ku vkWu ckW;ksykWftdy Mk;oflZVh }kjk ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dh vo/kkj.kk Hkwfe] ty rFkk thou;kiu lalk/kuksa ds lesfdr izca/ku dks ,slh j.kuhfr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS tks larqfyr<+ax ls laj{k.k vkSj fujarj mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsrh gSA

ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dh vo/kkj.kk esa LoLF; rFkk yphys ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=] tSo&fofo/krk laj{k.k rFkkekuo dh le`f) ds chp ds laca/k dks ekU;rk nh xbZ gSA blesa i;kZoj.kh;] vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftdvk;keksa dh fujarjrk ds {ks= esa fu.kZ; ysus vkSj dkjZokbZ djus ds fy, 12 fl)karksa dk izfriknufd;k x;k gSA

bls LFkkuh; Lrj ls oSf'od Lrj rd dgha ij Hkh ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj blesa lesfdrunh ?kkVh izca/ku tSls cM+s Lrjh;] {ks=h; fu;kstu ls ysdj vk/kkjHkwr Lrj ij Lokoyach oLrqvksa rdfofHkUu dk;Z 'kkfey gSaA

www. cbd.int/ecosystem/principles.shtml


ifjfLFkfr esa cnyko

ij Lohd`fr izkIr gksus yxh gSA i`Foh dkfpjLFkk;h izca/ku izkd`frd ekSle ifjorZu dhck/kkvksa ds chp esa gh fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;gekuk tkrk gS fd ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= esa gh ,slhcqfu;knh bdkbZ;ka gSa fd ge mudh ifjf/k ds Hkhrjgh thou;kiu dj ldrs gSaA ;fn bl vo/kkj.kkdks lQy cukuk gS rks ukxfjd lekt] futh {ks=vkSj ljdkjksa ds chp u, izdkj ds lg;ksx vkSjlk>snkjh dh vko';drk gksxhA

� ljdkjsa uhfr;ka vkSj vkfFkZd <kapk fu/kkZfjrdjrh gSa ftuds Hkhrj yksxksa dks thou;kiudjuk iM+sxk vkSj futh {ks= dks dk;Z djukgksxk % mUgsa ikfjfLFkfrdh ogu {kerk vkSjtula[;k tSls eqíksa dks izksRlkfgr djuk gksxkA

� futh {ks= dks xzg dh vPNh O;oLFkk ds izfrcpuc) djkuk gksxk vkSj mUgsa vkfFkZd]lkekftd vkSj i;kZoj.kh; lQyrk dh eyHkwr

rhu vo/kkj.kkvksa ds izfr opuc) gksuk gksxkvkSj yksxksa dks ,slh vo/kkj.kk lqyHk djkuhgksxh ftlls os LokoyEch <ax ls thou;kiudj ldsaA

� ukxfjd lekt dks pqukSfr;ksa dh tkudkjhgksuh pkfg,] mUgsa ,slh ljdkjsa pquuh pkfg,atks nh?kZdky esa muds fgrksa dks iwjk dj ldsarFkk ,slh O;fDrxr ilan dk bLrseky djukpkfg, ftlls futh {ks= ds LokoyEchmRiknu lqyHk gks ldsaA

ekuo tkfr ds ikl leL;k [kM+h djus vkSjmldk lek/kku <wa<+us nksuksa esa xt+c dh {kerk gSA,d fpjLFkk;h fo'o vlaHko y{; ugha gS %lek/kku gekjs lkeus vkSj gekjh idM+ ds HkhrjekStwn gSa c'krsZ fd gekjh O;fDrxr vkSj jktuSfrdizfrc)rk gesa bldh btkt+r nsA

leqnzh eRL; ikyu esa ikfjfLFkfrdh vk/kkfjr izca/ku

ikfjfLFkfrdh vk/kkfjr izca/ku ¼bZ-ch-,e-½ ,d lesfdr vo/kkj.kk gS ftlesa ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa ds xfr;ksadh tfVyrk,a] ekuo lekt dh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd vko’;drkvksa rFkk fofo/k LoLF; ikfjfLFkfrdhra=ksa ds dk;ks± ,oa vuqj{k.k dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA

leqnzh eRL; m|ksx ds lanHkZ esa bZch,e] dqy eNfy;ksa rFkk mudh iztuu {kerk dks izHkkfor djusds dkj.kksa vkSj mu eNyh idM+us ds <axksa dk tks leqnzh ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dks izHkkfor djrs gSa]vkdyu fd;k tkrk gSA

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www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/marine/our_solutions/index.cfm

rkM+ rsy ij lao`f)iw.kZ xksyest lHkk ¼jkm.MVscy vkWu lLVSuscy ike vkW;y½

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� rkM+ ds rsy esa mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ fuos’k & cSadksa vkSj fuos’kdksa ds fy, fu.kZ; izfØ;k esa lq/kkj

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www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/forests/our_solutions/index.cfm


rkfydk

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tula[;k2 ikfjfLFkfrdh; d`f"kxr pjkxkg eRL; ikyu jgoklh dqy vkarfjd ckgjh6

ns'k@{ks= ¼fefy;Ul½ infpUg dkcZu3 Hkwfe Hkwfe ou4 iz{ks= {ks=5 ?ku eh@O;fDr@o"kZ ?ku eh@O;fDr@o"kZ ?ku eh@O;fDr@o"kZ

ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg1] 2005 ¼oSf'od gsDVs;j izfr O;fDr½ ty infpUg dh [kir 1997&2001

rkfydk 1% ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg] tSo{kerk vkSj ty infpUg

fo'o 6,476 2.7 1.41 0.64 0.26 0.23 0.09 0.07 1,243 1,043 199

mPp vk; okys ns'k 972 6.4 4.04 1.15 0.28 0.61 0.17 0.13 – – –e/;e vk; okys ns'k 3,098 2.2 1.00 0.62 0.22 0.18 0.09 0.08 – – –fuEu vk; okys ns'k 2,371 1.0 0.26 0.44 0.09 0.15 0.02 0.05 – – –

vvÝÝhhddkk 902.0 1.4 0.26 0.54 0.25 0.24 0.03 0.05 – – –vythfj;k 32.9 1.7 0.69 0.62 0.17 0.13 0.01 0.05 1,216 812 405vaxksyk 15.9 0.9 0.15 0.40 0.15 0.11 0.05 0.05 1,004 887 117csfuu 8.4 1.0 0.19 0.44 0.08 0.24 0.02 0.04 1,761 1,699 62cksRlokuk 1.8 3.6 1.48 0.09 1.81 0.16 0.00 0.05 623 340 283cqjdhuk Qklks 13.2 2.0 0.07 0.99 0.52 0.33 0.00 0.10 1,529 1,498 31czwaMh 7.5 0.8 0.07 0.30 0.05 0.37 0.01 0.04 1,062 1,042 20dSek:u 16.3 1.3 0.09 0.53 0.33 0.23 0.03 0.06 1,093 1,037 56dsi oMhZ 0.5 – – – – – – – 995 844 151e/; vÝhdu fji- 4.0 1.6 0.02 0.38 0.88 0.22 0.01 0.07 1,083 1,070 14pSM 9.7 1.7 0.00 0.71 0.66 0.25 0.01 0.08 1,979 1,967 11dkaxks 4.0 0.5 0.07 0.24 0.03 0.11 0.04 0.05 – – –dkaxks MSeks- fji- 57.5 0.6 0.01 0.18 0.00 0.41 0.01 0.00 734 725 9dkWV Mh] vk;oj 18.2 0.9 0.10 0.48 0.02 0.17 0.05 0.07 1,777 1,708 69felz 74.0 1.7 0.71 0.72 0.02 0.11 0.01 0.10 1,097 889 207,jhVªh;k 4.4 1.1 0.16 0.24 0.53 0.17 0.01 0.04 – – –bFkksfi;k 77.4 1.4 0.06 0.38 0.46 0.40 0.00 0.05 675 668 7xScksu 1.4 1.3 0.01 0.43 0.04 0.60 0.15 0.06 1,420 1,035 385xSfEc;k 1.5 1.2 0.07 0.72 0.15 0.17 0.05 0.05 1,365 998 367?kkuk 22.1 1.5 0.30 0.59 0.00 0.33 0.21 0.06 1,293 1,239 53X;wuk 9.4 1.3 0.00 0.45 0.32 0.42 0.03 0.05 – – –X;wuk&fclkm 1.6 0.9 0.00 0.39 0.31 0.14 0.00 0.06 – – –dsU;k 34.3 1.1 0.12 0.25 0.41 0.22 0.02 0.04 714 644 70fylkFkks 1.8 1.1 0.15 0.09 0.47 0.35 0.00 0.02 – – –ykbZcsfj;k 3.3 0.9 0.00 0.26 0.01 0.52 0.03 0.05 1,382 1,310 73fyfc;k 5.9 4.3 3.27 0.68 0.21 0.07 0.02 0.04 2,056 1,294 762eSMkxkLdj 18.6 1.1 0.04 0.28 0.46 0.19 0.06 0.06 1,296 1,276 20eykoh 12.9 0.5 0.07 0.21 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.03 1,274 1,261 13ekyh 13.5 1.6 0.08 0.67 0.64 0.13 0.01 0.08 2,020 2,008 12ekWjhVsfu;k 3.1 1.9 0.00 0.35 1.23 0.17 0.10 0.06 1,386 1,007 378ekjh’kl 1.2 2.3 0.53 0.51 0.03 0.16 1.02 0.00 1,351 547 804eksjkDdks 31.5 1.1 0.26 0.55 0.18 0.05 0.06 0.03 1,531 1,300 231eksT+efcd 19.8 0.9 0.19 0.37 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.06 1,113 1,110 3uehfc;k 2.0 3.7 0.64 0.38 1.75 0.00 0.89 0.05 683 606 77ukbZtj 14.0 1.6 0.04 1.19 0.15 0.21 0.01 0.04 – – –ukbZthfj;k 131.5 1.3 0.12 0.95 0.00 0.19 0.02 0.06 1,979 1,932 47jokaMk 9.0 0.8 0.03 0.44 0.09 0.20 0.00 0.03 1,107 1,072 35lsusxy 11.7 1.4 0.15 0.60 0.30 0.19 0.06 0.05 1,931 1,610 321fl,jk fy;ksus 5.5 0.8 0.00 0.30 0.02 0.32 0.10 0.03 896 865 31lksekfy;k 8.2 1.4 0.00 0.16 0.77 0.41 0.01 0.06 671 588 84


vkad

M+s ,oa rkfy

dk,a

2.1 0.64 0.37 0.81 0.17 -0.6 8,999.74 5,295.12 1,096.27 2,608.36 – fo'o

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13.9 0.23 7.48 5.66 0.46 13.3 37.29 36.92 0.03 0.34 0.03 dkaxks4.2 0.17 2.16 1.78 0.06 3.6 – – – – – dkaxks MSeks- fji-2.2 0.86 0.84 0.37 0.04 1.3 61.26 60.37 0.17 0.72 1.09 dkWV Mh] vk;oj0.4 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.02 -1.3 83.93 18.75 28.58 36.60 111.79 felz2.1 0.14 0.58 0.07 1.22 0.9 – – – – ,jhVªh;k1.0 0.32 0.46 0.12 0.05 -0.3 46.61 43.89 0.54 2.17 2.47 bFkksfi;k

25.0 0.55 4.65 15.86 3.86 23.7 1.35 1.23 0.02 0.10 0.07 xScksu1.2 0.45 0.18 0.08 0.45 0.0 1.40 1.37 0.01 0.02 0.34 xSfEc;k1.2 0.58 0.32 0.14 0.06 -0.3 42.65 42.19 0.07 0.39 0.86 ?kkuk3.0 0.28 1.55 0.58 0.57 1.8 – – – – – X;wuk3.4 0.53 0.50 0.26 2.06 2.5 – – – – – X;wuk&fclkm1.2 0.26 0.86 0.01 0.02 0.1 24.21 22.68 0.30 1.23 5.08 dsU;k1.1 0.10 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.0 – – – – – fylkFkks2.5 0.23 0.86 0.97 0.39 1.6 4.27 4.16 0.02 0.09 0.05 ykbcsfj;k1.0 0.41 0.27 0.00 0.27 -3.3 8.77 3.50 2.82 2.45 878.04 fyfc;k3.7 0.29 2.49 0.70 0.21 2.7 33.48 18.87 3.58 11.03 4.33 eSMkxkLdj0.5 0.24 0.10 0.02 0.08 0.0 14.25 13.28 0.20 0.77 5.62 eykoh2.6 0.62 1.25 0.56 0.06 0.9 29.68 22.76 2.06 4.86 6.92 ekyh6.4 0.20 4.26 0.01 1.85 4.5 3.71 2.04 0.44 1.23 14.60 ekWjhVsfu;k0.7 0.25 0.01 0.05 0.42 -1.5 1.15 0.62 0.13 0.40 24.09 ekjh’kl0.7 0.30 0.20 0.06 0.11 -0.4 45.58 33.09 4.23 8.27 43.07 eksjkDdks3.4 0.31 2.58 0.27 0.20 2.5 20.89 20.26 0.21 0.41 0.29 eksT+efcd9.0 0.38 2.39 0.43 5.74 5.3 1.25 0.99 0.07 0.19 1.44 uehfc;k1.8 1.11 0.67 0.01 0.00 0.2 – – – – – ukbZtj1.0 0.61 0.24 0.02 0.03 -0.4 254.86 247.27 1.65 5.94 2.65 ukbZthfj;k0.5 0.33 0.09 0.02 0.01 -0.3 8.39 8.31 0.01 0.07 1.41 jokaMk1.5 0.39 0.43 0.44 0.21 0.2 18.85 17.28 0.43 1.14 3.98 lsusxy1.0 0.13 0.49 0.14 0.21 0.2 4.63 4.25 0.11 0.27 0.24 fl,jk fy;ksus1.4 0.14 0.77 0.06 0.39 0.0 7.52 4.22 0.98 2.32 24.46 lksekfy;k

dqy

tSo{kerk7 Ñf"kxr Hkwfe pjkxkg Hkwfe ou eRL; {ks=

ikfjfLFkfrdhvkjf{kr

¼$½ ;k iru ¼&½¼?kk izfr O;fDr½

dqy?ku fd-eh izfr o"kZ

gjk ikuh ?ku fd-eh izfr o"kZ

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uhys ikuh ds lalk/ku ij ncko

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tSo{kerk1 2005 ¼oSf'od gsDVs;j izfr O;fDr½ ty infpUg dk mRiknu 1997&2001

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ffeeffMMyy bbZZLLVV rrFFkkkk llSSaaVVªªyy,,ff’’kk;;kk 365.6 2.3 1.34 0.69 0.08 0.08 0.04 0.08 – – –vQ+xkfuLrku 29.9 0.5 0.00 0.27 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.06 660 642 18vjesfu;k 3.0 1.4 0.60 0.53 0.21 0.03 0.00 0.07 898 689 209vt+jcstku 8.4 2.2 1.20 0.58 0.26 0.04 0.00 0.07 977 812 165cgjsu 0.7 – – – – – – – 1,184 243 941tkftZ;k 4.5 1.1 0.23 0.49 0.26 0.04 0.01 0.06 792 744 48bZjku 69.5 2.7 1.66 0.69 0.11 0.04 0.09 0.09 1,624 1,333 291bjkd 28.8 1.3 0.84 0.42 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.03 1,342 1,182 160bt+jk;y 6.7 4.8 3.40 0.97 0.06 0.30 0.03 0.08 1,391 358 1,033tkMZu 5.7 1.7 0.71 0.70 0.05 0.14 0.00 0.10 1,303 352 950dt+kf[kLrku 14.8 3.4 2.03 1.18 0.00 0.11 0.01 0.05 1,774 1,751 23dqoSr 2.7 8.9 7.75 0.71 0.10 0.17 0.02 0.15 1,115 142 973fØxhLrku 5.3 1.1 0.41 0.56 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.10 1,361 1,356 5yscuku 3.6 3.1 2.01 0.68 0.07 0.25 0.02 0.06 1,499 498 1,000vkseku 2.6 4.7 3.40 0.41 0.17 0.13 0.44 0.14 1,606 382 1,224drj 0.8 – – – – – – – 1,087 333 755lÅnh vjc 24.6 2.6 1.33 0.82 0.11 0.12 0.03 0.22 1,263 595 668lhfj;k 19.0 2.1 1.05 0.78 0.12 0.07 0.00 0.06 1,827 1,640 187rthfdLrku 6.5 0.7 0.25 0.30 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.06 – – –rqdhZ 73.2 2.7 1.37 1.00 0.04 0.17 0.05 0.08 1,615 1,379 236rqdZeSfuLrku 4.8 3.9 2.46 1.08 0.17 0.00 0.01 0.14 1,728 1,692 36;w-,-bZ-* 4.5 9.5 7.82 1.03 0.03 0.37 0.21 0.00 – – –mt+csfdLrku 26.6 1.8 1.19 0.50 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.08 979 926 52;eu 21.0 0.9 0.36 0.26 0.13 0.02 0.10 0.05 619 397 222

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vkad

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ns'k@{ks=

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– – – – – – 0.29 0.00 0.04 0.24 247.15 cgjsu1.8 0.37 0.40 0.89 0.05 0.7 6.02 2.44 0.75 2.84 5.66 tkftZ;k1.4 0.55 0.10 0.36 0.31 -1.3 133.25 60.48 21.28 51.49 52.92 bZjku0.3 0.21 0.03 0.00 0.01 -1.1 56.21 13.46 11.03 31.72 56.68 bjkd0.4 0.26 0.01 0.03 0.02 -4.4 2.93 1.05 0.78 1.10 112.28 bt+jk;y0.3 0.14 0.03 0.00 0.00 -1.4 2.23 1.22 0.30 0.71 114.94 tkMZu4.3 1.45 2.49 0.22 0.07 0.9 56.22 21.38 11.41 23.43 31.79 dt+kf[kLrku0.5 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.33 -8.4 0.43 0.00 0.07 0.36 2148.57 dqoSr1.7 0.61 0.75 0.13 0.06 0.6 13.78 3.72 2.84 7.23 48.89 fØxhLrku0.4 0.31 0.03 0.02 0.01 -2.7 2.82 1.40 0.39 1.03 32.29 yscuku2.6 0.15 0.13 0.00 2.14 -2.1 1.59 0.26 0.61 0.71 134.63 vkseku

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0.8 0.39 0.11 0.13 0.13 -0.8 – – – – – ,,ff’’kk;;kk iiSSffllffQQ++dd15.4 5.47 3.41 2.22 4.26 7.6 95.50 75.29 7.41 12.79 4.11 vkLVªsfy;k

0.3 0.14 0.00 0.01 0.06 -0.3 168.85 93.04 18.32 57.50 6.26 caXykns’k1.8 0.18 0.32 1.25 0.00 0.8 1.00 0.58 0.14 0.27 0.44 HkwVku0.9 0.46 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.0 23.30 19.24 1.20 2.86 0.85 dEcksfM;k0.9 0.39 0.15 0.16 0.08 -1.2 1,162.54 581.16 151.49 429.89 20.07 phu

– – – – – – 1.56 1.50 0.02 0.05 0.24 fQ+th0.4 0.31 0.01 0.02 0.04 -0.5 1,274.73 641.41 307.58 325.74 33.39 Hkkjr1.4 0.56 0.07 0.22 0.46 0.4 319.42 237.68 21.17 60.57 2.88 baMksusf’k;k0.6 0.16 0.00 0.27 0.08 -4.3 90.53 1.90 19.47 69.16 20.61 tkiku*0.6 0.31 0.00 0.19 0.08 -0.9 20.22 11.31 1.49 7.42 11.54 dksfj;k Mhihvkj0.7 0.16 0.00 0.07 0.40 -3.0 29.37 11.18 2.69 15.50 26.09 dksfj;k fji-2.3 0.39 1.25 0.55 0.04 1.3 9.55 6.67 0.79 2.09 0.86 ykvks ihMhvkj



dqy



eysf’k;k 25.3 2.4 1.07 0.55 0.04 0.44 0.23 0.09 2,344 1,691 653eaxksfy;k 2.6 3.5 1.22 0.21 1.91 0.12 0.00 0.03 – – –eka;ekj 50.5 1.1 0.06 0.62 0.05 0.26 0.05 0.06 1,591 1,568 23usiky 27.1 0.8 0.03 0.40 0.12 0.17 0.00 0.04 849 819 30U;wt+hySaM 4.0 7.7 2.22 0.73 1.90 0.99 1.70 0.17 – – –ikfdLrku 157.9 0.8 0.30 0.39 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.05 1,218 1,153 65iiwvk U;w X;wuk 5.9 1.7 0.00 0.24 0.01 0.26 1.06 0.13 2,005 1,005 1,000fQ+yhihal 83.1 0.9 0.07 0.42 0.01 0.08 0.25 0.04 1,543 1,378 164flaxkiqj 4.3 4.2 3.19 0.56 0.08 0.25 0.07 0.01 – – –Jhyadk 20.7 1.0 0.37 0.37 0.01 0.13 0.11 0.04 1,292 1,207 85FkkbZySaM 64.2 2.1 0.89 0.64 0.01 0.16 0.37 0.06 2,223 2,037 185fo;ruke 84.2 1.3 0.46 0.56 0.00 0.15 0.03 0.07 1,324 1,284 40

yyssffVVuu vveessffjjddkk rrFFkkkknn ddSSffjjffcc;;uu 553.2 2.4 0.65 0.57 0.72 0.32 0.10 0.08 – – –vtZuVhuk 38.7 2.5 0.63 0.53 0.81 0.18 0.20 0.11 1,404 1,313 91ckjckMksl 0.3 – – – – – – – 1,355 607 748csykbZt+ 0.3 – – – – – – – 1,646 1,491 154cksfyfo;k 9.2 2.1 0.38 0.44 1.09 0.13 0.00 0.08 1,206 1,119 88czkft+y 186.4 2.4 0.04 0.61 1.11 0.49 0.02 0.08 1,381 1,276 106fpyh 16.3 3.0 0.56 0.52 0.41 0.77 0.60 0.13 803 486 317dksyfEc;k 45.6 1.8 0.46 0.41 0.71 0.09 0.03 0.09 812 686 126dksLVk jhdk 4.3 2.3 0.86 0.39 0.27 0.59 0.05 0.11 1,150 913 237D;wck 11.3 1.8 0.82 0.67 0.10 0.11 0.02 0.05 1,712 1,542 170Mksfefudu fji- 8.9 1.5 0.54 0.46 0.33 0.08 0.02 0.05 980 924 56bDokMksj* 13.2 2.2 0.62 0.44 0.43 0.21 0.44 0.06 1,218 1,129 89,y lsYokMksj 6.9 1.6 0.61 0.41 0.19 0.30 0.07 0.04 870 660 210XokVsekyk 12.6 1.5 0.43 0.36 0.18 0.46 0.01 0.06 762 649 112xwvkuk 0.8 – – – – – – – 2,113 1,967 147gSrh 8.5 0.5 0.06 0.31 0.04 0.09 0.00 0.03 848 840 8gksaMwjl 7.2 1.8 0.53 0.36 0.28 0.49 0.04 0.08 778 695 82teSdk 2.7 1.1 0.22 0.51 0.10 0.18 0.03 0.05 1,016 693 324eSfDldks 107.0 3.4 1.92 0.77 0.31 0.23 0.07 0.08 1,441 1,007 433fudkjxqvk 5.5 2.0 0.41 0.40 0.71 0.35 0.10 0.07 819 706 113iukek 3.2 3.2 0.97 0.36 0.63 0.17 1.00 0.06 979 745 234ijkxqos 6.2 3.2 0.25 0.78 1.41 0.69 0.01 0.08 1,132 1,105 27is: 28.0 1.6 0.22 0.51 0.31 0.14 0.29 0.10 777 599 178lwjhuke 0.4 – – – – – – – 1,234 1,165 69fVªuhMkM rFkk VkscSxks 1.3 2.1 1.13 0.41 0.13 0.24 0.22 0.00 1,039 565 473m:Xos 3.5 5.5 0.23 0.28 4.04 0.56 0.25 0.11 – – –oSuht+w,yk 26.7 2.8 1.30 0.37 0.81 0.10 0.16 0.07 883 651 232

uukkFFkkZZ vveessffjjddkk 330.5 9.2 6.21 1.42 0.32 1.02 0.11 0.10 – – –dSusMk 32.3 7.1 3.44 1.83 0.50 1.00 0.21 0.09 2,049 1,631 418;w-,l-,- 298.2 9.4 6.51 1.38 0.30 1.02 0.10 0.10 2,483 2,018 464

;;wwjjkkssii ¼¼bbZZ;;ww½½ 487.3 4.7 2.58 1.17 0.19 0.48 0.10 0.17 – – –vkfLVª;k 8.2 5.0 3.07 1.02 0.26 0.39 0.03 0.21 1,607 594 1,013cSyft;e8* 10.4 5.1 2.51 1.44 0.18 0.60 0.03 0.38 1,802 353 1,449


vkad

M+s ,oa rkfy

dk,a

dqy


ikfjfLFkfrdhvkjf{kr







¼izfr'kr½


ns'k@{ks=

2.7 1.00 0.02 0.56 1.00 0.3 62.16 53.36 1.68 7.12 1.52 eysf’k;k14.6 0.25 11.12 3.25 0.00 11.2 – – – – – eaxksfy;k

1.5 0.48 0.20 0.44 0.32 0.4 97.08 66.34 9.08 21.67 2.94 eka;ekj0.4 0.17 0.11 0.04 0.01 -0.4 26.21 16.08 2.45 7.67 4.82 usiky

14.1 4.40 5.06 2.08 2.35 6.4 – – – – – U;wt+hySaM0.4 0.32 0.01 0.01 0.04 -0.4 257.04 88.93 71.39 96.72 75.50 ikfdLrku4.4 0.37 1.22 2.02 0.71 2.8 8.31 8.24 0.00 0.06 0.01 iiwvk U;w xwvuk0.5 0.28 0.07 0.07 0.08 -0.3 128.46 100.37 6.33 21.76 5.86 fQ+yhihal0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 -4.1 – – – – – flaxkiqj0.4 0.19 0.02 0.07 0.05 -0.6 33.53 21.16 2.85 9.52 24.74 Jhyadk1.0 0.65 0.01 0.09 0.16 -1.2 219.00 134.35 24.31 60.34 20.65 FkkbZySaM0.8 0.33 0.05 0.12 0.24 -0.5 144.75 81.08 15.07 48.60 7.14 fo;ruke

yyssffVVuu vveessffjjddkk rrFFkkkk4.8 0.79 1.15 2.46 0.32 2.4 – – – – – nn ddSSffjjffcc;;uu8.1 2.49 3.08 0.58 1.87 5.7 114.72 85.90 3.44 25.38 3.54 vtZuVhuk

– – – – – – 0.22 0.14 0.01 0.07 102.87 ckjckMksl– – – – – – 0.80 0.69 0.00 0.11 0.59 csykbZt+

15.7 0.65 3.05 11.86 0.06 13.6 12.20 10.86 0.26 1.07 0.21 cksfyfo;k7.3 0.90 1.15 4.96 0.18 4.9 308.55 250.12 6.18 52.25 0.71 czkft+y4.1 0.63 0.97 1.60 0.80 1.1 15.16 3.25 1.59 10.31 1.29 fpyh3.9 0.26 1.89 1.61 0.04 2.1 41.88 31.25 1.23 9.40 0.50 dksyfEc;k1.8 0.50 0.67 0.45 0.11 -0.4 7.29 4.68 0.35 2.25 2.32 dksLVk jhdk1.1 0.63 0.09 0.15 0.14 -0.7 29.25 21.05 1.41 6.79 21.50 D;wck0.8 0.31 0.33 0.09 0.02 -0.7 12.71 9.45 0.55 2.70 15.48 Mksfefudu fji-2.1 0.39 0.50 0.99 0.19 -0.1 32.61 15.61 2.65 14.35 3.93 bDokMksj*0.7 0.31 0.17 0.09 0.11 -0.9 6.84 5.65 0.18 1.01 4.73 ,y- lsYokMksj

– – – – – – 13.64 11.68 0.40 1.55 1.76 xwvkuk1.3 0.37 0.49 0.32 0.05 -0.2 3.52 1.89 0.56 1.07 0.68 XokVsekyk0.3 0.16 0.04 0.01 0.02 -0.3 7.63 6.64 0.19 0.80 7.02 gSrh1.9 0.49 0.40 0.65 0.25 0.1 7.78 6.95 0.17 0.66 0.86 gkaMwjl0.6 0.23 0.08 0.27 0.00 -0.5 2.29 1.88 0.05 0.36 4.32 teSdk1.7 0.70 0.37 0.36 0.16 -1.7 153.04 75.03 18.71 59.31 17.06 eSfDldks3.3 0.82 0.89 0.95 0.55 1.2 6.30 5.01 0.29 1.00 0.66 fudkjxqvk3.5 0.38 1.02 1.34 0.69 0.3 2.96 2.19 0.05 0.73 0.52 iukek9.7 1.55 3.18 4.84 0.06 6.5 12.09 11.63 0.12 0.34 0.14 ijkxqos4.0 0.42 1.26 1.98 0.26 2.5 28.90 9.32 5.09 14.50 1.02 is:

– – – – – – 1.07 0.41 0.22 0.45 0.55 lwjhuke2.1 0.13 0.08 0.35 1.49 -0.1 0.95 0.65 0.00 0.30 7.84 fVªuhMkM rFkk VkscSxks

10.5 1.13 5.63 1.29 2.34 5.0 – – – – – m:Xos3.2 0.32 0.99 1.44 0.34 0.3 28.21 12.47 1.23 14.51 1.28 oSuht+w,yk

6.5 2.55 0.43 2.51 0.88 -2.7 – – – – – uukkFFkkZZ vveessffjjddkk20.0 4.89 1.80 9.30 3.96 13.0 124.85 79.31 3.25 42.29 1.57 dSusMk

5.0 2.30 0.29 1.78 0.55 -4.4 830.94 351.05 122.15 357.74 15.63 ;w-,l-,-

2.3 1.00 0.21 0.64 0.29 -2.4 – – – – – ;;wwjjkkssii ¼¼bbZZ;;ww½½2.9 0.67 0.27 1.70 0.00 -2.1 7.00 4.86 0.01 2.13 2.75 vkfLVª;k1.1 0.40 0.12 0.23 0.00 -4.0 14.36 5.48 0.07 8.81 41.49 cSyft;e8*



dqy



rkfydk 1&3 rd dh fVIif.k;kafo'o tula[;k esa os ns'k Hkh 'kkfey gSa tks rkfydk esa ugha gSaA rkfydk esa 1 fefy;u ls vf/kd vkcknh okys lHkh ns'kksa ds infpUg vkadM+s 'kkfey gSA

bZ-;w- 27% ;g ,d {ks= ds :i esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS gkykafd muds 'kkfey gksus dh rkjh[kvyx&vyx gSa% 1957% csfYt;e] Ýkal] teZuh] bVyh] yDlecksxZ] uhnjyS.Ml( 1973%MsuekdZ] vk;jyS.M] ;wukbZVsM fdaXMe( 1981% xzhl ¼;wuku½( 1986% iqrZxky] Lisu( 1995%vkWfLVª;k] fQuyS.M] LosMsu( 2004% lkbizl] psd x.kjkT;] ,LVksfu;k] gaxjh] ykVfo;k]fyFkqvkfu;k] ekYVk] iksyS.M] Lyksokfd;k] Lyksosfu;k( 2007% cqYxkfj;k] jksekfu;kA

2005 th-,u-vkbZ izfr O;fDr] ,Vyl i)fr dk mi;ksx djrs gq, fu/kkZfjr fo'o cSad vk;

lhek ds vk/kkj ij ns'kksa dks mPp] e/;e ;k fuEu vk; oxZ Jsf.k;ksa esa j[kk x;k FkkA

mPp&vk; okys ns'k% vkLVªsfy;k] vkWfLVª;k] csfYt;e] dukMk] MsuekdZ] fQuyS.M] Ýkal]

teZuh] xzhl ¼;wuku½] gkaxdkax] vk;jyS.M] bt+jk;y] bVyh] tkiku] dksfj;k x.kjkT;] dqoSr]

uhnjyS.Ml] U;wt+hyS.M] ukosZ] iqrZxky] lmnh vjc] flaxkiqj] Lyksosfu;k] Lisu] LosMsu]

LohVt+jyS.M] la;qDr vjc vehjkr] ;wukbZVsM fdaXMe vkSj la;qDr jkT; vesfjdkA

e/;&vk; okys ns'k% vYckfu;k] vYthfj;k] vaxksyk] vtsZufVuk] vesZfu;k] vt+jcStku]

csyk#l] cksfyfo;k] cksfLu;k] gjt+sxksfouk] cksRlokuk] czkft+y] cqYxkfj;k] dse:u] phyh]phu] dksyfEc;k] dkaxks] dksLVk fjdk] Øks,f'k;k] D;wck] psd x.kjkT;] Mksfefudu x.kjkT;]bDokMksj] felz] vy lYokMksj] ,LVksfu;k] xScksu] tkWftZ;k] XokVsekyk] gksUMqjl] gaxjh]b.Mksusf'k;k] bZjku] bjkd] teSdk] tksMZu] dt+kf[kLrku] ykVfo;k] yscuku] yslsFkks] fyfc;k]fyFkqvkfu;k] ednwfu;k] ,Q-okbZ-vkj] eysf'k;k] ekWfj'kl] esfDldks] ekWyMksok] x.kjkT;]eksjDdks] ukehfc;k] fudkjkxqvk] iukek] ijkXos] is:] fQfyfiUl] iksyS.M] jksekfu;k] :l la?k]lfcZ;k vkSj eksUVsusxzks] Lyksokfd;k] nf{k.k vÝhdk x.kjkT;] Jhyadk] LokthyS.M] flfj;k]FkkbZyS.M] =fuMkM ,aM VkscSxks] V~;wfuf'k;k] rqdhZ] rqdZesfuLrku] ;wØsu] m:Xos vkSj osusTosykA

cqyxkfj;k 7.7 2.7 1.30 0.83 0.14 0.25 0.01 0.18 1,395 1,220 175lk;izl 0.8 – – – – – – – 2,208 775 1,433pSd fji- 10.2 5.3 3.33 1.12 -0.02 0.69 0.01 0.20 1,572 1,114 458MSuekdZ 5.4 8.0 3.53 2.49 0.01 1.00 0.67 0.34 1,440 569 871,lVksfu;k 1.3 6.4 2.79 0.84 0.14 2.37 0.08 0.18 – – –fQ+uySaM* 5.2 5.2 1.68 1.24 0.06 1.96 0.15 0.16 1,727 1,026 701Ýkal 60.5 4.9 2.52 1.28 0.32 0.39 0.17 0.25 1,875 1,176 699teZuh* 82.7 4.2 2.31 1.21 0.09 0.36 0.04 0.21 1,545 728 816xzhl 11.1 5.9 3.63 1.48 0.33 0.27 0.06 0.09 2,389 1,555 834gaxjh 10.1 3.5 1.49 1.48 0.00 0.38 0.01 0.20 789 662 128vk;jySaM* 4.1 6.3 4.03 0.65 0.50 0.46 0.38 0.24 – – –bVyh 58.1 4.8 2.77 1.19 0.22 0.43 0.06 0.10 2,332 1,142 1,190yVfo;k 2.3 3.5 0.51 0.84 0.11 1.77 0.16 0.10 684 391 293fyFkwfu;k 3.4 3.2 0.95 1.00 0.13 0.81 0.14 0.17 1,128 701 427ekYVk 0.4 – – – – – – – 1,916 257 1,659uhnjySaM 16.3 4.0 2.29 1.22 -0.03 0.36 0.00 0.18 1,223 220 1,003iksySaM 38.5 4.0 2.06 1.10 0.16 0.52 0.04 0.08 1,103 785 317iqrZxky 10.5 4.4 2.58 0.93 0.40 0.20 0.30 0.04 2,264 1,050 1,214jksekfu;k 21.7 2.9 1.13 1.20 0.05 0.31 0.02 0.17 1,734 1,541 193Lyksokfd;k 5.4 3.3 1.52 0.96 0.03 0.58 0.01 0.19 – – –Lyksokfu;k 2.0 4.5 2.68 0.87 0.29 0.50 0.01 0.11 – – –Lisu 43.1 5.7 3.41 1.30 0.33 0.35 0.31 0.04 2,325 1,494 831LohMu 9.0 5.1 0.95 0.95 0.31 2.59 0.10 0.20 1,621 759 861;w-ds- 59.9 5.3 3.51 0.87 0.21 0.46 0.08 0.20 1,245 369 876

;;wwjjkkssii ¼¼uukkuu&&bbZZ;;ww--½½ 239.6 3.5 2.00 0.94 0.04 0.29 0.17 0.07 – – –vYckfu;k 3.1 2.2 1.11 0.74 0.21 0.06 0.01 0.10 1,228 880 348csykjl 9.8 3.9 1.93 1.34 0.17 0.27 0.03 0.10 1,271 899 372ckslfu;k rFkk gjt+sxksfouk 3.9 2.9 1.47 0.82 0.18 0.35 0.01 0.09 – – –Øksf’k;k 4.6 3.2 1.67 0.92 0.02 0.45 0.03 0.12 – – –vkbZlySaM 0.3 – – – – – – – 1,327 509 818eSlhMksfu;k ,QokbZvkj 2.0 4.6 3.21 0.82 0.24 0.22 0.01 0.10 – – –ekWynksok] fji- 4.2 1.2 0.29 0.79 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.06 1,474 1,437 37ukosZ 4.6 6.9 1.55 0.78 0.44 0.63 3.35 0.17 1,467 576 891jf’k;u QSM- 143.2 3.7 2.24 0.92 0.03 0.34 0.15 0.06 1,858 1,569 289lfcZ;k rFkk eksuVsusxzks 10.5 2.6 1.37 0.98 0.00 0.23 0.01 0.03 – – –fLoVt+jySaM** 7.3 5.0 3.73 0.66 0.18 0.27 0.03 0.14 1,682 346 1,336;wØsu 46.5 2.7 1.46 1.00 0.00 0.12 0.04 0.08 1,316 1,256 60


vkad

M+s ,oa rkfy

dk,a

fuEu vk; okys ns'k% vQxkfuLrku] caXykns'k] csfuu] cZqfduk Q+klks] cq:.Mh] dEcksfM;k]

e/; vÝhdk x.kjkT;] pM] dkaxks Mseks x.kjkT;] dksVs Ms vkbojh] bjhfVª;k] bFkksfi;k]

xkfEc;k] ?kkuk] xqbZfu;k] xqbfu;k&fclklw] gSrh] Hkkjr] dsfu;k] dksfj;k Mh-ih-vkj]

f[kzfxtLrku] ykvks ih-Mh-vkj] yhcsfj;k] esMkxkLdj] ekykoh] ekyh] ekSfjVkfu;k] eaxksfy;k]

ekstkfEcd] eka;ekj] usiky] ukbtj] ukbthfj;k] ikfdLrku] ikiqvk U;w fxuh] jokaMk] lsusxy]

fl;jk yksu] lksekfy;k] lqMku] rkthfdLrku] ratkfu;k la;qDr x.kjkT;] Vksxks] ;qxk.Mk]

mTcsfdLrku] fo;ruke] ;eu] t+kfEc;k vkSj ft+EckcosA

fuEufy[kr ns'kksa ds fy, vkbZ-ih-lh-lh- vkadM+ksa dks ou tSo{kerk dh x.kuk ds fy, ,Q-,-vks- vkadM+ksa esa tksM+k x;k gS% vYthfj;k] caXykns'k] csfuu] cksfLu;k ,aM gtsZxksfouk]cq:.Mh] pSM] felz] vy lYokMksj] bfjfVª;k] bfFk;ksfi;k] xkfEc;k] tkWftZ;k] gSrh] bZjku] bjkd]teSdk] tksMZu] dqoSr] fdZfxLrku] yscuku] yslsFkks] fyfc;k] ekyh] ekWfjVkfu;k] ekSfj'kl] eaxksfy;k]ukfefc;k] vkseku] jok.Mk] lsusxy] lfcZ;k ,aM eksaVsusxzks] flaxkiqj] lksekfy;k] nf{k.k vÝhdkx.kjkT;] Jhyadk] lqMku] Lokt+hyS.M] flfj;k vkSj FkkbZyS.MA

1- vfrfjDr vkadM+ksa ds fy, ns[ksa% n bdksykWthdy infpUg ,Vyl] 2008( oSf'odinfpUg usVodZ ¼2008½ (www.footprintnetwork.org/atlas).

2- ,Q-,-vks-,l-Vh-,-Vh-] 2006

3- ns'k dh [kir ds dkcZu infpUg esa thok’e bZa/ku ngu ls fudyus okys izR;{k dkcZu

Mk;vkWDlkbM dk /kqvka vkSj fons'kksa esa fufeZr mRiknksa ds vizR;{k /kq,as dks 'kkfey

fd;k x;k gSA fo'o dkcZu infpUg esa xSl ;k rsy dh yiVksa] lhesa.V mRiknu rFkk

m".k dfVca/kh; ouksa esa yxus okyh vkx ls fudyus okys /kq,a dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k

gS] tks fdlh [kkl ns'k ds uke ugha j[kk x;k gSA

i`"B 40 ij tkjh

dqy


ikfjfLFkfrdhvkjf{kr







¼izfr'kr½

tSo{kerk1 2005 ¼oSf'od gsDVs;j izfr O;fDr½ ty QqVfizaV dk mRiknu 1997&2001

ns'k@{ks=

2.8 1.44 0.31 0.76 0.10 0.1 22.28 10.63 0.79 10.87 54.72 cqyxkfj;k– – – – – – 0.77 0.54 0.10 0.13 29.98 lk;izl

2.7 1.38 0.16 1.00 0.00 -2.6 14.31 11.66 0.03 2.62 20.18 pSd- fji-5.7 3.03 0.05 0.25 2.02 -2.3 9.59 8.34 0.33 0.93 20.86 MsuekdZ9.1 1.33 0.41 2.69 4.48 2.7 – – – – – ,lVksfu;k

11.7 1.53 0.10 7.22 2.73 6.5 7.19 4.85 0.04 2.30 2.13 fQ+uySaM*3.0 1.55 0.34 0.73 0.17 -1.9 118.02 80.23 2.24 35.55 18.55 Ýkal1.9 1.01 0.11 0.53 0.08 -2.3 95.58 48.89 5.59 41.10 30.32 teZuh*1.7 0.93 0.32 0.11 0.24 -4.2 22.31 14.44 3.71 4.16 10.60 xzhl2.8 1.99 0.15 0.47 0.01 -0.7 22.23 15.01 0.98 6.24 6.95 gaxjh4.3 0.89 1.08 0.19 1.86 -2.0 – – – – vk;jySaM*1.2 0.70 0.14 0.22 0.06 -3.5 91.87 48.17 12.00 31.70 22.85 bVyh7.0 1.11 0.85 2.92 2.00 3.5 1.30 1.01 0.01 0.27 0.82 yVfo;k4.2 1.81 0.57 1.35 0.28 1.0 3.09 2.82 0.01 0.26 1.07 fyFkwfu;k

– – – – – – 0.11 0.05 0.01 0.05 117.22 ekYVk1.1 0.31 0.08 0.08 0.48 -2.9 9.29 1.39 1.62 6.28 8.68 uhnjySaM2.1 1.14 0.17 0.59 0.11 -1.9 38.10 23.86 0.54 13.70 23.12 iksySaM1.2 0.28 0.36 0.47 0.08 -3.2 15.07 5.74 3.73 5.60 13.58 iqrZxky2.3 1.01 0.23 0.76 0.09 -0.6 50.08 26.05 5.49 18.55 11.34 jksekfu;k2.8 1.14 0.18 1.31 0.00 -0.5 – – – – – Lyksokfd;k2.2 0.27 0.32 1.49 0.00 -2.3 – – – – – Lyksokfu;k1.3 0.73 0.32 0.18 0.06 -4.4 89.24 53.47 14.54 21.23 32.08 Lisu

10.0 1.42 0.34 5.39 2.63 4.9 8.70 5.75 0.16 2.79 1.69 LohMu1.6 0.64 0.17 0.09 0.55 -3.7 26.63 16.00 0.17 10.46 7.23 ;w-ds-

5.8 1.51 0.49 2.97 0.77 2.3 – – – – – ;;wwjjkkssii ¼¼uukkuu&&bbZZ;;ww½½1.2 0.65 0.20 0.16 0.09 -1.0 3.51 2.13 0.36 1.02 3.31 vyckfu;k3.4 1.60 0.42 1.30 0.00 -0.4 10.80 8.09 0.29 2.41 4.67 csykjl2.0 0.67 0.42 0.81 0.00 -0.9 – – – – ckslfu;k rFkk gjtS+xksfouk2.2 0.31 0.61 0.81 0.33 -1.0 – – – – Øksf’k;k

– – – – – – 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.09 vkbZlySaM1.4 0.80 0.28 0.25 0.01 -3.2 – – – – eSlhMksfu;k ,QokbZvkj1.3 1.01 0.07 0.13 0.01 0.0 9.16 6.53 0.27 2.36 22.57 ekWynksok] fji-6.1 0.78 0.43 2.78 1.96 -0.8 3.26 1.12 0.14 2.00 0.56 ukosZ8.1 1.66 0.67 4.56 1.16 4.4 280.89 204.73 5.50 70.66 1.69 jf’k;u QSM-1.6 1.07 0.12 0.41 0.01 -1.0 – – – – lfcZ;k rFkk eksuVsuxzks1.3 0.31 0.18 0.64 0.01 -3.7 3.06 1.18 0.03 1.85 3.52 fLoVt+jySaM**2.4 1.70 0.14 0.34 0.14 -0.3 95.12 57.29 6.95 30.88 27.11 ;wØsu


o"kZ 1961 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

rkfydk 2% thoar xzg lwpdkad] ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg] tSo{kerk rFkk ty infpUg] 1961&2005

oSf'od tula[;k ¼fcfy;Ul½ 3.09 3.35 3.71 4.08 4.45 4.85 5.29 5.70 6.10 6.48

thoar xzg lwpdkad% oSf'od – – 1.00 1.12 1.11 1.06 1.00 0.91 0.78 0.72'khrks".k dfVca/k – – 1.00 1.08 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.18 1.10 1.06m".k dfVca/kh; – – 1.00 1.17 1.09 0.98 0.86 0.70 0.55 0.49Hkwe/;js[kh; – – 1.00 1.04 1.00 0.93 0.88 0.82 0.74 0.67leqnzh; – – 1.00 1.06 1.11 1.07 1.11 1.05 0.92 0.86Hkwfexr ty – – 1.00 1.29 1.24 1.19 1.01 0.88 0.70 0.65m".kdfVca/kh; ou – – 1.00 0.98 0.87 0.78 0.66 0.60 0.55 0.38?kkl ds eSnku – – 1.00 1.02 0.98 0.90 0.84 0.78 0.64 0.64'kq"d Hkwfe – – 1.00 1.09 0.97 0.88 0.78 0.73 0.57 0.56fuvkdsZfVd – – 1.00 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.04 1.05 1.03 1.03fu;ksVªkWfidy – – 1.00 1.14 1.09 0.82 0.60 0.41 0.26 0.24*isysvkdsZfVd – – 1.00 1.16 1.23 1.18 1.33 1.37 1.35 1.30,ÝksVªksfidy – – 1.00 1.08 0.96 0.95 0.87 0.75 0.70 0.81b.Mks&islsfQd – – 1.00 1.13 1.09 1.04 0.97 0.90 0.81 0.65i{kh – – 1.00 1.15 1.13 0.98 0.94 0.88 0.83 0.80Lru/kkjh izk.kh – – 1.00 0.95 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.04 0.93 0.81

ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg ¼fcfy;u th,p,½% dqy ;ksx 7.0 8.2 10.0 11.2 12.5 13.0 14.5 14.9 16.0 17.5d`f"kxr Hkwfe 3.40 3.47 3.57 3.63 3.69 3.75 3.81 4.06 4.08 4.13pjkxkg 1.21 1.27 1.31 1.39 1.41 1.36 1.48 1.66 1.64 1.69ou 1.09 1.16 1.25 1.27 1.40 1.49 1.60 1.40 1.45 1.52eRL; ikyu {ks= 0.25 0.29 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.40 0.45 0.52 0.53 0.56dkcZu 0.83 1.74 3.23 4.22 5.29 5.61 6.83 6.86 7.85 9.11fuekZ.k Hkwfe 0.20 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.34 0.39 0.41 0.44

tSo{kerk% dqy 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.1 13.1 13.2 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4

miHkksx dk ty infpUg ¼?ku fdyksehVj½% dqy – – – – – – – – – 11,158** * 2004 vkadM+s ** 1997–2001 vof/k ds fy, izfr O;fDr

4- ouksa ds infpUg esa bZa/ku dh ydM+h 'kkfey gSA

5- bekjrh {ks= esa gkbMªks ikoj ds fy, cuk;s x;s cka/k 'kkfey gSaA

6- vkadM+ksa ds vHkko esa ckgjh ty ds infpUg esa Ñf"k ls vkus okys okilh izokg dks

'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gSA

7- tSo{kerk esa bekjrh {ks= 'kkfey gS ¼ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg esa ns[ksa½A

8- ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg vkSj tSo{kerk ds vkadM+s dsoy csfYt;e ds fy, gS( ty

infpUg ds vkadM+s csfYt;e vkSj ys{kecxZ ds fy, gSaA

* jk"Vªh; infpUg [kkrksa dh ljdkjh leh{kk vkaf'kd ;k tkjhA

** jk"Vªh; infpUg [kkrksa dh ljdkjh leh{kk iw.kZA

0-0 ¾ 0-05 ls deA

jkf'k dks iw.kZ cukus ds dkj.k ;ksx esa 'kkfey ughaA

rkfydk 3% thoar xzg lwpdkad% izR;sd d'ks#dh; izkf.k;ksa esa iztkfr;ksa dh la[;k] 2005

flLVe 'khrks".k dfVca/kh; ck;ksEl 'khrks".k dVhca/kh; vkSj Hkwfexr ty leqnzh;oSf'od Hkwe/;js[kh; leqnzh ehBk m".k ?kkl ds 'kq"d Hkwfe 'khrks".k m".k fuvkdsZfVd fu;ksVªkWfidy isysvkdsZfVd vkÝksVªksfidy b.Mks& 'khrks".k m".k

ty dfVca/kh; ou eSnku dfVca/kh; islsfQd dfVca/kh;eNyh 272 148 124 87 41 49 12 40 29 2 127 35mHk;pj tUrq 118 14 104 6 72 46 55 31 10 1 20jsaxus okys tUrq 46 16 7 23 8 3 3 16 23 13 7 2 7 11 2 12i{kh 895 565 137 193 66 168 43 622 181 400 59 236 79 64 113 59Lru/kkjh 355 292 49 14 106 138 103 147 168 71 35 75 85 58 49 20dqy 1,686 887 341 458 186 309 149 944 459 588 144 363 201 155 291 126


vkad

M+s ,oa rkfy

dk,a

oSf'od thoar xzg lwpdkadoSKkfud if=dkvksa] ,uthvks lkfgR; ;k fo'oO;kihosc esa fofHkUu lzksrksa }kjk izdkf'kr iztkfr;ksa dhtula[;k laca/kh vkadM+ksa dk iz;ksx oSf'od thoarxzg lwpdkad dh x.kuk djus gsrq iz;qDr fd;kx;k gSA lwpdkad dh x.kuk esa iz;qDr tula[;kds eki] ?kuRo] cgqyrk vkfn ds vkadM+s le;c):i esa fn;s x;s gSa] tks 1960 ls 2005 ds dky[kaMls lacaf/kr gSaA N% ls de vkadM+ksa okys LFkkuksa dsfy, bl dky[kaM ds okf"kZd vkadM++ksa ls okafNrrF;ksa dk vkdyu muds vkSlr ds vk/kkj ij gksrkgS] tcfd N% ;k mlls vf/kd eqíksa ds vkadM+ksaokys fcUnqvksa }kjk ;kstuk ekWMy rS;kj fd;k tkrkgS vFkok ml dky esa vkcknh dh okf"kZd o`f) dksfLFkj ekurs gq, x.kuk dh tkrh gSA vkxkeh o"kksZaesa vkSlr okf"kZd ifjorZu nj dks feykdj ,dlwpdkad cuk;k x;k Fkk ftldk 1970 esa lwpdkadewY; 1 j[kk x;kA lHkh ,yihvkbZ xzkQksa ijfo'okl Lrj lwpdkad esa fuf'prrk dh fMxzh ds:i esa O;Dr fd;k x;k FkkA lhek ftruh ladqfprgks fo'okl mruk gh vf/kd ekuk x;k FkkA

oSf'od] 'khrks".k vkSj m".kdfVca/kh; ,yihvkbZ dkfp= 45 esa n'kkZbZ xbZ Øe lwph ds vuqlkj ;ksxfd;k x;k FkkA Hkwe/;js[kh;] vyo.kh; ty rFkkleqnzh iz.kkfy;ksa dks fp= 8 ¼i`"B 7 esa½ n'kkZ;kx;k gSA

i)fr ¼flLVe½ rFkk ck;kse lwfp;kaizR;sd iztkfr dks Hkwe/;js[kh;] ehBs ty ;k leqnzhds :i esa ml iz.kkyh ds vuqlkj oxhZd`r fd;ktkrk gS ftlesa og thou vkSj iztuu ds fy,fuHkZj djrh gSA m".kdfVca/kh; ou rFkk ?kkl dsck;ksEl rFkk 'kq"d Hkwfe iz.kkfy;ksa esa ikbZ tkusokyh iztkfr;ksa dks Hkh ntZ fd;k x;k FkkA ck;ksEldk vk/kkj i;kZokl rFkk okuLifrd Js.kh ds vk/kkjij oxhZd`r fd;k x;kA izR;sd iz.kkyh ds HkhrjikbZ tkus okyh le'khrks".k rFkk m".kdfVca/kh;iztkfr;ksa dks leku egRo nsdj Hkwe/; js[kh;] ehBsty rFkk leqnzh iz.kkfy;ksa dh x.kuk dh xbZ FkhvFkkZr izR;sd iz.kkyh ds fy, igys m".kdfVca/kh;lwpdkad rFkk le'khrks".k lwpdkad dh x.kuk dhxbZ Fkh rFkk mlds ckn i)fr lwpdkad cukus ds

fy, nksuksa dk ;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ?kkl ds eSnku]m".kdfVca/kh; ou vkSj 'kq"d Hkwfe dh lwfp;ksa dhlwpdkad esa n'kkZbZ xbZ ck;ksEl dh vkcknh dsvk/kkj ij ;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA ?kkl ds eSnkuksa dslwpdkad esa m".kdfVca/kh; rFkk le'khrks".kiztkfr;ksa dks leku egRo fn;k x;k Fkk rFkkm".kdfVca/kh; ouksa vkSj 'kq"d Hkwfe lwfp;ksa dks dksbZegRo ugha fn;k x;k FkkA

{ks= lwfp;kaizR;sd iztkfr dh vkcknh dks tSo HkkSxksfyd {ks=esa ckaVk x;k FkkA {ks= ¼jsYel½ os HkkSxksfyd izns'kgksrs gSa tgka iztkfr;ksa dk mn~Hko bfrgkl ,dnwljs ds lkis{k gksrk gSA {ks= lwfp;ksa dh x.kukizR;sd iztkfr dks leku egRo nsdj dh tkrhFkhA Hkkjr eyk;k] vkLVsªysf'k;k rFkk vkslfu;k dsvkadM+s bu {ks=ksa dh lwfp;ka cukus ds fy, vi;kZIrFks blfy, mUgsa ,d lqij {ks=] Hkkjr&iz'kkar esafeyk fn;k x;k FkkA fu;ksVªkWfiDl lwpdkad dhx.kuk 2004 rd dh xbZ Fkh D;ksafd blds ckn dso"kksZa ds vkadM+s miyC/k ugha FksA

rkfydk 4% 95 izfr’kr fo'okl ds Lrj ds lkFk 1970 vkSj 2005 ds chp thoar xzg lwpdkad esa #>ku

iztkfr;ksa dh la[;k cnyko ¼%½ 95 izfr’kr fo'okl dk Lrj1970-2005* de mPp

oSf'od oSf'od 1,686 -28 -37 -17'khrks".k 1,235 6 -4 17m".k dfVcaa/kh; 585 -51 -62 -35

flLVe rFkk ck;kse Hkwe/;js[kh; 887 -33 -43 -22leqnzh; 341 -14 -31 8Hkwfexr ty 458 -35 -52 -10m".k dfVca/kh; ou 186 -62 -76 -39?kkl ds eSnku 309 -36 -47 -24'kq"d Hkwfe 149 -44 -59 -23

jhYel ¼{ks=½ usvkdsZfVd 588 3 -2 8fu;ksVªkWfidy 144 -76 -86 -60isysvkdsZfVd 363 30 14 50vÝksVªkWfidy 201 -19 -35 1b.Mks&islsfQd 155 -35 -49 -16

oxhZÑr i{kh 895 -20 -32 -6Lru/kkjh 355 -19 -37 3

*1970&2004 ds fy, fu;ksVªkWfidy ,y-ih-vkbZ

fp= 45% thoar xzg lwpdkad ds Hkhrj lwfp;ksa dk Øe

'khrks".k

m".k dfVca/kh;

m".k dfVca/kh;Hkwe/;js[kh;

m".kdfVca/kh; leqnzh;m".kdfVca/kh; Hkwfexr tyiztkfr 1

iztkfr 2

iztkfr 3

tula[;k 1

tula[;k 2

tula[;k 3

oSf'od ,y-ih-vkbZ- Hkwe/;js[kh;,y-ih-vkbZ-

'khrks".k Hkwe/;js[kh;

'khrks".k leqnzh;

'khrks".k Hkwfexr ty

leqnzh; ,y-ih-vkbZ-

Hkwfexrty ,y-ih-vkbZ-

thoar xzg lwpdkad% rduhdh fVIif.k;ka

VSDlksuksfed lwfp;ka if{k;ksa vkSj Lru/kkjh iztkfr;ksa dh x.kuk djus dsfy, i`Fkd lwfp;ksa dks es:naMh; oxksZa ds lkFkx.kuk dh xbZ FkhA m".kdfVca/kh; rFkk 'khrks".kiztkfr;ksa ds fy, bl vkadM+k leqPp; ds Hkhrj dbZ le'khrks".k iztkfr;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;kx;k gSA

O;fDrxr lwfp;ksa ds js[kkfp=O;fDrxr lwfp;ksa ds xzkQksa esa ,dy vkcknh le;Ja`[kyk dh enn ls ml vkadM+ksa dh izd`fr dksn'kkZ;k x;k gS ftuesa ls lwfp;ksa dh x.kuk dh xbZ gSA

fp= 45 % thoar xzg lwpdkad ds Hkhrjlwfp;ksa dk Øe % izR;sd iztkfr ds Hkhrj izR;sdvkcknh dks leku egRo fn;k tkrk gS( izR;sdiztkfr dks Hkwe/;js[kh;] ehBs ty ;k leqnzh lwfp;ksads Hkhrj leku egRo fn;k tkrk gS( le'khrks".kvkSj m".kdfVca/kh; lwfp;ksa dks leku egRo fn;ktkrk gSA


ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg% vdlj iwNs tkus okys iz'u

ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg dh x.kuk dSlsdh tkrh gS\orZeku rduhd vkSj lalk/ku izca/ku dks /;ku esaj[krs gq, ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg esa fdlh O;fDr]vkcknh ;k dk;Zdyki }kjk mRikn dks rS;kj djusrFkk mlls iSnk gksus okys dpjs dks [kikus ds fy,vko';d tSo&oSKkfud :i ls mRiknd Hkwfe vkSjikuh dh vko';drk dk vkdyu fd;k tkrk gSAbl {ks=Qy dks ôSf'od gsDVs;j*] fo'o dh vkSlrtSo oSKkfud mRikndrk ;qDr gsDVs;j esa O;Drfd;k tkrk gSA infpUg dh x.kuk esa tSooSKkfud mRikndrk ¼vFkkZr baXySM ds izfr gsDVs;jcuke vtsZuVhuk ds izfr gsDVs;j ds fglkc ls Vuksaesa xsgwa mRiknu½ rFkk fo'o dh vkSlr mRikndrkesa fofHkUu [kkrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mit dsfglkc ls r; fd;k tkrk gS ¼vFkkZr fo'o dsvkSlr ou cuke fo'o dh vkSlr Qly okyh Hkwfe½A

ns'kksa ds infpUg vkSj ck;ks{kerk dh x.kuk okf"kZdvk/kkj ij oSf'od infpUg usVodZ }kjk dh tkrhgSA jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa ds lkFk lg;ksx gsrq izLrkovkeaf=r fd, tkrs gSa vkSj jk"Vªh; infpUg ys[kkds fy, vkadM+ksa vkSj dk;Zfof/k esa lq/kkj djus dkvkxzg fd;k tkrk gSA vc rd fLoVt+jySaM usleh{kk iw.kZ dj yh gS rFkk csfYt;e] bDokMksj]fQuySaM] teZuh] vk;jySaM] tkiku rFkk la;qDrvjc vehjkr us vk/kh leh{kk dh gS vFkok os vius[kkrksa dh leh{kk dj jgs gSaA us'kuy infpUgys[kk dh orZeku dk;Zfof/k laca/kh xfrfof/k;ksa dks,d vkSipkfjd leh{kk lfefr ns[k jgh gSA blx.kuk dh O;kid fof/k;ka lacaf/kr vfHkys[k rFkkuewus ,oa x.kuk i=ksa dh izfrfyfi;kawww.footprintnetwork.org ls miyC/k gSaA

infpUg fo'ys"k.k dks fdlh Hkh Lrj ij vk;ksftrfd;k tk ldrk gSA mijk"Vªh; infpUg vuqiz;ksxksadks ekudhdj.k djus dh c<+rh vko';drk ijcy fn;k x;k gS rkfd lHkh izdkj ds v/;;uksadks vf/kd {kerkiwoZd fd;k tk ldsAuxjikfydkvksa] laxBuksa vkSj mRikndksa dks oSf'odinfpUg ekud iz;klksa ds ek/;e ls infpUg dh

x.kuk djus ds fy, rjhds vkSj vo/kkj.kk,a r;djuh gksaxhA ikfjfLFkfrdh; infpUg ekudksa ds laca/k esa tkudkjh dì;kwww.footprintstandards.org ns[ksaA

ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg esa D;k&D;k'kkfey gS vkSj D;k&D;k 'kkfey ugha gSAi`Foh ij euq"; dh ekax dks vfr'k;ksfDriw.kZ cuusls cpus ds fy, ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg esa dsoylalk/ku dh [kir ds mUgha igyqvksa vkSj dpjkmRiknu dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS ftlds fy,/kjrh esa iztuu {kerk gS rFkk tgka vkadM+smifLFkr gksa bl ekax dks mRiknd {ks=ksa esa O;Drfd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ikfjfLFkfrdhinfpUg [kkrksa esa tgjhyh xSlksa dks /;ku esa ughaj[kk tkrk vkSj u gh ehBs ikuh dks 'kkfey fd;ktkrk gS gkykafd ikuh dks iEi djus ;k mldk'kks/ku djus ds fy, ÅtkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg ds [kkrksa esa foxr dky dslalk/kuksa dh ekax vkSj miyC/krk ds ifjn'kZdvkadM+s miyC/k djk, tkrs gSaA bueas Hkfo"; dkiwokZuqeku ugha gksrkA bl izdkj infpUg esaikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa ds ekStwnk fouk'k ds }kjk fo"k;ksads Hkkoh uqdlku dk vuqeku ugha yxk;k tkldrk] blfy, ;fn iru tkjh jgk rks og Hkkoh[kkrksa esa tSo mRikndrk dh gkfu ds :i esan'kkZ;k tk,xkA

infpUg ys[kk esa Hkh tSo&oSKkfud mRiknu {ks= dslkFk mldh xfr ugha n'kkZbZ tkrhA ikfjfLFkfrdhinfpUg ds ukrs blesa lao`f)iw.kZ vR;ko';dlkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd vk;keksa dk ewY;kadu Hkhugha fd;k tkrkA

varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks dSls /;ku esaj[kk tkrk gS\jk"Vªh; infpUg [kkrksa esa ns'k ds mRiknu essa mldsfu;kZr tksM+dj rFkk vk;kr ?kVkdj ns'k ds fo'kq)[kir dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS

fd tkiku fufeZr dkj ds mRiknu esa tks lalk/kubLrseky gq, gSa ijUrq mudh foÙkh; ifjx.ku ,oami;ksx Hkkjr esa gqvk gks ,sls mRiknuksa okyslalk/kuksa ds Hkkjr ds izkÑfrd infpUgksa ds lkFklek;ksftr fd;k tk,xk u fd tkiku ds lkFkA

jk"Vªh; miHkksDrk infpUg esa tc lalk/kuksa dkbLrseky vkSj muds fu;kZr ds fy, lkeku rS;kjdjus esa gksus okys dpjs dks izR;sd ns'k iwjh rjgvfHkysf[kÑr ugha djrk gS] bl dkj.k vf/kdfu;kZr djus okys ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk dh fLFkfrLi"V ugh gksrh ijUrq bldk izHkko oSf'odinfpUg ij ugh iM+rk gSA

ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg [kkrs ls thok"e bZa/kuds mi;ksx dk vkdyu dSls gksrk gS\dks;yk] rsy rFkk izkd`frd xSl tSls thok’e bZa/ku/kjrh dh lrg ls fudkys tkrs gSa blfy, mUgsaikfjfLFkfrdh dh le;&lhek ds vuqlkj v{k;ÅtkZ ugha ekuk tkrkA tc ;s bZa/ku tyrs gSa rksdkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM NksM+rs gSaA ok;q eaMy esadkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM ds Lrjksa dks c<+us ls jksdusds fy, dsoy nks fodYi ekStwn gSa% bu /kqvksa dkeuq"; }kjk rduhdh :i ls i`FkDdj.k djuk tSlsxgjs dq,a [kksnus( ;k izkÑfrd i`FkDdj.k rc gksrkgS tc ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dkslks[k dj mls isM+ksa esa lqjf{kr j[k nsaA bl le;dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dk euq"; }kjk i`FkDdj.kcgqr ekewyh ek=k esa gks jgk gSA

dkcZu infpUg dh x.kuk bl vankts ls dh tkrhgS fd ;fn ekuo }kjk fd;k tkus okyk i`FkDdj.ku gks rks fdruk izkd`frd vo'kks"k.k vko';dgksxhA egkleqnzksa }kjk lks[ks x, dkcZuMkbvkWDlkbM dh ek=k dks ?kVkus ds cknikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg xSlksyhu dh 1450 yhVjek=k dks tykdj fudkyh xbZ dkcZuMkbvkWDlkbM dks lks[kus ds fy, fdruk {ks=Qyvko';d gSA 2005 esa 1 oSf'od gsDVs;j djhc1450 yhVj xSlksyhu dks tykdj fudkyh xbZCO2 dks lks[k ldrk gSA

bl izdkj dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM mRltZu dsinfpUg dh bl izdkj rqyuk djus dk ;g vFkZugha gS fd ck;ksekl dkcZu dk i`FkDdj.k oSf'odeqík gSA cfYd blds foijhr ;g fl) gksrk gS fddkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ds orZeku /kq,a ls eqdkcykdjus ds fy, tSo eaMy ds ikl i;kZIr {kerk ugha gSA tSls&tSls ou ?kus gksrs tkrs gSa mudhdkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dh i`FkDdj.k nj 'kwU; gksrhpyh tkrh gSA ;fn ouksa dk iru ;k lQk;k gksrk gS rks os dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ds dsUnz fcUnq cu tk,axsA

thok’e esa bZa/ku ds ngu ds vykok vU; lzksrksa lsfudyus okys dkcZu /kq,a dks vc jk"Vªh; infpUg[kkrs esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA blesa] rsy rFkkizkd`frd xSl ds mRiknu esa xSl dh yiV lsfudyus okys /kq,a] m".kdfVca/kh; ouksa dh vkx lsfudyus okys /kq,a vkSj lhesaV mRiknu jlk;fudizfrfØ;kvksa }kjk fudyk dkcZu 'kkfey ugha gSAblds vykok] thok’e bZa/ku dks fudkyus vkSjfjfQfyax djrs le; fudyus okys dkcZu dks mlns'k ds lkFk ugha tksM+k tkrk tgka thok’e bZa/kudh [kir gks jgh gSA

ijek.kq fo|qr dks vc i`Fkd ikfjfLFkfrdhinfpUg dk ?kVd D;ksa ugha ekuk tkrk\ijek.kq ÅtkZ dks thoar xzg fjiksVZ esa 2000 lsi`Fkd infpUg ?kVd ds :i esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kgSA pwafd tSo eaMy ij ijek.kq ekax dk vanktkyxkuk cgqr eqf'dy gS blfy, ;g ekuk x;k fdijek.kq fctyh dh 1 ;wfuV thok’e bZa/ku dsvkSlr feJ.k ls iSnk dh xbZ fctyh dh ;wfuV dscjkcj infpUg gksrk gSA

foLr`r ppkZ vkSj ijke'kZ ds ckn oSf'od infpUgusVodZ ds jk"Vªh; ys[kk desVh us jk"Vªh; infpUg[kkrksa ls ijek.kq Hkwfe ds ?kVd dks gVkus dhflQkfj'k dh rkfd mudh oSKkfud fujarjrk esao`f) gks ldsA jk"Vªh; infpUg [kkrksa ds 2008 ds laLdj.k esa bl ifjorZu dks ykxw dj fn;kx;k gSA


vkad

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jk"Vªh; ys[kk desVh us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd Ikjek.kqfctyh ds infpUg dh x.kuk djus ds fy, /kq,adh izrhdkRed vo/kkj.kk oSKkfud :i ls lghugha gS D;ksafd%

1- thok’e fctyh ds dkcZu infpUg vkSj ijek.kqfctyh ls tqM+h ekaxksa ds chp varj j[kus dkdksbZ oSKkfud vk/kkj ugha gSA

2- ijek.kq fctyh ls tqM+h izkFkfed fpUrkvksa esaizk;% dher vkSj vuqlwfpr lfClMh] Hkfo"; esagksus okys dpjs ds HkaMkj] la;a=ksa dh nq?kZVukvksads tksf[ke] l'kL= fujLdj.k rFkk vU; lqj{kktksf[keksa dks fu'kkuk cuk;k tkrk gSAikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg [kkrksa dks ,sfrgkfld dhctk, iwokZuqekuh cuk;k x;k gS vkSj bl izdkjtSo {kerk ij laHkkfor Hkkoh izHkkoksa ij fopkjdjuk blesa 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gSA

dkcZu ds okLrfod /kq,a ls tqM+h ijek.kq fctyhdks jk"Vªh; infpUg [kkrksa esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA rFkkfi] bu /kqvksa dks ijek.kq fctyh ds laca/kesa i;kZoj.k laca/kh dkj.kksa esa dsoy dkj.k ekuk x;k gSA

o"kZ 2003 ds jk"Vªh; infpUg [kkrksa esa ijek.kqinfpUg euq"; ds dqy infpUg dk dsoy 4izfr'kr gSA vr% vf/kdka'k ns'kksa ds fy, 1905 esamYysf[kr ifj.kkeksa ij bl dk;Zfof/k laca/khifjorZu dk izHkko fcydqy ux.; jgsxkA rFkkfi]i;kZIr ijek.kq fctyh vkiwfrZ okys ns'kksa tSlscsfYt;e] fQuySaM] Ýkal] tkiku] LohMu vkSjfLoVt+jySaM ns'kksa ds fy, muds jk"Vªh; infpUg dk egRo bl i)fr ls cgqr gn rdizHkkfor gksxkA

ijek.kq infpUg ?kVd dks 'kkfey u djus lsijek.kq ÅtkZ ij dksbZ izHkko ugha gksxkA blesa lh/ks rkSj ;g Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS fd ijek.kqÅtkZ ds dsoy dqN igyqvksa dks iqu% mRiknd{kerk laca/kh ekax ds lanHkZ esa vklkuh ls ekik tkldrk gSA

ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg x.kukvksa esathoar xzg fjiksVZ 2006 ds ckn ls vU;fdl izdkj ls lq/kkj fd;k x;k gS\jk"Vªh; infpUg [kkrk i)fr ds lrr lq/kkj dkvk'oklu nsus ds fy, ,d vkSipkfjd izfØ;kviukbZ xbZ gSA bl izfØ;k dk vU; yksxksa dslkFk&lkFk oSf'od infpUg usVodZ ds lg;ksxhlaxBuksa us leFkZu fd;k gSA

jk"Vªh; infpUg [kkrksa esa thoar xzg fjiksVZ 2006ds ckn ls lcls egRoiw.kZ la'kks/ku ;w-,u- ,Q-,-vksds dkjiksjsV lkaf[;dh MkVkcsl ¼,Q-,-vks-,l-Vh-,-Vh½ ds <kaps esa ifjorZu dh izfrfØ;k Lo:i gqvkFkkA lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr 10 lewgksa esa lHkh mRiknksadk ;ksx djuk Fkk ftls [kk| rqyui= dh laKknh xbZ Fkh] 1961 ls 2005 rd ds u;s ,Q-,-vks-,l-Vh-,-Vh MkVkcsl esa mudh dksbZ fjiksVZ ugha nhAblds fy, jk"Vªh; infpUg [kkrksa ds rktklaLdj.k esa [kk| rqyui=ksa ds LFkku ij dPpsvkadM+s 'kkfey djus dh vko';drk vku iM+hAblds ckn izlaLd`r mRiknksa dks izkFkfed mRiknksads lerqY; ubZ njsa ykxw djus ds fy, vfrfjDrvuqla/kku dh vko';drk FkhA ;g njsa ,Q-,-vksrFkk vU; la;qDr jk"Vª lzksrksa ls ladfyr dh xbZFkhA le;fdr vkadM+ksa dh ctk, dPps vkadM+ksa dkbLrseky djus ls [kkrksa ds feyku esa lq/kkj gqvkAQlysa 80 ls c<+dj 180 mRikn Jsf.k;ksa rd]i'kq/ku 10 ls c<+dj 20 rFkk ou 6 ls c<+dj 30gks x, gSaA eNyh dh 15]000 iztkfr;ka vc [kkrksaesa ntZ gSa tks fd igys ek= 10 gqvk djrh FkhaAoSf'od infpUg usVodZ ls miyC/k foLr`rdk;Zfof/k xkbM cqd esa vc bldk mYys[k gSApjkxkg ekWM;wy esa Hkh lq/kkj gqvk gSA

[kkrksa esa vc vkbZ,Q,Q lks'ky bdksyksthbafLVV~;wV] oh;uk }kjk fodflr 'kq) izkFkfedmRikndrk dk;Zfof/k esa u, [kkrs miyC/k gSaAblds vykok pjkxkg Hkwfe esa vc vU; ßou HkwfeÞdks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

,Q,;w Hkw mi;ksx vkadM+ksa dk bLrseky mu {ks=ksadk irk yxkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ftUgsa

mRiknd le>k tkrk gSA bl laLdj.k esa mRiknd{ks= dk foLrkj djds mlesa de mRikndrk okysdqN ouksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA igys bl {ks=esa eq[; :i ls VaqMªk dk {ks= 'kkfey ugha FkkA vcmRiknd {ks=ksa ds vfrfjDr gsDVs;j Hkwfe vc [kkrksaesa 'kkfey gS ftlds QyLo:i oSf'od izfr O;fDrtSo {kerk esa 2-1 ?kk dh o`f) gqbZ gSA rFkkfi] pwafdbl ifjorZu ls izfr O;fDr oSf'od infpUg ijleku :i ls izHkko iM+k gS] blfy, bl vfrfjDrgsDVs;j Hkwfe dks 'kkfey djus ls vkiwfrZ ls ekaxds vuqikr ij dksbZ [kkl izHkko ugha iM+k vkSjblfy, bruk vlarqyu iSnk gqvkA

D;k ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg esa vU;iztkfr;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS\ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg esa euq"; dh ekax dhizkd`frdh bu ekaxksa dks iwjk djus dh {kerk dslkFk rqyuk dh tkrh gSA vr% ;g LFkkuh; rFkkoSf'od ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa ij ekuo ncko dsladsrd ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA 2005 esa euq";dh ekax tho eaMy dh iqu% mRiknu nj dhrqyuk esaa 30 izfr'kr rd vf/kd FkhA blvlarqyu ds ifj.kkeLo:i ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=ksa esadeh vkbZ vkSj dpjs dh Hkjekj gks xbZA blikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ds ncko dk tSo fofo/krk ijudkjkRed izHkko gqvkA rFkkfi] infpUg esa buizHkkoksa dks u rks izR;{k :i ls ekik tkrk gS vkSju gh blesa ;g [kqyklk gS fd bu udkjkRedizHkkoksa ls cpus ds fy, bl vlarqyu esa fdruhdeh dh tk,A

D;k ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg esa lalk/kuksads ßmfprÞ ;k lerqY; mi;ksx dksLohdkj fd;k x;k gS\infpUg esa mu ckrksa dk mYys[k gS tks chr pqdhgSaA blesa fdlh O;fDr ;k vkcknh }kjk bLrsekyfd, x, ikfjfLFkfrdh lalk/kuksa dk ek=kRedmYys[k fey ldrk gS ysfdu blesa ;g mYys[kugha gS fd mudk bLrseky dSls fd;k tkukpkfg,A lalk/ku fu;ru ,d uhfrxr eqík gS tks

bl lkekftd /kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gS fd D;klerqY; gS vkSj D;k ughaA pwafd infpUg ys[kkfof/kesa izfr O;fDr miyC/k vkSlr tSo {kerk rksfu/kkZfjr dh tk ldrh gS ysfdu blesa ;gmYys[k ugha gksrk fd fdl tSo {kerk dkO;fDr;ksa vkSj ns'kksa esa fu;eu dSls fd;k tkukpkfg,A rFkkfi] blesa bl rjg dh ppkZvksa ds fy,lanHkZ dk izko/kku gSA

;fn v{k; ÅtkZ lalk/kuksa dh vkiwfrZ esao`f) dh tk ldrh gks vkSj xSj&v{k;lalk/kuksa dh deh dks rduhdh {ks= esagqbZ izxfr ds cy ij /khek fd;k tkldrk gks rks ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUgdSls izklafxd gSa\ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg esa lalk/kuksa ds mi;ksx vkSjdpjk mRiknu dh orZeku fLFkfr dks ekik tkrkgSA blesa iwNk tkrk gS fd fdlh fn, x, o"kZ esaikfjfLFkfrdh ra= ij euq"; dh ekax ikfjfLFkfrdhdh bu ekaxksa dks iwjk djus dh {kerk ls vf/kdFkh\ infpUg fo'ys"k.k ls v{k; lalk/kuksa vkSjrduhdh vfo"dkjksa ¼mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn isijmRiknu dh lexz dk;Z{kerk nqxquh gks tk, rksisij dh izfr Vu infpUg vk/kk jg tk,xk½ dhmRikndrk nksuksa dk irk pyrk gSA ikfjfLFkfrdhinfpUg [kkrksa esa bu ifjorZuksa ds gksrs gh dSn djfy;k tkrk gS rFkk mudh lgk;rk ls ;gfu/kkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd bu ?kVukvksa lseuq"; dh ekaxksa dks mixzg dh ikfjfLFkfrdhiz.kkfy;ksa dh {kerk ds Hkhrj ykus esa lQyrkfeyh gSA ;fn rduhdh izxfr ;k vU; dkjdksa dhotg ls ikfjfLFkfrdh dh vkiwfrZ esa i;kZIr o`f)gksrh gS vkSj euq"; dh ekaxksa esa deh vkrh gS rksinfpUg [kkrksa essa bls oSf'od vlarqyu dsmileu ds :i esa n'kkZ;k tk,xkA

ikfjfLFkfrdh infpUg i)fr] MkVklzksr] vo/kkj.kkvkSj ifj.kke vkfn ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr tkudkjhds fy, dì;k ns[ksa% www.footprintnetwork.org/atlas


lanHkZ rFkk vfrfjDr iBu lkexzh

thoar xzg lwpdkadcMZykbQ] 2004A LVsV vkWQ n oYMZl cMZl 2004% bf.MdsVlZ

QkWj vkoj psaftax oYMZA cMZykbQ b.Vjus'kuy] dSEczht] ;w-dsA

cqjksol] ih-,-] tksxyj] vkj-,y-] xzhu] Mh-bZ-] 2004AiksVs.fV;y dkSlst QkWj ,EQhch;u MsDykbul bu I;wZVks fjdkAgjisVksykWftdk 60¼2½% 141&154A

dsis] ,l-] gfjlu] ts-] LikyfMax] ,e-] yk;lsUdks] vkbZ-]2005A felfjax n ,DlVsaV ,aM bQ~QsfDVousl vkWQ izksVsDVsM,fj;kl ,t ,Su bf.MdsVj QkWj fefVax Xykscy ck;ksMkbZojflVhVkjxsV~lA fQyksl- Vªkal- vkj- lksd yks.M- ch 360%443&455A

dksysu] ch-] yksg] ts-] eSdjkbZ] ,y-] gkWyczwd] ,l-] vfeu]vkj-] cSyh] ts-bZ-,e-] bZu izslA ekWfufVfjax psat bu oVsZojsVvc.MUl% n fyfoax IysusV baMsDlA datZoslu ck;ksykWthA

ØEi] ,e-,y-] gsUlyh] ,Q-vkj-] DykdZ] ds-,y-] 1992vIikjsaV MsDykbu vkWQ n xksYMu VksM% vUMjxzkm.M vkSj,DlVhaDV\ dksfi;k 2% 413&420A

Mh esjksMs] bZ-,y-] fcyk] ts- Vsyks] iuft;ek] th-] 2005A,Su ,fj;y fjdUuSllUl vkWQ xkjkEck us'kuy ikdZ fon vQksdl vkWu ukSZnuZ g~okbZV jghukslsjkslA www.rhinos-irf.org/news/african/garamba/Garambasurveyreport25.8.05.pdf

,Q-,-vks-] 2006A oSf'od QksjsLV fjlksZlst vlslesaV 2005% izksxzslVqoMZl lLVsuscy QksjsLV eSustesaV] ,Q-,-vks-] jkseA

gkWyiuZ] ch-,l-] lsydksbZ] ds-,-] fe'ksyh] ,Q-] dkIisy] lh-oh-] 2007A bZoSyq,fVax ,aM jSafdax n oYujsfcfyVh vkWQ Xykscyesjkbu bdksflLVel Vw ,UFkzksikstsfud FkzhV~lA datosZ'kuck;ksykWth 21 ¼5½% 1301&1315A

gkWyiuZ] ch-,l-] okWyfczMt] ,l-] lsydksbZ] ds-,-] dkIisy]lh-oh-] fe’ksyh] ,Q-] Mh- vxzkslk] lh-] cwzuks] ts-,Q-]dSlh] ds-,l-] ,cVZ] lh-] QkWDl] ,p-bZ-] Qqftrk] vkj-]gSueSu]Mh-] ysuhgu] ,l-,l-] eSfMu] bZ-,e-] iSjh] ,e-Vh-]lsfyx] bZ-vkj] LikWyfMax] ,e-] LVsusd] vkj-] okVlu]vkj-] 2008A v Xykscy eSi vkWQ g~;weu bZEiSDV vkWu esjkbubZdksflLVElA lkbal 319 ¼5865½% 948&952A

baVjus’kuy jkbuks QkmaMs’ku] 2006- ukWFkZu OgkbZV jkbuksrhinos-irf.org (accessed 12/09/2006)

vkbZ;wlh,u] 2008- jkbukst vkWu n jkbt bu vÝhdk oV ukWFkZuOgkbM fu;lZ ,Dl -http://cms.iucn.org/news_events/index. cfm?uNewsID=1146 (accessed 25/07/08).

vkbZ;wlh,u] 2008- 2007 vkbZ;wlh,u jsMfyLV vkWQ FkzhVsaMLisflt www.iucnredlist.org (downloaded28/07/2008).

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yksgks] ts] xzhu] vkjbZ] fjdsV~l] Vh] yeksjksDl] ts] tsufdal],e] dikst] ch] jsaMlZ] ts] 2005- n fyfoax IysusV baMsDl--;wftax Lisf'kt+ iksiqys'ku VkbEl lhjht Vw Vªsd VªsUMl buckW;ksMkbojflVh- Qkbykst- Vªkal- vkj- lksdysaM- ch 360% 289&295

feysfu;e bdks flLVe ,llesaV] 2005 bdks flLVEl ,aMg~;weu oSy ohbax% MkbojflVh flfUFklhl- oYMZ fjlksflZlbafLV~;wV] okf'kaxVu Mhlh

feyj&xqyan] bZ-th- [kksyksMksok] ,e-oh- csdsukso ,- cqdjhokvks-,e- xzapso] yw-,- veaxyku] ,y] yqPNsdhfu;k] ,-,-]2001] MªkesfVd fMDykbu bu lSxk ,aVhyksi] iksiqys'ku]vksfMDl 35¼4½% 340&345

lfQuk] lh] Dyksaxj] Mh-,p-2008 QksysIl vkWiQ CY;wfQu Vwukbu n osLVuZ ,VykafVd datosZ'ku ckW;ksyksth 22¼2½% 243&246

;w,ubZih&MCY;wlh ,elh] 2008 www.unep-wcmc.org/habitats/index.htm (accessed 06/03/08).

foylu] MhbZ] jhMj] Mh,,e ¼bZMh,l½] 2005 esey Lisfll vkWQn oYMZ % , VsDlksuksfed ,aM ft;ksxzkfQd fjQjsal ¼FkMZ ,fMlu½-tkWU'k] gksifdal ;wfuoflZVh izsl] ckYVheksj] ,eMh] ;w,l,

okVj QqVfiazV,yu] vkjth] ijsjk] ,y,l jht] Mh] fLeFk] ,e-] 1998-

Øksi ,okiksVªkalihjs'ku % xkbMykbal Qkj dEI;wfVax Øksi okVjfjD;wvkjesaVl- ,Q-,-vks bjhxs'ku ,aM Mªsust isij 56- ,Q-,-vks]jkse

pSfEi;u] ,ds] gksbZ{ks=k] ,okbZ] 2004- okVj QqVfiazV~l vkWQus'kul- oY;w vkWQ okVj fjlpZ fjiksVZ lhjht 16- ;wusLdks&vkbZ,pbZ] MsYQV n uhnjySaM~l

pSfEi;u] ,-ds-] vksvkjvkj] ,l] 2008- n bEisDV vkWQ n;wdst QwM ,aM Qkbcj daT;w'ku vkWu Xykscy okVj fjlksZflt-MCY;wMCY;w,Q&;w-ds-] xksMkyfoax] ;w-ds-.www.wwf.org.uk/waterfootprint

,Q-,-vks] 2003- ,D;w;w,,lVh,Vh 2003-ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/aquastat/aquastat2003.xls.

,Q-,-vks ,lVh,Vh] 2006- ,Q-,-vks lVSfVdy MkVkcslt .http://faostat.fao.org/default.jsp.

gksb{ks=k] ,-okbZ-] pSfEi;u] ,-ds-] 2008- Xykscsykbts’ku %'ks;fjax n IysVusV Ýsl okVj fjlksflZt- OySdoSy ifCyf'kax]vksDlQksVZ] ;w-ds-

vkbZVhlh] 2006- Vhlh&Vh,,l otZu 2000&2004 bu ,p,lvkSj ,lvkbZVhlh] flMhjkse- baVjus'kuy VªsM lsaVj] ftusok-

bdksykWthdy infpUgchih] 2007- LVsfVdy jhO;w vkWQ oYMZ ,usthZ twu 2007-http://www.bp.com

cqy] th] ekch] MCY;w- ljisucxZ] vkj] 1998- Xykscu QkbcjlIykbZ ekWMy- QksjsLVjh] lsDVj vkmVyqd LVsMht- ,Q-,-vksjkse www.fao.org/docrep/006/x0105e/x0105e00.htm

;wjksih;u Vksfid lsaVj vkWu ySaM ;wt ,aM Likf’k;ybaQksjes’ku-] 2000- dksfju ySaM doj- 2000- bZvkbZvks,ubZVh-ckjlhyksuk http://terrestrial.eionet.europa.eu/CLC2000.

,Q-,-vks-] 2000- QksjsLV fjlksflZt vkQ ;wjksi] lhvkbZ,l] ukFkZuvejhdk] vkLVªsfy;k] tkiku ,aM U;wthySaM- bu% Xykscy QksjsLVfjlksflZt ,lslesaV] 2000- ,Q-,-vks jkse- www.unece.org/trade/timber/fra/welcome.htm.

,Q-,-vks] 2005- ;wjksih;u QksjsLV lsaVj vkmVyqd LVsMh- ,Q-,-vks] jkse- www.unece.org/trade/ timber/ efsos/ welcome.htm

,Q-,-vks@vkbZvkbZ,,l,] 2000- Xykscy ,xzks&bduksftdytksUl- ,Q-,-vks jkse. www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/gaez/ index.htm

,Q-,-vks-,l-Vh-,-Vh] 2008 fQ'k LVSV MkVkcsl- ,Q-,-vks] jkse-www.fao.org/fishery.

,Q-,-vks-,l-Vh-,-Vh] 2008 izksM ,l,Vh,Vh] VªsM ,l,Vh,Vh]fjlksZl ,lVh,Vh] iksi ,lVh,Vh] QksjsLV ,lVh,Vh MkVkcsll-,Q-,-vks] jkse- http://faostat.fao.org

QksDl]Mh] 2007- MksUV dkmaV vkWu n Vªht- U;w lkbfVLV 2627%42&46 www.science.org.au/ nova/newscientist/108ns_002.htm.

QksjsLV] vkj] iksyh] Mh ¼,fM’ku½] 2008- fQlcs'kwww.fishbase.org (version 06/2008).

Xykscy QqVfizaV usVodZ] 2008- n bdksyksthdy QqVfiazV,Vyl 2008- www.footprintnetwork.org/atlas

gScyZ] ,p] bZvkjch] ds,p] jksleSu] ,Q] xksos] ch] cksM;w] ,]iqyqVtj] lh] fxufjp ,l] yp] MCY;w]fQLpj dksokylh] ,e]2007- D;kaVh Qkbax ,aM eSfiax n g~eu ,izksfiz,'ku vkWQ usVizkbejh izksMD'ku bu vFkZl VSfjflV;y bdksflLVEl- izksd-ukVy- ,dSM- lkbZal- ;w,l, 104¼31½% 12942&12947-www.pnas.org/content/104/31/12942/ suppl/DC1

bafLVV~;wV Qkj bUok;jesaV ,aM lslVsfofyVh] T;ksV fjlpZlsaVj] ;wjksih;u deh’ku ¼,uMh½- Xykscy ySaM doj 2000-vkbZbZ,l] bVyh. http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/our-activities/global-support/global-land-cover-2000.html

vkbZihlhlh] 2001- DykbZesaV psat 2001% n lkbafVfQd csfll-dSEcjht ;wfuoflZVh izsl] dSEcjht- ;w-ds-

vkbZihlhlh] 2006- vkbZihlhlh xkbMysal Qkj us'kuy xzhugkmlxSl bosaVjht- izhis;M okbZ n us'kuy xzhugkml xSl bUoSUVjhtizksxzke] bxyVu] ,p,l cwafn;k] ,y] feok] ds] uxjk] Vh-]Vukos] ds- ¼,Mh'ku½- vkbZthbZ,l] tkiku-www.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp/ public/2006gl/index.html.

ekjySaM] th] cksMSu] Vh,] vaMªsl] vkj-ts-] 2007- Xykscy]jhftuy ,aM us'kuy Qksfly ¶;wy CO2 behflal- bu VªsMl %, dEiSfM;e vkWQ MkVk vkWu Xykscy psat- dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbMbaQksjes'ku ,ukfyfll lsaVj] vksd fjt us'kuy yScksVjh] ;w,lfMikVZesaV vkWQ ,uthZ] vksd fjt- ih,u] ;w,l,-http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ trends/emis/meth_reg.htm

iksyh] Mh] 1996- ou gaMªsM fefy;u Vul vkWQ fQl ,aMfQljht jhlpZ- fQljht jhlpZ 25% 25&38-

jht] Mh] 2008 bdyksthdy QqVfiazV~l vkWQ VksesVkst xzksu bufczfV'k dksyfc;k- ijl- dkse

lh vjkmaM vl] 2008 Xykscy MkVkcsl vkWu eSjhu fQljht ,aMbdksflLVEl- fQ'kjht lsaVj ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ fczfV'k dksyfEc;k]oSdqvj] dukMk- www.seaaroundus.org

;w,u dkWEVªsM] 2008- ;wukbfVM us'kul dksEeksfMVh VªsM LVsfVDlMkVkcsl- ;w,u- U;w;kdZ- http://comtrade.un.org

oYMZ cSad] 2008- daVªh DykflfQds'ku- MkVk ,aM LVsfVDlfMohtu- oYMZ cSad- okf'kaxVu] Mhlh- http://go.worldbank.org/K2CKM78CC0

oYMZ cSad] 2008- jkbftax QwM izkbtst FkzhVs iksojVh fjMsD;w'ku-U;wl ,aM czksMdkWLV] 9 vizSy] 2008- oYMZ cSad]okf'kaxVu] Mhlh-http://go.worldbank.org/SQGNRO8TI0.

MCY;w vkjvkbZ] 2007- vFkZ VªsaMl% baok;jksuesaVy baQksjesa'ku-oYMZ fjlksflZt bafLVV~;wV] okaf'kaxVu] Mhlh-http://earthtrends. wri.org

tdkl] ihih,e] jkekdqV~Vh] ,u] ckjQksMZ] lhlh] Qksys] ts,]2007] Ýkse fe;keh Vw eSfM'ku % baosLVhxsfVax n jhys'kuflifcVohu DykbesaV ,aM VjsLVªh;y usV izkbejh izksMD'ku- Xyksc-ck;ksth;ksdSi- lkbZfdYl 21] thch 3004 doi:3010.1029/2006GB002705

VfuZax n VkbM,Q-,-vks] 2006- oYMZ ,xzhdYpj % VwoYMZ 2030@2050- ,Q-,-vks]

jkse- Rome. www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0607e/a0607e00.htm.

,Q-,-vks] 2002- oYMZ ,xzhdYpj % VwoYMZ 2015@2030- lejhfjiksVZ- ,Q-,-vks] jkse. www.fao.org/documents/ pub_dett.asp?pub_ id=67338&lang=en.

,Q-,-vks] ¼,uMh½- n ,Q-,-vks dksM vkWQ daMsDV Qkjfjlikslhcy fQ'kjht. fao.org/fishery/topic/14661/en.

Qkjft;ksu] ts] fgy] ts] Vhyeu] Mh-] iksykLdh] ,l]gkFkksju] ih- 2008- ySaM Dyh;fjax ,aM n ck;ksQ;wy dkcZuMsV- lkbZal 319% 1235&1238

xzho] lh] 'kksVZ] ds] 2007- bEiyhesaVs'ku vkQ bdksflLVe cslMeSustsesaV bu eSjhu dSipj fQ'kjht- MCY;wMCY;w,Q] XykaM]fLoVtjySaM

vkbZihlhlh] 2000- Lisf'k;y fjiksVZ vkWu ,eh'kal flusfj;ks- ,Lisf'k;y fjiksVZ vkQ ofdZax xzqi&3 vkWQ n vkbZihlhlh-uDdhlsuksfod] ,u- LokVZ] vkj- ¼,Mh'ku½- dSEczst ;wfuoflZVhizsl] dSEczht] ;w-ds- www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/emission.

ekyksu] ds] ojuh] th] eksV] vkj] 2007- DykbesV lksY;w'kUl %MCY;wMCY;w,Q fotu Qkj 2050- MCY;wMCY;w,Q- XykaM]fLoVtjySaM www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/climate_change/solutions/energy_solutions/index.cfm.

ikdyk],l] Lkdksykso] vkj] 2004- LVScykbts'ku osftt %lksyfoax n DykbesV izksCye Qkj n usDlV 50 bZ;lZ fon djaVVsDuksykWtht- lkbZal 305% 968&972

lSp] tsMh] 2008- bdksflLVel fMMukWV Qksyks n :Yl vkWQizkbosV izksiVh- baVjus'kuy gSjkyM VªhC;wu] eaMs] twu 16

;wukbfVM us’kuYl iksiqys’ku fMohtu] 2006- oYMZ iksiqys'kuizksliSDVl % n 2006 jhfotu- iksiqys'ku MkVkcsl-http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp?panel=2.

okseZ] ch]ckjch;j] bZch] C;weksmaV] ,u-] MQh] tsbZ] QksYd]lh] gSYieSu] ch-,l- tSD’ku] tschlh] ywVt] ,pds]ekbdsyh-],Q] iksyqEch] ,lvkj] lkyk] bZ] lsYdks] ds-,-]LVkpksfoDl] ts-ts-] okWMlu] vkj-] 2006- bEisDV~l vkWQck;ksMkojflVh yksl vkWu vkWlu bdksflLVe lfoZlst] lkbZal314¼5800½% 787&799-

thoar xzg lwpdkad

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vkWLVªsfy;kvkWfLVª;kcsyft;eHkwVkucksfyfo;kczkft+ydukMkdkSdsll ¼tkWftZ;k½e/; vÝhdk ¼dSe:u½e/; vesfjdk ¼dksLVk fjdk½phudksyfEc;knkuqcs&dkjisfFk;u ¼vkWfLVª;k½MsuekdZiwohZ vÝhdk ¼dsU;k½fQuySaMÝkalteZuhxzsVj ehdkax ¼fo;ruke½xzhlxq;kuk ¼lwjhuke½gkaxdkax

gaxjhHkkjrbaMksusf'k;kbVyhtkikuesMkxkLdjeysf'k;kesfMVªsfu;u ¼bVyh½esfDldkseaxksfy;kusikyuhnjySaMU;wthySaMukWosZikfdLrkuis:fQyhikbaliksySaM:lflaxkiksjnf{k.k vÝhdknf{k.kh vÝhdk ¼ft+EckCos½

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vuqokn lekykspdvatuk iar] laxhrk lDlsuk] rFkk izks- ,l-,e- dqekj

CertificatesLicence 544.070: Nordic Swan.ISO 9001: Quality management.EMAS, ISO 14001: EUEnvironmentalmanagement/certification scheme.DIN 6738: Archive properties, class24-85 (>200 years).ISEGA NO: 14130 U: Suitable foruse with food stuffs.EN 71-3: Safety of toys, migration ofcertain elements.FSC: SmartWood, SW-COC-625

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MCY;w-MCY;w-,Q baVjus’kuy,osU;w n eksa&CykSa lh,p&1196 XykaV fLoVt+jySaMQksu % $41223649111QSDl % $41223648836,d thoar xzg ds fy,

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for a living planet thoar xzg fjiksV Z 2008 - Pandaassets.panda.org/downloads/lpr_2008__hindi.pdf · izL rkouk 1 Hkwfedk 2 tSo &fofo/krk] ikfjfLFkfrdh lso k,a] ekuork ds infpUg 4