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Forces of ChangeForces of Change
• Social:Social:– Population Revolution-Population Revolution-
• Growing use of potato leads to better nutrition, which Growing use of potato leads to better nutrition, which reduced death rate, and thus increased birth ratereduced death rate, and thus increased birth rate
• Population pressure pushes a lot of people into the Population pressure pushes a lot of people into the working class (motive for protest)working class (motive for protest)
• Proto-industrialization: full or part-time industrial workers Proto-industrialization: full or part-time industrial workers working from home, but in a capitalist system (putting out working from home, but in a capitalist system (putting out system)system)
• Defiance of authority by youth, population upheaval and Defiance of authority by youth, population upheaval and the spread of a property-less class fuels rebellionthe spread of a property-less class fuels rebellion
Industrialization-1850’sIndustrialization-1850’s
• Railroads and canals link cities Railroads and canals link cities across Europe encouraging across Europe encouraging industrializationindustrialization
• Urbanization continuesUrbanization continues
• Sanitation improvesSanitation improves
• Death rates fall below birth rates.Death rates fall below birth rates.
• More efficient police forcesMore efficient police forces
Industrialization-1850’sIndustrialization-1850’s• 2/3 Europeans lived above the 2/3 Europeans lived above the
subsistence levelsubsistence level• Germ-Theory discovery by Louis Germ-Theory discovery by Louis
Pasteur in 1880’s.Pasteur in 1880’s.• Corporations in Europe doubled Corporations in Europe doubled
between 1860-1873between 1860-1873• Labor movements take shape Labor movements take shape
amongst urban industrial workersamongst urban industrial workers
That Nation of Shopkeepers!That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte -- Napoleon Bonaparte
Early CanalsEarly Canals
Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
ù More powerful than water is coal.More powerful than water is coal.
ù More powerful than wood is iron.More powerful than wood is iron.
ù Innovations make steel feasible.Innovations make steel feasible. Bessemer process [1856] – strong, Bessemer process [1856] – strong,
flexible steel.flexible steel.
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
18801880300 million tons
500, 000 miners
19141914250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
The “Water FrameThe “Water Frame””
Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one
place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].
) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].
) Requires a lot of capital investmentRequires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.
) Only 10% of English industry in Only 10% of English industry in 1850.1850.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers
The Factory SystemThe Factory System
Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.
12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Jacquard’s LoomJacquard’s Loom
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
The Power LoomThe Power Loom
James Watt’s Steam Engine
James Watt’s Steam Engine
Steam TractorSteam Tractor
Steam ShipSteam Ship
An Early Steam Locomotive
An Early Steam Locomotive
Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives
The Impact of the Railroad
The Impact of the Railroad
“The Great Land Serpent”
“The Great Land Serpent”
Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851Crystal Palace
Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.utopia.
Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits
Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits
Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on
Display
Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on
Display
Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of WorkerAge of Worker Male WagesMale Wages Female WagesFemale Wages
under 11under 11 2s 3d.2s 3d. 2s. 4d.2s. 4d.
11 - 1611 - 16 4s. 1d.4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.4s. 3d.
17 - 2117 - 21 10s. 2d.10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.7s. 3d.
22 - 2622 - 26 17s. 2d. 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.8s. 5d.
27 - 3127 - 31 20s. 4d. 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.8s. 7d.
32 - 3632 - 36 22s. 8d.22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.8s. 9d.
37 - 4137 - 41 21s. 7d.21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.9s. 8d.
42 - 4642 - 46 20s. 3d.20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.9s. 3d.
47 - 5147 - 51 16s. 7d.16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.8s. 10d.
52 - 5652 - 56 16s. 4d.16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.8s. 4d.
57 - 6157 - 61 13s. 6d.13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.6s. 4d.
Industrial Staffordshire
Industrial Staffordshire
Problems of PolutionProblems of Polution
The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858
The New Industrial City
The New Industrial City
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Worker Housing in Manchester
Worker Housing in Manchester
Factory Workers at Home
Factory Workers at Home
Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today
The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian
Nightmare!
The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian
Nightmare!
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own thePeople as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected feweveryone, not just a rich, well-connected few ..
Proletariat (working class) vs. Bourgeoisie Proletariat (working class) vs. Bourgeoisie (upper class) (upper class)
SocialismSocialism• Growth of socialism came about as a Growth of socialism came about as a
result of the grievances by the working result of the grievances by the working classclass
• Redefinition of Karl Marx’s theoriesRedefinition of Karl Marx’s theories– History is shaped by the availability of the History is shaped by the availability of the
means of production, and who owned means of production, and who owned them.them.
– Class struggle always pitted a group out of Class struggle always pitted a group out of power with the group controlling the means power with the group controlling the means of production.of production.
SocialismSocialism• Identified Capitalism’s evilIdentified Capitalism’s evil
– Told workers that their low wages were unjustTold workers that their low wages were unjust– Revolution is inevitable-and necessary!Revolution is inevitable-and necessary!
• Germany takes the Socialist lead!Germany takes the Socialist lead!– Bismarck extends the vote throughout the Bismarck extends the vote throughout the
1870’s and 1880’s1870’s and 1880’s– Socialist political parties capture the angst of Socialist political parties capture the angst of
the workers.the workers.
• Western society feared socialism (red Western society feared socialism (red scare)scare)
Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus
Population growth willPopulation growth willoutpace the food supply.outpace the food supply.
War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control population.could control population.
The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.
Food supply will then keep Food supply will then keep up with population.up with population.
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John
Stuart Mill
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John
Stuart Mill TheThe goal of society is goal of society is the greatest good for the the greatest good for the greatest number.greatest number.
There is a role to play for government There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safetyintervention to provide some social safetynet.net.
Government Response
Government Responsek Abolition of slavery in the coloniesAbolition of slavery in the colonies
in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
k Sadler CommissionSadler Commission to look intoto look intoworking conditionsworking conditions
Factory ActFactory Act [1833] – child labor.[1833] – child labor.
k New Poor LawNew Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. [1834] – indoor relief. Poor houses.Poor houses.
By 1850: Zones of
Industrializationon the European
Continent
By 1850: Zones of
Industrializationon the European
Continentù Northeast France.Northeast France.ù Belgium.Belgium.ù The Netherlands.The Netherlands.ù Western German states.Western German states.ù Northern ItalyNorthern Italyù East Germany East Germany Saxony Saxony
Industrialization By 1850
Industrialization By 1850
Railroads on the Continent
Railroads on the Continent
Share in World Manufacturing
Output: 1750-1900
Share in World Manufacturing
Output: 1750-1900
The Politics of IndustrializationThe Politics of Industrialization
ù State ownership of some industries.State ownership of some industries.) RRs RRs Belgium & most of Germany. Belgium & most of Germany.
ù Companies required to register with Companies required to register with the government & publish annual the government & publish annual budgets.budgets.
ù New legislation to:New legislation to:) Establish limited liability.Establish limited liability.) Create rules for the formation of Create rules for the formation of
corporations.corporations.ù Postal system.Postal system.ù Free trade zonesFree trade zones
FeminismFeminism• By 1900, many feminist movements By 1900, many feminist movements
were activewere active– Sought equal access to jobs, equal pay, Sought equal access to jobs, equal pay,
higher education, rights to vote (suffrage).higher education, rights to vote (suffrage).– Lots of support among middle class women Lots of support among middle class women
(especially as family size declines)(especially as family size declines)
Western Mass-CultureWestern Mass-Culture
• Middle class Middle class becomes more becomes more concerned with concerned with leisure as wages leisure as wages improveimprove
• Factories produce Factories produce goods at such a rate goods at such a rate that they must that they must encourage mass encourage mass consumptionconsumption
Western Mass-CultureWestern Mass-Culture
• Mass Leisure cultureMass Leisure culture– Popular newspapersPopular newspapers
• Shock and entertainment more than Shock and entertainment more than appeal to reasonappeal to reason
– Popular theaterPopular theater– Comedy routines and musical revuesComedy routines and musical revues– Vacations (seaside resorts)Vacations (seaside resorts)– Sports (Olympic games are Sports (Olympic games are
reintroduced in 1896)reintroduced in 1896)
• Growing secularismGrowing secularism
ScienceScience• Charles Darwin in Charles Darwin in The Origin of the The Origin of the
SpeciesSpecies (1859) argues that all living (1859) argues that all living species had evolved to its current form species had evolved to its current form through the ability to adapt in a struggle through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.for survival.– Survival of the fittestSurvival of the fittest– Clashed with traditional Christian beliefsClashed with traditional Christian beliefs
• Albert Einstein builds on Newton’s Albert Einstein builds on Newton’s theories of Relativity.theories of Relativity.
• Sigmund Freud argues that the human Sigmund Freud argues that the human subconscious can be understood subconscious can be understood through rational discussionthrough rational discussion
ArtArt
• A sense of realism overtakes the artistic A sense of realism overtakes the artistic movements of the early 1800’smovements of the early 1800’s– Charles Dickens portrays human problems Charles Dickens portrays human problems
trying to enact reformtrying to enact reform– Building on scientific findings, Georges Building on scientific findings, Georges
Seurat adopts pointillism based on Seurat adopts pointillism based on research on how color interacts with our research on how color interacts with our eyeseyes
• Romanticism: emotion and impression, Romanticism: emotion and impression, not reason and generalization were the not reason and generalization were the keys to human naturekeys to human nature
Art: RomanticismArt: Romanticism• Portray passion, madness…not calm Portray passion, madness…not calm
reflectionreflection• Move readers to tears, not debateMove readers to tears, not debate• Painters saw empathy with natures beauties.Painters saw empathy with natures beauties.• Post-Romanticism (after 1850) sought to Post-Romanticism (after 1850) sought to
deliberately violate traditional western deliberately violate traditional western standardsstandards– Poetry didn’t need to rhymePoetry didn’t need to rhyme– Drama didn’t always have plotDrama didn’t always have plot– Painting was more evocativePainting was more evocative
Gericault: “The Raft of the Medusa”Gericault: “The Raft of the Medusa”
Turner, “Rain, Steam, and Turner, “Rain, Steam, and Speed”Speed”
Seurat Seurat
Daumier: Third Class CarriageDaumier: Third Class Carriage
Monet (impressionism)Monet (impressionism)
RenoirRenoir
The Eiffel TowerThe Eiffel Tower
Western Settler SocietiesWestern Settler Societies
• Western powers pouring out tons of Western powers pouring out tons of factory made goods needed new factory made goods needed new markets for sales, and raw materials. markets for sales, and raw materials.
• Industrialization spurred western-led Industrialization spurred western-led world economy, and the west’s world economy, and the west’s military superiority. military superiority. – Steamships bring guns to more placesSteamships bring guns to more places– Machine gunMachine gun
The US Civil WarThe US Civil War• 1861-18651861-1865
– Industrial North vs. Agricultural slaveholding Industrial North vs. Agricultural slaveholding South. South.
– The south tried secession, and the north opposes, The south tried secession, and the north opposes, favoring national unity and an end to slaveryfavoring national unity and an end to slavery
– Accelerated industrialization for the war effort.Accelerated industrialization for the war effort.– America becomes a major competitor worldwide America becomes a major competitor worldwide
after the civil warafter the civil war– America was not a large contributor towards art, America was not a large contributor towards art,
music, science, culture until after WWImusic, science, culture until after WWI
Bibliographic Sources
Bibliographic Sources) ““Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Images of the Industrial Revolution.”
Mt. Holyoke College. Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rehttp://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.htmlv/images/images-ind-era.html
) ““The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eight/primary.htm
Adas, M., Gilbert, M.J., Schwartz, S.B., & Stearns, P.N. (2007). World civilizations: The global experience. (5th ed.). New York: Pearson Education.
Neater, B. (2009). www.bneater.com
) Susan Pojer, Horace Greeley High School, Susan Pojer, Horace Greeley High School, www.powerpointpalooza.netwww.powerpointpalooza.net
