A

Global Country Study Report

On

FORESTRY AND FISHING INDUSTRIES OF CANADABusiness Opportunities for Gujarat / India

Submitted to

Institute Code: 794

Institute Name: GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

Under the guidance of

PROF .DHARMENDRA KHAIRJANI

In partial of Fulfillment of the Requirement of the award of the Degree

of

Master of business Administration (MBA)

Offered By

Gujarat Technological University

Ahmedabad

Prepared By:

Students of

MBA (Semester - III)

Group No. 2 (A)

1

Month & Year: Dec.2013

STUDENT’S DECLARATION

We, following students, hereby declare that the Global/ Country Study Report titled

“forestry and fishing industries of in Canada is a result of my/our own work and our

indebtedness to other work publications, references, if any, have been duly acknowledged. If

I/we are found guilty of copying any other report or published information and showing as

my/our original work, or extending plagiarism limit, I understand that I/we shall be liable and

punishable by GTU, which may include ‘Fail’ in examination, ‘Repeat study & re-submission of

the report’ or any other punishment that GTU may decide.

Enrolment no. Name Signature

127940592007 Chauhan vaishali

127940592008 Chavda hitendra

127940592009 Desai asha

127940592010 Dulam komal

127940592011 Gajjar montu

127940592012 Gandhi nishant

2

INSTITUTE CERTIFICATE

“Certified that this Global Country Study and Report Titled FORESTRY AND FISHING

INDUSTRIES OF CANADA Business Opportunities for Gujarat / India is the bonafide work of

attached student list with enrollment numbers, who have carried out their research under

my/our supervision. I/We also certify further, that to the best of my knowledge the work

reported herein does not form part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of

which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

I/we have also checked the plagiarism extent of this report which is 2% and the separate

plagiarism report in the form of html /pdf file is enclosed with this. Our report contain 2 %

plagiarism it’s of copied from GTU guidelines ( title page)

Signature of the Faculty Guide

PROF.DHARMENDRA KHAIRJANI

MBA (FINANCE)

3

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PREFACE

4

It's a thing of massive gratification for me to present this Project Report on the topic

“Reality Television Shows influence on viewers”. I know that even in the areas in which I have a

little knowledge, I do not know enough.

This project attempts to identify and define business areas related to Canada and India for

forest and fishing industry. Initially we were just a known about Canada’s fishing and forest namely

but after research on this topic, we got most of the practical knowledge. We have come to know,

what actually happens in trade between India and Canada.

Since Fishing is the most important asset for Canada, there is increased emphasis on the

need for export fishiest in a manner to satisfy them through quality of product. About Forest

industry of Canada’s is less earning scope. Still they are doing their search to innovation.

Acknowledgement

5

It was a great pleasure and a unique experience to work on this project and on its

Completion.. Completing a project without proper guidance is like sailing alone in an ocean without

a compass.

We must put on record my gratitude towards my faculty Prof. Dharmendra Khirjani, without

whom we would not have reached to the conclusion of my project. It was through their efforts that

we could complete the project well in time.

The respondents constituted the back bone of my project. Thanks to the respondents who had

taken out some time out of their busy schedule to fill in my questionnaire without which the survey

could not have taken place.

Table of content

6

Sr.no Content Page

no.

1. Summary of Project 9-17

CANADA STUDY AND BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES FOR GUJARAT / INDIA:

MACRO ANALYSIS

2.STEEPLED Analysis of selected Forest industry in the Canada.

18-31

3. STEEPLED Analysis of selected Fishing industry in the Canada. 32-49

4. Overview of Forest Industry in Canada. 50-55

5. Overview of Forest Industry in Canada. 56-57

6.

Trade and Commerce in the Canada Country of

Forest And Fishing Industry

58-61

64-78

7

7 STEEPLED Analysis of Forest industry in the India

8

STEEPLED Analysis of Forest industry in the Canada. 79-91

9 Business Potential between the Canada and India92-

104

10Present Trade Relations by the forest and fishing industry of Canada

105-

109

11. Bilateral investment110-

115

12Reference 116

Table of Charts

8

Sr. No. Content Page.no

1. Real GDP rate in Fishing Industry 27

2. Canadian fishing Whole industry. 34

3. Total fishing related expenditure and anger, retained 38

4. Largest exporters of forest products 39

5. Percentage firewood using households 44

6. Trends in the overall development 50

7. Percentage dividing households according their income. 54

8. Canadian Agri food Export to china 66

9. Indian’s Export and import to Canada 80

Table of Figures.

Sr. No. Content Page.no

1 Environmental analysis of fishing industry 28

2 Forest region of Canada 35

3 Canada’s forest story 36

4 Fisherman in Canada 37

5 Favorable demography of forestry in India 55

6 Investment opportunities 76

7The stock of two-way direct investment between India and Canada

80

Executive Summary

9

- Canada’s Forest and fishing industries are undertaken for analysis of business

opportunities. Forest industry is specialized for wood export, inter trade.

- Canada’s forest sector is a high-technology sector that purchases as much as $2.8 billion

annually in imbedded technology plus invests as much as $494 million annually in

science and technology to modernize and improve performance, an amount that has

been increasing in recent years.

- Other parts have been superior able to add the new technologies into their production

courses. For example, the wood shingles sector uses hydraulic splitters and automatic

splitter guides, thereby reducing the number of operations per production line and

resulting in productivity gains. For some product lines, the converted paper industry

imports its production machinery and is currently using the latest equipment.

- Technology in the forest industry has changed rapidly over the last few decades and

new or modernized plants are much more efficient than those still using antiquated

equipment. A number of new processing and production techniques are available

throughout the world and many innovations are the subject of technology transfers.

- Forests provide substantial commercial benefits, including timber, no timber forest

products, water, and tourism, and significant noncommercial benefits, including wildlife,

recreation, aesthetics, and wilderness values. New knowledge gained is helping forest

manager’s plan for ways to reduce the risks of climate change negatively affecting

ecosystems and the forest sector.

- At the same time, it is helping managers optimize what benefits may come from climate

change.

10

- Each year members of the Council assume the responsibility of the chair for the Council.

Northwest Territories will assume the chair in 2005-2006, followed by Manitoba in

2007.

- The Canadian Council of Forest Ministers (CCFM) is composed of four federal, provincial

and territorial ministers (elected officials secretariat for the Council is provided by the

Canadian Forest Service.

- The Council provides leadership on national and international subjects and sets way for

the stewardship and justifiable management of Canada's forests. In exercising the

powers and performance the duties and occupations assigned to the Minister by the

Department of Natural Resources Act, the Minister.

- The Governor in Council may make regulations for the protection, care and

management of lands comprised in Forest Experimental Areas and lands in respect of

which the Minister has assumed responsibility under paragraph, including regulations

respecting.

- The vision and principles will be influenced through the engagement of interested

parties in the development of the strategy. This strategy will be reviewed periodically

as appropriate, to reflect changing circumstances. The strategy will include a

mechanism for collaboration between governments and interested parties in priority

areas set by CCFM.

- With the exception of the emergency funding provided by the federal government and

provincial agencies in response to specific crises in Canada’s urban forests (such as Asian

long-horned beetle), and a few minor provincial programs, all planning and operations

for Canada’s urban forests are implemented solely by municipalities.

11

- High end seafood product markets, such as lobster seem to have been the most affected

by the recession, likely as a result of decreasing consumer confidence and spending.

- Treating all people with respect, dignity and fairness is fundamental to their relationship

with the Canadian public and colleagues, and it contributes to a safe and healthy work

environment that promotes engagement, openness and transparency. The diversity of

people and the ideas they generate are the source of their innovation.

- The Canadian Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT) at Dalhousie University is a

specialized resource center of advanced technology for research and education in food

science and process engineering with an emphasis on seafood’s.

- Crucial to economic prosperity in coastal Canada: e.g., contributes 2.5% to Atlantic

region’s GDP.

- Public Service Employment Act (PSEA) recognizes our right, as public servants, to

engage in political activity so long as it does not impair, or is not perceived to impair, our

ability to perform our duties in a politically impartial manner.

- The protection, ownership, allocation, use and management of fish and fish habitat, in

Manitoba are governed by the Canadian constitution, duly signed treaties and federal

and provincial legislation.

- Prove the highest usual of opinion of the laws, with those which they are answerable for

applying, and refrain from attractive in conduct which can poorly affect, or appear to

affect, the presentation of our duties and our dealings with other law enforcement

actions. As Fishery Officers They shall inform our supervisor without delay should they

be arrested, detained, or charged with any criminal offence or for a violation of the laws

they are accountable for enforcing.

12

- The system of Canadian parliamentary democracy and its institutions are fundamental

to serving the public interest. Public servants recognize that elected officials are

accountable to Parliament, and ultimately to the Canadian people, and that a non-

partisan public sector is essential to our democratic system.

- Forests are intrinsically linked with C a n a d a ’ s h i s t o r y . Long before the a r r i v a l

o f European settlers, the forest played a fundamental role in the lives of the First

Nations peoples: it was a source of sustenance, supplying them with primary materials

and meeting some of their basic needs, such as food, lodging and clothing. For

example, the First Nations used the paper birch tree to build their famous canoes.

- Canada contains a huge number of beautiful lakes, rivers, streams and oceans spanning

10 provinces and 3 territories and an endless variety of fish species. Therefore, it's no

wonder that the vast country has become an absolute fishing paradise. To give you an

idea of how many water bodies exist in Canada, Sunset Country in northwestern Ontario

has more than 100,000 lakes and rivers.

- Canadian Trade-Ex first established in 1994 is a company that works with organizations,

associations and communities across Canada in the establishing of events, conferences,

trade shows and seminars within specific markets.

- They have developed a number of ongoing events such as the CAN-USA Forestry &

Construction Equipment Expo held in Sault Ste. Marie, Saw-Tech Log Expo which is

Canada’s largest hardwood & private woodlot event held in Bancroft Ontario,

- Fisheries products continue to be in high demand in world markets. New commercial

uses are being identified for many species. In Canada, fisheries products are the largest

single food commodity export.

13

- Commercial fisheries play a vital role in Canada's economy, particularly for coastal

regions. Commercial fishery operations large and small employ approximately 100 000

people nationwide, and fish and seafood exports reached $3.9 billion in 2007.

- Forests and forest produce have been recognized as multipurpose resources with the

potential of providing livelihoods to a substantial part of the population.

Constitutional provisions empower the local panchayats with rights over NWFPs.

- With a per capita GDP of US$3, 4032 (2007 estimate which registered a 14%

increase over 2005), India is a middle-income country. There are major and growing

changes between the rich and the poor, the north and the south, and the city and

rural parts of the country.

- The study estimated the total carbon stock in biomass and mineral soils to be 2,934

million tones and 5,109 million tons respectively for 1994 and 1995. The average

biomass carbon of the forest ecosystem in India for 1994 was reported to be 46

tones/hectare, of which 76% is in aboveground biomass and the rest is in fine and

coarse root biomass. The average mineral soil carbon was found to be 80

tones/hectare.

- The forestry institution in India is well organized but needs to gear up to deal with

emerging demands and challenges. Meeting expectations of the stakeholders will

require significant changes in the roles and responsibilities as well as structure of the

forest administration.

- The Forest Act defines different regulatory systems for different classes of forest, of

which the two most significant are reserved forest and protected forest. The term

“reserved” refers to the said forest being reserved for government use. Any area of

“forest land or wasteland” can be declared a reserved forest by the State government

after following a procedure for “settlement of rights”, under which a Forest Settlement

14

Officer is supposed to receive all “claims for rights” and decide whether to accept the

right fully, permit it with conditions, or reject it.

- The above consideration why forest ethics is needed contains already a long list of

topical issues for forest related studies in moral philosophy. What follows here is closely

related to the above topics, but represents themes, which already are more or less

established in forest ethics, framing the present structure of this relatively new area of

forest research.

- India’s populace of 1.12 billion (July 2007 estimate), around one sixth of the world’s

populace, is likely to touch 1.33 billion by 2020. The national demographic growth rate

is estimated at 1.38% per annum, the population density is 336 inhabitants per square

kilometer, seven times the world average. Seven hundred and forty million people

(68%) live in rural areas, (growth rate 1.43% per annum).

- Incomes from fishing are usually confined to a maximum of nine months a year. The

earnings from fishing are not confined to monetary payments; they frequently include

non- monetized income like fish or other consumables, or utilities like firewood.

Similarly, the cost of operations is not always monetized; a number of activities like

launching and hauling of boats, repairing nets, women gutting fish for drying,

involve drawing upon the ‘social capital’ without which the economic viability of at

least some of the activities can suffer.

- The strong belief that the bulk of fishery potential of the state which lay unexploited was

in the regions 50m depth contour led to the technical development in the industry. For

the exploitation of these resources (Korakandy, 1991). For a proper development of the

primary marine fishing industry of Kerala, development of suitable crafts, gears and

techniques became unavoidable. In Kerala fisheries, the modernization programmer

started in 1953 and mechanization in capture fisheries was confined basically at three

levels.

15

- With respect to marine fishing, the country has a coastline of 8,118 km with an EEZ

stretching over 2.02 million km2, and a continental shelf covering 0.53 million

km. Sea fisheries remain a significant source of service, income and food security.

- Fish has been a significant portion of the human food in almost all states of the world. It

is highly nutritious; it can provide vital nutrients absent in typical starchy staples which

dominate poor people’s diets.

- The Five Year Annual Plans issued by the Union Government seemingly offer the best

prospects for anchoring a performance assessment given that they have a large

impact on the way fisheries management activities are funded and directed in both

state and Union jurisdictions.

- Some of the ethical questions that are raised from the fisheries analysis come from

overexploitation of resources. Some others outcome from the link among the savers

in the area of fisheries.

- Large-scale fishermen fish in larger groups by hiring 15 to 20 laborers and are

confined only to TB reservoir (400 groups) representing about 30% of the total

fishermen population. Laborers are usually hired from Andhra Pradesh. Nearly 66

percent of the fishermen are engaged in fishing throughout the year and the rest

between 6 to 10 months. During the lean period, they are engaged in agriculture and

construction etc.

- But Sinclair raises the view that under a Canada-EU deal, European investors could face

owner-operator limits and other domestic fishery protections using dispute tribunals

that would avoid Canadian law.

- India has huge potential for fishes from both internal and marine resources, due to its

long seashore, huge reservoirs, etc. It is the fourth largest producer of fish in the world.

It is also the second largest producer of domestic fish.

- The input of fisheries to the GDP is near 1.4%. From 0.75 million tons in 1950, the

fishery sector has grown-up to the production level of 6.4 million tons worth Rs.

3,20,000 million, and an export of almost Rs. 70,000 million. Nearly 10 million people,

16

living in 4,000 coastal villages and more number of interior villages, depend on fisheries

to earn their livelihood.

- As discussed in the earlier article of this series of Gujarat - Golden Jubilee Celebrations,

the State has been hallowed in many ways for its geographical location, which has

proved to be a key driver for industrial development – inland and offshore industries –

in the state.

- Canadian forest companies are looking at potential wood markets in India, and with a

free trade arrangement in the offing, there are predictions that overall trade between

Canada and India could quadruple—to $15 billion— over the next five years.

Canadian forest companies are looking more closely at the potential marketing

opportunities for their products offered by India.

- Almost 60 per cent of British Columbia’s land base is productive forest land, providing

rich, diverse, and abundant wood fibres.

- Countries importing Indian fish and fish products include Japan, United Stated of

America, European Union (Spain, Belgium, United Kingdom, Italy, France, Germany,

Portugal, Netherland), China, Hong Kong, United Arab Emirates, Canada, Singapore and

Thailand. Frozen crustaceans and mollusks are the top exporting products (in terms of

value).

- India and Canada have signed several agreements including the Air Services

Agreement, Extradition Treaty, Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty, Agreement on

Patents, Agreement on Cooperation in Agriculture, Agreement on Science and

Technology and Environment Cooperation, Nuclear Cooperation Agreement, Social

Security Agreement, MOU on Cooperation in Energy, MOU on cooperation in

Mining and Earth Sciences, MOU on Cooperation in Higher Education, MOU on

Cultural Cooperation, MOU on Cooperation in Intelligent Transport Systems and MOU

on Cooperation in ICTE.

17

- The India Canada CEOs Roundtable has been upgraded to a CEOs Forum. An

annualized Trade Ministers dialogue has been institutionalized to review trade and

economic relations. Both sides are involved in practical talks for a Comprehensive

Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) counting trade in goods, services,

investment, trade simplification etc. Separate MOUs exist with implementation

mechanisms to advance relations in the fields of energy, mining, agriculture etc.

- Canada is home to 962,670 Persons of Indian origin (2006 Census): 50% are Sikhs, 39%

Hindus, and the remainder is Muslim, Christian, Jain, Buddhist, etc. A majority of PIOs live in

Greater Toronto Area, Greater Vancouver Area, Montreal and Calgary.

STEEPLED ANALYSIS

18

A STEEPLED analysis is one way of collating current information on a new development across

different influencers and to forecast how those influences may develop over time. The

information collated is provided below and may be used as a starting template for Higher

Education Providers to develop further within their own areas. It should be used as a precursor

to further inform and develop an institutional review of the impact on and risks to policy and

practice.

The STEEPLED analysis is divided across eight influencers:

o Socio-cultural

o Technological

o Economic

o Ethical

o Political

o Legal

o Educational

o Demographic

They have determines two major sector of Canada country

o Forest industry

o Fishery industry

Social Analysis FOREST INDUSTRY

19

The fate of the forestry industry will have an impact on the future of hundreds of Canadian

communities. According to Natural Resources Canada, some 300 communities in Canada are at

least 50% dependent on the forestry industry.

Psychological suffering, crumbling infrastructure, reduced services and increased crime rates

often plague rural communities whose dominant industry is in decline.

In addition to facing decreased revenue, communities face the social and economic impact of

employment loss in the forest sector. Employment loss can affect the emotional well-being of

residents. In addition, the obvious impact is a loss of income, at least temporarily. This means

less spending power to support other businesses and activities in a community, such as

restaurants, movie theatres, sports teams and schools. Especially in the case of a forestry

dependent community, a loss of employment can force relocation to another community.

Forests support over 350 communities across Canada, most of which are rural. Sustainable

forest management is particularly important to rural forest-dependent communities because

they are more likely to suffer the high potential social costs of unsustainable practices than

larger urban centers.

The well-being and resilience of these communities can be examined by measuring specific

human, economic, and social assets within the communities that provide the resources needed

to respond to constant changes in their social, economic, or environmental systems.

Many non-Aboriginal forest dependent communities across Canada enjoy higher than average

levels of economic diversity, suggesting that they are better able to withstand a downturn in

one sector of the economy than are other non- Aboriginal rural communities. However, they

also tend to report lower than average education attainment levels, lower employment rates,

20

and a higher incidence of low income compared with other rural communities.

Part of Canada’s duty to confirm the supportable management of its forests is to establish its

promise to improve the accepting of forest networks and confirm that results are made using

the best existing info.

The most common sources of forest information are forest inventories, which are widely

available to the public and forest managers to inform decision making. Informed decision

making is also ensured through continued investment in science and technology.

Canada’s forest sector is a high-technology sector that purchases as much as $2.8 billion

annually in imbedded technology plus invests as much as $494 million annually in science and

technology to modernize and improve performance, an amount that has been increasing in

recent years.

Technological Analysis FOREST INDUSTRY

21

In general, wood processing plants in Canada are older and therefore less technologically

sophisticated than those of competitors in the United States, Finland and Sweden. For example,

Canada’s millwork sector (doors, windows, kitchen cabinets, etc.) is less automated and less

mechanized than that of the United States. Similarly, most Canadian hardwood sawmills are

small operations that do not use the most up-to-date high-speed, electronically controlled

equipment.

Other sectors have been better able to participating the new technologies into their

manufacture processes. For example, the wood shingles sector uses hydraulic splitters and

automatic splitter guides, thereby reducing the number of operations per production line and

resulting in productivity gains. For some product lines, the converted paper industry imports its

production machinery and is currently using the latest equipment.

Canadian manufacturers’ R&D initiatives are limited to market needs and are aimed specifically

at improving products and processes rather than at conducting basic research. In the pulp and

paper sector, the adoption of new pulp production techniques has made it possible to

substitute, in part, wood chips from sawmill waste for logs.

The use of such techniques provides for a better use of forest resources and reduces the cost

of processing. Softwood sawmills, for their part, earned an international reputation for their

state-of-the-art techniques in the 1970s. However, the technological trend is moving toward

the Scandinavian industry, which is using micro-electronic processing equipment to optimize

the yield from saw logs and the value of products.

Technology in the forest industry has changed rapidly over the last few decades and new or

modernized plants are much more efficient than those still using antiquated equipment. A

number of new processing and production techniques are available throughout the world and

many innovations are the subject of technology transfers.

22

However, a large number of Canadian companies are small operations that do not have

sufficient capital to acquire new innovations. Furthermore, a number of firms feel that the

investments essential to update their services would not be profitable at the current time.

Since the modernization and restructuring of mills is not as advanced in Canada as in some

competing countries, productivity has not increased at the same pace. This is the situation for

many companies in the timber and tissue and paper sectors.

Economic Analysis FOREST INDUSTRY

23

Significant economic benefits accrue to Canadians from the forest. The most recent information

shows that sales of timber products are valued at $77 billion and the contribution of the forest

industry to Canada’s gross domestic product is 2.9%.

Growth in the forest sector lagged behind that of the rest of the Canadian economy for several

decades, but is now, on average, similar.

Secondary manufacturing of timber products has also increased markedly since 1995, which

increases the economic benefits derived from each cubic meter of wood harvested. Almost 80%

of finished wood products were destined for export according to a 1999 Statistics Canada

model.

In addition to being a source of timber, Canada’s forests produce a diversity of no timber

products. Although they are small in economic terms, there is considerable potential to grow

and they have an important role in the economies of rural communities.

Forests provide substantial commercial benefits, including timber, no timber forest products,

water, and tourism, and significant noncommercial benefits, including wildlife, recreation,

aesthetics, and wilderness values.

Although not always calculable in financial terms, all these things and services are very valued

by Canadians and provide important welfares to Canadian people.

A competitive and vital forest industry is necessary to ensure that economic benefits continue

to flow to Canadians. The average rate of return on capital employed (ROCE) in the forest

sector had straggled that of the industrial sector and the total budget in Canada for much of the

1980s and early 1990s but better in the late 1990s. Over the past five years, it has more closely

tracked the ROCE for all industries, averaging around 6.62%.

24

There is considerable cyclical variation in returns, as well as wide variation between subsectors,

corresponding to differences in capital investment needs as well as product prices. In particular,

the pulp and paper subsector has been recently hit with several mill closures due to low

commodity prices, high energy and wood costs, and a lack of capital investment as a result of

low ROCE.

Internationally, Canadian companies face challenges in attracting investments away from their

international competitors that consistently have higher ROCE. Still, productivity growth in the

forest sector is high. Between 1997 and 2002, average forest sector productivity growth at the

aggregate level (4.96%) outperformed the average productivity growth of all business sectors in

Canada (2.29%).

Environmental Analysis FOREST INDUSTRY

25

Climate is a major influencing factor on forests, and forests in turn influence climate. Earth’s

climate has been changing regularly through natural cycles during the entire course of the

planet’s history. At least five major ice ages have occurred in Earth’s past, each involving

periods of glacial cooling and interglacial warming. With every prolonged period of change in

climate, large-scale changes in forest composition have taken place as well.

Today, however, because climate change appears to be occurring more rapidly than it has in

the past, researchers are investigating the possibility that Canada’s forests could be altered in

new and significant ways—particularly if effective adaptation measures are lacking.

The Canadian Forest Service (CFS) is involved in two major areas of research on this front:

(1) Considerate the influences of weather alteration on forests and the forest sector; and

(2) Making for appropriate replies to these influences.

The CFS is, for example:

studying the influence of Canada’s forests on the global carbon balance

assessing the past, present and future impacts of climate change on Canada’s forests

identifying options for using Canada’s forests to mitigate climate change

identifying options for helping Canada’s forest sector adapt to climate change

New knowledge gained is helping forest manager’s plan for ways to reduce the risks of climate

change negatively affecting ecosystems and the forest sector. At the same time, it is helping

managers optimize what benefits may come from climate change.

26

The CFS is also working with provinces, territories, universities and industry to develop decision

support tools for managers and policy-makers.

Canada’s forests cover a greater land area and store more carbon than do the forests of almost

any other nation. How Canada manages its forests is therefore a global concern. Recognizing

this responsibility, Canada is actively engaged in international negotiations on climate change.

It is also involved in numerous research and monitoring projects aimed at understanding how

climate change will affect forests and how forest changes will in turn affect climate.

Political Analysis FOREST INDUSTRY

Each year members of the Council assume the responsibility of the chair for the Council.

Northwest Territories will assume the chair in 2005-2006, followed by Manitoba in 2007. The

27

secretariat for the Council is provided by the Canadian Forest Service. The Council provides

management on national and international subjects and gangs track for the stewardship and

maintainable management of Canada's forests.

CCFM’s Leadership Role in Strategy Development and Implementation

Collectively, the governments are responsible for protecting forest values as a national asset and for facilitating a flow of goods and services to Canadians from their forests.

Promotes cooperation among governments on forestry and forestry-related issues of common interest and of intergovernmental or international significance

Fosters cooperation to develop and maintain the scientific information required to support forest management decision making

Demonstrates international leadership on sustainable forest management;

Promotes sustainable forest management in Canada

Cooperates with other ministerial councils to address interrelated issues

Shares information on issues affecting the forest sector

Provides a framework for signing and implementing agreements on specific topics or issues of interest.

The current National Forest Strategy Coalition has a mandate to oversee and

report on implementation of the 2003-2008 strategy. Its mandate ends in 2008. The CCFM

recognizes the value of the Coalition and its unique position as the only national multi-

stakeholder group in Canada concerned with forest issues. The CCFM is working with the

current Union to value and study from the operation of the 2003-2008 plan.

Legal Analysis FOREST INDUSTRY

In exercising the powers and performing the duties and functions assigned to the Minister by

the Department of Natural Resources Act, the Minister

28

Shall provide for the conduct of research relating to the protection, management and

utilization of the forest resources of Canada and the better utilization of forest products

and may establish and maintain laboratories and other necessary facilities for those

purposes

May undertake, promote or recommend measures for the encouragement of public

cooperation in the protection and wise use of the forest resources of Canada;

May enter into agreements with the government of any province or with any person for

forest protection and management or forest utilization, for the conduct of research

related thereto or for forestry publicity or education

May provide for the making of forestry surveys and provide advice relating to the

protection and management of forests on lands administered by any department or

agency of the Government of Canada or belonging to Her Majesty in right of Canada

At the request of any department or agency of the Government of Canada, may assume

responsibility for the protection and management of any forest on lands for which that

department or agency is responsible, including responsibility for the disposal of timber

and grass and for the granting of rights to the natural produce of the forest.

The Governor in Council may make regulations for the protection, care and management of

lands comprised in Forest Experimental Areas and lands in respect of which the Minister has

assumed responsibility under paragraph, including regulations respecting

The cutting, removal and disposal of timber, the establishment and use of reservoirs,

water power sites, power transmission lines and communication lines and any other use

of those lands, and the granting of leases and permits therefor.

The protection of the flora and fauna.

The deterrence and quenching of fires.

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The regulation and prohibition of traffic, the carrying on of businesses and other

activities and the abatement and prevention of nuisances.

The removal and exclusion of trespassers and of persons failing to comply with the

regulations.

the prevention of trespass to property, the mutilation or destruction of trees and the

destruction or damaging of buildings, materials or notices used in connection with the

administration or management of those lands.

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Ethical Analysis FOREST INDUSTRY

Canada’s forests will be maintained and enhanced, for the social, cultural, environmental and economic wellbeing of all Canadians, now and in the future. CCFM proposes the following principles for Canada’s forest strategy:

The sound stewardship of all forest lands contributes to a broad range of benefits, which further contributes to the quality of life of all Canadians.

Competitiveness and innovation provide the basis for a dynamic, progressive forest industry and must be continuously pursued to ensure Canada maintains its place in the domestic and international marketplace.

Complete and present information about the national of the forest, the forest industry, and the social and economic happiness of all who live and work in the forest situation must be openly available.

Social responsibility towards other global partners in encouraging and building systems of SFM must be continuously promoted and encouraging

The strategy will set out what the CCFM views as the vision and principles of SFM in Canada for the future, as well as the goals and objectives related in particular to those issues CCFM sees as being of current and future national importance.

The vision and principles will be influenced through the engagement of interested parties in the development of the strategy. This strategy will be reviewed periodically as appropriate, to reflect changing circumstances. The strategy will include a mechanism for collaboration between governments and interested parties in priority areas set by CCFM.

The intent of the next strategy will be to achieve greater focus on topics of national importance. The CCFM will focus on priorities consistent with its members’ responsibilities and mandate, while respecting and supporting initiatives being undertaken by other organizations.

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Demographic Analysis FOREST INDUSTRY

The Canadian Urban Forest Network is a pan-Canadian action group who speaks for Canada’s

urban forests.

The Network seeks to build value by helping those who practice urban forestry; to build power

and influence by helping those who are interested in urban forestry; to facilitate the exchange

of information about urban forestry in Canada; and to increase awareness about the urgent

issues facing Canada’s urban forests.

The Network is guided by a Steering Committee and reports to its members through a meeting

held at the Canadian Urban Forest Conference. It is the Network that guides the creation and

revision of this document and it is through this process that the Vision, Mission and Steering

Committee are reviewed.

The Steering Committee has 4primary tasks:

1. To review and update the Canadian Urban Forest strategy

2. To facilitate the implementation of the tasks outlined in the Strategy

3. To implement a Community Award in conjunction with Tree Canada

4. To improve dialogue with the Federation of Canadian Municipalities

National Urban Forestry Infrastructure

With the exception of the emergency funding provided by the federal government and

provincial agencies in response to specific crises in Canada’s urban forests (such as Asian long-

horned beetle), and a few minor provincial programs, all planning and operations for Canada’s

urban forests are implemented solely by municipalities. This employed collection will simplify

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the growth of an structure that confirms urban forestry issues in Canada are addressed in a

planned and full manner at the national, local, public and municipal level.

STEEPLED ANALYSIS OF FISHING INDUSTRY

High end seafood product markets, such as lobster seem to have been the most affected by the

recession, likely as a result of decreasing consumer confidence and spending.

The post-recession economic recovery has started, with positive signs for Canada’s fishing

industry (e.g. crab, shrimp).

Uncertainty remains in the scope and speed of economic recovery beyond the end of

government stimulus measures.

Oil prices are set to take center stage in 2011, as the unfolding political crisis in the Middle East

increase price volatility.

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Social Analysis FISHING INDUSTRY

Conceptually, “fisheries dependence” is a continuous dimension, or several dimensions, and

hence a matter of degree. For their purposes, statistics on the proportion of a place’s labor

force, employed persons, or actual labor devoted to fishing and fish processing, provide simple

operational measures of the degree of fisheries dependence.

Such statistics commonly are available at community and regional levels, permitting

comparisons between many places within each nation. Official cross-national judgments based

on community or regional data remain problematic, due to variations in the definitions and

elements of examination working by each country.

Less formally, however, they can examine the extent to which similar relationships exist

between corresponding variables, measured within each of several nations. This section explores

the relationship between population change and fisheries dependence.

Treating all people with respect, dignity and fairness is fundamental to their relationship with

the Canadian public and colleagues, and it contributes to a safe and healthy work environment

that promotes engagement, openness and transparency. The diversity of people and the ideas

they generate are the source of their innovation.

Public servants shall respect human dignity and the value of every person by:

1. Treating every person with respect and fairness.

2. Valuing diversity and the benefit of combining the unique qualities and strengths

inherent in a diverse workforce.

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3. Helping to make and preserve safe and healthy offices that are free from irritation and

judgment.

4. Working together in a spirit of openness, honesty and transparency that engagement,

collaboration and respectful communication.

At Fisheries and Oceans Canada Respect for People also means:

1. They respect human dignity.

2. They respect the essential for an suitable balance between effort and individual lives.

3. They carefully consider the impacts of their words and actions on others.

4. They adopt behavior, appearance and language that promote pride in, and respect for,

the Department and enhance its corporate image and reputation.

The Government of Canada actively endorses the use of social networks as a communications

tool to reach and interact with its employees as well as the public.

However, we must bear in mind that social networks are public forums, and that comments and

behaviors on these forums become part of the public record. As we are now more visible as

public servants, we must always reflect Their structural values (especially respect for

democracy and respect for people) as well as Their tasks under this Code when creation

statement on social nets sites.

Comments, criticisms, pictures, videos and personal information that we place on these sites

are not private. We must be careful of what is said and sent in light of Their duty of loyalty,

safety of information, the standing and skill of the Department and the government, and

respect for colleagues.

Their general responsibilities and duties include:

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Taking all possible steps to recognize, prevent, report, and resolve any real, apparent or

potential conflicts of interest between Their official responsibilities and any of Their

private affairs;

Unless otherwise permitted in this Code, refraining from having private interests, which

would be unduly affected by government actions in which we participate, or of which

we have knowledge or information;

Not knowingly taking advantage of, or benefiting from, information that is obtained in

the course of Their duties that is not available to the public;

Refraining from the direct or indirect use of, or allowing the direct or indirect use of

government property of any kind, including property leased to the government, for

anything other than officially approved activities;

Not assisting private entities or persons in their dealings with the government where

this would result in preferential treatment of the entities or persons;

Not interfering in the dealings of private entities or persons with the government in

order to inappropriately influence the outcome;

Maintaining the impartiality of the public service and not engaging in any outside or

political activities that impair or could be seen to impair Their ability to perform Their

duties in an objective or impartial manner; and

Ensuring that any real, apparent or potential conflict that arises between Their private

activities and Their official responsibilities as a public servant is resolved in the public

interest.

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Technological Analysis FISHING INDUSTRY

The Canadian Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT) at Dalhousie University is a specialized

resource center of advanced technology for research and education in food science and process

engineering with an emphasis on seafood’s.

The Institute promotes skill transfer and the development of progressive skills aimed at more

effective commercial utilization of marine resources in Canada and throughout the world.

Major areas of stress include aquaculture development, biotechnology, fish/food procedure

manufacturing, marine oils and nutrition, physical properties of foods, process chemical

science, seafood biochemistry and toxicology.

CIFT was established in 1979 as an industry oriented center.

Analytical Services

Their marine oils laboratory specializes in lipid analysis. They can provide basic fatty acid and

lipid class analysis, as well as a variety of AOCS official methods. Their services include:

o fatty acid composition

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o lipid class analysis (by TLC-FID)

o peroxide value

o free fatty acid value

o p-ranitidine value

o biogenic and petro genic hydrocarbon analysis

They have analyzed many different sample types, including fish, blubber and adipose, milk,

edible oils and algae. For larger ecological studies, they can also provide assistance in data

interpretation and quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA).

Economic Analysis FISHING INDUSTRY

The Canadian fishing industry needs greater ability to respond to changing market

conditions and resource fluctuations than that afforded by Canada’s current system of

fisheries management.

The long term approach to fisheries management proposed in the previous chapter will

go part of the way toward enabling a more robust industry, but other roadblocks

remain.

Restrictive li censing rules that do not focus on conservation and vary significantly across

the country may serve to impede the economic prosperity of the harvesting sector and

discourage investment in the industry.

A renewed, nationally consistent approach to fisheries management is needed to create

a business environment conducive to economic prosperity in the 21 st century.

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Rules must be reevaluated for continued need and relevance, management measures

must be harmonized, and harvesters must be given the freedom to self-adjust to

resource fluctuations and market demands. To realize these goals, Fisheries and Oceans

Canada is seeking feedback and input from Canadians on how these changes can be

realized.

Canada has one of the world's most valuable commercial fishing industries, directly

contributing $2 billion year to the national economy’s GDP.

The commercial fishing industry employs around 70,000 people (2009), and is the

financial support of around 1,500communities in country and sea Canada.

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Environmental Analysis FISHING INDUSTRY

The Fisheries Act contains two key provisions on conservation and protection of fish habitat

essential to sustaining freshwater and marine fish species. The Department of Fisheries and

Oceans administers section 35, the key habitat protection provision, prohibiting any work or

undertaking that would cause the harmful alteration, disruption or destruction of fish

habitat.

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Environment Canada administers section 36, the key pollution prevention provision,

prohibiting the deposit of harmful substances into waters frequented by fish, unless

authorized by regulations under the Fisheries Act or other federal legislation.

It owns and operates the federal government’s civilian fleet and provides key maritime

services to Canadians.

CCG’s responsibilities include: maritime safety; protection of marine and freshwater

environments; facilitation of maritime commerce and sustainable development; and

support of marine scientific excellence.

The CCG’s Environmental Response (ER) program’s mission is to ensure an appropriate level

of preparedness and response capability for all ship-source and mystery source pollution

incidents in waters under Canadian jurisdiction.

To that end, CCG implements a consistent approach for responding to marine pollution

incidents in all regions of Canada.

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Political Analysis FISHING INDUSTRY

Public Service Employment Act (PSEA) recognizes our right, as public servants, to engage in

political activity so long as it does not impair, or is not perceived to impair, our ability to

perform our duties in a politically impartial manner.

“Political activities” are distinct in Portion 7 of the PSEA as:

any activity in provision of, within or in hostility to a -political party;

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booming on any action in support of or in conflict to a runner before or during an choice

period; or,

Looking for proposal as or being a applicant in an election before or throughout the

election period.

If they wish to engage in a political activity not covered by Part 7 of the PSEA that could

constitute a conflict of interest, they are required to report the proposed activity to the Centre

for VICR. Similarly, if They are subject to this Code but not subject to Part 7 of the PSEA,

including casual and part-time workers, and wish to engage in any political activity that could

constitute a conflict of interest, They are to report the proposed activity to the Centre for VICR.

Non-candidacy

Examples of non-candidacy political activities are: going door-to-door to solicit votes for a

candidate or party, putting a sign on your front lawn supporting a candidate or party, donating

to a political candidate or party, etc. While in uniform, they shall not attend political gatherings

or participate in any political activity. For further examples and guidance, please consult the

Public Service Commission’s Guidance document.

If they are considering involvement in non-candidacy political activities, they should seek advice

from their manager or the Centre for VICR who is the Designated Departmental Official for

Political Activities before acting. They should also refer to the Public Service Commission’s

webpage on political activities.

Candidacy

They are required seeking and obtaining permission from the Public Service

Commission to be a candidate, or seeking to be nominated as one, in a federal,

provincial, territorial, or municipal election, in accordance with Part 7 of the PSEA. They

should seek assistance from the Centre for VICR who is the Designated Departmental

Official for Political Activities.

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Holding a Position of Office in and/or Volunteering for Aboriginal Band Councils

Holding a position of office and/or volunteering in an Aboriginal band council is not

considered a political activity under Part 7 of the PSEA. However, given the mandate of

Their Department, there may be instances when these types of outside activities could

place us in a real, apparent or potential conflict of interest. If they participate in any of

these activities they must discuss it with their manager and if this participation could

place us in a situation of real, apparent or potential conflict of interest, they must

report it to the Centre for VICR for review, using the DFO COI Declaration Form.

The nature of Their position (i.e. regulatory role, visibility, decision-making power,

extent and nature of dealings with the Aboriginal band, area of work coverage, etc.) will

be key in the assessment of whether or not there is a real, apparent or potential conflict

of interest between Their official duties and these outside activities.

Legal Analysis FISHING INDUSTRY

The following acts, orders and other acts of interest govern Canada’s inland and marine

fisheries, aquatic species, oceans, habitat, fishing and recreational harbors, and marine services

fees.

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The protection, ownership, allocation, use and management of fish and fish habitat, in

Manitoba are governed by the Canadian constitution, duly signed treaties and federal and

provincial legislation.

Conservation of Fish Resources in Federal Jurisdiction:

Under section 92.12 of the Composition Act, 1867, the Canadian Parliament has special

legislative authority to make laws regarding “Sea Coast and Inland Fisheries”. This has

been judicially interpreted to mean that only the federal parliament, and not the

provincial legislatures, Make laws that are essentially about the conservation and

preservation of fisheries.

Under the authority of s. 91.12 of the Composition Act, 1867, Assembly has legislated

the Fisheries Act (Canada). Under the specialist of the Fisheries Act (Canada),

regulations have been made to address specific fish management issues in each of the

provinces. In Manitoba, Fish are managed under the Manitoba Fishery Regulations,

made under the Fisheries Act (Canada).

Fish on Crown Property are a Provincial Resource:

Until 1930, the Government of Canada administered and controlled all Crown lands and

resources in Manitoba, Alberta and Saskatchewan. The Constitution Act of 1930 gave

legal effect to Natural Resources Transfer Agreements in each of the Prairie Provinces.

Mixed Federal and Provincial Jurisdiction:

The Canadian Parliament has exclusive constitutional jurisdiction to make laws for the

Conservation of fish, including setting fishing seasons, quotas, size limits and gear

restrictions, and does this under the authority of the Fisheries Act (Canada) and

regulations to that Act.

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The Legislature of Manitoba maintains constitutional jurisdiction to make laws relating

to the use and allocation of fish in Crown (Manitoba) waters as part of the public

property. This includes the right to determine who can fish on provincial Crown land

(licensing), what conditions may be included in a license and what fee would be paid for

the license.

This authority is exercised under The Fisheries Act of Manitoba and regulations to that

Act. Simply, those matters dealing with the conservation of the fish resource are

addressed by the Fisheries Act (Canada) and the Manitoba Fishery Regulations made

under the Act. Those matters relating to property rights in fish on Manitoba Crown land

(water) are covered by The Fisheries Act (Manitoba) and regulations to that Act

Fish Management and Administration:

While the Government of Canada retains ultimate legal authority and responsibility for

fish and fish habitat conservation matters, some of the day to day management and

administration of federal fisheries regulations has effectively been delegated to

Manitoba officials:

The Minister of Water Stewardship, the Director of Fisheries and fishery officers

employed by Manitoba. Under the Manitoba Fishery Regulations (Canada), the Minister

of Water Stewardship and the Director of Fisheries have been given the authority to

vary close times, quotas and gear types established under those regulations. Changes to

the Manitoba Fishery Regulations (Canada) are proposed by the Minister of Water

Stewardship to Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

Fisheries and Oceans Canada then reviews the proposed changes and forwards them

for approval by Federal Cabinet (Governor in Council). Legislative responsibility for

management of fish habitat has not been specifically legislatively delegated to

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Manitoba officials. However, Manitoba Water Stewardship continues to manage habitat

as an adjunct to other fish management activities

Ethical analysis FISHING INDUSTRY

As Fishery Officers They are and continue to be subject to the Fisheries and Oceans Canada

Values and Ethics Code in its entirety. The following standards of conduct are supplementary to

all other expectation of behavior already listed in this Code, and are intended to clearly

articulate the additional standards that apply to Fishery Officers.

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Fishery Officers carry out the Department’s enforcement mandate, and are a key contact group

between the Department and the public. The professional and personal activities of Fishery

Officers, as law enforcement / peace officers, reflect on the Department and the Government

of Canada.

As such, as Fishery Officers They are expected to conduct ourselves at all times, both on and off

duty, in a manner which will not discredit the Department. In particular, as Fishery Officers

They shall:

Prove the highest standard of performance of the laws, with those which they are

answerable for enforcing, and refrain from attractive in conduct which may badly affect, or

appear to affect, the presentation of our responsibilities and our dealings with other law

implementation agencies. As Fishery Officers They shall inform our supervisor without delay

should they be arrested, detained, or charged with any criminal offence or for a violation of the

laws they are accountable for enforcing.

Not perform our duties under the influence of alcohol or drugs, nor consume alcohol

while in uniform at any time, whether on duty or not, without prior approval to do so for a

different event. For such events, harm due to the consumption of alcoholic beverages or any

other substance will not be accepted under any condition. If required to take medication which

may affect our ability to discharge our duties, they shall inform our supervisor prior to reporting

for duty.

Take judicious steps to avoid battles of interest, as clear for all workers in Part 3 of this

Code. In specific, as Fishery Majors They shall:

1. Not use our badge, title or authority to exert influence, obtain or appear to grant

preferential treatment, for ourselves or any other person, group or organization

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2. Not participate in commercial fishing or commercial sport fishing activities

3. Dispose of all fish, materials, equipment and/or proceeds obtained or seized in

the performance of our duties in accordance with Departmental and / or

Government of Canada directives. Under no circumstances are seized goods to

be retained for our personal use.

Demographic Analysis FISHING INDUSTRY

The system of Canadian parliamentary democracy and its institutions are fundamental

to serving the public interest. Public servants recognize that elected officials are

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accountable to Parliament, and ultimately to the Canadian people, and that a non-

partisan public sector is essential to our democratic system.

Public servants shall uphold the Canadian Parliamentary democracy and its institutions

by:

1. Respecting the rule of law and carrying out their duties in accordance with legislation,

policies and directives in a non-partisan and impartial manner.

2. Loyally carrying out the lawful decisions of their leaders and supporting Ministers in

their accountability to Parliament and Canadians.

3. Providing decision-makers with all the information, analysis and advice they need,

always striving to be open, candid and impartial.

At Fisheries and Oceans Canada Respect for Democracy also means:

1. We align efforts, energy and expertise with government and departmental priorities.

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2. We serve the public by providing impartial service and advice that is forthright and free

from political influence. We provide the same support to the elected government

regardless of which political party or parties are in office.

3. We raise concerns with management, by using the internal processes available to us.

FORESTS INDUSTRY OVERVIEW IN CANADA

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Forests are intrinsically linked with C a n a d a ’ s h i s t o r y . Long before the a r r i v a l

o f European settlers, the forest played a fundamental role in the lives of the

First Nations peoples: it was a source of sustenance, supplying them with primary

materials and meeting some of their basic needs, such as food, lodging and clothing.

For example, the First Nations used the paper birch tree to build their famous

canoes. The bark of the paper birch also called a canoe birch was placed over a

frame built of Thuja occidental is wood that had been shaped with steam.

The birch bark was sewn together using spruce, pine or larch roots and was

waterproofed with pitch from conifers (spruce, pine). The First Nations also used bark

from the paper birch for building shelters (wigwams), weaving baskets and as

writing materials. They also used many trees for medicinal purposes.

For example, the leaves and bark of the Thuju occidental is commonly but

incorrectly known as cedar were used for infusions and ointments to treat coughs,

swelling and burns. Jacques Cartier was probably referring to the Thuja occidental is

when he mentioned the annedda in his travel journals as the tree that saved his men

from death by scurvy. Not surprisingly, the Thuja occidentalis is also known as the

arborvitae, or tree of life

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Ash was the preferred wood for hockey sticks, a Canadian sports symbol par excellence if

ever there was one. The Manitoba maple was used for shade trees and windbreakers in the

Prairies and is used today for re-vegetation and stabilizing riverbanks. Spruce and fir are

associated with the development of the pulp and paper industry, and of course, the

firm is also the Christmas tree of choice.

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The construction industry uses large quantities of spruce, fir and pine. Long considered an

undesirable species, the poplar has become widely used over the last 25 years for commercial

purposes including plywood, and pulp and paper.

The trembling aspen, a variety of poplar, is a preferred tree of the beaver both as a food

source and as building materials for their dams and lodges. Spruce gum, used to make the

famous spruce beer, eventually became a preferred source of essential vitamins and

minerals for French settlers.

The shagbark hickory and the yellow birch were highly valued for cabinetry in New

France. During the same period, maple was used for heating homes and, of course, for

making maple syrup.

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Overview of Fishery in Canadian

Canada contains a huge number of beautiful lakes, rivers, streams and oceans spanning 10

provinces and 3 territories and an endless variety of fish species. Therefore, it's no wonder that

the vast country has become an absolute fishing paradise. To give you an idea of how many

water bodies exist in Canada, Sunset Country in northwestern Ontario has more than 100,000

lakes and rivers.

This is just one area of one province, so you can just imagine how many bodies of water there

are to fish in the entire country. It doesn't matter whether you're an absolute beginner who has

never even seen fishing tackle or been in a fishing boat before or a seasoned angler or true

fishing pro, Canadian fishing offer something for everyone.

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Canada has become a premier destination for world class fishing, and Canadian lakes are

famous for northern pike, trout, bass and trophy walleye fishing. Canada's fresh and salt waters

attract fly fishing, bass fishing and ice fishing enthusiast of all ages and skill levels.

The regulations differ from each region of the country so you should consult with the Canadian

Fishing Outfitters, Associations & Regulations before you head out on your fishing trip.

You can spend a relaxing day bass fishing or fly fishing on a serene lake and then retiring to a

luxurious fishing lodge to enjoy your catch. If you crave more excitement and more of a

challenge, you can test your skills during a deep sea fishing excursion. You can also fish all year

round in Canada; all you need is a fishing line and some fishing bait to try your hand at the

unique adventure of ice fishing.

Commercial fishing began in Canada in approximately 1820. Fishing equipment and techniques

continued to advance. Native American fishing treaties enable these original inhabitants to fish

Canadian waters, but fishermen are encouraged to use trap nets instead of gill nets. The latter

doesn’t kill every creature that is caught, so anglers can throw back any sport species that are

alive after their fishing nets are emptied.

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Trade and commerce of forest industry in Canada

Trade of forestry

Canadian Trade-Ex first established in 1994 is a company that works with organizations,

associations and communities across Canada in the establishing of events, conferences,

trade shows and seminars within specific markets.

They have developed a number of ongoing events such as the CAN-USA Forestry &

Construction Equipment Expo held in Sault Ste. Marie, Saw-Tech Log Expo which is

Canada’s largest hardwood & private woodlot event held in Bancroft Ontario,

The Canadian Outdoor Recreation Expo which is held in Southern Ontario (Trenton),

Lake Of The Woods Expo held in Kenora, Ontario and The BIG Event Northern Mines

Expo held in Timmins. In 2009 Canadian Trade-Ex along with the City of Timmins and the

Mining Industry will be hosting The Big Event Northern Mines and Exploration Expo

which will highlight the 100th Anniversary of the Porcupine Mining Camp and the City of

Timmins.

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Many activities will surround this event and it will be another milestone for Canadian

Trade-Ex. The event is expected to take one full year and all the staff in order to

complete. There are many events that the Canadian Trade-Ex Group has hosted and

many Mile Stone Events such as the Boreal Summit in 2003, The Northern Value Added

Wood Expo and many others. .

The sister companies Forestry Life and Mining Life are magazines published from

Timmins that promote Ontario and Quebec’s industries and are published as periodicals,

four times a year. These publications are circulated across Canada and the USA. With

the changing face of the Mining and Forestry industries within Canada, Canadian Trade-

Ex is positioning themselves to meet these changes.

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Canada’s Co mm racial forest Region s

There are five major forest regions in Canada.

1) Boreal Forest Region

- By far the largest region.

- Mainly coniferous trees of which black spruce is the most common.

- Tree growth slow due to long winters and low precipitation.

- Pulp and paper production tends to be more important than lumber production.

2) Taiga Forest Region

- Stunted trees due to thin soils, cool temperatures, short growing season, and

areas of permafrost.

- Mainly coniferous trees.

- Only small parts are logged because most of the forest is inaccessible and far from

markets.

3) West Coast Forest Region

- Most productive forest in Canada.

- Temperate rainforest grows on the western slopes of the coastal mountains.

- Volume of wood, per hectare, highest in Canada.

4) Montana Forest Region

- Smaller coniferous trees such as spruce, lodge pole, and ponderosa pine.

- Volume of wood, per hectare, second only to that of the West Coast forest.

5) Mixed Forest Region

- In the north, fir and spruce dominate, in the south there is a mixture of

coniferous and deciduous.

- Conifers harvested for lumber, and pulp and paper; hardwoods for lump; sugar

maples that grow in the mixed forest provide most of Canada’s maple syrup.

- Hardwood trees such as maple, birch, black walnut, and cherry are used in

flooring and furniture-making.

- Very little left since intensively farmed and highly urbanized.

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Trade and commerce of Fishing industry

Trade

Fisheries products continue to be in high demand in world markets. New commercial

uses are being identified for many species. In Canada, fisheries products are the largest

single food commodity export.

This section provides data on imports and exports of fisheries products for Canada and

the world.

Canadian

Data tables from Statistics Canada provide the quantity (in kg) and value (in $CAD) of

Canadian imports and exports of fisheries products from 1989 to 2011. View data by:

Major market and country

Product group

Species group and species

Province

World

Data tables present the quantity and value of imports and exports of fisheries products

for the world’s top 40 importers and exporters of fisheries products. Data is provided by

the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for the period of 1990 to

2009.

Publications

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Canadian Fisheries International Trade Publication 2004, presents highlights and a series

of summary tables showing annual international trade data for Canadian fisheries. Data

are presented by fishery product groups, species and country.

Commercial Fisheries

Commercial fisheries play a vital role in Canada's economy, particularly for coastal regions.

Commercial fishery operations large and small employ approximately 100 000 people

nationwide, and fish and seafood exports reached $3.9 billion in 2007.

Fisheries and Oceans Canada works to protects and conserve resources in support of a stable

and sustainable fishing industry. The Section manages and controls profitable fisheries in

accordance with the roles and tasks clear in the Fisheries Act (Resource Management).

Data on Canada's marine commercial fisheries are presented in four categories: consumption,

landings, licenses (fishers, vessels and species) and Atlantic quota reports.

Consumption

Information includes a table outlining the consumption of fish per capita from 1988 to 2010.

Landings

A landing refers to the part of the fish catch that is put ashore. Information covers both volume

and value of fish landings in Canada from 1989 to 2011.

Licenses

Data includes the number of commercial fishing licenses issued by Fisheries and Oceans

Canada, and the number of registered fishers and vessels. Information for the Atlantic

Provinces is available from 1983 onwards, and for the Pacific Region from 1985 onwards.

Quota Reports (Atlantic)

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Fisheries and Oceans Canada is organized into six administrative regions (Pacific, Central and

Arctic, Quebec, Gulf, Maritimes and Newfoundland and Labrador). The Canadian Atlantic Quota

Report (CAQR) presents the summary of quotas and catches by species for five of these six

regions (Atlantic-based only). The catch data is based on fishing seasons (e.g. April 1 to March

31) that do not necessarily coincide with a calendar year. Additionally, the commercial landings

in the CAQR include sentinel fisheries and Food, Social and Ceremonial (FSC) fisheries.

These attributes differentiate the CAQR from the Commercial landings reports where all data is

collected by calendar year and does not include sentinel or FSC fisheries. The Canadian Atlantic

quota reports are currently available from 2000 to 2012.

62

Social Analysis FOREST INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Forestry and livelihoods

o Forests and forest produce have been recognized as flexible resources with the potential of

providing livelihoods to a substantial part of the population. Lawful provisions empower

the local panchayats with rights over NWFPs.

o The strategy for forest management focuses on permission of community institutions in

management and deriving livelihoods from forests. The Government of India has broadcast a

law recognizing the rights of forest dwellers in forestlands wherein ownership rights are

documented and the rights of communities are recognized for common use of forests for

their livelihood practices conforming to the principles of sustainability of forests.

Name of the State Percentage of Households

using Firewood for

Percentage of Total

Geographical Area of Chhattisgarh 80.8 41.18Tripura 80.5 76.07Meghalaya 79 77.02Nagaland 77.9 80.33Assam 72.1 35.28Arunachal Pradesh 68.7 80.50Madhya Pradesh 66.4 25.21Manipur 65.7 76.54Odisha 65 31.41Kerala 61.9 44.52Jharkhand 57.6 28.82

o These provisions are considered to be enhancing the stake of the forest dwellers and

fringe populations in the development of forests. The effect of this new law will be clear

after a few years.

o Similarly, with the realization that the existing forest areas alone cannot cater to all the

63

livelihood needs of the country, sizeable areas of non-forest lands used earlier by rural

communities for their daily needs as common property resources need to be revived and

regenerated.

Technological Analysis FOREST INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Reduction of Energy Consumption in Forest Industries

- Permanently rising energy costs and the climate change problem make energy saving

measures a priority topic industry today. Cutting-edge technology could result in savings

of up to 90 percent in the life-cycle costs of individual components such as electric

motors, and up to 70 percent in ancillary equipment including pumps, fans, compressed

air technology and cooling systems. The Hannover Fair offered valuable advice on how

to achieve this in the brand-new "Energy Efficiency Tunnel"

India to use ICTs to save forest

- The Ministry of Environment and Forests is planning extensive use of ICT for setting up

national forestry knowledge forum, national forestry information network, fire

monitoring and detection and forest genetics resource network. Five initiatives have

been introduced recently to give a new thrust to forest and environment.

- The national forestry information network is being established using remote sensing,

GIS and MIS. All land based forestry interventions will be geo-mapped and monitored on

a time scale, and will be put in the public domain.

- The Ministry is also planning to use information technology for fire monitoring. It is

working on a programmer to use satellite data for early transmission of fire signals to

mobile phones and PDA’s of field officers.

64

Materials and methods

- Forest cover mapping: Expert classification technique was followed to prepare the

forest cover density map of the study area. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

(NDVI) was prepared and recoded into four classes based on the density, viz. very

dense (>70%), dense (40–70%), open (10–40%) and de- graded (<10%) 39. Digital

elevation model (DEM) was prepared using the 20 m contours.

- Estimation of biomass carbon

- Plot sampling technique was followed to estimate the stand density in different forest

types. Twenty-five 20 ´ 20 m quadrates in each forest type were laid and variables

such as girth at breast height were recorded. Using Smalian’s formula38, timber

volume of about 1000 trees was worked out and bivariate regression equations were

derived using calculated volume, gbh and height for different girth class.

Technological changes within and outside the forest sector

- Information technology is gradually emerging as an important tool for assessment and

decision making in planning and management of forest resources. The FSI is already

using remote sensing in forest assessment on a bi-annual basis.

- Presently, it is limited to assessing the changes in forest cover on a snapshot basis.

With the refinement of technology, the assessment is likely to provide more useful

data for forest planning and management. Tissue culture and clonal propagation are

already being extensively applied by forest-based industries to produce quality

planting material and this has revolutionized plantation forestry.

65

- Improved technology has also found many applications in processing of secondary

tropical species. Material hitherto used as fuel wood is now being converted to

produce decorative furniture. Similarly, paper pulp and hardboard technology is

making use of all types of forest wood in producing durable material for house

building and furniture.

- This is likely to replace the use of sawn planks and optimize the use of wood. Thus,

the same production technology is likely to provide better economic returns to

industry and help all classes of consumers to meet their requirements. The

availability of improved technology for processing and value addition of NWFPs, can

ensure remunerative returns to gatherers, besides providing opportunities for

developing rural enterprises for value addition and trade.

- Forest certification as a contemporary organization tool has the possible to offer the

collectors and rural businesspersons with better access to global markets. Technology

application can also boost the income of gatherers. Initially, benefits may not be

adequately apportioned to poor gatherers. However, their involvement in self-help

groups and access to microfinance and storage facilities is likely to improve their

condition.

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Economic Analysis FOREST INDUSTRY IN INDIA

With a per capita GDP of US$3,4032 (2007 estimate which registered a 14% increase

over 2005), India is a middle-income country. There are main and increasing changes

between the rich and the poor, the north and the south, and the city and rural areas

of the country.

It is estimated that there are between 300 and 500 million Indians who are heavily

affected by poverty (living on less than US$1 per day); many of them are living in

forest-fringe areas. The most poverty-prone states are in northeast and central India.

The urban-based economy has grown rapidly through investment in industries and

services which are increasingly being liberalized from government control. Currently

the economy has been growing at about 9% per annum.

The plans for the pending years are 9%+. This high rate of economic growth,

however, is not commensurate with employment figures. During 2004/2005,

almost 58% of the population was unemployed.

The impetus on agriculture is considered helpful in reducing rural unemployment.

Skill development for value addition and manufacturing in small and medium sectors is

also recognized as equally important in this respect.

High economic growth, physical infrastructure and industrial sectors have also put

pressure on environmental resources.

Increasing education and awareness of civil society have brought the environmental

sustainability agenda to the forefront of national awareness. The imperatives of

conservation of the environment in general and forests, biodiversity and

ecosystem services in particular have been recognized as essential components of

sustainable development.

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Environmental Analysis FOREST INDUSTRY IN INDIA

With the recognition of climate change as a consequence of anthropogenic carbon emissions,

every effort is being made to either mitigate impact by reducing emissions or working on

adaptation to the changing situations.

As the predictions of the impact of climate change are still full of uncertainties, concepts on

possible strategies for adaptations are said to be far from clear and the cost of adaptations is

also indicated to be much more than mitigation. Further, in the wake of uncertainties,

mitigation or reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) is the only option available.

The unified global labors in this situation, which contain the UN Framework Convention on

Climate Change (UNFCCC) and related protocols, focus on preparations on restrictive carbon

emissions to the lowermost levels likely.

Forests can be used as sinks for carbon dioxide, which is the most prevalent GHG. The role as

sinks is presently the most important for immobilizing large quantities of carbon for long

periods. Thus, the role of forests in climate change is determined by their state and

management.

The impact of climate change on forests is also expected to be in line with changes in

climatic conditions, to be manifested in species composition, profile, productivity, resilience

and biodiversity. In India, with around 70 million tribal and 200 million non-tribal rural

people dependent on forest incomes for their survival needs, climate change will have an

influence on their livings.

68

There are varying estimates of carbon stock in the biomass and mineral soils in India. A

complete study lead by Haripriya (2003) takes into explanation the carbon stored in

together overhead and below crushed biomass as well as in the soil.

The study estimated the total carbon stock in biomass and mineral soils to be 2,934 million

tones and 5,109 million tones respectively for 1994 and 1995. The average biomass carbon

of the forest ecosystem in India for 1994 was reported to be 46 tones/hectare, of which

76% is in above ground biomass and the rest is in fine and coarse root biomass. The

average mineral soil carbon was found to be 80 tones/hectare.

The forest cover and the growing stock of India have shown a gradual upward trend over the

years. However, the growing stock per unit area of Indian forests is substantially lower (and

hence the carbon in biomass) when compared to other South Asian countries and the

global average.

The post-Kyoto Protocol negotiations are sure to have carbon sequestration as an

important factor in mitigation strategies and Indian forests will have a key role. Based on the

annual average afforestation of 1.16 million hectares as the default rate of afforestation,

the mitigation potential of forestry was analyzed by Rabindranath et al. (2006).

The studies indicated that from 2005 to 2025, the mitigation potential of short-rotation

forestry options for carbon stock may vary from 63 tones/hectare for hot arid regions to 101

tones/hectare in the northern and eastern plains.

For long rotation forestry, the potential varies from 58 tones/hectare for the

Eastern/Western Ghats and coastal plains to 118 tonnes/hectare in the northern and

eastern plains. The mitigation potential of the natural regeneration option varied from 71

tones/hectare to 89 tones/hectare.

69

Political Analysis FOREST INDUSTRY IN INDIA

The forestry institution in India is well organized but needs to gear up to deal with

emerging demands and challenges. Meeting expectations of the stakeholders will

require significant changes in the roles and responsibilities as well as structure of

the forest administration.

The increasing decentralization of the democratic processes, community

empowerment, participation in decision making, increasing inter-sectoral linkages,

and economic aspects governing decision making require urgent development of

skills for interpreting conservation and ecosystem services in economic terms and

support to conservation on the basis of economic imperatives.

The use of modern technologies and concepts in natural resource management

planning and implementation needs suitable and compatible changes in

governance and documentation systems.

The auditing system could include environmental audit as an integral part of the

social audit. A long-term strategy will be needed to deal with the challenges of

improving governance, accountability and transparency in all spheres of central and

local governments, the corporate sector and community levels.

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Trends in the overall development

There are a number of indicators showing all round improvement and they are all

likely to have a positive influence on the forestry sector. One of the most important

attributes would be governance indicators. For this purpose three major economies

of Asia viz., Singapore, China and India have been compared for control of

corruption, role of law, regulatory governance effectiveness, political stability, voice

and accountability.

Changing political and institutional environment

Although the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of

Forest Rights) Act 2006 (TFRA) has generated much concern for the conservation of

forests because of recognition granted for the habitation and livelihood rights of

forest dwellers, it also assigns responsibilities of forest conservation and assistance in

SFM to local communities.

71

Legal Analysis FOREST INDUSTRY IN INDIA

INDIAN FOREST ACT, 1927 (Analysis & Legal tips for implementation)

- The Forest Act defines different regulatory systems for different classes of forest, of which the

two most significant are reserved forest and protected forest. The term “reserved” refers to the

said forest being reserved for government use. Any area of “forest land or wasteland” can be

declared a reserved forest by the State government after following a procedure for “settlement

of rights”, under which a Forest Settlement Officer is supposed to receive all “claims for rights”

and decide whether to accept the right fully, permit it with conditions, or reject it.

- Once the final notification is issued, no one can have any rights in the reserved forest except

those specifically recorded and permitted by the settlement process (Section 9). Moreover,

even those rights are not concrete; for up to five years after the settlement, the State

government has the power to revise, rescind or modify any arrangement made in the

settlement proceeding (Section 22).

- Protected forests are regulated in a different manner. In law, all rights in such areas continue

except those that are specifically barred by regulation. Therefore, unlike in the case of reserved

forests, the Act does not provide any procedure for recording these rights.

- It only requires that some form of rights settlement should have taken place in the past, and

even permits declaration in the absence of any settlement at all. But the mere legal provision

that people’s rights can continue hardly provides any protection in practice.

- In protected forests, the government has sweeping rule-making powers over cultivation,

collection of forest produce, etc., and such regulations can so severely circumscribe people’s

rights that their livelihoods are rendered impossible.

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- Thus, the legal regime of the Forest Act heavily favors the government’s power to arbitrarily

regulate and prohibit activities and to expropriate resources. The burden of proof is always

placed on the community or the people, and even recognized rights can later be withdrawn.

The Wild Life (Protection) Act of 1972 follows the same pattern, with more severe punishments.

73

Ethical Analysis FOREST INDUSTRY IN INDIA

The above consideration why forest ethics is needed contains already a long list of

topical issues for forest related studies in moral philosophy. What follows here is closely

related to the above topics, but represents themes, which already are more or less

established in forest ethics, framing the present structure of this relatively new area of

forest research.

Ethics of sustainability.

Whenever in the past local cultures had beliefs or traditions, which regulated

relationships between human beings and forests, or states and nations developed rules

or norms how forests should be utilized or protected, there already existed a kind of

implicit (not written-out) forest ethics.

As German foresters in the turn of 18th and 19th developed the sustained-yield doctrine

in a systematic way, the fundamental moral principle of forestry – sustainable

management of forest resources - became operational for the first time.

The modern multidimensional concept of sustainability in forestry (including economic,

ecological, social and cultural dimensions) represent the current challenges to forest

ethics (Saastamoinen 2005) as it does to more traditional forest sciences.

Professional ethics.

The development of the trained ethics of foresters has been the first setting where

ethics plainly (as open and broadly conferred concept) was current in forestry. This

important sprout of forest ethics has longest been developed and debated by the

Society of American of Foresters (SAF), which adopted its first Code of Ethics in 1948.

However, the seed for SAF’s professional ethics can be traced already back to the first

years of last century when “the public good comes first”, the motto of that time U.S.

president Theodore.

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Ethics of forest environment.

The role of forests and trees in the environment, as habitat for wildlife and biodiversity

and as landscape and wilderness, has been a fertile field for moral deliberations (List

2000). So, the field of ecological ethics has providing a large group of moral discussion

and review related to forests and forestry within the new past. Ecological ethics has

stayed clear as “the discipline that studies the moral association of human lives to, and

also the price and moral rank of, the condition and its nonhuman substances (Brennan

and Lo 2000).

Demographic Analysis FOREST INDUSTRY IN INDIA

75

India’s populace of 1.12 billion (July 2007 estimate), around one sixth of the world’s

populace, is predictable to bit 1.33 billion by 2020. The national demographic growth

rate is estimated at 1.38% per annum, the population density is 336 inhabitants per

square kilometer, seven times the world average. Seven hundred and forty million

people (68%) live in rural areas, (growth rate 1.43% per annum).

Six hundred million people are dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods, of

which 200 million are to some degree forest dependent whereas 90 million are in

scheduled lists of tribes under the Indian Constitution and are particularly forest

dependent. Thirty-one percent of the population is less than 14 years of age while

another 64% is between 14 and 64.

The population of farmers is aging rapidly, and the next generation is more

focused on opportunities for urban employment. Eighty-eight percent of the 89.4

million Indian farmers have land holdings in the range of 0.1 to 2 ha.

The geographic location of India allows for human habitation with near optimum

environmental living conditions.

Therefore, even with a low per capita energy intensity and carbon emission levels, a

high density of the population is living comfortably. However, with increasing

population, per capita availability of natural resources is decreasing, resulting in an

increase in the cost of living in terms of energy requirement and proportionate use of

resources.

Based on the above demographic profile energy consumption, particularly the use of

firewood, was assessed in 2006 (Table).

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Table . Percentage distribution of households in various income groups using sources

other than firewood for heating water

Income group Firewood Other sourcesRural low 100 0Rural middle 70 30Rural high 60 40Urban low 60 40Urban middle 20 80Urban high 0 100

Figure 2. Demographics depicting dependence on forest product use.

The dependency ratio of the population on forests shows a declining trend (Figure The

most likely scenario is also presented in Figure 2. However, as the size of the population

depending on forests increases with faster growth of population, the demand for products

and services from forests keeps increasing, albeit at a slower rate than the population.

Social Analysis FISHING INDUSTRY IN INDIA

77

- Pov er ty and Livelihoods in Marine Fisheries

- Structural Features Relating to Poverty and Livelihoods

- Of the more than 3,000 coastal fishing villages in India, 85 percent are electrified,

80 percent connected by road, 65 percent have a hospital, and 42 percent have a

bank;

- Nearly 57 percent of the population is educated, w h i c h c o n t a i n 6 5 % a v e r a g e r a t e . 6%

fishery is well educated.

- Fishing groups are categorized by high levels of illiteracy, and poor contact to

whistled water and effective hygiene services;

- Close to 100 percent of employed people in these groups are involved in fisheries-

related livings, for about partial of them it is full-time work;

- Fishing is a largely caste-based occupation and class plays a influential role for entrance

into, or departure from, fishing;

- There is a strong gender-based separation of labor, as men largely do the sea

fishing; fish once landed, are often handled by women for processing and

marketing. The fact that the men are at sea most of the time requires the women

to act as de facto heads of the households, giving them a prominent role in the

family;

- Income Patterns

- Annual incomes for large trawler owners can range from Rs. 75,000 to Rs. 150,000 or

more; the majority of traditional boat owners earn annual incomes ranging from less

than Rs. 25,000 to Rs. 100,000; the majority of crew members earn annual incomes

from less than Rs. 35,000 to Rs. 75,000; traders can earn from less than Rs. 25,000 to

Rs. 100,000 per annum.

- The higher average annual fishing incomes are generally in Karnataka; lower annual

incomes are found in Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Gujarat. In these latter three states,

annual incomes from marine fishing of less than Rs. 25,000 are quite common.

- Incomes from fishing are usually confined to a maximum of nine months a year.

78

- The earnings from fishing are not confined to monetary payments; they frequently

include non- monetized income like fish or other consumables, or utilities like firewood.

Similarly, the cost of operations is not always monetized; a number of activities like

launching and hauling of boats, repairing nets, women gutting fish for drying,

involve drawing upon the ‘social capital’ without which the economic viability of at

least some of the activities can suffer.

Livelihoods and the Evolving Marine Sub-sector

- The phenomenal growth in the fishing economy in the modernization phase was

accompanied by the entry of new fishing methods, players, and trading systems that

have had long-lasting impacts on the life and livelihoods of the fishers, particularly

for small-scale fishers.

- Within a state’s territorial waters, the consequences of an open-access system

with declining fish stocks overall, and general over-capitalization of fishing capacity

are felt in many ways:

a) Reduced productivity within the fishery (returns per unit of labor or capital)

b) Further reductions in resource stocks and negative changes in household

livelihoods

c) Human health and gender workloads

- An FAO study in Tamil Nadu (Neiland et al. 2006) indicated that of 212 small scale

fishers surveyed, 59 percent indicated that the viability of their principal livelihood

had declined from the previous year.

- Of these individuals, 85 percent said that it was a matter of concern because of a

greater risk of starving. Major reasons for the downturn in livelihoods were

decreased fish catches and scarcity of fish during poor fishing seasons; low fish

prices, especially during supply gluts; increased input costs; and poor access to more

distant and lucrative markets.

Technological Analysis FISHING INDUSTRY IN

INDIA

79

Technology

- Quality seed production

- Selective breeding of carps

- Formulation of low cost feed materials using locally available ingredients

- Fabrication of nets for targeted fishing

Development in fishing crafts and gears and technology

The strong belief that the bulk of fishery potential of the state which lay unexploited was in

the regions 50m depth contour led to the technical development in the industry. For the

exploitation of these resources (Korakandy, 1991). For a proper development of the primary

marine fishing industry of Kerala, development of suitable crafts, gears and techniques

became unavoidable. In Kerala fisheries, the modernization programmer started in 1953

and mechanization in capture fisheries was confined basically at three levels.

1. Craft Movement (Method of Propulsion)

2. Development of Gears and

3. Tackling Techniques (Suresh Kumar, 1999)

These changes have considerably helped in improving the productive capacity of the fishing

sector. The new techniques have raised the productive capacity by four ways.

1. Use of machine power enables the fishermen to reach the fishing ground early

thereby raising the fishing time.

2. The new technology allows the fishermen to rise the reserve variety of fishing

processes.

80

3. The fishermen become less fatigued which thereby increases the productivity.

The development efforts for the evolution of suitable crafts gears and techniques

are divided into three distinct periods.

A.1953 to 1963.

B.1963 to 1979 and

C.1979 onwards

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Economic Analysis FISHING INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Contribution to National GDP

- With respect to marine fishing, the country has a coastline of 8,118 km with an

EEZ stretching over 2.02 million km2, and a continental shelf covering 0.53

million km. Marine fisheries continue a significant basis of service, income and food

safety.

- At the global level, it is ranked third in overall fish production and second in

aquaculture. The economic importance of the fisheries sector for the country can be

described by contributions to national GDP, foreign exchange earnings, domestic food

security, and employment generation. The GDP contribution from fisheries is about

1/20th that of agriculture.

- The percentage contribution of fisheries to GDP has increased from 0.46 percent in

1950-51 to a peak of 1.24 percent in 1997-98, and then has declined to just over one

percent in 2007-08. Marine fishing accounts for about half this GDP value.

Input to Exports

- Frozen fish, cuttlefish and squid account for another 32 percent of total export

value. The remainder is comprised of dried fish products, as well as live and chilled

exports. About 20 percent of India’s total marine fish production is exported

Employment Generation in Marine Fisheries

- The 17th Livestock Census of 2003 (Government of India 2004a) gives the total

number of fishers in the country (inland and marine) as 14.5 million, of whom 4.6

million are men (32 percent), 4.0 million are women (28 percent), and 5.8 million are

ch i ldren (40 percent ).

82

- According to the 2005 Marine Fisheries Census ( CMFRI 2 0 0 6 ), the total population of

marine fishers in the country is 3.52 million, living in 756,212 households in 3,202

fishing villages along the coast, or nearly 25 percent of the total number of fishers in

India. Of this total, over 900,000 are recorded as active fishers, 1.0 million as part time

fishers while 1.4 million fell into the category of ‘others’

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Environmental Analysis FISHING INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Impacts of Climate Change on Fisheries and Aquaculture

- Fish has been an important part of the human diet in almost all countries of the world. It

is highly nutritious; it can provide vital nutrients absent in typical starchy staples which

dominate poor people’s diets.

- Fish provides about 20 % of animal protein intake and is one of the cheapest sources of

animal proteins as far as availability and affordability is concerned. While it serves as a

health food for the affluent world owing to the fish oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty

acids for the people in the other extreme of the nutrition scale, fish is a health food

owing to its proteins, oils, vitamins and minerals and the benefits associated with the

consumption of small indigenous fishes.

- Although aquaculture has been contributing an increasingly significant proportion of fish

over recent decades, approximately two-thirds of fish are still caught in capture

fisheries. The number of people directly employed in fisheries and aquaculture is

estimated at 43.5 million, of which over 90 % are small –scale fishers.

- In addition to those directly employed in fishing, over 200 million people are thought to

be dependent on small scale fishing in developing countries, in terms of other economic

activities generated by the supply of fish and supporting activities building, net making,

engine manufacture and repair, supply of services to fisherman and fuel to fishing boats

in addition to millions for whom fisheries provide a supplemental income.

- Fisheries are often available in remote and rural areas where other economic activities

are limited and can thus be important sources for economic growth and livelihoods in

rural areas with few other economic activities.

84

Political Analysis FISHING INDUSTRY IN INDIA

- The Five Year Annual Plans issued by the Union Government seemingly offer the

best prospects for anchoring a performance assessment given that they have a large

impact on the way fisheries management activities are funded and directed in both

state and Union jurisdictions.

- They are consequently the primary policy documents that provide a historical link

between the objectives set by the government and the activities undertaken in the

administration and use of fisheries.

- The Working Group Report on the Eleventh Five Year Plan provides an assessment of

the delivery performance with respect to the schemes funded during the Tenth

Five Year Plan (operated between 2002 and 2007).

- A range of other intended outcomes for fisheries are identified at various places in

the Tenth Five Year Plan that warrant mention. For marine fisheries, these outcomes

include;

i) Increased production from the deep-water fisheries (linked to the overall fish

production target)

ii) Increased fish consumption per capita in India

iii) Management of coastal fisheries

iv) Equity in participation

v) Optimal exploitation.

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Legal Analysis FISHING INDUSTRY IN INDIA

The Legal Framework

Five major legal instruments of the central Government directly govern marine fisheries

activities:

1. The Indian Fisheries Act, 1897.

2. Marine Products Export Development Authority Act 1972 (No. 13 of 1972).

The Operation of Deep Sea Fishing Vessels, 20m OAL and above, Notifications dated 14

December 2006.

In addition, there are several related laws dealing with the environment, biodiversity, trade,

and shipping impact on fisheries and coastal communities, namely:

1. Indian Ports Act, 1908.

2. Indian Forest Act, 1927.

3. Merchant Shipping Act, 1958

4. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, amended 1983, 1986, 1991.

5. The Coast Guard Act, 1978.

6. Forest Conservation Act, 1980.

7. Environment Protection Act, 1986.

8. Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991.

9. Foreign Trade Act, 1992.

10. Biological Diversity Act, 2002.

11. Coastal Aquaculture Authority Act, 2005.

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Ethical analysis FISHING INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Some of the ethical questions that are raised from the fisheries analysis come from

overexploitation of resources. Some others result from the association amongst the

investors in the area of fisheries.

Some others may outcome yet, for example, from the existence of fights in the

support courses of aquaculture projects. Many divergent interests are involved. Some

ethical issues may be expressed considering the conflicts that result from the

relationship among private agents and public agents or also some others resulting

from environmental policies that deal with the rights of individuals versus the rights of

the state and that deal also with the rights of property owners versus those of the

community.

The ways of dealing with the environmental issues may vary according to the

organizations that intend to protect the environment and some conflicting situations

may result from the way environment is faced.

Often, a private agent intending to exploit a resource for self-interest may be

contributing also with the project for the public good. This fact for itself permits, on

these cases, to solve some ethical issues.

When a private agent intends to implement an aquaculture project his interest it to

make profit. Anyway, this will allow that sea live resources may be preserved

Aquaculture fish offer in the market has increased, given an existing demand. This

means that aquaculture can give a strong contribution for reducing sea fisheries.

87

Law is fundamental to conserve and to protect environment and so it is in this area of

fishing resources. Rules should be precise and simple enough to be implemented and to

be fulfilled. In aquaculture projects law often seems to arise too many procedures and

to generate too many public agents involved in the decision process that complicate

the final decision (and evidently bureaucracy is present).

An anti- commons problem can emerge from this complex situation. In consequence,

the multiple agencies and their work frequently frustrate worthwhile projects and

economic growth.

88

Demographic Analysis FISHING INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Large -scale Fishermen

Large-scale fishermen fish in larger groups by hiring 15 to 20 laborers and are

confined only to TB reservoir (400 groups) representing about 30% of the total

fishermen population. Laborers are usually hired from Andhra Pradesh. Nearly 66

percent of the fishermen are engaged in fishing throughout the year and the rest

between 6 to 10 months. During the lean period, they are engaged in agriculture and

construction etc. They use Alivi nets of various sizes ranging from 1 to 12 inches. They

are members of FCS and pay an annual membership fee for obtaining license. The

larger groups are headed by a fisherman who invests approximately around INR 3

lakhs. Each laborer is paid between INR 1800 to 2500 per month along with

allowance for food, medical expenses, etc. The group spends the whole night (up to

10 hours) casting the nets and fishing till early hours. Fish catch ranging between 10 to

100 kegs, and is highly dependent on weather conditions, fingerlings released and

season.

Small-scale Fishermen

Small-scale fishermen work in a team of two or three persons representing 60 % in the

basin. Payments made to the society9 vary between INR 200 (riverine, tank) to INR

4000 (reservoir) based on type of net and fishing location. They use gill nets of

various sizes. 53% of fishermen invest about INR 2000 on boats and nets, annually.

They are members of FCS and obtain license for a period varying between 3 months

to 1 year. However, there are instances where some fishing communities pay the

Fisheries department for canal fishing in Saibabanagar. Small-scale fishermen are

economically poor and most vulnerable as fish catch depends on external factors

beyond their control and hence, migration becomes inevitable to sustain livelihoods.

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Females and Fishing in TBSB

The part of females largely depends on the socio -economic situations of the

families. Overall, the conditions and quality of life for women are poor across

different fishing groups. This included long working hours, poor wages in addition to

the burden of household maintenance. There are no special programs targeting

women. For instance, women in Hale Ajodhya, confine themselves mainly to

weaving nets. However, women in this village do not go out for selling fish unlike their

counter parts in some villages. Women are involved mostly in processing and

marketing of fish. In Thambrahalli, about 40 women work as laborers sorting fish for

the large contractors. On an average, they sort out 30 kegs of fish per day and are

paid about INR 45 per day. Women also work as agricultural laborers to

supplement their household income

Formal Fishing Rights

Fishing rights are given through open tenders in reservoirs and rivers, whereas in the

case of tanks, it is done through open auctioning. We see in the following sections,

as to how these varied forms of allocating fishing rights favor/disfavor the fishing

communities. For example, licensing favors the fishermen in the place of tender

systems, whereas, in the tank systems, open auctioning invites any person to bid

for the tank, and promote aquaculture as entrepreneurship thereby disfavoring or

marginalizing the fishing communities. Department of Fisheries decides on the

minimum reserve price for obtaining fishing rights.

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Business Potential of Canada’s fishing industry in Canada.

Canada’s potential free trade deal with Europe should raise alarms that open right of

entry to profitable seafood markets will come at the expense of protections for Atlantic

fishery jobs, says a new report.

"At chance is the ability of Canadians to follow public policies that restrain control of the

fisheries by excessive corporations," says the study out Wednesday by the left-leaning

Canadian Centre for Strategy Changes.

"My biggest concern is that Canadian managements and citizens, chiefly native

administrations, will lose their ability to control the fishery to maximize local benefits,"

author Scott Sinclair said in an conference.

His study, "Globalization, Trade Treaties and the Future of the Atlantic Canadian

Fisheries," includes details allegedly leaked from ongoing closed-door Canada-EU trade

talks.

They point to that "the EU is strongly pressuring Canada to put an end to minimum

processing requirements" as the two sides work toward a deal known as the

Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, or CETA, says the report

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European market access at stake

Rudy Husny, a spokesman for federal International Trade Minister Ed Fast, said

eliminating seafood tariffs as high as 25 per cent would open right to use to a $25-billion

European import market.

But Sinclair raises the view that under a Canada-EU deal, European investors could face

owner-operator limits and other domestic fishery protections using dispute tribunals

that would avoid Canadian law.

"Protecting Canada's ability to regulate the fisheries for protection purposes and to

ensure that the benefits from fisheries are shared with independent fishers and coastal

communities should be much higher priorities," his report concludes.

Keith Hutchings, the provincial minister for innovation, business and rural development,

said open right of entry to the European market of about 500 million consumers would

be a major benefit for a struggling industry.

"This holds the potential to create more jobs, higher wages and greater long-term

wealth," he said in an email.

However, regional officials are pushing for maximum local benefits, Hutchings

added. "We will only support a deal that is in the best interests of Newfoundland and

Labrador."

Inshore fisheries concerns

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He's also worried that other policies that protect domestic inshore fisheries could be

challenged under a new deal with Europe.

For example, only Canadian independent owner-operators can now obtain inshore

fishing licenses. For bigger vessels offshore, foreign investors can only hold a marginal

interest of up to 49 per cent in a Canadian corporation that's licensed to fish.

Federal Fisheries Minister Keith Ash field has deprived of that such measures are in

danger.

"Let me be completely clear: the fleet separation and owner-operator policies in Atlantic

Canada will remain intact," he said Sept. 21 in Fredericton.

Business Potential of fishing industry in India

93

India has huge potential for fishes from both internal and marine resources, due to its long

seashore, huge reservoirs, etc. It is the fourth largest producer of fish in the world. It is also the

second largest producer of domestic fish.

The input of fisheries to the GDP is round 1.4%. From 0.75 million tons in 1950, the fishery

sector has grown-up to the production level of 6.4 million tons worth Rs. 3,20,000 million, and

an export of almost Rs. 70,000 million. Nearly 10 million people, living in 4,000 coastal villages

and more number of interior villages, depend on fisheries to earn their livelihood.

1. Andaman and Nicobar Islands:

The ecosystem and geographical location of Islands offer a huge marine potential for the

fishing and marine sector (mainly sea farming activities), due to its long shoreline and a

unique and rare marine environment. Fabulous opportunities are available for the

fishing and marine industry.

The estimated marine potential of the islands is 2.44 lakh tonnes, which remains

optimally unexploited. The islands unique ecosystem provide opportunity of wide range

of species, which could be caught, cultured, processed and marketed on values.

Further, the large expanse of ocean provides opportunity for industrial scale fostering of

sea plants, pearls, oysters, mussels, etc. But, lack of processing infrastructure, cold

chain, and transport support has not allowed the sector to understand its potential. So,

efforts are being made to identify opportunities while looking into environmental

concerns and potential for diversified decentralized supply chain.

2. Assam:

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Assam is a mostly fish consuming State. Here, the demand for fish is very high. The

hypsographic profile and the river systems of Assam disclose rich repository of aquatic

resources that have great potential for production of fish.

The fisheries resource of Assam comprises important river basins, namely, Brahmaputra,

Barak and their tributaries. There is potential for producing both the cold and warm

water fisheries. The State with two major river systems, several beels, lakes, tanks/

ponds and swamps is endowed with valuable fishery resources.

complete development of these water resources calls for identification of potential,

proper planning and phasing.

3. Chhattisgarh:

The State possesses huge and different natural water area available for fish culture in

the form of river, reservoirs, ponds and tanks. About 1.58 lakhs hectare average water

area is available for fish culture.

The State has two major river system, namely, Mahanadi and Godavari and their

tributaries forming a network of 3573 km. About 90% water area has already been

brought under fish culture.

The fisheries sectors have been known as a powerful income and employment

generator and play an important role in rural economy and are a source of inexpensive

and healthy food. More than 1.50 lakh fishermen in the State be depending on fisheries

and aquaculture for their living.

Fisheries segment inhabits a significant place in the socio-economic growth of the State.

It caters mainly to the need of socio-economically weaker and backward communities of

fishermen.

4. Kerala:

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The Government of Kerala gives top priority to the fisheries sector, because:-

(i) This sector provides employment and income to more than one million people,

either directly or indirectly;

(ii) It satisfies the protein necessities of a considerable large piece of the population;

and

(iii) It provides significant revenue, especially in foreign exchange, to the exchequer of

the state.

Hence, it has undertaken several projects and programmers for increasing production,

for conserving and ensuring sustainable utilization of fisheries wealth, for promoting

cultivation of fish and prawns, for development of fishing harbors and facilities for

landing of fish, for intensification facilities for marketing of fish, and for the upliftment

and welfare of the fisher-folk.

The importance of fisheries sector in Kerala and the beneficial position that Kerala

enjoys as a maritime State is to be considered in the National policies. There is a great

need to introduce recent trends in fish processing technology, in order to preserve the

State's position in international market.

Government is also envisaging the Fisheries Policy, which is the blue print of the action

plans for the developments in the sector and the welfare activities envisaged for the

next twenty five years.

5. Goa:

Fishing is the long-established and important economic activity of the State. Goa, being

situated on the west coast of India, has a coast extending over 100 kms and internal

watercourses of additional 250 kms, rich in nautical wealth.

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Prawns, the valuable foreign exchange earner, mackerels, sardines, etc. are available in

prosperity in Goa coast. Many small scale units based on fisheries resources like salt

healing of mackerels, fish meat, fish oils, thirst of fishes, etc. are being set up.

The fishing activity has also given a big increase to canning, freezing and other fish

processing units in the State.

6. Lakshadweep:

Due to its beautiful beaches and pollution-free environment, the Lakshadweep has

become a great tourist destination for activities like watersports, fishing, etc. The people

of UT are mostly dependent on farming for their living.

Fishing is one of the mainstays of the people. It has become the main source of income

of the people of Lakshadweep, besides coconut promotion. Lakshadweep has a

coastline of 132 Km and lagoon area of 4,200 sq. km.

The sea around the island is highly fruitful. The islands attitude first in the nation in per

capita convenience of fish. During 2004, 10,300 tonnes of fish have been landed in the

UT.

The main fishery is developed on skipjack tuna. The estimated possible resources of the

sea around Lakshadweep are about 1 lakh tones of Tuna and equal quantity of Shark.

7. Odisha:

The State attaches top most main concern to the growth of agro based and food

processing industries. The Government has framed an agricultural policy with the intend

of increasing investment in agriculture, with special focus on fisheries and fish

processing.

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The 'State Reservoir Fishery policy' has also been announced with a view to supplement

fish production in the State by harnessing the vast untapped /under tapped reservoir

resources.

The objectives of the policy are to:-

Generate profitable rural employment with special reference to the fishing

communities;

Introduce systematic management strategies both for preservation and

continued fish production;

Attract increasing investments from private sector;

encourage entrepreneurship for fishery sector with special reference to tank

fishery;

Substitute traditional methods by introduction of advanced technology in

operation of tank fishery;

Develop skill among fishermen/ fisherwomen in tank operation and

organizational intensification;

Generate substantial revenue for the State.

8. Pondicherry:

Marine product processing is an important component of agro-processing

industry. Pondicherry’s long coastline provides sufficient opportunities for the

growth and development of its fisheries sector.

There exists huge scope in shrimp culture and crab farming. The modern fishing

harbors are at Thengaithittu, Pondicherry and Karukalacheri, Karaikal.

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Business Potential of fishing industry in Gujarat

Gujarat Fisheries Central Co-operative Association Limited (GFCCA)

Gujarat Fisheries Central Co-operative Association Limited (GFCCA) is a top cooperative

body of the fishermen cooperatives in the State of Gujarat. It was recognized in the

year 1956 with financial and administrative support of the Government of Gujarat.

The focal actions of the Association contain:

Development and exploitation of fresh water fisheries.

Marketing of fresh water fish and marine fish in wholesale and in retail through

its different outlets and mobile vans.

To supply fishing equipment at economical rate.

To implementation of Government Schemes & New Project.

About Gujarat fishing:

As discussed in the earlier article of this series of Gujarat - Golden Jubilee Celebrations,

the State has been hallowed in many ways for its geographical location, which has

proved to be a key driver for industrial development – inland and offshore industries –

in the state.

The longest coastline of 1600 kms puts Gujarat in to one of the different places in the

country, where not only shipping or logistics industry is seen prospering but fishing

activities too are considered as serious business with large investments torrential in.

The shoreline of Gujarat is broken by several bays, inlets, estuaries and marshy lands

giving sufficient opportunity for blast of sea-food industry here. The area available for

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fishing on the coast of the State extends from Lakhpat in the northern shore of the state

in Kutchh district to Umbergaon in Valsad district – a place in the deep south of the

State. The sea-food industry specially fishing has emerged as a major revenue making

business not only for the private players but also to the state exchequer.

According to a state government report, during the year 2008-09, total fish production

in the Gujarat State has been predictable at 7.66 lakh tonnes worth Rs.3063.23 crore.

The marine fish production constitutes about 89.16% of total fish production of the

State. During the year 2008-09 the state earned Rs.1064.50 crore (provisional) from

export of 112800 tonnes of fish and fish products.

for the meantime the provisional figures from the state fisheries department represent

that during the year, 2009-10 (April- September 2009) the total fish production has been

expected at 2.23 lakh tonnes worth of Rs.889.97 crore.

The exports of fish and fish products, is likely at 38816 tonnes, worth Rs.370 crore, at

the end of September 2009. Traditionally, fishing has been a general business activity in

the coastal area of the state.

However, with current business proposal emerging from the export prospective of

fishing and allied products, the sector has seen some of the highly complicated

technologies getting into the sector. in recent times, the union government had planned

to bring highly mechanized motor boats for the fishermen so as to reduce efforts for

fishing and improve the quantity of the catch.

However, most of the fishermen rejected the draft proposal saying, it might damage

marine life in long term with severely impacting local employment as well, hence the

proposal was put on hold and the union government will consider the entire issue anew

in coming months.

In Gujarat, some of the important fish varieties are set up that includes Pomfret, Jew

Fish, Bombay duck, Shrimp, Lobster, Squid, Cuttle fish, Silver bar, Hilsa, Shark, Catfish,

Mullets etc.

Though, over the years, due to chemical pollution and steady fishing activity, fish

availability from the shore has been declining continually. According to experts in the

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field, accessibility of fish has reduced considerably on the southern part of the coastal

belt. The fish accessibility has moved out far deep in to the sea up to 12-25 nautical

miles, prompting the fishermen to sail deep into the sea till 150 nautical miles.

Business Potential of Canada’s Forest industry in Canada and India

Canadian companies exploring the Indian wood market

Canadian forest companies are looking at potential wood markets in India, and with a free

101

trade arrangement in the offing, there are predictions that overall trade between Canada

and India could quadruple—to $15 billion— over the next five years.

By Jim Sterling

Canadian forest companies are looking more closely at the potential marketing opportunities for

their products offered by India.

Earlier this year, a delegation from the City of Surrey, in B.C.’s Lower Mainland, spent 11 days in

India visiting seven cities to help develop new trading relationships. An estimated 27 per cent of

Surrey’ s population is of Indian origin making it a good fit for such trade relationships, says

Dianne Watts, Surrey’s mayor.

The phenomenon is an understandable extension of the nightmare collapse of the housing

market in the United States and it’s buoyed by continuing development in the Chinese market

for Canadian and especially British Columbian manufactured wood products.

Other factors come into play. This country is home to a significant population of successful

Indo-Canadians. And the world’s most populous democracy is negotiating with Canada for a

Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, a kind of free trade arrangement. When it

fully kicks in, business experts predict bi-lateral trade between Canada and India will—during

the next five years—almost quadruple to $15 billion.

Discovering what all that might mean for B.C.-based forest companies was a factor behind a

recent exploratory trip to India involving Paul Newman, executive director of market access and

trade with the Council of Forest Industries (COFI), based in Vancouver

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Predictions and expectations at this very preliminary stage are punctuated with qualifications

and ‘but yet’.

Present trade relationship between Canada and India of forest industry

FOREST INDUSTRY SNAPSHOT

Almost 60 per cent of British Columbia’s land base is productive forest land, providing rich,

diverse, and abundant wood fibres.

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Timber supplies – British Columbia has 55 million hectares of productive forests that

provide diverse and abundant wood fiber. These forests contain roughly 11 billion cubic

meters of timber.

Varied tree species – Tree species in our forests are primarily coniferous or softwood,

including Douglas-fir, western hemlock, ambles fir, western red cedar, lodge pole pine and

interior spruce.

Beneficial land tenure system – Most of our land is publicly owned. The provincial

government issues land tenures, giving companies the right to harvest in exchange for fees

and management responsibilities. With no need to purchase land, capital required to invest is

low compared to other regions.

Preferred supplier – British Columbia has more lands certified to internationally

recognized sustainability standards than any other jurisdiction. This ensures sustainable

production, and gives access to markets around the world looking for environmentally sound

products.

Varied wood products – Commodity products, including standard dimensional lumber,

pulp, paper, and panel boards, dominate the forest industry in British Columbia.

Growing value-added sector – Small and medium-sized firms produce a wide range of

value-added products, such as treated lumber, engineered wood products, shakes and

shingles, posts, poles, log and timber-frame homes, moldings, and other finished or semi-

finished products.

New utilization opportunities – Under-utilized species, smaller stems, dead trees, mill

residue, and debris from silviculture and harvesting now have new value as raw materials for

next-generation forest products.

Investment opportunities

Type Typical Products

Commodity Boards Plywood

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Type Typical Products

Chips

Hog Fuel

Panels

Pulp and Paper

Shakes and

shingles

Standard

dimensional

lumber

Traditional Value-

Added

Art

Cabinets and furniture

Dissolving pulps (leads directly to

biochemical and materials like rayon)

Glulam

Laminated veneer lumber (LML)

Log/timber homes

Moldings

Pallets & boxes

Posts & poles

Tall oil

Treated lumber

Windows & doors

Wood I-joists

Next Generation

Manufacturing

Alternative energy products - wood pellets, ethanol, biodiesel,

xylose, syngas

Engineered wood products - cross-laminated timbers, high

strength and stiffness composite lumber products, high strength

and stiffness hybrid engineered wood products, new fibre-

polymer composite wood products

New building systems

FORESTRY SECTOR SUPPORTS

British Columbia offers support programs for the forestry sector, including the following:

105

The BC Bioenergy Network is led by industry and supports near-term bioenergy

technologies and research to build a world-class bioenergy capability in British Columbia.

Funding programs can be accessed through the Network. Explore how the BC Bioenergy

Network can support your investment.

The Investments in Forest Industry Transformation Program promotes new

technologies that lead to non-traditional, high-value forest products and renewable energies.

Find out about the Program. The Forestry Innovation Investment (FII) is our market

development agency for forest products. FII works with industry trade associations in

promoting B.C. forest products domestically and internationally, but does not provide loans,

subsidies or other financial incentives to individual businesses.

Present Trade Relationship between Canada and India of fishing industry

India Canada trade relations have flourished in spite of the fact that Canada was one of

the founder members of NATO while India was not. Both countries have shared a cordial

and productive trading relationship right since the days of Indian independence.

After a decline in India Canada trading relations in the 1970s due to India's Peaceful

Nuclear Explosion, trade between India and Canada picked up in the 1990s. In 1997,

Canada happening concentrating on India in a big way, after the monetary disaster in

south east Asia.

106

Canada then zeroed in on India intending to tap its huge trading potential. However,

after India conducted nuclear tests in 1998, Canada once again went on an alert as far as

its trading relations with India were concerned. But in 1999, after the Indian visit of the

then Secretary of State for Asia Pacific, Raymond Chan, and India Canada Trade

Relations resumed once again economic alliances were agreed upon.

government of India in its Eleventh Five Year Plan period (2007-2012) has set a target

to increase fisheries exports from Rs 6000 crore to Rs 14000 crore. Seafood exports are

an important component of food exports, as they constitute more than 70 per cent of

the food exports. Fish and fish products (Tariff code 03) contributed to nearly 1 per cent

of India’s total export value in 2007-08.

Countries importing Indian fish and fish products include Japan, United Stated of

America, European Union (Spain, Belgium, United Kingdom, Italy, France, Germany,

Portugal, and Netherland), China, Hong Kong, United Arab Emirates, Canada, Singapore

and Thailand. Frozen crustaceans and molluscs are the top exporting products (in terms

of value).

India’s major importing fish and fish products are fresh or chilled fish, and feed from

aquatic products. These products are mainly imported from countries such as

Bangladesh, Japan and Pakistan besides some from USA, Norway, China, Singapore,

Thailand and Republic of Korea. Fish feed is imported from countries such as Thailand,

Chile, Peru, Myanmar and Taiwan (during the year 2007-08).

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Bilateral investment of India and Canada for forest industry

India-Canada Relations

Political relations:

In Canada, India is represented by the High Commission of India in Ottawa and the

Consulate General of India in Toronto and Vancouver.

In India, Canada is represented by the Canadian High Commission in New Delhi; the

Consulate General of Canada in Chandigarh, Chennai, Mumbai and a Consulate in

Bangalore.

India established diplomatic relations with Canada in 1947. India and Canada have

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longstanding bilateral relationship based on shared democratic values, the multi-

cultural, multi-ethnic and multi- religious nature of two societies and strong people-

to-people contacts. In recent years, both states have been working to enhance two-

sided collaboration in a number of areas of mutual rank. Several high level visits have

been exchanged during recent years with at PM levels: Prime Minister Stephen Harper

of Canada visited India in 2009 and 2012; Dr. Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of

India visited Canada in 2010.

India and Canada pursue bilateral relations through the mechanisms of annual

Foreign Office Consultations, Strategic Dialogue, Joint Working Group on Counter-

terrorism, Science & Technology Committee, Environment Forum, Energy Forum,

Steering Committee on Mining and Earth Sciences; Joint Working Groups on ICTE,

Education, Pulses, Plant Protection, Health, Agriculture and SPS issues etc.

India and Canada have signed several agreements including the Air Services

Agreement, Extradition Treaty, Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty, Agreement on

Patents, Agreement on Cooperation in Agriculture, Agreement on Science and

Technology and Environment Cooperation, Nuclear Cooperation Agreement, Social

Security Agreement, MOU on Cooperation in Energy, MOU on cooperation in

Mining and Earth Sciences, MOU on Cooperation in Higher Education, MOU on

Cultural Cooperation, MOU on Cooperation in Intelligent Transport Systems and MOU

on Cooperation in ICTE.

Agreements/MOUs under negotiation are: Foreign Investment Promotion Agreement

(FIPA), Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), and Audio-Visual Co-

Production Treaty. Agreements ready to be signed include Transfer of Prisoners

Agreement. .

Among other agreements signed include MOU for India Chair at Canada-India Centre

of Excellence at Carleton University, MOU between Indian and Canadian Public

Service Commissions for sharing experiences and expertise in Civil Services matters,

MOU between Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the Canadian Institute

of Health Research (CIHR) to establish new and/or strengthen existing collaborations

109

in special health related fields of research, etc. Separate MOUs on Mines and

Mineral resources have been signed with the provinces of Saskatchewan, British

Columbia, Ontario & Quebec. DRDO has signed MOU with York University for R&D in

E-Warn.

Commercial relations:

The India Canada CEOs Roundtable has been upgraded to a CEOs Forum. An

annualized Trade Ministers dialogue has been institutionalized to review trade and

economic relations. Both sides are involved in practical conferences for a Complete

Economic Business Agreement (CEPA) including trade in properties, services,

investment, trade enablement etc. Separate MOUs exist with implementation

mechanisms to advance relations in the fields of energy, mining, agriculture etc.

Air India (currently suspended) and Jet Airways operate air services to Canada.

State Bank of India, ICICI Bank, Government of India Tourist Office, Air India and Jet

Airways has offices in Canada. Many renowned Indian companies have presence in

Canada such as Tata, Aditya Birla, Reliance, Wipro, Infosys, TCS, Essar, etc.

110

Canada has established Trade Offices in Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chandigarh,

Chennai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai and New Delhi. Reputed Canadian

companies such as Bombardier, SNC Lavalin, CAE, Inc., etc. have a strong presence

in India.

Trade: Bilateral trade during the calendar year of 2011 crossed US$ 5 billion mark.

India’s exports to Canada in 2011 were up 25 per cent and imports from Canada

registered an increase of 31.7 per cent over 2010. Total bilateral trade during 2011

registered 28.35 per cent increase.

[Source: Statistics Canada]

Figures in billion US Dollars]

Details 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

India’s Exports 1.692 1.841 2.065 1.754 2.064 2.581

India’s Imports 1.477 1.667 2.268 1.881 2.024 2.635

Total 3.169 3.508 4.333 3.635 4.088 5.216

Major Items of Indian Exports are: Medicines, Garments, diamonds, chemicals, gems and

jewellery, petroleum oils, made-up, sea food, engineering goods, marble and granite,

knitted garments, rice, electric equipment, plastic products, etc.

Major items of Canada’s export to India are: Pulses, fertilizers, newsprint, aircrafts &

aviation equipment, diamonds, copper ores and concentrates, bituminous coal, wood

pulp, nickel, unwrought aluminum, asbestos, god, cameras, lumber, ferrous waste, etc.

The stock of two-way direct investment between India and Canada is as under:

[Figures in million Canadian Dollars]

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Canadian FDI in India 319 677 506 667 520 676 587

Indian FDI in Canada 171 211 1,988 6,514 6,217 4,364 4,396

Total 490 888 2,494 7,181 6,737 5,040 4,983

[Source: Government of Canada]

Canadian investors are present in the Indian banking; insurance and financial services sectors,

as also in engineering and consultancy services.

Canadian investment in India has targeted telecommunications, environment,

energy and mining. Indian investment in Canada has increased steadily in the recent years,

especially in the information technology, software and natural resources sectors. A Bilateral

Investment Promotion Agreement is under negotiation.

Cultural relations:

Year of India 2011 in Canada (YOI): Pursuant to the announcement made by Indian and

Canadian Prime Ministers in November 2009, the Year of India 2011 was organized in

different cities of Canada which included multi sectorial events such as cultural shows, Writers

festivals, film festivals, food festivals, trade shows, Education Summit, Innovation Summit, PBD-

Canada, LKA’s Moderns Exhibition, Eminent lecture series, installation of Gandhi statues,

Tagore anniversary etc. The Rt Hon Stephen Harper, Prime Minister of Canada officiated at

both the inaugural and the closing ceremonies of YOI. Among the Indian dignitaries who

officiated at various YOI events included Ms. Preneet Kaur, Minister of State for External

Affairs, Dr. D. Purandeswari, MOS (HRD), Mr. Arun Maira, Member, Planning Commission,

Dr. R. Chidambaram, Principal Scientific Advisor to Government of India, CMs of Jharkhand

and Nagaland, and Mr. Suresh Prabhu, former Minister of Power.

112

In the Education field, the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute (SICI) was founded in 1968 to

promote academic relations mainly through funding research and linking academic institutions

in the two countries; as of today, 50 universities from India and 40 from Canada are

members of the Institute. SICI broadly meets its objective by promoting Canadian Studies in

India and Indian Studies in Canada.

MOU on Educational cooperation has been signed with the Government of Canada. ICCR has

sanctioned India Chairs for 5 Canadian universities (Carleton. McGill, York, Toronto,

McMaster). India specific centers have been set up in Canadian Universities, the most

prominent being the Canada India Centre of Excellence at Carleton, Ottawa. Over 300 MOUs

exist between Canadian and Indian higher education institutions for collaborative research

and exchange programmers. Bilateral Education Summit was held in Ottawa in June 2011.

There are approx. 23,000 Indian students currently in Canada which makes India the second

largest source of foreign students after South Korea.

Indian community:

Canada is home to 962,670 Persons of Indian origin (2006 Census): 50% are Sikhs, 39% Hindus,

and the remainder is Muslim, Christian, Jain, Buddhist, etc. A majority of PIOs live in Greater

Toronto Area, Greater Vancouver Area, Montreal and Calgary. (Unofficial figures place the

number of PIOs currently in Canada at 1.2m).

There are 9 Indo-Canadian MPs in the Household of Squares and one in the Council. Two PIO

MPs are Ministers of State in the Federal government and one PIO MP is Parliamentary

Secretary to the Foreign Minister.

Prominent Indo-Canadian bodies include Canada India Business Council (CIBC), Canada India

113

Foundation (CIF) and several other local chambers and associations.

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