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Forest Birds and Forest Fragmentation:
Fieldwork at the computer
for non early risers…
Maria Fernandez and Brenda McComb
Some background...
Regional landscape patterns affect the composition and structure of bird communities, especially in human-dominated environments.
We need to understand better the scales/aspects of landscape pattern that are ecologically relevant for the birds, in order to define adequate land-use policies in rural environments.
To ensure the conservation of bird communities...
Population and community processes in the avifauna operate at a range of scales.
Which factors determine community structure at a location?
*Nesting site and local habitat characteristics
*How much habitat in landscape, how is it arranged in space and time, and context...
*Studying this is very $$$
*Time and effort!!!!
*Impossible to manage habitat for each/all the species in a community.
*It is not enough anyway…
*Cheap: $4000 (RA)
*No field work! : lots of data out there..
*Results comparable to field work studies.
This is the focus of our study!
The challenge…
Understand the
Think: “putting the pieces
together”
isolated and combined EFFECTS
of SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION,
LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE,
at a RANGE OF SCALES,
on FOREST BREEDING BIRD COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
in WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS
using AVAILABLE DATA…
and FOREST CONFIGURATION / COMPOSITION,
Our recipe:
*GET BIRD ABUNDANCE DATA FROM BREEDING BIRD SURVEY
*CREATE A MAP OF BIRD OBSERVATION POINTS
*PRODUCE/GET LAND COVER MAP OF THE AREA
*CALCULATE LANDSCAPE METRICS FOR EACH BIRD SITE AT DIFFERENT SCALES
*COOK IT ALL SLOWLY USING CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS (CCA) AND VARIANCE DECOMPOSITION
*COMPARE WITH OTHER FIELD INTENSE STUDIES
The execution…PROCESS BREEDING BIRD SURVEY
(BBS) DATA
*10 active routes in western Ma
*404 “point counts” with available data
*7 years of data (1996-2002)
*Total of 85 forest species, 7076 individuals.
QUANTIFY LANDSCAPE PATTERN: FRAGSTATS MOVING WINDOW:
119 Landscape metrics measured at 8 different scales= 952 potential
explanatory variables
3 Km
Ha: 7 15 23 45 87 175 350 700
DIGITIZE BBS STOPS
*From USGS paper maps.
PROCESS LAND COVER (1999)
Obtained from Resource Mapping lab
*Perform step wise selection for each variable, to choose the scale at which each
variable contributes more to the bird community:
Variables reduced from 952 to 119
LANDSCAPE/FOREST
*Create “space
variables” using x,y
coordinates of the plots
*This will control for
autocorrelation
SPACE
*Separate variables in three groups: -landscape structure
-forest composition -forest configuration *Perform forward selection and Montecarlo unrestricted permutation test to reduce inflation of explained variance due to chance:
Further reduction of variables from 119 to 36 36
DATA MATRIX FOR CCA ANALYSIS
404 sites
DEPENDENT INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
*Get rid of non forest
species
*Use “downweight
” of rare/ undersample
dspecies
BIRDS
85 bird species 8 space 13 landscape structure 17 forest structure 8 composition 8 configuration
DATA MATRIX FOR CCA ANALYSIS
404 sites
DEPENDENT INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
What is Canonical Correspondence Analysis CCA?
It is a multivariate technique that finds the environmental gradients that best explain the species abundance gradients: it organizes the species and sites along axes that are linear combinations of the environmental variables.
It is possible to partition the variation in the birds in components explained by certain groups of variables
We express how much the measured environmental gradients are related to the bird community structure in terms of the % of variation present in the bird community that is “explained” or “captured” or “modelled” or “predicted” by the environmental variables.
FOREST COMPOSITION
(PLAND)
FOREST CONFIGURATION
ALL ENVIRONMENTAL
SPACE
LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE
FOREST STRUCTURE
Removed the effect of “space” or autocorrelation
Variation due to landscape only
% VARIATION IN THE BIRD COMMUNITY EXPLAINED BY EACH
SET OF VARIABLES
3.05
18.32.2
14.7
3.6
2.4
5.5
6.8
(after Anderson & Gribble, 1998)
UNEXPLAINED VARIATION:
microhabitat/habitat
demographics
elevation
temperature
landscape factors at other scales
predatiom
competition
evolution
chance...
Landscape and forest model
Space effects removed
% bird variance explained: 18.3
Mature Forest Open/disturbed/early succ.Scarlet tanager
Ovenbird
Red-eye vireo
Wood thrust
Song sparrow
European starling
House finch
House wren
Forest configuration Forest composition
Landscape structure
OTHER FIELD STUDIES
Oregon Coast Pitch Pine-Scrub oak Western Ma
# sites 535 56 404
# species 69 45 85
# environmental v. 62 6 36
% variation
exp. by landscape 16% 12.3% 18.3%
-Most of the landscape variables important in the model were those measured at small to intermediate scales: < 175 ha
-Our study provides information comparable to other intensive field studies at a much lower cost.-The different CCA models are composed by meaningful and significant gradients, although most of the species have a low fit.
-Most of the forest configuration variables important in the model were those measured at intermediate to large scales: 87 to 700 ha, which suggests that the birds are responding to fragmentation at these scales.
PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS
-This is a work in progress. Further interpretation of results will provide specific land use/rural development policies to preserve bird communities in Western Massachusetts.
Thanks!
*Connecticut River Assessment Project
*USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. 2005. North American Breeding Bird Survey provided bird data and BBS routes.
*Prof. Kevin McGarigal’s Landscape Ecology Lab. at Umass-Amherst provided partially processed landscape data.
*Photos: Copyright 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003 Gregory J. Scott and/or Ralph W. Scott.