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FOREST FUNCTIONS FOR DISASTER MITIGATION
By:
Maj. Gen. Pushpendra Singh,
Executive Director, DMI, Bhopal
KULLU DISTRICT
•Transition Zone-Lesser & Greater Himalayas
•Altitude-1100 to 4000 m above msl.Average 2000 m.
•Alarming increase in mass wasting, avalanche & floods in last 2 decades
CLIMATE CHANGES
DEVELOPMENMT LANDMARKS
1980’s- Favored tourist destination
• Conversion of agricultural land to tourism infrastructure
• Clearings converted to tourism infrastructure.
1950- National Highway 21 connects to outside world
•Shift from subsistence agriculture
•To commercial horticulture/ orchards
1 2 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 4 5 5 0 7 0 8 8 9 0 9 3 9 6 9 8 9 9 2 0 0 0
2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 03 3 3
5 0 0
7 0 0
9 0 0
1 ,2 0 0
Y e a r (1 9 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 )
Floo
d Ev
ents
Y e a r E v e n ts
C H R O N O L O G Y O F F L O O D E V E N T S
LAND USE / LAND COVER
LANDUSE/ LANDCOVER MAP
1972 1980 1999
Forest 47.2% 44.0% 40.1% -15.0%
Clearing 5.2% 4.2% 3.0% -42.3%
Settlement 2.3% 3.7% 4.7% 104.3%
Agriculture 41.2% 44.1% 48.2% 17.0%
River 4.0% 4.0% 4.0% 0.0%
ANALYSIS: CHANGES IN LAND USE/COVER
A. Release Areas B. Deposition Zones
1972 1980 1999 1972-1999 1972 1980 1999 1972-1999
Forest 20.3% 14.6% 9.2% -54.7% Forest 18.9% 17.7% 15.4% -18.5%
Clearing 3.7% 5.5% 7.4% 100.0% Clearing 5.1% 7.9% 8.5% 66.7%
Settlement 3.7% 9.1% 6.1% 64.9% Settlement 2.4% 3.1% 7.8% 225.0%
Agriculture 71.1% 69.5% 76.0% 6.9% Agriculture 44.9% 41.5% 45.1% 0.4%
River 1.2% 1.3% 1.3% 8.3% River 27.7% 32.8% 23.2% -16.2%
ANALYSIS: CHANGES IN LAND USE/COVER
CONCLUSIONS: CASE STUDY
• Exponential increase in frequency of major flood events
• Destruction caused by comparable flood events increased.
• Expansion of infrastructure into geomorphologically unstable & depositional areas.
• Landuse changes alone exert enough force to cause increased impacts of natural hazard on peoples/property.
• Absence of planning? Haphazard growth particularly deforestation of sensitive release areas (55% reduction)
APPLICATION OF SPATIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
LAND
IndustryHousing
Infrastructure
Extraction of Resources
Safeguarding of Environmental Media
NEED FOR SEP
IndustryHousing
Infrastructure
Extraction of Resources
Safeguarding of Environmental
Media
NEED FOR SEP
LAND
Why Spatial Planning ? Spatial component:
All natural resources and environmental media are defined by their location. Their protection and management is thus always a site specific task.
Limited resource: The demand for land exceeds the available amount of land. Hencerational management is necessary.
Need for protection:Effective protection of natural resources and their sustainable use requires systematic management.
The instrument is ecologically compatible land use planning and management.
Conflicts:Demands are often conflicting. A planned approach is needed to allocate land uses that manages those conflicts in a rational manner.
BASIC OBJECTIVESEcologically compatible Land Use Planning and Management
Preserve and protect sites of important and sensitive natural resources and environmental media by allowing only such land utilisation, which will not adversely affect the natural functions.
Plan and manage the rehabilitation of degraded sites in order to improve environmental quality.
Allocate land use to sites in accordance with their natural capabilities.
SPATIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
• PLATFORM FOR RESOLVING COMPETING DEMANDS FOR LAND FROM DIFFERENT SOCIAL GROUPS.
• THE SPATIAL PLAN REPRESENTS THE SOCIAL CONSENSUS ON HOW LAND SHOULD BE USED.
• SERVES AS A GUIDELINE FOR DEVELOPMENT.
• SIMILAR TO THE STRATEGIC PLANNING CONCEPT IN THE PROPOSED PLANNING LEGISLATION FOR INDIAN SPATIAL PLANNING SYSTEM.
FUNCTIONS OF FORESTS IN
MITIGATION OF OTHER
HAZARDS
FOREST FUNCTIONS : MITIGATION OF NATURAL HAZARDS
• Protect steep slopes from surface erosion
• Identification of steep slopes depends on:
• Proximity to fracture and faults
• Steepness, slope aspect and morphology
• Geomorphology & lineament density
• Older landslide zones
• Control of deposition into river bed mitigate flood occurrences
• Arrest of surface run off facilitates flood prevention
WATER RECHARGE FUNCTIONS
• Mapping of geology and geomorphology.
• Mapping of faults and fractures
• Configuration of drainage networks.
• Preparation of geological cross section
• Identification of weaker zones – conduits for
transferring surface water into the ground.
• Identification of areas where forest/vegetation can
influence surface water movement into the ground.
CONCLUSIONSAPPLICATIONS OF SEP
• Bio diversity
• Air quality and climate protection
• Water bodies protection & flood control
• Noise protection
• Soil protection: rehab of contaminated sites
• Safety & risk management
Thank You