FOREST HABITAT MANAGEMENT PLAN

FOR

OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

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FOREST HABITAT MANAGEMENT PLANfor

OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

Table of Contents

Page

Section I Program Relation to Refuge Objectives . . . . . 1A. Preface 1B. History 1

1. Geological History 12. itidian Occupation 23. Settlement and Economic Development 24. Exploitation of Resources 35. Early Refuge History. . , . . . . . , . . 4

C. Refuge Forest Habitat Management Objectives 5D. Attaining Refuge Forest Habitat Management Objectives 6

1. Tree Removal 72. Thinning 73. Prescribed Burning 74. Forest Reproduction 75. Site Preparation 76. Disease and Insect Control. ... 8

E. Plant and Wildlife Species to be Favored 81. Endangered Species (Plants) 82. Endangered and Threatened Species (wildlife).... 8

F. Research Weeds . 111. Fire Management 112. Site Preparation 113. Wildlife Population Census and Habitat Requirement

Studies 12

Section II Program Policies and Administrative Control . 13A. Fish and Wildlife Service Policy 13B. Policy of Harvest 14C. Control Records 14D. Compartment Prescriptions 14

1. Forest Inventory. '. . 152. Compartment Prescription Format . . 18

E. Natural Areas . , . ' . . . . . . . . , . . . 191. Research Natural Areas. . . : 192. Public Use Natural Areas 21

F. Special Management Consideration and Techniques .... 231. Endangered Species. .' 232. Wilderness Areas 263. Openings 264. Swamp Interior , 315. Fire Management . . 336. Habitat Management in Areas Dedicated for

Educational and Cultural Resources. . . . - • . . . . 367. Aesthetics 37

G. Insect and Disease Management 371. Insects 372. Diseases 38

H. Timber Marking and Thinning Procedures 331. Pine Management 382. Hardwood Management 423. Timber Marking Procedures 434. Firewood Cutting 44

I. Policy and Administration of Sales. 441. Timber Sales 442. Administration of Harvesting Operations 453. Administration of Receipts for Sale of Forest

Management Products ...... 46

Section III Program Description, Problems and Solutions 47A. Scope''of Forest Habitat Management Program 47B. Description 47

1. Physical Features 47a. Geographic Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . 47b. Climate r ' 48c. Topography . 50d. Drainage and Water Levels 50e. Soils ...... 51

2. Detailed Description of Habitat Types ....... 55a. Wetland Habitat Types ' 55b. Upland Habitat Types 56

3. Timber Type Classification 584. Growth and Maximum Cut 58

C. Problems Relating to Past Management Practices 581. Wetland Forestlands 59

a. Effects of Fire in Wetlands 59b. Effects of Logging in Wetlands 59c. Effects of Sill Construction 60

2. Upland Forests 60a. Exclusion of Fire 60b. Timber Harvesting 61c. Tree Planting 61

D. Program Effect on Local Economy 61

Section IV Program Units — Habitat Management Compartments 62A. General - . 62B. Forest Management Compartments 62

Section V Physical Plant and Eguipment Use Requirements ....'... 63A. Roads 63B. Forest Management Eguipment 63C. Engineering Services 63

Section VT Funding and Staffing Requirements . . . . . . . . 65A. Funding Requirements 65B. Staffing Requirements - . 65

Literature Cited 66

AppendixGlossary ACompartment Acreage Summary (Table) . . 3Volume and Growth Data (Tables) CRefuge and Access Roads (Map) . DForest Management Compartments/Condition Classes (Maps) . . ECompartment Inventory and Prescription Schedule (Table) . . FResearch Natural Areas (Public Use Natural Areas) (Maps). . GRed-Cockaded Woodpecker Colony and Foraging Areas (Maps). . HOkefenokee Wilderness Area (Map) ISwamp Interior Islands (Table) jVegetative Types (Description). . KVegetative Types/Acreage Summary (Table). . .• KVegetative Types (Map) KPrescribed Burning Cycles (Table) LPrescribe' .. Burning Cycles (Map) LSoil Series (Map) MOpenings - Acreage Summary ' NPlant List (Table) .._ 0Mammal List (Table) . . 0Bird List (Table) * OReptile and Amphibian List (Table). . . . . . . . . . . . . 0Association of Species and Habitat Types (Matrix) 0Invitation to Bid (Exhibit) pList of Prospective Bidders . . . . . . QConditions Applicable to Timber Harvesting Permits RConditions Applicable to Firewood Harvesting Permits. ... STypical Compartment Prescriptions TEndangered Plants (Description) U

FOREST HABITAT MANAGEMENT PLANfor

OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

I. PROGRAM RELATION1 TO REFUGE OBJECTIVES

A. Preface

The purpose of this plan is to provide guidelines which will striveto make the best use of available management techniques to providesuitable habitat for native wildlife species. The plan stressesmaximizing habitat diversity with special emphasis placed on thosehabitat types which support endangered species. The intent is thatthese guidelines should be flexible enough to accommodate unforeseenemergencies, newly discovered habitat needs, and to take advantageof new management techniques and research developments. The planalso takes into account other uses such as wildlife observation,sightseeing, research, and environmental education.

The Forest Habitat Management Plan pertains to the refuge forest-lands as a whole, including forest management compartments, wilder-ness uplands, swampland forests and brushland. Commercial and non-commercial connotations are de-emphasized. The plan emphasizeshabitat changes needed to achieve certain refuge objectives. Themost appropriate management technique is then proposed, ranging frommodified suppression of a wildfire in a wilderness area to oommer-cial harvesting where permitted on some of the upland forestlands.

B. History

1. Geological History

The origin of the Okefenokee Swamp has been debated for years.The traditional theory is that when the Okefenokee area wascovered by the Atlantic Ocean about 215,000 to 500,000 yearsago, ocean currents caused a sandbar (Trail Ridge) to form.During the Illinois glaciation period, 140,000 to 215,000 yearsago, the sea level declined, trapping a large body of saltwater. As peat accumulated, the lake gradually turned into aswamp.

'Another theory places the origin of the swamp at a much laterdate. Recent studies suggest that the sand structures formingthe base of the swamp may have been deposited 8,000 to 25,000years ago during a very dry period (Wisconsin glacial period) bystrong winds. As more humid times returned, 6,000 to 7,000years ago, fresh water ponds formed at various levels in the

Okefenokee basin. Fresh water marshes began to form and peatbegan to accumulate. The early swamp was probably a series ofdisconnected or partially connected depressions occupied byfreshwater marsh vegetation. As peat accumulated, raising thewater table, the swamp grew vertically and laterally until iteventually covered higher areas between streams and ponds{Parish and Rykiel, 1979).

Current studies in progress indicate that the origins of theOkefenokee were much more conplex than previously believed.Fluctuating water levels, probably associated with fluctuatingsea levels and rainfall conditions, may have formed the basin inseveral stages, A series of badly eroded (and older) low ridgesencircle the basin. These ridges are overlain along the easternrim with the sands that now form Trail Ridge. Another series ofcrescent-shaped ridges, including most of the islands within theswamp, are much less eroded (and younger) and appear to be sandyscars of the remains of Carolina bays {Wadsworth, J. R., Jr.,1981-83).

2. Indian Occupation

No definite evidence of human occupation is available before6000 B.C. Beginning about 5000 B.C., several periods occurredwhen unidentified Prehistoric Indians began to utilize theOkefenokee area for such purposes as hunting or camping. Majoroccupation began about 400 A.D. and ended abruptly about 1200A.D. (Trowell, C-T. Swamp PrehistoryT 1984).

The upland regions around the swamp and the swamp islands wereused by the Seminole Indians between 1750 and 1838. Theyprobably began by making hunting and fishing excursions into theswamp and later used the swamp for refuge after skirmishes withthe white settlers living around the swamp. General CharlesFloyd was cortniissioned to drive the Indians from the swamp in1838, but the Serninoles had abandoned the swamp before his marchbegan {Hopkins, 1947).

3. Settlement and Economic Development

The first Europeans reported to have visited the general vicin-ity of the Okefenokee Swamp were French soldiers accompanyingTimucuan Indians in the 1580s. In 1769, Savery, an Englishsurveyor, mapped the southeastern corner of the Okefenokee Swampon his map of Indian hunting grounds. Andrew Ellicott mappedthis area again in 1800s. The area was mapped again in theearly 1800 as part of Wayne County for disposal in landlotteries. Settlement of the area occurred very slowly becauseof the apparent worthlessness of the land,- difficulty oftransportation, periodic outbreaks of Indian or outlaw attacks,and the difficulty of protecting the settlements. Most of theoriginal settlers had large families skilled in swamp living.

They were highly mobile and usually squatted for a few years ongovernment or unclaimed land and then moved on to a more attrac-tive homestead site (Allen 1854; Trowell 1984; Hemperly 1982).

The first cormiunity settled in the Okefenokee area was TradersHill, established on the banks of the St. Mary's River in 1755.In 1811, Fort Alert was established at Traders Hill to protectthe settlers from the Seminole Indians. By 1845, Traders Hillhad become a busy riverport town and for many years was theCharlton County seat. By 1910, Folkston replaced Traders Hillas the county seat and the area's conmercial center.1

In 1857, railroads began to penetrate the swamp area, and a newsettlement, Waycross, was located at an important rail crossing.By 1381, Waycross was the junction for five railways and by 1890had a population of 3,000. By the turn of the century, rail-ways circled the swamp, helping to build other cities and vil-lages including Folkston, Fargo, Homerville and others (Hurst,1974).

The forest products industry, lumber and naval stores alsoplayed a large part in the economic growth of the area. In moremodern times, major highways on either side of the swamp beganto funnel tourists into Florida. Waycross, Hcmerville, Fargoand Folkston became stopover points for travelers enroute to orfrom Florida giving the Okefenokee area another economic boost.Today tourism is still important to the area's economy althoughinterstate highways and air traffic have reduced the flow to afraction of what it was at its peak.

The iinportance of the forest products industry can best beillustrated by land use data (for eight counties surroundingOkefenokee Swamp) published by the Southeast Georgia Area Plan-ning and Development Commission. Commercial forests occupy 83percent of all the land in these eight counties. Agricultureaccounts for 10 of the remaining 17 percent.

In addition, the economy of these Georgia counties now includesa variety of industries (food products, tobacco, textiles andclothing, lumber and building products, and many others), gov-ernment and private service agencies.

4. Exploitation of Resources

Okefenokee Swamp has long been considered for various schemes ofexploitation, generally including a barge or ship canal. Ac-cording to John Hopkins, President Washington is believed tohave had some investigations made during his first administra-tion. Subsequent investigations for the same purpose were madein 1829, 1832, 1877, and 1920. In 1856, the State of Georgia(owners of the swamp at the time) conmissioned Colonel R. L.Hunter to survey the swamp with intentions of draining it and

utilizing it for agricultural purposes. Nothing was actuallydone until 1887 when the Georgia Legislature authorized theGovernor to grant 235,000 acres of the Okefenokee Swamp to theSuwannee Canal Company for the expressed purpose of draining theswamp (Hopkins, 1947).

In 1891 r a canal was begun between the swamp and the St. Mary'sRiver. Several miles were excavated into the swamp and throughthe upland before the project finally failed due to economic andengineering difficulties. The company did remove, some pinetimber from Camp Cornelia and about 11,000,000 board feet of cy-press from the swamp. The logs were floated down the SuwanneeCanal to a sawmill, then the lumber was transported by rail toBull Head Bluff where it was loaded aboard ships (Hopkins, 1947;Trowell, 1984).

In 1901, the Suwannee Canal Company holdings, then totaling257,889 acres, were purchased by Charles Hebard and Son andbecame the Hebard Cypress Company. The company built railroadsthroughout the swamp and removed 423,600,000 board feet oflumber between 1909 and 1926 (Hopkins, 1947).

Probably as much as 400,000,000 additional board feet of lumberwere harvested by other companies as logs and cross tiesbetween 1896 and 1942. Other small companies constructed 250miles of temporary railroads into the swamp during this period,the same mileage as the Hebard Cypress Company. In addition,Phillips Lumber Company also harvested logs from the Coffee Bayarea by tug boat during the 1930s (Trowell, 1983).

5. Early Refuge History

Efforts to establish a biological preserve or wildlife refuge inthe Okefenokee Swamp can be traced to the first decade of the20th Century. Between 1909 and 1917, Roland M. Harper and laterA. H. Wright, J.G. Needham, and Harper's younger brother Francissuggested that the swamp be preserved (R. M. Harper Collec-tion) . In 1918, the "Okefinokee Society" was organized to giveauthentic publicity regarding the Okefenokee Swamp; to secureits reservation and preservation for the public, in educational,scientific, and recreational uses (J. G. Needham Collection).During the 1920s, a Cornell group and Francis Harper of theBiological Survey continued to promote the swamp as a preserve.The Georgia Legislature did not act, but the U. S. BiologicalSurvey continued to study the potential of the swamp, especiallyfollowing the cessation of logging activity by the HebardCypress Company in 1927 (Savannah Morning News, July 13,1924). The U.S. Senate Special Committee on Conservation andWildlife Resources investigated the feasibility of theOkefenokee as a preserve in 1931. Articles by Francis Harper in

such national magazines as National Geographic and Natural His-tory curing the early 1930s sustained interest in theproject(Francis Harper, 1912-1952).

A study by the Biological Survey in 1935 (James Silver, 1935)and a survey by the Works Progress Administration to determine aroute for a road across the swamp during the same year (Fortson1961) finally prompted action in 1936. After completion of atimber cruise by the U. S. Forest Service and Biological Survey,an offer of $1.50 per acre was made to the Regard CypressCompany for the land. The Government took possession of theland on November 30, 1936. Okefenokee National Wildlife Refugewas established by Executive Order on April 2, 1937 to preservehabitat for all native species of wildlife, bird, mammal andreptile. At that time, a Government survey showed 292,979.38acres as the refuge acreage (Hopkins, 1947). Several purchasesand donations over the past forty-six years have brought therefuge size up to its present 395,515 acres.

Much of the early refuge development was accomplished between1937 and 1941 by the Civilian Conservation Corps, located atCamp Cornelia with side camps on the Suwannee Canal and on thePocket. During this period, the corpsmen constructed severalroads, buildings, power and telephone lines, fences, boat runs,wells, rest shelters, foot trails and many other facilities(Hopkins, 1947; Trcwell, 1983).

Two major fires occurred in the swamp in recent years, one in1932, several years before the refuge was established and one in1954-55. Both of these fires burned over most of the swamp,significantly altering the swamp habitat. The role of fire inthe swamp is covered in more detail in Section III.C.

Construction of the five-mile Suwannee River Sill began in 1958to provide some control over swamp water levels. No other majordevelopments occurred until the late 1970s and early 1980s whenseveral buildings, facilities and pieces of equipment werereplaced with Bi-Centennial Land Heritage funds.

The refuge was given additional protection in 1974 when 90percent of its area was included in the National WildernessPreservation system.

C. Refuge Forest Habitat Management Objectives

The Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge includes areas of uplandforests, swamp forests, scrub-shrub swamp and open swampland. Inaddition, a portion of all these areas is included within NationalWilderness Area boundaries. The habitat management objectives forOkefenokee Refuge apply to all of this varied habitat and, whereapplicable, fall within National Wilderness guidelines. The overallforest habitat management objectives for Okefenokee National

Wildlife Refuge are:

1. To provide habitat and protection for those species of plantsand animals indigenous to the refuge which are officially listedas being threatened or endangered.

2. To provide optimum habitat diversity, as management constraintspermit, in uplands and wetland forest to provide habitat for adiversity of wildlife species.

3. To provide appropriate conditions for wildlife oriented recrea-tional, environmental education, and interpretive opportunitiesfor people.

General forest habitat management objectives involves maximizinghabitat diversity for most species, including endangered species*Management techniques available to achieve these objectives are morelimited in wilderness areas than in forest management areas. Adetailed explanation of proposed management techniques is includedin the following sections.

Specific management objectives proposed for the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker create seme conflict with general objectives ofmaximizing habitat diversity. Maintenance of large areas of refugeforest in an open, sparsely stocked, mature or overmature conditionlimits these areas to a single condition class, thereby reducinghabitat diversity; however, management of young, replacement red-cockaded woodpecker stands in more dense conditions helps to reducethis conflict. While proposed objectives do not provide habitatmanagement solely for the woodpecker, management for this species isstrongly emphasized. Proposed objectives are to increase refugepopulations from 45 to 140 breeding pairs. Section II,F contains adescription of the forest management techniques used on OkefenokeeRefuge to improve red-cockaded woodpecker habitat.

Section I.C.3 above outlines general objectives for management ofwildlife-oriented recreational, educational, interpretive andcultural resources. More specific objective and management goalsare described in various documents covering management of wilder-ness , public use, natural, research and cultural areas. Adescription of how the objectives for each of these managementregimes affects habitat management is in Section II.F.6 SpecialManagement Considerations and Techniques.

D. Attaining Refuge Forest Habitat Management Objectives

The means used to attain forest habitat objectives vary dependingupon habitat and program needs, understory and overstory species,and the type of area to be treated {upland, wilderness area, publicuse area, island, swamp forest, brushland, etc.) Before any treat-ment methods are proposed, wildlife habitat needs, type and condi-

tion of available habitat and habitat deficiencies will be deter-mined. Some of the approved management techniques used to accomplishrefuge objectives are as follows:

1. Tree Removal

Tree removal on a small scale is accomplished by refuge person-nel or under cooperative agreements with educational institu-tions, volunteers or youth program personnel. Tree removal as amanagement tool will not be used within wilderness areas exceptto reduce safety hazards in public use areas or establishedwilderness trails. Larger scale operations are more efficientlyand effectively accomplished through contracts with local timberproducers. Marking, conducting sales, monitoring and administra-ting sales are discussed in detail in Section II of this plan.Commercial operations will take place in accordance with Servicepolicy.

2. Thinning

Tninning will be done when trees are too close together topermit the development or maintenance of desired wildlife habi-tats. Thinning, except on a very small scale, is also donecomercially and is generally limited to the forest managementcompartments. In seme cases, prescribed burning may be used tothin some wilderness area stands which normally would have beenthinned by naturally occurring wildfires.

3. Prescribed Burning

Prescribed burning is a very useful tool for maintaining certainhabitats and will be used on Okefenokee Refuge in the forestmanagement compartments, public use areas, wilderness islandsand possibly swamp brushlands to accomplish refuge objectives.Use of fire in various types of management areas is discussed indetail in Section II of this plan.

4. Forest Reproduction

Forest reproduction to perpetuate an existing species or toconvert an area to a more desirable habitat will be accom-plished in several different ways. If possible, natural regen-eration will be accomplished through seed tree, shelterwood orclear-cut management techniques. When the desired habitat can-not be regenerated through natural means, artificial means suchas-direct seeding or planting will be used.

5. Site Preparation

Site preparation is used on Okefenokee Refuge to obtain thedesired forest stands. Prescribed burning, chemical use ormechanical clearing or chopping may be used.

6. Disease and Insect Control

Disease and insect outbreaks occur naturally and may help toaccomplish certain habitat management objectives. These out-breaks will be managed to take advantage of beneficialoccurrences but controlled to prevent serious outbreaks thatcould destroy large areas of existing habitat. Insect anddisease control is discussed in detail in Section II of thisplan.

E. Plant and Wildlife Species to be Favored

Habitat management on Okefenokee Refuge involves providing optimumhabitat diversity to meet the needs of a wide variety of nativewildlife species with special emphasis on habitats that supportendangered species. When the habitat needs of an endangeredwildlife species conflict with the general concept of managing forhabitat diversity, the endangered species will be favored. Like-wise, endangered plant species will be favored where they occur.

The following sections describe the endangered plant and wildlifespecies found on Okefenokee Refuge. Section II.P describes themanagement techniques used to preserve or improve habitat for thesespecies.

1. Endangered Species (Plants)

The federal endangered plant list contains no plant speciesfound on Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge.

Five plants found in the Okefenokee area are included on theGeorgia list of threatened plant species. These species in-clude: Hartwrightia (Hartwrightia floridana); hooded pitcher-plant (Sarracenia minor); parrot pitcher-plant (Sarraceniapslttacina); pond bush and pond spice (Litsea aestivalis); fly-catchers, golden trumpet, and trumpet leaf (Sarracenis flava).Descriptions of these plants can-be found in Appendix "U".

2. Endangered and Threatened Species (Wildlife)

Several endangered or threatened wildlife species are located onOkefenokee Refuge. These include the red-cockaded woodpecker(Picoides borealis), indigo snake (Drymarchon corais couperi),and Florida panther (Felis concolor coryi) on the uplands, andthe American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and woodstork (Mycteria americana) in the swamplands. The bald eagle(Haliaeetus leucocephalus) passes through the area but has notbeen known to nest here. No confirmed sightings of the ivory-billed woodpeckers (Campephilus principalis) have been recordedin the swamp in recent years.

a, Red-Cockaded Woodpecker (Endangered)

Approximately 45 clans of red-cockaded wocdpeckers exist onOkefenokee National Wildlife Refuge. Twenty-eight of theclans are located on upland pine islands in the interior ofthe swamp and 17 clans are located in the forest managementcompartments around the perimeter of the swamp. The mostdensely populated area is Billy's Island (3,319 acres) with17 clans, an average of 195 acres per clan. Billy's Islandhas extensive stands of overmature longleaf, slash and lob-lolly pines and has a long history of wildfires and pre-scribed fires. Other interior islands large enough to con-tain woodpecker habitat total 12,433 acres and suppport 11clans, an average of If030 acres per clan. Although many ofthese islands support mature stands of longleaf pine, lackof fire for many years has resulted in the encroachment ofpine and hardwood midstories, discouraging use by the red-cockaded woodpecker. Prescribed burning activities recentlyinitiated on these islands should expand availablewoodpecker habitat. The forest management compartmentstotal 15,304 acres and support 17 clans, an average 912acres per clan. Commercial exploitation coupled with alter-nating periods of fire protection and disastrous wildfiresin the past have eliminated most of the overmature longleafpine stands. The existing woodpeckers use the old standsthat escaped the 1932 and 1954-55 fires. The majority ofthe timber stands regenerated naturally after these twofires and are in the 30 and 50~year age classes. As thesestands get older and receive one or more prescribed thin-nings, they will provide additional woodpecker habitat.

Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge has about 28,000 acresof upland areas large enough to potentially provide habitatfor red-cockaded woodpeckers. Based on Lennartz1 studies,if all this area was to be intensively managed solely forthe red-cockaded woodpecker, Okefenokee Refuge should even-tually be able to support 224 clans, using 125 acres perclan carrying capacity (USFWS, 1985). Although Okefenokee'sproposed Habitat Management Plan strongly emphasizes red-cockaded woodpecker management on the upland areas, theupland is not managed solely for the woodpecker. A morerealistic carrying capacity for Okefenokee's uplands wouldbe 200 acres per clan, or a total of 140 clans. There areseveral clans in the Okefenokee area using old longleafstands in state and local parks, private yards and otherpublic places. Several other clans are located in mature,commercial longleaf pine stands surrounding the swamp. Un-fortunately, these areas are scheduled for cutting and willprobably be gone within the next ten years.

b. Eastern Indigo Snake (Threatened)

A survey began in 1978 by Joan E. Dierner and Dan w. Speakeof the Alabama Cooperative Wildlife Research. Unit, AuburnUniversity, indicated a population of approximately 46eastern indigo snakes in the Okefenokee Basin (Diemer andSpeaker 1983). On Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge,wintering habitat would be limited to the higher longleafpine regions in the forest management compartments and theinterior islandsr approximately three miles of spoil bankalong the upland portion of the Suwannee Canal and parts ofTrail Ridge which cross the refuge. Several sightings ofthis reptile have occurred on the refuge.

c. Florida Panther (Endangered)

The Florida panther occupies a rather large range of 25 ormore square miles of undisturbed habitat. Although the moreintensely managed uplands will not provide adequate habitat,the interior of swamp and some of the islands should provideenough suitable, undisturbed habitat for this species.

d. American Alligator (Endangered in Okefenokee Area)

Present alligator populations in the Okefenokee Swamp areestimated to be about 10-12,000 and the numbers are probablyincreasing. Annual surveys of this endangered species areconducted. The following are the results of these surveys:

1986 1,4031985 1,0691984 4121983 5181982 8561981 1,9251980 1,1561979 6281978 —1977 1,150

e. Wood Stork (Endangered)

The majority of wood stork nesting occurs in Florida withmovement into the Okefenokee Swamp in the suntner and fallafter the nesting season. Limited nesting activities havebeen observed in the swamp north of Craven's Haimock whenwater level conditions were suitable (Metzen, 1985).Okefenokee does not normally have the ponds typical of southFlorida which flood, allowing fish to multiply, then dry upto small areas, concentrating the fish in small ponds.Breeding activities are apparently triggered by these sea-sonally heavy concentrations of fish.

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£• Bald Eagle (Endangered)

Occasional sightings of the bald eagle have occurred as itmigrates through the area, but no nesting activities haveteen observed.

g. ivory-Billed Woodpecker (Endangered)

The last confirmed sighting of the ivory-billed woodpeckerin Okefenokee Swamp was in 1903 by John M. Hopkins whilecruising timber for the Hebard Cypress Company.

Research Needs

A great deal of research has taken place on Okefenokee Refuge,primarily dealing with water and nutrient cycling in the swamp andwith the origin of the swamp. Many research opportunities are alsoavailable in the forest habitat management field. Much of theneeded research has already been conducted in other areas, butadditional work should be done to adapt the findings to theOkefenokee area.

1. Fire Management

Determine differences in habitat values between areas burned oncycles of one through seven years.

Establish more suitable fuel rnodels for fire behavior inOkefenokee fuels.

Determine visitor perception of prescribed burning activities onOkefenokee,

Determine effects of prescribed and natural fire on swamp vege-tation, particularly scrub-shrub and prairie areas.

Determine differences .between summer and winter burning onOkefenokee Refuge, considering tree mortality, growth rate,hazard reduction, changes in understory and ground cover spe-cies. Evaluate possibility of using sunnier burning to regeneratelongleaf pine on wilderness islands.

Evaluate effects of prescribed burning on endangered speciesincluding the gopher tortoise, indigo snake, and the red-cockaded woodpecker.

2. Site Preparation

Evaluate effects of various methods of site preparation onground cover species under varying moisture conditions.

Determine succession of ground cover species under certain con-

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ditions and the beneficial and detrimental effects of disturbing(disking, chopping, plowing) ground surface.

3. Wildlife Population Census and Habitat Requirement Studies

Devise a method of censusing the Indigo snake population.

Complete a more accurate census of the red-cockaded wood-pecker in the Okefenokee area. Identify definite boundaries ofcolony areas. Identify colony areas between Okefenokee Refugeand Osceola National Forest. Determine whether:or•not genetictransfer could take place between the two areas.-'

Determine why the wood stork only rarely nests in theOkefenokee Swamp. Examine the cypress forest for suitablenesting sites. - • - . , " •

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II. PROGRAM POLICIES AND AEMINISTRATIVE CONTROL

A. Fish and Wildlife Service Policy

As the nation's principal conservation agency, theof the Interior is concerned with the management,development of its water, fish, wildlife, mineral,recreational resources. The Department works torenewable resources are developed and used wiselyrecreational resources make their full contributionprosperity, and security of the United States —future..

U. S. Departmentconservation, andforest, parks andassure that non—, tijat park andto the progress,now and in the

The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service is responsible for the admini-stration of the National Wildlife Refuge System. As of June, 1935,over 400.National Wildlife Refuges and over 140 Waterfowl ProductionAreas existed within the National Wildlife Refuge System totalingnearly 90 million acres. As one of its administrative responsibili-ties, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service is responsible for develo-ping a program for the restoration, preservation, and management ofwildlife and habitat to obtain maximum benefits from theseresources.

Management of the National Wildlife Refuge lands includes the man-agement of a great deal of forestland. There are over 5 millionacres of forestland on refuge lands, over 700,000 acres of which arepotential commercially productive forest. The authority to managethese forestlands comes from several Acts of Congress including theMigratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929, Fish and Wildlife Act of1956, Wilderness Act of 1964, National Wildlife Refuge System Ad-ministration Act of 1966, and the Endangered Species Act of 1973.The Service's policy is to manage forests in a manner that bestmeets the overall objectives of a particular refuge.

The policy of the Service as it pertains to the 15,304 acres offorestland in the 15 forest management compartments is to manage theforests in a manner that best meets the overall objectives of therefuge. Most of the remaining refuge forestland, 16,518 acres ofupland forest, 84,216 acres of swamp forest and 231,187 acres ofbrushland are within the National Wilderness area and will bemanaged in accordance with wilderness management policy. Habitatand wilderness management activities within these areas are limitedto fire management.

In addition to the Service policy outlined in the Refuge Manual, allhabitat management activities will be in accordance with approvedpolicies and techniques described in the following documents:

1. Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Recovery Plan,Service, December, 1985.

USDI, Pish and Wildlife

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2. Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Management Plan for Okefenokee NationalWildlife Refuge.

3. Fire Management Plan for Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge.

4. Wilderness Plan for Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge.

B. Policy of Harvest

Forest management practices must be consistent with available fundsand manpower. Commercial harvest is an important tool available tothe Service for accomplishing forest habitat management because itreduces the funds and manpower needed to attain wildlife managementobjectives. Whenever commercial harvest is the most effective meansof accomplishing refuge objectives, volumes are great enough to makea commercial operation feasible, and the area to be treated iswithin one of the forest management compartments, conrnercial harvestwill be used to remove surplus trees. Smaller amounts will beremoved by refuge personnel, youth program enrollees or volunteergroups. No trees will be removed or salvaged within wildernessareas except to remove safety hazards along wilderness trails inaccordance with the Okefenokee Wilderness Act (Public Law 93-429,October 1, 1974).

C. Control Records

Before any harvest is conducted, a forest habitat management pre-scription on the area will be completed. A systematic prescriptioninventory will be completed to determine any habitat deficiencieswhich may exist and to document the treatment necessary to meetrefuge habitat management objectives. These prescriptions will besubmitted to the Regional Office for approval before any harvestingtakes place.

Copies of compartment prescriptions, prescription inventory data andall other prescription records pertaining to the volumes of timberto be removed for ccntnercial or other purposes are filed in therefuge files. (See Refuge Management; Forest Habitat Management;Compartment Prescriptions).

D. Compartment Prescriptions

Forest management prescriptions apply primarily to the areas desig-nated as compartments. Activities conducted in other areas toaccomplish certain refuge objectives are prescribed in the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Management Plan for Okefenokee NWR, the FireManagement Plan for Okefenokee NWR, Okefenokee Wilderness Act and,on a project by project basis, in memos to the Regional Office.Most of these activities are described in Section II, F.I,Endangered Species Management,

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The forest management compartments contain 15,304 acres of uplandforestland, mostly pine, and are divided into 15 compartmentsranging from 150 to 2,500 acres. These compartments are grouped intoten working groups. Each group represents an area .which can beconveniently cruised and treated according to the prescription inone year. This management system will balance the workload fromyear to year, concentrate the work area to one group ofcompartments , limit the area to be inventoried each year, and reducethe time between inventory and application of the prescription.

Every stand in each compartment will be examined once every tenyears and treated if necessary. All data collected and managementrecords will be based on compartments.

1. Forest Inventory

Each year one of the ten working groups will be systematicallyinventoried to gather the necessary data to prescribe habitatmanagement treatments. A one to three precent line-plot cruisewill be used to collect field data. Plots are one- tenth acre insize.

The following data is taken during the prescription inventory:

a. Forest Stand Size and Density Class

This stand type class describes the stand, is composed ofthree elements, and represents the composition of 'the standafter the proposed treatment.

(1) Species

The following species symbols will bs used to describethe general species:

P - PineH - HardwoodC - Cypress

(2) Size

. The size classes refer to commercial applications butare also useful for habitat management purposes.

1 - Less than 5 inches DBH. Regeneration and pre-commercial sizes, generally less than 16 years ofage.

2 - 5.0 inches to 9.9 inches DBH. Pulpwcod size, gen-erally 16 to 30 years of age.

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3 - Over 10.0 inches DBH. Saw timber sizes, generallyover 30 years of age.

(3) Crown Density

Crown density refers to the amount of overhead space thecrown occupies and indicates the amount of light thatis available to plants growing in the understory andmidstory.

A - Dense crown canopy (70%-1QO% closure)B - Semi-dense crown canopy (40%-7Q% closure)C - Sparse crown canopy (40% or less closure)

Examples of stand descriptions are as follows:

Pi - Pine regeneration area. If the stand is over six feetin height, a density symbol will be added.

P2A - Pine pulpwood sized stand with dense canopy closurewith very little light reaching the ground.

P3C - Pine saw timber sized stand with a sparse canopy. Agreat deal of light reaches the forest floor. The sizedesignation indicates the stand is suitable for red-cockadedforaging area. The density designation indicates that thestand may be suitable for a red-cockaded colony area.

PH - Mixed pine hardwood. Age and density symbols may beadded if applicable. U and B may be used with hardwood toindicate upland or bottomland. These designations are alsoshown within each stand on the forest compartment mapslocated in Appendix "E".

b. Age

The age of the stand will be determined. If a stand con-tains two age classes, the dominant age class will berecorded. If the subordinate age class is important forwildlife management purposes, it will also be recorded. Forexample, a 40-year old slash pine stand may contain scat-tered 80-year old longleaf pine suitable for red-cockadedcavity trees.

c. Understory Species

Understory (ground cover) species will be recorded in eachplot using the following symbols:

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e

P - PalmettoG - GallberryGO - Ground and runner oaksGl - Annual grasses in open areaG2 - Perennial grasses in open areaGW - Shade tolerant grassesHB - Huckleberry-BlueberryF - Ferns and wetland speciesS - Spagnum mossHu - Hurrah bushH - MyrtleX - GreenbriarV - GrapevinesBb - Blackberry

Unidentified species will be assigned with a number until asample is positively identified.

The understory species information will be compiled, mappedand used for the following purposes:

1. To document long-range changes in the understory andground cover due to forest management activities.Altering crown densities often result in a variation ofunderstory species. Implementation of new prescribedburning cycles (one to seven years) will produce long-range changes in species composition. Various methodsof site preparation and regeneration may produce long-range variations of understory types. These changeswill become evident after one or more prescriptioncycles.

2. To identify existing or available understory types forhabitat management purposes and to determine whether ornot the desired habitat diversity is available.

3. To aid in determining site preparation methods, regen-eration methods and species selection for forest manage-ment purposes.

4. To determine the type of rough in each stand for firemanagement purposes. Understory type maps can be' usedto determine the type of firing methods to be used .in aparticular stand or what kind of crown scorch may beexpected. Understory types also provide useful informa-tion for the planning of wildfire suppression tactics.

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d. Cut and Leave Data

Total heights and diameter classes are recorded for pulp-wood. Merchantable logs and diameter are . recorded fortimber-sized species.

e. Openings

Size, type, and location of openings will be recorded.

f. Other Information

Wildlife observations, road and fireline conditions, poten-tial for red-cockaded woodpecker habitat and any other use-ful management information is recorded during the prescrip-tion inventory.

A system of continuous forest inventory plots, establishedby a cooperator, Lake City Ccrrmunity College, is also usedto determine the overall growth rate of the managed forestsystem. This data is used to compare forest conditions onthe same area over a period of years and can also be used tocompare forest conditions between two different areas.

Tables listing total stand acreage for each condition classby compartment and growth data for each stand conditionclass are located in Appendices "B" and "C".

2. Compartment Prescription Format

A management prescription is a plan that applies to a forestmanagement compartment and describes the management techniquesproposed to accomplish refuge objectives on specific stands offorest habitat within that ccmpartrnent. After approval by theRegional Director, the prescription becomes a working plan to beused in the field by those personnel who actually accomplish theproposed management treatment.

Forest management prescriptions will be written in accordancewith instructions in 6 RM 3 and contain the following informa-tion:

General Description (Location, topographic features);

Management History (Past ownerships, timber sales, habitat andfacility improvements);

Fire Management (Wildfire, prescribed fire);

Endangered Species Management;

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Description of Existing Habitat Types (Overstory species, compo-sition, age, vigor, stand densities; site description; under-story habitat composition; reference maps and tables);

Refuge Management Objectives vs. Habitat Deficiencies;

Recoitnended Management Actions (Selective thinning, regenerationareas, prescribed burning, road, fireline and facilities main-tenance, openings, special measures desirable for endangeredspecies, habitat diversity, aesthetics, manpower,and fundingnecessary, reference maps and tables).

Contract Supervision.

E. Natural Areas

Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge has eight Research NaturalAreas and five Public Use Natural Areas totaling 35,901 acres.A description of each natural area follows. Locations ofnatural areas are shown on the map in Appendix "G".

1. Research Natural Areas

a. Pond Cypress Research Natural Area (14,989 acres) - The PondCypress Research Natural Area was established in 1967 topreserve a 7,600-acre pond cypress (Taxoduim acendens) stand(SAF type 100). The area is located between Big Water Lakeand Dinner Pond. In addition to pond cypress, the site alsocontains 7,300 acres of herbaceous marsh, mixed shrub swampand broad-leaved evergreen swamp.

b. Sweetbay Research Natural Area (2,560 acres) - This area waswas established in 1967 to preserve SAF type 104, Sweetbay-Swamp Tupelo-Redbay (Magnolia virqiniana Nyssa sylvatic var.biflora, Persea borbonia). The area is located betweenSuwannee and Cane, Creek.

c. Floyds Island Research Natural Area (swamp island, 160acres) - Floyds Island Natural Area was established in 1967to protect a 160-acre stand of Southern Scrub Oak (SAF type72), This hardwood hammock also contains pure stands oflive oak (SAF type 89) and is located on the highest orcentral ridge of Floyds Island.

d. Pine Island Research Natural Area (swamp island, 90 acres) -This entire island was established as a natural area in 1973to preserve an almost pure stand of pond pine (Pinusserotina) (SAF type 98).

e. Territory Prairie Research Natural Area (marsh and bay,1,450 acres). Territory Prairie was established in 1973 as

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e a representation of the many open pond or marsh areas (knownlocally as "prairies") which occupy about 15 percent of theswamp areas. The prairies are usually shallowly flooded andare occupied principally by acid-tolerant aquatic and marshherbaceous vegetation. Scattered throughout the prairiesare clumps of trees and shrubs known locally as "houses".The houses are on harrcnocks of peaty soil a few inches higherin elevation than the surface of the prairies. Within theshallow waters of the prairies grows a unique association ofaquatic flora. The ground surface elevation of .theprairies, being slightly lower than the ground of theforested areas, is subject to more continuous flooding.This inhibits the establishment of woody vegetation. Water-lily (L-Jymphaea odorata), bonnet (Nuphar advena), bladderwort(Utricularia spp.), spikerrush (Eleocharis elongata), never-wet (Orontium aqua ti cum), and hatpin (Eliocaulon compress urn)make up the principal cover.

Blackjack Island Research Natural Area (15,017 acres) - Thisarea consisting of about 15,017 acres, contains four of themajor habitat types found within the Okefenokee Swamp* Thehabitat types along with the approximate acreage of each arelisted below:

Swamp Island - Blackjack Island is one of several sandbarislandswithin the Okefenokee Swamp. The island is aboutfive miles long, one mile wide, consists of 3,253 acres andis the second largest island in the swamp. The majority ofthe island is forested with longleaf and slash pine (SAPtype 83). Several red-cockaded woodpecker colonies arelocated on the island.

Swamp Prairie - The prairie habitat is usually shallowflooded and occupied principally by acid-tolerant aquaticand marsh herbaceous vegetation. Scattered throughout theprairies are clumps of trees and shrubs. The prairie habi-tat in the Blackjack Natural Area consists of about 2,000acres.

Blackjack Lakes - The lakes within the prairie habitat areof fire origin. They were formed during years of severedroughts when wildfire burned large pockets within the peatdeposits of the swamp. The Blackjack Lakes consist of aboutfive acres.

Wooded Swamp - The majority of the acreage of the OkefenokeeSwamp can be classified as a "wooded bay" and sphagnum scrubbeg. Wooded bays are usually characterized by an overstoryassociation of pond cypress, black gum, and loblolly-baytrees, Interspersed within this overstory is a brushyunderstory of titi and hurrah bush, bamboo, sweet spires andother minor associates. The lower zone is occupied by a

20

e soft carpet of sphagnum moss. Among the sphagnum thrives aunique association of herbaceous vegetation. The wooded bayhabitat within the Blackjack Natural Area comprises about10,362 acres.

g. Cowhouse Island Research Natural Area (10 acres) - Thisarea established in 1973 represents a typical hardwood ham-mock (live oak, SAF type 89). Hardwood hammocks were onceconronly scattered throughout the pine barren lands ofsoutheastern Georgia, but with the intensive management .forpine timber, most of these hammocks have been cut over anddestroyed. About the only localities where hammocks remainare along the river banks and on portions of the sandyislands within the Okefenokee Swamp. The hardwood hammock onCowhouse Island was established as a Research Natural Areabecause of its natural interest and location away from anydeveloped public use area. The hammock is about ten acres insize and surrounded by pine forest. The trees and shrubswithin the hammock form a fairly dense growth, shutting offmuch of the sunlight, limiting the number of herbs that cansurvive beneath them. Since many of the trees and shrubsare evergreen, the hammocks are quite shady in winter aswell as in summer. Live oaks, magnolia and other oaks makeup the bulk of the canopy. The shrubs are denser and higherthan those of the pine barrens. The abundance of acorns,huckleberries, smilax berries, myrtle berries, chinquapins,and various other fruits is a strong factor in attractingnumerous mammals and birds to this habitat.

h. Number One Island Research Natural Area £126 acres) - In theearly 1900s, logging companies built extensive railroadsinto the Okefenokee Swamp and harvested most of the pinetrees from the scattered islands and drier areas as well asmuch of the cypress in wetter sites. Number One Island wasoverlooked in this operation; therefore, a stand of virginpine trees remains on the island. Number One Island consistsof SAF 83 Longleaf Pine - Slash Pine habitat type. Thepines reach heights of 100 feet and diameters exceeding 30inches. The understory consists 'of a relatively densegrowth of saw palmetto and gallberries that, together withthe pines, provide food and cover for many species of mam-mals and birds including the black bear and the endangeredred-cockaded woodpecker.

2. Public Use Natural Areas

a, Chesser Island Bay (swamp forest, 100 acres) - This area ischaracterized by an overstory association of pond cypress,back gum and loblolly-bay trees. Interspersed within thisoverstory is a brushy understory growth of titi and hurrahbush, sweet spires and other minor associates. The lowerzone is occupied by a soft carpet of sphagnum moss. Among

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the sphagnum thrives a unique association of herbaceousvegetation. Plants of particular interest to the refugevisitors include a variety of terrestial orchids and insec-tivorous plants, such as the sundews, bladderworts andpitcher-plants,

Public access to this natural area is by a boardwalk ex-tending from Chesser Island to Seagrove Lake. The areaextends one-eighth mile on each side of the boardwalk forabout 3,000 feet from Chesser Island to the rest shelter atBear House. The elevated boardwalk permits a large numberof visitors an opportunity to observe and photograph thishabitat with very little impact on the naturalness of thearea.

b. Chesser Island (hardwood hammock, 11 acres) - The hardwoodhammock on Chesser Island was proposed as a Public UseNatural Area because of its accessibility to the visitingpubli c. The haircuDck cons i st i ng of about 11 acres issurrounded by pine woods. The trees and shrubs within thehaimock form a fairly dense growth, shutting off much of thesunlight, which limits the numbers of herbs that can sur-vive beneath them. Since many of the trees and shrubs areevergreen, the haimocks are quite shady in winter as well asin sunmer. Live oaks, magnolias and other oaks make up thebulk of the canopy. The shrubs are dense and higher thanthose of the pine lands. The abundance of acorns,huckleberries, smilax berries, myrtle berries, chinquapinsand various other fruits is a strong factor in attractingnumerous martroals and birds to this habitat .

c. Floyd's Island (swamp island, 575 acres) - Floyd's Islandcontains three upland habitat types which occur in a naturalstate: sand scrub, hardwood haimock, and open pine lands.The hardwood haimock is also a research natural area and wasdescribed in the last section. The sand scrub representsthe same SAF type as the hardwood hammock area (Southernscrub oak, SAF type 72) but the trees reach only shrubheight because of the dryness and low fertility of the soil.Very little ground cover exists under the scrub oak. Theopen park-like pine stands located on the north end of theisland are probably longleaf pine (SAP type 70) or longleaf\h pine (SAP type 83) and contain a low gallberry,

palmetto, huckleberry, or grass understory.

d. Chesser Prairie Rookery (wading bird colony, 3 acres) - TheChesser Prairie rookery area is located approximately twomiles west and one-half mile south of the Suwannee CanalRecreation Area in Chesser Prairie. The "house" in whichthe area is located is about three acres in size and vege-tated with a brushy association of titi, hurrah bush, sweetspire, etc. The rookery area is not accessible to the

22

e public; however, selection as a public use natural area wasmade based on the location being about 200 yards from apublic boat trail which provided excellent opportunity forviewing. When the rookery was active, the area was a focalpoint for birdwatchers and for both professional and amateurphotographers. During its peak use period in 1972, about3,000 nests were tallied within this rookery. The birdsobserved nesting in the rookery were cannon egrets, littleblue herons, cattle egrets, green-backed herons, white ibisand anhingas. Nesting activities began to decline after1973 and no nesting has been observed after 1974.

e. Chesser Prairie (marsh prairie, 800 acres} - About 15 percentof the Okefenokee Swamp is occupied by areas of more or lessopen pond or marsh, known locally as "prairies." Thisportion of Chesser Prairie (about 800 acres) is an excellentexample of the prairie habitat. The prairies are usuallyshallowly flooded and occupied principally by acid-tolerantaquatic and marsh herbaceous vegetation. Scatteredthroughout the prairies are clumps of trees and shrubs.

Public access to this natural area is by a 4,000-footboardwalk which terminates at an observation toweroverlooking the proposed Chesser Prairie Public Use NaturalArea. This boardwalk and tower permit a large number ofvisitors an opportunity to view Chesser Prairie withoutdisturbing its natural integrity.

F. Special Management Considerations and Techniques

1. Endangered Species

a. Red-Cockaded Woodpecker (Endangered)

The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Recovery Plan's goal of a viablepopulation of 250 clans may never be attained for OkefenokeeRefuge. This plan .proposes a goal of 140 breeding pairswhen all of the available designated habitat beconessuitable. Several of Okefenokee's clans are located within15 miles of the Osceola National Forest in Florida whichsupports an estimated 44 clans. The long-term genetic via-bility of the Okefenokee woodpecker clans may depend uponthe . existence of a few scattered clans on private lands tobridge the gap between Okefenokee National Wildlife "Refugeand the Osceola National Forest.

The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Management Plan.for OkefenokeeNational Wildlife Refuge (March 1977) prescribes the fol-lowing management practices for optimizing woodpecker habi-tat on the refuge:

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— All colonies of cavity trees will be located, marked,mapped and censused annually. Data files will be main-tained on each cavity tree.

— 125 to 200 acres (or maximum area available) ofcontiguous pine forest suitable for colony and foraginghabitat will be maintained.

— Overmature trees will be retained in colony areas {norotation will be set). Rotation in foraging areas willdepend upon pine species and other habitat managementuses.

— V'Jhere possible, colony areas and support stands willreceive prescribed fire to control understory and mid-story species.

— Dead snags and trees' will be left for feeding areas andto provide cavity trees for competing species.

— Basal area in colony areas will be limited to 80 squarefeet per acre. Trees and saplings which interfere withcavity trees will be removed, and mature pines will beretained as replacement cavity trees.

— Abandoned cavity trees for use by competing species willbe retained to reduce competition for active cavities.

— Cavity trees will be protected during prescribed burningoperation by raking debris, litter and vegetation frombase of tree.

N

— Mo new roads will be constructed through colony sites.

— Minimum possible treatments will be used for seriousinsect outbreaks.

— Forest sites suitable for longleaf pine will reforestedto this species when an area is regenerated. Dead treesand snags will be retained in regeneration areas.

— Mo harvesting, site preparation or other disturbingoperation will occur in the colony area during thenesting period (March through July).

— Regeneration areas within foraging area will be smallpatches of from one to five acres to minimize the widthof open area the bird will have to cross.

The overall result of these practices will be to maintainopen, sparsely stocked stands of mature pine. Themaintenance of large areas of a single condition class (P3C)

for the red-cockaded woodpecker will diminish overall habi-tat diversity; however, this condition will be offsetsomewhat by the maintenance of replacement woodpeckerstands. These replacement stands will be maintained in afairly dense condition to develop long stems with a highcrown in accordance with research by Locke t Conner andKroll (1983). The stands will be heavily thinned to thebasal area preferred by the woodpecker as they approachmaturity.

Appendix "H" contains maps showing the location of eachcolony on the refuge, areas suitable for colony areas andareas suitable for foraging.

b. Eastern Indigo Snake (Threatened)

No management activities have been specifically proposed forthe indigo snake. The eastern indigo snake is verydependent upon the gopher tortoise for its wintering habi-tat, and the gopher tortoise seems to fare very well inareas managed for the red-cockaded woodpecker. Generally,management practices that benefit the red-cockadedwoodpecker should also benefit the indigo snake. Prescribedburning, certain methods of site preparation and any otheractivity which tends to increase herbaceous bicmass benefitsthe gopher tortoise and in turn provides more burrows forindigo snake wintering habitat (Diemer and Speake).

c. Florida Panther (Endangered)

Management activities that benefit the Florida panther in-clude managing for a healthy deer herd via the huntingprogram and maintaining the undisturbed wilderness qualitiesof some of the upland and wetland areas in the swampinterior.

d. American Alligator (Endangered In Okefenokee Area)

Proposed upland management activities would affect the alli-gator very little and there is no conflict between manage-ment for this and other species. Experimental prescribedburning activities proposed in the swamp may help tomaintain open areas in the swamp for nesting and supportareas.

e. Wood Stork (Endangered)

Proposed management activities on Okefenokee Refuge includeprotection of roost areas, observation and surveys, andproviding research opportunities. Proposed prescribedburning activities will help to maintain existing open areasfor feeding (USFWS, 1985).

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f. Bald Eagle (Endangered)

No proposed management activities exist for this speciesexcept for protection of the areas the eagles might useduring migration.

2. Wilderness Areas

Approximately 89 percent of the refuge area is contained withNational Wilderness area boundaries. All management takingplace within these areas will be within the wilderness manage-ment guidelines and will be conducted to maintain habitat forendangered species or to preserve the conditions for which thearea was set aside. The major management tool used in wildernessareas is fire. The open-park like longleaf pine stands conmonlyfound on the wilderness islands, for example, were once main-tained by periodic natural fires which swept throughoutsoutheast Georgia. Periods of fire protection have allowed aheavy rough to replace the open understory and have allowedslash pine to gradually replace longleaf pine in the overstory.Prescribed and wildfire management will be used to maintain thehistoric condition of these islands as well as to maintain theopen stands preferred by the red-cockaded woodpecker. Otherfire management activities in wilderness are described in othersections of this plan. Appendix. "I" contains a map showingareas included in the Okefenokee National Wilderness area.

3. Openings

Openings are defined as upland areas that are permanently ortemporarily in the early grass or successional stage habitats.Most temporary openings are forest regeneration areas and areuseful as openings for three to eight years depending on forestspecies planted and regeneration methods used. Permanentopenings include managed clearings, relict forest openings, roadright-of-ways, firelines, loadings areas created during timberharvesting operations, helispots and. others. . A.combination ofnatural, managed clearings and other temporary and permanentopenings provide the variety of habitats necessary to meetforest habitat management objectives.

The natural presence of openings in the traditional longleaf-slash .pine forest of southest Georgia is well documented.Disturbance of the earth's cover caused by winds, fire, diseaseand insects have occurred since time began. Openings resultingfrom such disturbance are a natural part of the forest environ-ment (Miller, 1965). Seventy to eighty percent of the coastalplain area was once dominated by very sparsely stocked stands oflongleaf pine. Frequent summer fires encouraged perennialgrasses, throughout the area (Harris, 1980). Many small naturalopenings, containing the same cover types commonly occur instands such as this. Early native Americans also created

26

openings for agricultural purposes, trapping of game. etc. Ac-cording to Miller (1965), it was in an environment such as thisthat many local native wildlife species evolved. Exclusion offire in recent years, not to mention the connercialization of 90percent of southeastern forestland, has resulted in large areasof unbroken forests (Harris, 1980; Miller, 1965). Where suchconditions exist, openings must be provided to produce thehabitat needed by native wildlife species.

While Okefenokee's upland forests are not managed to fulfillcomiercial objectives, pre-refuge commercial harvesting, exclu-sion of fire and two disastrous wildfires have resulted in thedestruction of most of the open, old growth longleaf pinestands (See Section III.2). Where these stands once existed,slash-longleaf and pure slash pine stands, generally bunchedinto 30 and 50-year age classes, now stand. Normal foresthabitat management activities provide many openings throughoutthe refuge, but additional openings must be provided in someareas to improve habitat diversity. To insure that openings areutilized to the most beneficial and practical extent inOkefenokee's forest management compartments, all openings (tem-porary, permanent, natural and cleared) will be inventoriedduring each prescription inventory. The compartment prescrip-tion will contain a ten-year plan describing any managementactivities proposed during that prescription cycle. Beneficialopenings in upland wilderness areas will be maintained as muchas possible with the use of prescribed fire.>.

a. Role of Openings in Forest Habitat Management

Openings in a forest canopy satisfy wildlife requirementsfor nesting, resting and feeding of most species. The peri-meter of an opening is the most sensitive area as far asnesting is concerned. Cover in the interior part of theopening, stimulated fay full sunlight, is too dense fornesting. The potential for avian predation is also greaternear the center of an opening. .Within the stand, lesspredator pressure exists, but cover may be non-existent.The zone where the opening meets the forest receives theright amount of sunlight to stimulate moderate cover and atthe same time the forest stand provides some protection frompredators. During cold seasons or after rain, many speciesof wildlife seek out openings in the sunlight to warm up anddry out. At other times, most species spend time loafing inthe sun (Miller, 1965).

Full sunlight also stimulates seed, nut and berry produc-tion. Insect populations are also generally quite high(Miller, 1965). Studies in northern Wisconsin show thattear and deer use grasses common in openings; bears makeconsiderable use of openings in search of insects and fruit,and high numbers of small mammals are found around the edges

27

of openings (McCaffery, 1981). Browse species are stimu-lated by the full sunlight of open areas. Halls (1968)reports several tiroes more browse and herbage volumes and upto 32 times more fruit yield in open areas than in fullystocked (70 to 90 ft. basal area) areas.

b. Inventory of Openings

As Forest Habitat Management Prescriptions are completed,all existing openings will be inventoried. Any managementtechniques proposed as well as any new permanent openingsproposed for the current ten-year prescription cycle will bedescribed. Appendix "N" contains a list of openings ofvarious types by compartment. A more detailed descriptionof each opening will be included with each compartmentprescription.

The following types of openings will be utilized onOkefenokee Refuge:

Temporary Openings — Prescriptions are completed on ap-proximately 1,500 acres of forestland each year. Generally,35 or more acres will be regenerated during the prescriptionprocess. These regeneration areas will be useful asopenings for three to eight years depending upon the speciesplanted and site preparation methods.

Relict Forest Openings — Most of the forest managementcompartments and several of the wilderness islands stillcontain a few stands of sparsely stocked old growth longleafpine similar to the stands found throughout the southeast.These stands contain many openings ranging from one-tenth toone acre in size which have been maintained by prescribedand wildfires. Most of these relict openings are the resultof prolonged disturbances by man such as past logging,settlement, and fires. McCaffery (1981) defines relictopenings as less than 10 percent stocked (nine or fewertrees per • acre in this area) and dominated by perennialgrasses and forbes. In this area, they would also containclumps of palmetto, ground oaks, blueberry, huckleberry andother low woody plants. These openings contain many of thedesirable features described in literature and theirmaintenance complements other management programs.

Roads and Shoulders — Sixty-four miles of roads provideaccess to the 15 forest management compartments. Theseroads provide several successional stages of vegetation fromfreshly turned soil to dense stands of grasses and forbes.Periodic mowing helps to maintain road right-of-ways asuseful openings. The refuge road system provides about 266acres of openings.

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Firelines — A total of 112 miles of firelines cross theforest management compartments. Firelines are reworked onvarying schedules ranging from twice per year to once everyseveral years resulting in a variety of ground, cover types.Firelines provide 88 additional acres of openings. Firelineslines may also tend to extend the useful period of regenera-tion areas as openings. Wide double lines must .be plowedaround regeneration areas to protect them from prescribedfire for the first two or more burning cycles, setting backthe succession along the very edge of these temporaryopenings.

Administrative Areas — Administrative areas include theheadquarters sites r developed public use areas, servicefacilities, and others. Although these are popular feedingareas for many species of wildlife, the primary benefit isprobably edge effect.

Remote Helispots and Fire Management Areas — Each majorgroup of forest management compartments will have one ormore permanent openings which will serve as helispots orparking areas. These areas will be maintained with the roadsystem and should provide valuable additional openings.

Managed Permanent Wildlife Openings — All of the managedpermanent openings on Okefenokee Refuge are presentlylimited to Compartments 3, 4 and 8 in the vicinity of theCamp Cornelia and Pocket headquarters sites. The primarypurpose of most of the openings along the Swamp Island Drivein Compartments 3 and 4 is to provide opportunities forwildlife observation. Intensive management, plowing, ferti-lizing, seeding and mowing takes place on these openings.One five-acre opening in Compartment 8, The Pocket, is alsointensively managed. Three less intensively managedpermanent openings are also planned for The Pocket. Theseless intensive managed units will be maintained by harrowingor burning as needed.

c. Management of Openings

Managed permanent wildlife openings are probably the mostbeneficial to wildlife because they can be strategicallylocated and managed specifically as wildlife openings.However, their use on Okefenokee Refuge is extremely limitedbecause of the expense of maintenance. Woody shrub growthis very aggressive in the Okefenokee area, making fairlyintensive management necessary to maintain the openings. Inmost cases, existing permanent openings and openings createdfor seme other purpose will have to be utilized for wildlifeopenings. In order to obtain the greatest habitat manage-ment benefit from openings, the following factors should beconsidered when planning all openings:

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Percent o£ Area Maintained as Openings — Many recommen-dations ranging from 1 to 35 percent are availableregarding the percentage of forsstland that should bemaintained as openings. Many managers .settle on afigure in the neighborhood of five percent. OnOkefenokee Refuge, when all of the permanent openings,existing and proposed, including relict openings, areadded, the total will amount to slightly over threepercent (See Appendix "N").

Distribution — Permanent openings should be uniformallydistributed throughout the forest management area. Newopenings ideally should be located in areas with thegreatest distance between existing openings. Althoughrestraints may make the most ideal distribution impos-sible, distribution will be a factor considered whenlocating openings. For example, a helispot and parkingarea created for fire management purposes can be locatedseme distance apart for better opening distribution andstill be effective for their designed purpose.

Site Preparation — Sites for construction of newopenings will be carefully selected. Generally, sitesthat are already highly productive, particularlyhardwood sites, should not be cleared for openings.Sparsely stocked areas are most easily cleared and main-tained for openings if soil conditions are suitable.Insect infestation areas and small wildfire hot spotsmay advantageously be salvaged <as openings.

Size — Except when necessary for the management of aparticular species, sandhill cranes for example,openings should not be greater than 20 acres. Mostauthors recomend small openings ranging from .5 to 2acres in size (McCaffery, 1981). Okefenokee's openingswill be within this range.

Shape — Rectangular openings are the most convenient tomaintain; however, irregularly shaped openings areprobably the most desirable because they contain themost edge. Since most of Okefenokee's openings are con-structed for other purposes, shape is often governed bythat purpose. McCaffery (1981) suggest a minimum dimen-sion of 60 meters (197 feet) for openings. Miller,(1965) limits the value of long, continuous openingssuch as Okefenokee's roadways and firelines. He sug-gests that for many wildlife species only one-forth mileof every mile is useful. Okefenokee's roads and fire-lines may not fit the ideal opening criteria; however,in several compartments, these are the only openingsavailable, at this time.

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6. Construction Techniques — New openings will be proposedwhen compartment prescriptions are conducted. Naturalclearings, proposed loading sites or insect killed areaswill be utilized as openings where needed. Commercialharvesting followed by prescribed burning is the mosteconomical method of constructing openings. Clearingand disking are often necessary.

7. Maintenance Techniques — Prescribed fire is the mosteconomical method of maintaining openings. Openingsconstructed for other purposes are graded, plowed,mowed, etc., in connection with other refuge projects.More intensively managed openings are mowed, disked,fertilized, and seeded periodically.

8. Wilderness Openings — Most of the openings discussedare in the forest management compartments. Wildernessmanagement constraints prevent the construction ofopenings in wilderness uplands; however, several techni-ques are available which will provide openings in theseareas. Prescribed winter and summer fires can be usedto maintain existing openings or create new ones. Thewilderness management guidelines (6 RM 8.81) also permitthe maintenance of helispots in certain wilderness areasfor essential wilderness management protection, firesuppression areas and other emergencies.

4. Swamp Interior

The Okefenokee Swamp interior includes all of the area withinthe swamp line, including the wilderness islands but excludingthe forest management compartments - Most of the swamp interioris designated as National Wilderness Area. This subsectiondescribes the management techniques used on the wilderness is-lands, swamp forests, swamp brushlands (scrub-shrub swamp) andopen marshes and lakes. Although open marshes and lakes are notincluded In Okefenokee's • forestlands, they are brieflyconsidered in this plan because of the opportunity to useprescribed fire to return scrub-shrub areas to open marshlandsor to prevent the encroachment of brushlands into the fewremaining open marshlands.

a. Upland Islands

In addition to the 15,304 acres -of forest managementcompartments, there are 16., 518 -acres of upland forests lo-cated on islands within the swamp interior. Managementtechniques used on some of these islands include prescribedburning, wildlife and habitat surveys, limited insect anddisease control and in some cases, public use management.

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The interior islands support stands of longleaf pine (SAPtype 70} and longleaf-slash pine (SAP type 83) on higher,better drained sites; southern scrub oak (SAF type 72) onthe highest well drained ridges; and slash pine {SAF type84)r pond pine (SAF type 98} and several hardwood types onthe wetter sites. Most of the larger islands support red-cockaded woodpecker colonies.

Appendix "J" contains a table which lists all of the namedinterior islands of the swamp and some of the managementactivities which take place on them.

Of all the wilderness islands, Billy's Island supports thelargest number of red-cockaded woodpecker colonies and thesecolonies are censused annually. Several of the other is-lands also support colonies which are marked and recordedwhenever an opportunity arises to visit one of the islands.Access is very limited to most of the islands, Floyd'sIsland and Craven's Hamrrock are accessable by boat. Oldlogging trams or trails may be walked into others, such asStrange Island, Bugaboo Island or Hickory Hammock. Helicop-ters can land on some of the more open islands such asBlackjack or Mitchell's Islands. In most cases, however, itis necesary to cut a trail at least partway through theswamp vegetation into the island. Management of most ofthese wilderness islands is, therefore, generally limited toaerial surveys and an occasional visit.

b. Swamp Forest

Swamp forest types (84,216 acres) include stands of bay,bay-cypress and mixed wetland pine (SAF type 104), cypressand mixed cypress (SAF type 100) and blackgum (SAF type 103)and represent about 21 percent of the total refuge area.

Most of the swamp forest area is included in the nationalwilderness area. Generally, the only management activitiesconducted are wildlife censuses and observations. Specialprovisions in the wilderness policy for Okefenokee NationalWildlife Refuge allow for some mechanical and chemical con-trol of vegetation on boat and canoe trails within theswamp interior. No prescribed burning is being planned forthis area.

c. Scrub-Shrub Swamp

Okefenokee Swamp contains approximately 231,187 acres ofvarious types of scrub-shrub wetland (See Appendix "K"), 58percent of the total refuge area. The various brush speciesare often ten or more feet tall and are usually tangledtogether with greenbriar species. Access by boat, air or

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foot is almost impossible. The edge and to some extent, theinterior of this habitat type is utilized by a variety ofseed and insect eating songbirds and probably some smallmammals and reptiles. Because of the vast size of theseareas and their tendency to continually encroach upon thefew remaining open areas in the swamp, the overall wildlifevalue of the swamp interior would be benefitted if thegrowth of this habitat type could be controlled. If futureresearch can determine that this encroachment has beenincreased by man's activity, then in order .to maintainnatural conditions, future management may involve the use ofprescribed or natural fire to control the growth of scrub-shrub areas.

d. Prairies and Lakes

There are approximately 49,384 acres of prairies and lakeson the refuge representing 12 percent of the total refugearea.

Prairies and lakes are Okefenokee's major migratory bird andalligator habitat. As these open areas are graduallyreplaced by the scrub/shrub type, Okefenokee's value as awetlands refuge also diminishes. Depending on researchfunding, prescribed and natural fire management may be con-sidered to prevent the encroachmentof the scrub-shrub typeinto the prairie areas. Fire management is discussed indetail in Section II F.5.

Other management activities include periodic wildlife andhabitat surveys and research projects conducted by variousuniversity groups.

5. Fire Management

Fire management on Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge involvesboth wildfire .suppression, and. the use of -prescribed fire toaccomplish certain habitat management activities.

a. Wildfire

In accordance with the Refuge Manual (6 RM 7), the suppres-sion of wildfires is given priority over all activitiesexcept for those involving the safeguarding of human life.The highest priority is given to the avoidance of disastrousfires by aggressive prevention and suppression actions. Therefuge will provide sufficient initial attack forces tocontain wildfires on or threatening refuge lands at tenacres or less during the first burning period. Forwildfires which escape initial attack, the refuge will pro-vide sufficient support forces to contain 90 percent of thewildfires at Class C (100 acres) or less. The Refuge

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Manual (6 RM 7) provides for modified suppression action inseme cases (see below). Wildfire management on OkefenokeeRefuge is described in detail in the refuge Fire ManagementPlan, Section III.

1. Beneficial Effects

Wildfire helps to accomplish some habitat managementobjectives that for financial, safety, liability orpolicy reasons cannot effectively be accomplished withprescribed fire. For example, a summer fire may beneeded to establish natural regeneration in a longleafpine stand; however, a summer fire cannot safely beprescribed for the area. Although a wildfire may haveother disastrous effects on or off the refuge, the firemay accomplish the desired objective. Where wildfiresmay be utilized to accomplish desired objectives withoutspreading to non-refuge lands or threatening publichealth or safety, suppression actions may be modified toallow the wildfire to burn certain areas (See FireManagement Plan, Section III.C.3, Modified SuppressionAction areas).

2. Detrimental Effects

— Destruction of Resources - The greatest detrimentaleffect of wildfire on habitat management is destructionof resources particularly potential red-cockadedwoodpecker habitat.

— Disruption of Planned Forest Management Objectives -• Planned prescription work must often be delayed untilanother cutting cycle to accommodate rehabilitation workin the area.

— Large, Single-Age Classes - Habitat diversity is im-proved when regeneration areas . are distributedthroughout a compartment. Wildfires often result in alarge regeneration area, covering the major part of acompartment. The 1932 and 1954-55 wildfires resulted insingle-age classes of forest stands over most of therefuge.

Prescribed Fire

Prescribed fire objectives, methods, prescriptions, evalua-tions and smoke management methods are described in detailin Section II of the Fire Management Plan for OkefenokeeNWR. This section discusses the effects of prescribed fireupon forest habitat management plans and activities.Prescribed fire is a tool which can be used to enhance,modify, and replace other forest habitat management activi-

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ties. Seme of the ways prescribed fire modifies or affectsforest habitat management are:

1. Increase Habitat Diversity

Prescribed burning, used in conjunction with variationsof stand species, age, and density classes helps toprovide optimum diversity throughout the forest manage-ment compartments. Prescribed fire helps to mitigatethe effects of maintaining large areas of open, maturestands for red-cockaded woodpecker management by mani-pulating the understory to provide diversity lacking inthe overstory. Burning cycles varying from one to sevenyears have been shown to provide increased habitat di-versity in the stand understories, benefitting manywildlife species, particularly non-game birds (Meyers,1982 and Thomas, et. al., 1975). A map showing burningcycles for each prescribed fire area is included inAppendix "L". A table, also in Appendix "L" shows theburning cycle and size of each area to be burned.Prescribed fire is also used on seme of the wildernessislands and is the most useful tool available to main-tain in accordance with policy.

2. Aid in Establishing Natural Regeneration

Prescribed fire aids in establishing natural regenera-tion making site preparation and planting unnecessary.Summer fires are particularly useful for theestablishment and maintenance of longleaf pine stands.While the Fire Management Plan does not presently sche-dule any summer prescribed burning, the possibility ofresearch to determine the feasibility of sunmer burningis discussed in the plan.

3. Maintenance of Longleaf Pine Stands

Prescribed fire, particularly summer fires, prevent theencroachment of slash pine into longleaf stands. Thisreduces the need for pre-cconiercial and early commercialthinning.

4.. Maintenance of Understory

In addition to enhancing habitat diversity, prescribedburning aids forest management activities such aprescription inventories, timber marking and harvestingby opening up the understory.

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6. Habitat Management in Areas Dedicated for Educational andCultural Resources

a. Wildlife Oriented Public Use

Opportunities for environmental education occur at each ofthe three primary entrances to the refuge. The interpretiveprogram is guided by three major themes: The .history ofman's interaction with the Okefenokee Swamp; the naturalhistory of the swamp; and the role of the U. S. Fish andWildlife Service in wildlife resource management.

Optimum wildlife habitat is continually provided and im-proved upon in public use areas with the joint benefit ofproviding for the wildlife while allowing visitors to viewwildlife in their habitats. Wildlife clearings have beendeveloped, prescribed burning has been initiated (to in-crease available wildlife food supply), natural wildlifefood sources have teen developed, and diversity of habitatshas been increased.

b. Archeological and Cultural Resources

Historical and archeological sites located on the refugeinclude traces of Indian settlements, soldier explorations,logging operations, and early 20th century homesteads. Tenof the most significant sites were nominated to the NationalRegister of Historic Places in 1973. A description of theareas and their significance in the overall preservation ofthe swamp's history is located in Section II.E.

Historic and cultural resources have some impact on foresthabitat management. Appropriate actions will be taken toprotect areas of significance during selective thinning,regeneration and other management activities. Known areasof interest will bs addressed in forest managementcompartment prescriptions. Any cultural or historicresources discovered during prescription inventories orother management operations will be reported to the RegionalHistoric Preservation Officer. Field surveys by qualifiedpersonnel will bs conducted before any major constructionprojects are initiated.

c. Natural Areas

Okefenokee's research and public use natural areas aredescribed in Section II.E. These areas are essentially leftin an undisturbed state. The only habitat management theyreceive are activities that help to maintain the naturalstate of the area. For example, where fire played a natural

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role in the establishment of the area, prescribed fire maybe used to maintain the area. Other management activitiesinclude wildlife and habitat surveys.

7. Aesthetics

Due to its vastness and limited access, the public normally seesvery little of the refuge. Public use activities affect forestmanagement activities in Compartments 3, 4, 8 and to someextent, Compartment 1. Forest management activities will . beconducted to keep the affected areas aesthetically pleasing andto enhance the visitors' environmental education experience.Forest habitat management in public use areas is described inSection II.H. Although the visiting public sees only a smallpercentage of the refuge, all management activities will beconducted so as to keep all areas as aesthetically pleasing aspossible.

G. Insect and Disease Management

Insects and diseases are natural forces that affect and alter forestcomposition and in doing so, help to increase wildlife habitatdiversity. Conversely, a diverse forest with many small stands ofvaried species, density and age classes tends to have fewer insectand disease problems than larger stands of one even aged species.Insect and disease management activities on Okefenokee Refuge willconcentrate upon major outbreaks that may destroy valuable wildlifehabitat or spread to adjacent forestlands, outbreaks that may occurin valuable public use areas and any outbreaks involving introducedinsect and disease species that may spread unchecked by naturalforces.

1. Insects

The only insects posing a threat to refuge habitat are those inthe bark beetle group. The most destructive of the pine barkbeetles, the southern pine beetle (Dsndroctonus frontalis),fortunately seldom invades the Okefenokee area. Ips beetles(Ips spp.) are common but serious outbreaks occur only inperiods of stress such as during a drought or after a wildfire.Black turpentine beetles (Dendroctonus terebrams) generallyattack individual trees and are considered a threat only inpublic, use areas and red-cockaded woodpecker colonies.

Small outbreaks are usually left untreated and provide clumps ofdead cavity trees. Serious outbreaks may involve salvaging theinfested area as well as a buffer zone, felling and sprayinginfected trees, and in some cases where only a suppressed mid-story is infested, .felling and chipping. As a preventativepractice, during timber harvesting operations, damaged treeswill be removed or sprayed. Chemical treatment generallyinvolves spraying with lindane mixed with water. Since black

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turpentine beetles generally inhabit only the bottom six oreight feet of the tree, valuable trees may be saved by treatingthe infested area with lindane.

The refuge staff will cooperate with other agencies to preventthe spread of other insects which may have been introduced inthe area.

2. Diseases

The most common disease in this area is fusiform rust(Cronartium fusiformae) which affects slash pine and pond pine.Oak is the alternate host for this rust species which forms aspindle shaped canker on pine branches or on the main stem.Often the main stem is girdled, killing all or part of the treebut more often a flat, sunken area is formed in the bole of thetree. Wind breakage often occurs in this area. Control of thedisease involves planting resistant seedlings or pine speciessuch as longleaf pine which are not susceptible to the disease.During thinning operations, infested trees will be harvested.Prescribed burning helps in seme cases to kill the canker areaand to prune the infested limbs.

Pitch canker (Fusarium lateritium forma pini) is a disease ofminor importance affecting slash pine. Control involvesplanting resistant seedlings and culling out infested treesduring selective thinnings.

Needle cast disease (Hyooderma lethole) is a common disease ofall the local pines except longleaf pine. The fungus causesneedles to turn brown resulting in a heavy needlecast. Althoughgrowth is reduced, trees seldom die. The disease is importantonly in nurseries.

Brown spot disease (Scirrhia acicola) attacks all southern pinesbut only longleaf pine seedlings are seriously damaged. Thisfungus disease results in the death of individual needles,resulting sometimes in complete defoliation. Light to moderateinfestation keeps the seedling in the grass stage. Severeinfestation will eventually result in death of the seedling.When the seedling passes out of the grass state, it is no longersusceptible to the disease. Prescribed burning during the win-ter months destroys the infected needles and most of theinoculum available for reinfection.

H. Timber Marking and Thinning Procedures

1. Pine Management

Approximately 93 percent of the forest management areas arestands of pine. All of the cover types found in the forestmanagement areas are described in Appendix "K" and include

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longleaf (SAP type 70), longleaf-slash pine (SAF type 83), slashpine (SAF type 84), pond pine (SAF type 98), and loblolly pine(SAF type 81), The techniques used to manage these stands varyaccording to the type of stand, its location and the managementobjective for the area.

A distinct prejudice in favor of longleaf pine is shown by themanagement techniques proposed in this plan. In addition to thepreference of longleaf pine (over other local pines) by the red-cockaded woodpecker, longleaf pine is considered to be intrin-sically superior to slash and loblolly for wildlife (Harris,1980). Harris credits this superiority to several factors: agreater foliage height diversity attracts inore birds; longleaf'sgreater tolerance to fire allows more advantageous uses ofprescribed burning; and longleaf seeds are very large andvisible to birds and seed-eating mammals.

Low density stands of longleaf pine interspersed with hardwood(oak) hammocks, hardwood creek bottoms, hardwood and cypressponds, and small relict openings are superior to other pinetypes as wildlife habitat (Harris, 1980; Miller, 1965). Asparse, longleaf stand maintained by frequent fires supports anunderstory of perennial grasses, clumps of palmetto, patches ofground oak, dwarf huckleberries and other seed, nut and berryproducing plants. When accompanied by other stand age anddensity classes, low density longleaf pine stands providenesting cover, food, shelter and resting areas for a widevariety of wildlife species (Miller, 1965; Ripley, et. al.,1962). Wherever practical, longleaf pine will be favored overother pine species on Okefenokee Refuge.

a. Longleaf Pine

Most of Okefenokee's red-cockaded woodpecker colonies arelocated in longleaf or longleaf-slash pine stands, and mostof the stands will be managed as colony or support stands.

In colony areas, thinning will be done selectively whennecessary to maintain the open park-like stands preferred bythese birds. These stands are sometimes all-aged. Naturalregeneration will be encouraged, -when necessary, by cuttinga few over-mature trees to open up the crown. Rotation agewill be in excess of 300 years. Cavity trees will never becut and will be retained as snags after the tree dies toprovide cavity space for competing cavity nesting species.Basal area will be maintained at 40 to 55 square feet peracre.

Foraging stands for the red-cockaded woodpecker will bemanaged in a manner similar to other pure longleaf standsexcept for the longer rotation. These stands will bemanaged as small even-aged units. Small regeneration areas

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(five acres or less) will b3 established as clumps of oldtrees begin to die. Natural regeneration is encouraged inthese areas but, if necessary, longleaf seed or seedlingswill be planted. As support stands develop, basal area willbe maintained at less than a medium density (40-55 squarefeet per acre).

All-aged longleaf stands will be maintained in public useareas, using natural regeneration, if possible, to replacedead or harvested trees. These stands will also be main-tained in an open, park-like fashion similar to thewoodpecker colony sites. Excess regeneration or young treeswill be removed to maintain the desired stand density or toimprove the appearance of the stand. On Okefenokee Refuge,most of the picturesque old longleaf stands are adjacent tored-cockaded woodpecker colonies and will be maintained in acondition suitable for a woodpecker colony or support stand.

Other pure longleaf pine stands will be maintained as smalleven-aged units (1 to 15 acres) with a rotation of 100 yearsor more. Natural regeneration will be encouraged. Scroaareas will be direct seeded or, if necessary, seedlings willbe hand or machine planted. Young longleaf will be main-tained at a density of 60 to 100 square feet of basal areaper acre. Periodic thinning will maintain mature stands ata medium density of 55 to 70 square feet basal area. If thepossibility of habitation by red-cockaded woodpeckers deve-lops, the stands will be thinned to a less than mediumdensity (40 to 55 square feet basal area). All longleafpine stands will be managed as potential red-cockaded wood-pecker habitat.

Prescribed fire is used throughout these stands to maintainthe understory density and to control natural regeneration.

These stands contain some individual or small clumps of oaktrees. These .hardwoods will be retained in the stand and insome cases, pine trees will be removed from the vicinity ofthese oaks reducing fine fuels (needles) on the ground tominimize damage from prescribed fires.

b. Longleaf-Slash Pine

Where red-cockaded woodpecker colonies are located in thesestands, management techniques will be identical to thecolony stands in pure longleaf stands except that any thin-ning will favor longleaf pine. Prescribed burning andregeneration methods will also favor longleaf pineeventually resulting in pure longleaf stands. : If leftunmanaged, slash pine seldom used by red-cockadedwoodpeckers for cavity areas would continue to 'take overthese areas.

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Red-cockaded woodpecker foraging stands will generally bemanaged as small even-aged stands. Longleaf pine will befavored in these stands by thinning and burning. Rotationage will favor the longer lived longleaf pine and regenera-tion methods will favor pure longleaf stands if the site issuitable. Natural regeneration in these mixed stands favorsslash pine; however, prescribed burning will be used toeliminate most of the slash pine seedlings. Where plantingis necessary, longleaf seed or seedlings will be used.

Ivhere red-cockaded woodpeckers are not in the vicinity, theslash-longleaf type will be managed in small uneven-agedstands for optimum diversity. The understory will be morevaried ana contain more shrub species than in the woodpeckercolony and support stands. Longleaf will still be favoredduring thinning and regeneration operations.

In public use areas, most longleaf-slash pine stands will bemanaged in all-aged stands similar to pure longleaf stands.Rotation will be long {100 years or more). Natural regenera-tion will be depended upon to replace dead and harvestedtrees. Thinning will be done primarily to prevent crowdingand to improve appearance.

c. Slash Pine

Slash pine, except in certain cases, will be managed insmall even-aged stands on a rotation approaching biologicalmaturity, usually 80 to 100 years in this area. Slash pinestands are presently bunched into two age classes, datingback to the last two major fires. Some young slash pinestands will bs regenerated in order to break up sane ofthese 30 and 50 year old stands. Both the overstory andunderstory will be managed to provide optimum habitat diver-sity.

Periodic thinning will maintain a medium stand density {55to 70 square feet per acre basal area) to insure that lightpasses through the crowns to the understory. Prescribedfire in cycles varying from one to seven years will be usedto maintain habitat diversity. Haps indicating areas ofeach burning cycle are located in Appendix "L".

Natural regeneration will be used where possible; slash pineseedlings will be planted in other areas. Where site condi-tions are suitable, some stands may be converted to longleafpine to add diversity and to provide future red-cockadedwoodpecker nesting habitat.

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Where slash pine stands are used as woodpecker foragingstands, stand density will be maintained at a lower leveland prescribed fire will be used to maintain an open under-story.

In public use areas, longer rotations will be used.Periodic thinning and prescribed burning will be used tomaintain the desired appearance of each area. Whenregeneration is necessary, very small even-aged stands willbe regenerated.

d. Pond Pine

Pond pine stands will be treated very much like slash pine.The stands are usually located in poorly drained areas nextto ponds and the swamp edge and usually have a very high,dense understory. Very intense prescribed fires are oftenused to open up the understory along the swamp edge. Thesestands regenerate naturally.

Red-cockaded woodpeckers occasionally use pond pine forcavity trees. When this occurs, the stand will be main-tained in as open a condition as possible.

e. Loblolly Pine

Very few stands of loblolly pine exist. These scatteredstands are usually managed in conjunction with adjacentstands. Red-cockaded woodpeckers scmetimes use loblollypine for cavity trees. In this case, the managementtechniques used for these stands would be the same as thoseused for a longleaf pine colony site.

2. Hardwood Management

Hardwood stands occupy only seven percent of Okefenokee's forestmanagement areas. Two hardwood types exist — southern scruboak (SAP type 72} on higher sandy ridges or hammocks and sweet-bay-swamp tupelo-redbay (SAF type 104) on the wetter uplandsites. Several small southern red maple stands have also beenincluded in SAF type 104. These stands receive very littlemanagement except as noted below.

a. Southern Scrub Oak

These stands occur naturally on the sandy hammocks locatedthroughout the refuge uplands and in other areas where thestands are protected' from fire. These scattered southernscrub oak stands are extremely valuable because they providemast and represent a habitat type not commonly foundthroughout the refuge uplands. Parts of several pine standscontaining scrub oak in the understory have been converted

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to southern scrub oak by removing the pine overstory.Hardwood seedlings have been planted in other areas butsurvival has been very poor due to deer browsing. Onceestablished, these areas receive very little managementexcept for removal of pines to reduce fire hazard. A fewpines, especially longleaf pine, are left in these stands toprovide- additional mast. If thinning beccmes necessary,firewood or hardwood pulpwood will be harvested during thin-ning operations.

b. Maple

Several small maple stands usually associated with SAF type104 are located on wet upland sites throughout the forestmanagement compartments. These stands are encouraged toexpand wherever they exist. Pines are removed from thestands and they are protected from fire. In addition toproviding a valuable browse species, the edge between themaples and adjacent pine stands increases habitat diversity.

c. Sweetbay-Swamp Tupelo-Redbay

These areas located in very wet sites receive very littlemanagement. In some cases, they are protected fromprescribed fire; in other cases, fire is allowed to run intothem to create openings in the understory. During thinningoperations, pine is sometimes removed from the edges ofthese stands to release the hardwoods and to reduce firehazard. The edge between these stands and the adjacent pinestands provides valuable wildlife habitat.

3. Timber Marking Procedures

Timber marking is the means by which individual trees aredesignated by the forester to be harvested during a ccnmercialoperation. All marking will follow sound silvicultural proce-dures and the guidelines outlined in the preceding subsection.Timber marking will be conducted with the intent of creating thespecific conditions described in the prescription for eachstand with the end result of achieving habitat managementobjectives.

In most cases, trees to be harvested are marked with one spot oftree marking paint at eye level and one spot at ground level.In some cases where more than half the trees are to beharvested, the trees t > remain may be marked with flagging orpaint. Clear cuts may be marked by painting the cuttingboundary.

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4. Firewood Cutting

There is very little public demand for firewood from OkefenokeeNational Wildlife Refuge because of the vast acreages ofcommercial forestland cut nearby each year. Pine and hardwoodfirewood is readily available from these areas for the asking.

If requested, a free permit for firewood will be issued toindividuals for the permittee's home consumption. Requirementsand restrictions are listed in the Conditions Applicable . toFirewood Harvesting Permits, located in Appendix "R".

I. Policy and Administration of Sales

1. Timber Sales

The habitat treatment to maintain desired wildlife habitat onrefuge uplands can be accomplished most effectively andefficiently by means of controlled timber sales. Timberharvesting activities, however, can have either a beneficial ordetrimental impact on wildlife populations depending on the typeof activity and hew it is administered. All timber sales willbe conducted in accordance with the guidelines established inthis plan and will be designed to meet refuge wildlife manage-ment objectives. Each harvesting permit will contain a list ofspecial conditions the permittee must follow to insure thatrefuge objectives are met. A copy of the Special ConditionsApplicable to Timber Harvesting Permits is located in Appendix"0". Other conditions applicable only to a specific sale areincluded in the special use permit.

Small sales, when estimated receipts will be under S250Q.OO,will generally be negotiated. The refuge forester will make areasonable effort to obtain at least three bids from potentialbuyers. These bids will be documented and a permit will beissued to the successful bidder.

Larger timber sales (estimated receipts of over $2500.00) willhe conducted by a formal bid procedure. At present, invitationsto bid are prepared and administered by refuge personnel. For-mal bid invitations will be mailed to all prospective bidders(current list located in Appendix "Q"). The bid invitation willcontain the following information:

1. A formal bid information form containing sale information.

2. A bid form which the bidder fills out and returns as hisbid.

3. Timber volume information.

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4. Maps showing location of all sale units.

5. Conditions Applicable to Timber Harvesting.

6. Certificate of Independent Price Determination.

7. Equal Employment Opportunity Clause.

A sample bid invitation illustrating each of these items is inAppendix "P".

All bids received will be locked in the refuge cashier's safe untilthe specified opening time. After opening on the specified date andtime, the successful bidder will be notified and a special usepermit will be issued and properly distributed. The successfulbidder will have until ten {10} days after receipt of the specialuse permit to make any performance guarantee deposits or advancepayments specified in the invitation to bid.

The performance guarantee deposit will cover any damages caused bythe permittee or his producers. The balance of the deposit isrefunded to the permittee when the sale is completed. The purposeof an advance payment is to encourage the permittee to beginharvesting operations early during the permit period. The amount ofthe advance payment is usually a percentage of the estimated salevalue and is specified in the invitation to bid. The permittee mayor may not have to maintain the amount of the advance payment as thesale progresses, depending upon the terms of the contract.

Because the small, independent producer is very vital to habitatmanagement operations on this refuge, performance guarantee depositsand advance deposits will generally be required only on larger saleswhere a timber dealer is the permittee or where a small producer isbacked by a dealer. Many of the small producers operate on a verysmall margin of profit and are not able co have large sums of moneytied up for long periods of time. Most small sales are of a salvagetype operation and the permit duration is short so there is lessneed for performance guarantee deposits and advance payments.

Methods and period of payments will be designated in the Special UsePermit. All payments will be in the form of registered or cashierschecks or money orders, payable to the U. S. Fish and WildlifeService. . All payments will be accompanied by mill scale tickets orsome other documentation confirming the volume of forest productsremoved from the refuge.

2. Administration of Harvesting Operations

Close inspection of all timber sales is necessary to insure thatharvesting operations continuously meet refuge objectives and theconditions of the permit. Timber harvesting operations may besuspended or restricted: Anytime continued operations may cause

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excessive damage to the forest stands or wildlife habitat; excessivedisturbance is occurring to wildlife during breeding, nesting oryoung rearing season; during periods of high wildfire, insect ordisease hazard; when harvesting activities may interfere withessential refuge operations; or when continued harvesting operationspresent a safety hazard.

Regular inspection of harvesting operations will also insure thatonly designated trees are cut, that payment is made for allharvested trees and that the forest resources being harvested areproperly utilized.

3. Administration of Receipts for Sale of Forest Management Products

Mill scale tickets, required to be submitted with payment for timberproducts, will be checked to insure that proper payment is made.Volumes and receipts will be properly recorded in timber receiptsand records for various refuge reports. If possible, receipts forforest products along with the proper documentation will beforwarded the same day received to the U. S. Fish and WildlifeService Finance Center. Any receipts which for seme reason cannotbe processed on the same day received will be stored in the refugecashier's safe.

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III. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION, PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

A. Scope of Forest Habitat Management Program

Forest habitat management on Okefenokee Refuge goes far beyondcommercial forest management. Approximately 88 percent of the re-fuge is forested and most of the forestland receives some managementto accomplish habitat management objectives. Commercial harvest isallowable as a management tool on less than four (4) percent of therefuge land. Therefore/ on Okefenokee Refuge, forest management isa means by which forest habitat management objectives areaccomplished, and commercial harvest is only one of several manage-ment tools which is used on a very small proportion of the refugeforestland.

Okefenokee Refuge covers 395,515 acres of land, including 15,304acres of forest management compartments where commercial harvest maybe used as a management tool, 16,518 acres of interior islands largeenough to be measured, 115,340 acres of swamp forestland and 231,187acres of swamp brushland. The remaining 48,988 acres are open lakesand marshland.

B. Description

1. Physical Features

a. Geographic Description

Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge is located in Ware,Charlton, and Clinch Counties in southeast Georgia and ex-tends slightly into Baker County, Florida. The refuge islocated roughly between latitudes 30° 07' and 31° 05' Northand longitudes 82° 07' and 82° 3.3' West. Waycross, Georgiais located 12 miles nord. cf the refuge; Folkston is sevenmiles to the east; St. George is eight miles to thesoutheast; Fargo is about .five miles from the westernboundary; and Hcmerville is about 20 miles to the northwest.Jacksonville, Florida is about 40 miles to the southeast.Geographically, the refuge is located in the AtlanticCoastal Plain.

Most of the 25 by 40-mile Okefenokee Swamp (412,000 acres)is located within the boundaries of the Okefenokee NationalWildlife Refuge. The refuge boundary generally follows theswamp line but lies outside the swamp in several areas toinclude 15,304 acres of upland and extends inside the swampin some areas to exclude some large sections of swampland.The National Wildlife Refuge presently includes 395,515acres of land. In addition to the managed upland areaslocated around the perimeter of the swamp, the refugecontains 16,518 acres of upland interior islands.

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b. Climate

The Okefenokee Swamp, located in south Georgia between thewarm waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean,experiences warm, humid summers and short, mild winters.All four seasons are apparent, but spring is usually shortand blustery with rather frequent periods of storms ofvarying intensity. In autumn, long periods of mild, sunnyweather are the rule (NOAA, 1978).

Average summer temperatures, like most of south Georgia,range between 80 and 82 F during most years. Summer daysare warm and humid, with high temperatures exceeding 90 F onmost days, usually exceeding 100 F two or three days eachsummer. The record high temperature, 106 F, occurred inMay, 1945 and September, 1946. Nighttime temperaturesduring the summer range from the high 60's to the low 70's.The flow of moist air frcm the Gulf over the warm landsurface results in frequent afternoon thunderstorms whichoccur throughout the area.

Winter temperatures vary greatly from day to day in thisregion. Recording temperatures extremes in the teens andthe seventies within a period of a few days is not uncommon.The average temperature is about 56 F. The record lowtemperature for this area, 5 F, occurred in January, 1985.

Rainfall varies considerably frcm year to year but averages52.66 inches annually. In recent times, the maximum annualrainfall of 76.76 inches occurred in 1973 and the minimumrainfall of 26.07 inches occurred in 1954. The annualrainall curve shows the driest month to be October (2.23inches) and the wettest month to be August (6.42 inches).

Table SI on the following page shows the highest and lowestaverage temperatures for each month during a ten-yearperiod. Notice the large variation occurring between thehigh and low temperatures during the winter months.

Relative humidity averages are fairly high due to the re-fuge's location between the Gulf of Mexico and the AtlanticOcean. Year-round averages at 7:00 AM are about 85%. Mini-mum relative humidity (about 2:30 PM) averages about 52%.Maximum relative humidity reaches 100% every night exceptduring the very driest of seasons.

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TABLE NO. I

CLIMATOLOGICAL AVERAGES FOR 1973 THROUGH 1982 FOR CAMP CORNELIA

Average Monthly Average Monthly Average RainfallHigh Temperature Low Temperature Inches

Jan 80.1 20.8 3.80Feb 81.7 23.5 3.88Mar 88.7 29.9 4.15Apr 91.9 39.6 4.46May 95.7 47.3 4.94Jun 98.4 58.6 6.05Jul 99.2 62.1 6.38Aug 97,6 63.0 6.42Sep 95.0 57.1 5.57Oct 88.0 37.9 2.23Nov 84.8 29.4 2.35Dec 81.5 23.1. 3.04

During the winter ironths, mid-December through mid-March,most storm development occurs over the Gulf of Mexico andmoves northeast across the Okefenokee Swamp area to theAtlantic Ocean. Moisture-laden clouds move northeast alongthe front as it passes, causing the winter rains and thegeneral weather pattern that makes prescribed burningpossible in the winter. As the cold front passes, pushingthe storm system into the Atlantic Ocean, the wind shiftsfrom the southwest to the northwest. Weather conditions arethen stable for a period, with steady winds, cold tempera-tures and fairly low relative humidities. Most prescribedburning takes place during this period. Although very lit-tle lightning occurs during this period, a secondary fireseason exists during the winter months. An abundance ofcured understory vegetation, occasional heavy winds, and thepresence of great deal of prescribed burning contributes tothis wildfire danger.

During two periods from mid-March through mid—May and frommid-September through mid-December, weather systemsoriginate in the Great Plains. These frontal systems bringshowers and cooler weather as they pass through.

Frcm mid-May through mid-September, the storm systems areconvective in nature. Warm, moist air masses begin to rise,causing the convective thunderstorms common to this areaduring the summer. Most of Okefenokee's wildfires occurduring this period.

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e c. Topography

The elevation of the swamp line ranges from 125 feet on thenortheast and 121 feet on the east to 114 feet above sealevel on the west and south sides of the swamp. The outletsof the swamp at the Suwannee River and the St. Mary's Riverare both about 114 feet above mean sea level. The highestareas of the interior islands are 128 feet above sea level.

Upland elevations outside the east side of the swamp rise to150 feet at the crest of Trail Ridge, then fall rapidly tothe St. Mary's (6 feet), Spanish Creek (6-75 feet), andBuffalo Creek (70 feet) valleys. Average upland elevationseast of the Trail Ridge (Braganza to St. George) range from65 feet to 90 feet above sea level. The upland elevationsouth of the swamp averages 100 feet above sea level, 120feet west of the swamp and 135 feet above north of theswamp. Generally, topography is flat except 'where creeksand rivers cut their way down toward the bottoms of themajor drainages. In these cases, rapid changes in eleva-tions of up to 100 -feet occur.

d. Drainage and Water Levels

The Okefenokee Swamp is a vast peat bog filling a series ofsandy depressions. The dark-stained waters of the swamp arenot stagnant but continuously flowing across the swamp tothe two outlets, the Suwannee River on the west and the St.Mary's River to the southeast. The northern four-fifths ofthe swamp drains into the Suwannee River. The St. Mary'sRiver drains only the area east and south of BlackjackIsland, south of Mitchell's and Brocmstraw Islands and areassurrounding Soldier Camp Island. Less than half of thewater leaving the swamp exits by stream flow, however. Themajority of the swamp's water is lost by evapotranspiration(Rykiel, 1977). The water level varies from 117.6 feet indry years to 123.0 feet in wet years on the east side andfrom 110.4 feet to 118.6 feet on the west side. Averagev/ater level at Camp Cornelia is 121.4 feet and at and JonesIsland is 115.2 feet.

A five-mile earthen dike and its associated spillways arelocated at the headquarters of the Suwannee River andmaintain normal water levels at this point at 114 feet abovesea level. During high water periods, the Suwannee Riverbacks up to and sometimes over the spillway level. Thisearthen dike (Suwannee River Sill) was constructed in 1962to provide seme control over water levels in the swamp andto reduce wildfire danger in dry years.

The watershed draining into the Okefenokee is very small,consisting of a one-mile strip of upland east and south of

50

the swamp and a 200-square mile area north and west of theswamp. The majority of the swamp's water comes directlyfrom rainfall into the swamp.

Soils

A detailed soil survey of the Okefenokee area has not beenccmpleted; however, the Soil Conservation Service has sug-gested several soil series that probaby occur within therefuge area. A map showing approximate locations of theseseries is in Appendix "M". Illustration I on page 54 showsthe typical location of various soil types relative to theirposition above the surface water table. The illustrationalso shows vegetative types commonly associated with eachsoil type. A description of each soil series is describedbelow:

Dasher Series - The Dasher Series consists of very poorlydrained, moderately rapidly permeable organic soils thatformed from hydrophytic plants. These soils are in marshes,swamps and poorly defined drainageways. They are floodedfor at least ten months each year. Slopes are less than onepercent,

Associated vegetation is pond pine, cypress, water tupelo,swamp tupelo, and sweet bay magnolia trees with a groundcover of saw grass, iris, bull-tongue, arrowhead, green-brier, ferns and other aquatic plants (SCS, 1977).

Most of the deep organic areas of the refuge consists ofthis series. This organic layer varies frcm 51 inches to 10or more feet deep. About 40 percent of the OkefenokeeRefuge land is the Dasher Series.

Pamlico Series - The Pamlico Series consists of very poorlydrained soils that formed in decomposed organic materialunderlain by sandy sediment. The soils are on nearly levelflood plains, bays, and depressions of the Coastal Plain.Slopes are less than one percent. Pamlico soils have 16 to51 inches of organic material over sandy sediments. Thereaction ranges frcm extremely acid through very stronglyacid.

The native vegetation consists of pond pine, tupelo gum,sweetbay, gum trees, cypress, greenbrier, wax myrtle bushes,with undergrowth of gallberry and cut bamboo briers (SCS,1981).

Many of the impenetrable, very densely vegetated areas ofthe swamp are located within these soil series. About 45percent of the refuge consists of this series.

51

Rutlege Series - The Rutlege Series consists of deep, leveland nearly level, very poorly drained soils.

Associated native vegetation includes hardwood forest types,pond pine, slash pine or loblolly pine, Understory speciesinclude gallberry, huckleberry, myrtle, greenbriar andvarious grasses and sedges. This series represents thetransition area between the swamp and the upland and repre-sents about four percent of the refuge area (SCS, 1976).

Plummer Series - The Plurrmer Series consists of the deep,poorly drained moderately permeable soils that formed insandy and loamy sediments of marine terraces. These soilsare on level or' depressional landscapes and along poorlydefined drains of the Coastal Plain. They are saturated inwinter, spring, and sometimes into the suimier. Slope isdominantly one percent or less, but ranges up to five per-cent.

Associated vegetation is forest species occurring as mixedstands of slash, loblolly, and longleaf pine with swamptupelo and bald cypress with an understory of gallberry, waxmyrtle, southern bayberry, wiregrass, pitcher plants, andbrackern fern (SCS, 1981).

Pelham Series - The Pelham Series consists of deep, poorlydrained, moderately permeable soils that formed in uncon-solidated Coastal Plain sediments. These soils are on nearlylevel broad flats, depressions and drainageways. Slopesrange from zero to two percent.

Native vegetation is slash, loblolly, and longleaf pinetogether with sweetgum, blackgum, water oak, and cypress.The understory is gallberry, myrtle, swamp holly, and scat-tered palmettos, and ground cover is wiregrass and otherwater-tolerant grasses. The soil is well suited to forestryand most of the .acreage is so used.

The Plummer and Pelham Series together make up three per-cent of the refuge area.

Sapelo Series - The Sapelo Series consists of poorlydrained, nearly level soils of the Atlantic coastal flat-woods. Natural vegetation consists of longleaf pine, lob-lolly pine, pond pine, blackgum, and water oak, Understoryplants . are gallberry, saw palmetto and dwarf huckleberry(SCS., 1977).

Leon Series - The Leon Series consists of poorly drained,sandy soils that have a weakly cemented Bh horizon with 30inches of the soil surface. They formed in thick depositsof sandy marine sediments. They are on nearly level to

52

gently sloping landscapes. Slopes range from zero to fivepercent.

Natural vegetation is longleaf and slash pine, water oak,myrtle and a thick undergrowth of saw palmetto, runner oakand gallberry. Leon and Sapelo soils occupy about the sameposition with respect to the water table. Differences insoil and water conditions, however, result in somedifferences in understory vegetation. Leon soils can beidentified by the presence of runner oak and Sapelo soils bydwarf huckleberry. The Sapelo and Leon Series make up threepercent of the refuge area.

Plustee Series - The Olustee Series consists of poorlydrained, moderately permeable soils that formed in thickbeds of sandy and loamy marine sediments. Natural vegeta-tion consists of several grasses, gallberry, saw palmetto,slash and longleaf pine. Two percent of the refuge soilsare represented by the Olustee Series (SCS, 1977).

Mandarin Series - The Mandarin Series consists of somewhatpoorly drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in athick sandy deposit on marine terraces. These soils are onnearly level landscapes that are slightly higher than theadjacent flatwocds. Slopes are from zero to two percent.Natural vegetation consists of slash and longleaf pine andscrub oak with an understory of gallberry, palmetto, green-brier, and several grasses. About one percent of the refugesoils are represented by the Mandarin series {SCS, 1977).

Centenary Series - This series consists of deep, moderatelyrapidly permeable sandy soils that formed in marine sedi-ments. Natural vegetation consists of longleaf pine,blackjack, turkey and post oaks. Most of the higherlongleaf sites (those that are not fire dependent) onOkefenokee Refuge are on Centenary soils. This series re-presents .less than one percent of the refuge area.

Cainhoi Series - The Cainhoi Series consists of deep, some-what excessively drained, rapidly permeable soils thatformed in sandy marine sediments. These soils have slopesranging frcm zero to ten percent. Native vegetation islongleaf pine, live oak, post oak, white oak, turkey oak andothers (SCS, 1977).

This series is found on the highest areas of Trail Ridge andsome of the interior islands. These areas usually supportoak hammocks and scattered longleaf pine. They representless than one percent of the refuge area.

53

FIGURE 1

TYL' ICAL SOIL SERIES OH O K K K K M O K K l L K l i K l K j l i HIT!! ASSlJ lM.nTKL) Vl i t JUTATl Vli T Y P K S

Ln-P-

CYPRESSSWAMP -HARDWOODSPOND PINEVERY LITTLEUNDERSTORYSWAMP PLANTSDASHER

(OrganicMaterial)

POND PINE

SWAMP -HARDWOODS

CYPRESSGREBNBRIARMYRTLE

SLASH PINEPOND PINE.GALLBERRYMYRTLEHURRAH BUSH-1GREENBRIARUGKLEBERRY

PINESMYRTLEGALLBERRY

j PALMETTOPITCHER-PLANTj -

1— -""""""PLUMMER

orI PELHAM

PINES[GALLBERRY, SAW.PALMETTOMYTLE'(LEON)iRUNNER OAKj(SAPELO)

DWARF HUCKLE^'BERRY ^ *"', SAPELO

or1 LEON!i

PINESGALLBERRY

I PALMETTO, WAXIMYRTLE

^^OLUSTEE

PINES

I GREENBRIAR

[SAW| PALMETTO

(MANDARIN

LONGLEAF

AND SCRUB OAKLOBLOLLY IOAKS

PINES'SCRUB

(SAND)

The following soil series map wascompiled from SCS descriptions ofvegetative types common in the soilseries expected to be located in theOkefenokee Swamp and uplands. TheOkefenokee Swam]:^Vegetation Map(McCaffrey and Hamilton) was used toaid in locating the probable soil serieson this map, A more detailed descriptionof; the soil series is located in

Section IIXB.I.e.

e

2. Detailed Description of Habitat Types

Following are detailed descriptions of each major habitat typecommon to Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge. Wetland areadescriptions are taken directly from Hamilton, David B., 1982,Plant Succession and the Influence of Disturbance in theOkefenokee Swamp, Georgia, Okefenokee Ecosystem Investigations,Technicial Report #9, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.Where possible, Society of American Foresters, forest covertypes will be referenced for each habitat type described (Eyre,1980). Appendix "K" contains a more detailed description ofHamilton's wetland vegetative types and the listed SAP types, anacreage summary of vegetative types, and a map showing locationsof vegetative types. Appendix "0" contains list of all theplant and wildlife species common to Okefenokee NationalWildlife Refuge and a matrix showing the associations of most ofthe listed wildlife species with each of the following habitattypes.

a. Wetland Habitat Types

1. Broad Leaved Swamp Forest - This habitat type may havethe same overstory as some of the mixed hardwoodsdescribed on the uplands (sweet bay-swamp tupelo-redbay)but is growing in organic soils. The understory issomewhat irore open than on the poorly drained upland.The bay, blackgum, and bay-cypress forest types arealso included in this habitat type. The broad-leavedswamp forest habitat type includes SAF types 103 and104.

2. Cypress Forest - This habitat type is represented fcy thepond cypress forest type, SAF tpe 100. Over 75 percentof the canopy is represented by cypress. The stand maycontain a subcanopy of broad leaved evergreen species.The understory may be relatively open or dominated byscrub-shrub species.

3. Pine Swamp Forest - These are stands of scrub slash pinegrowing in the swamp. Shrub species may be present.

4. Mixed Forested Wetland -This habitat type is a mixtureof most the forest species found in the swamp.

5. Scrub-Shrub Swamp - This habitat type includes all ofthe scrub-shrub wetland vegetative types listed inMcCaffrey and Hamilton's Okefenokee Swamp Vegetative Map(Appendix "K").

6. Herbaceous Prairie - This habitat is marshland con-sisting of grasses and other anergents.

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7. Aquatic Hacrophyte Prairie - This habitat consists ofnon-emergent herbaceous species. (See aquaticmacrophyte prairie, Hamilton, Appendix "K").

8. Open Lakes - These are open water areas within theswamp.

9. Open Flowing Water - These are flowing runs within theswamp such as the headwaters of the Suwannee River orthe Sill ditch.

b. Upland Habitat Types

1. Southern Scrub Oak - Identical to forest type southernscrub oak (SAP type 72) but includes oak species of allages and sizes.

2. Sandy Scrub Pal; - This is southern scrub oak (SAF type72} but these stands are located on excessively drained,,infertile sands where the oak species grov; only to shrubheight and form a distinct habitat type.

3. Mature or All-Aged Longleaf Pine - This habitat type ismature longleaf pine vegetative type (SAF type 70) orall-aged longleaf pine with a significant proportion ofmature pine. The understory will be fairly open or lowdue to soil conditions or frequency of burning.

4. Mature (80+ years) Mixed Pine - This habitat type in-cludes all pure or mixed pine stands other than purelongleaf or slash pine. Understory v/ill not be as openas pure longleaf habitat type but will be fairly low dueto frequent burning, usually including species such asgallberry, palmetto, myrtle, greenbrier and others (seelongleaf-slash, slash, loblolly, and pond pine SAFtypes).

5. Mature (804- years) Slash Pine - This habitat type isidentical to the slash pine SAF type 84 but includesonly overmature stands over 80 years of age. Most ofthis pineland has been burned and understory is low."

6. PinejL_40 8Q Years - These are mature sawtimber sawtimbersized pine stands. Understories wil be similar to theolder stands of the same species as listed in the cor-responding SAF types. These lands are generally burnedon a one-to-seven year cycle.

7. Pine, 32-40 Years - This includes all medium aged pinestands. Understories range from open grass in drylongleaf sites to gallberry-palmetto, myrtle and highshrubs found in poorly drained sites. These stands are

56

usually over ten inches in diameter and represent theminimum aged stand red-cockaded woodpeckers use for.foraging.

8. Young Pine, 16-32 Years - This includes all pulpwoodpulpwood sized stands. Understories vary depending uponsoil conditions and frequency of fire.

9. Pine Saplings', 8-16 years - This includes all pinespecies. These stands receive their- first prescribedfires during this period. Understories vary dependingupon regeneration methods, site preparation methods andnumber of fires.

10. Regeneration Areas,. 0-8--Years - These areas serve asopenings during the beginning of this period andpossibly as brushlands during the end of the period.With the exception of longleaf pine regeneration areas,these areas receive no prescribed fire.

11. Pineland-Open or Grassy Understory - Understory is theprime habitat for the wildlife species associated withthit. This type of understory occurs in high, welldrained stands or in annually burned stands.

12. Pineland-Low Understory - Understory is the prime habi-tat for the wildlife species. This understory occurs inwetter stands which are burned on a two-to-four yearcycle.

13. Pineland-High Understory - Understory is the prime habi-tat for the wildlife species associated with this habi-tat. This understory occurs in unburned pine stands orareas burned with a five year or greater burning cycle.

14. Hardwoods-Mixed - These hardwood stands occur on lower,less well drained areas than the southern scrub oak typeand would be represented by the sweet bay-swamp tupelo-redbay SAF type 104.

15. Pine-Swamp Transition Zone - This habitat type occurs atthe swamp line. The pine overstory meets the hardwoodoverstory at this point. The hardwood overstory will bethe same mixed hardwood type found on the wetter uplandareas except that more cypress may be found in thisarea. Understory species include gallberry, myrtle,titi, greenbrier and others. The understory is usuallyhigh and dense.

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16. Openings - Openings may be created for wildlife habitatbut may also include such areas as regeneration areas,timber loading areas, or roads.

17. Edge - Areas between openings and forest.

13. Upland Ponds - The open ponds are usually barrow pits orditches.

3. Timber Type Classification

Timber type classifications are mapped only in the forestmanagement compartments. Although classification of the timbertypes on the interior islands and certain other swamp areaswould be useful for habitat and fire management purposes, it hasnot been completed at this time. Vegetative type maps andhabitat type maps have been completed for all areas of therefuge and are located in Appendix "K".

Type classes used in forest management compartments aredescribed in the Compartment Prescriptions, Section (II.D),pages 15 and 16. Classes are used to describe the forest standsin forest management prescriptions and are shown on the forestmanagement compartment condition class maps in Appendix "E".

4. Growth and Maximum Cut

The volumes of forest products harvested in Okefenokee's forestmanagement compartments are based on the nature and amount oftreatment necessary to accomplish refuge objectives and not onannual growth figures. Growth and maximum cut figures, however,provide a basis for evaluating Okefenokee's habitat managementactivities and for comparing this program against other manage-ment schemes.

Estimated growth and cut figures are included in tables inAppendix "C". These figures are based, on recent prescriptiondates and field measurements. In the future, accurate figureswill be obtained fron a cooperative research project conductedby Lake City Community College. Continuous Fixed Inventoryplots have teen located in most of Okefenokee's forest manage-ment compartments. Several years' data is now available frcmsome of the compartments. Data is new, being entered into theschool's computer system. As soon as this data is processed,growth data will be revised.

C. Problems Relating to Past Management Practices

Okefenokee Refuge contains two distinctly different classes of vege-tation types, forested upland and wetland. The vegetative typespresently found on both the upland and the wetland sites have beensignificantly influenced by natural events, severe forest fires and

58

past land use practices, primarily legging.

1. Wetland Forestlands

Okefenokee Swamp is a mosaic of dynamically related vegetationpatches which represent different stages of plant succession.The Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, recentlystudied these succession patterns and the influence of loggingand recurrent fires using field surveys and aerial photography.In the absence of disturbance, succession patterns in theOkefenokee would be fran prairie (open marsh or grass) tocypress swamp to a climax of mixed blackgum or bay swamp{Hamilton, 1982).

a. Effects of Fire in Vfetlands

Recurrent fires tend to maintain existing vegetation andgenerally prevent successional transition to climax species.The degree of successional "setback" is related to theseverity of the fire, types and location of vegetativeccmmunities burned and past fire and land use history.Infrequent surface fires may consume or kill shrubs, under-story species, and seedlings and saplings of overstoryspecies. The surface fires will generally favor theestablishment and maintenance of shade tolerant broad-leavedunderstory and overstory species capable of resproutingafter the fire. More frequent or severe fires which burnaway surface layers of peat may permanently kill these shadetolerant, later successional species, helping to maintain anexisting successional regime. Very severe fires which burnaway deep layers (30 cm or more) of peat may set back suc-cession to earlier levels and may even create lakes orprairies (Hamilton, 1982).

b. Effects of Logging in Wetlands

The effects of logging in the. Okefenoke Swamp were to con-vert mature, cypress stands to the hardwood species{blackgum, broad-leaved evergreens) normally found in thesubcanopy of an unlogged cypress swamp. This hardwood con-version results from several processes: Colonization ofstumps and drier micros ites by shrubs and some broad-leavedevergreen seedlings; release from overstory competition ofthose trees remaining after logging operations, and stumpsprouting of many of the later successional hardwoodspecies. Most of the logged areas are now dominated byshrubs mixed with sprout-growth blackgum or by shrubs mixedwith coppice and seedling growth broad-leaved evergreen{Hamilton, 1982).

59

Although harvested cypress trees do produce healthy, stumpsprouts, this was not the case in the Okefenokee Swamp.Sprouting decreases with the age of the cypress trees cutand little sprouting occurs when trees over 200 years oldare cut. Most of the cypress cut in Okefenokee were in the400 to 900 year old range. Also, much of the cypress wasgirdled prior to cutting, a practice which practically eli-minates sprouting. The few cypress trees left after loggingwere insufficient to restore the stands by natural seedling.As a result, most legged areas in the Okefenokee Swamp showno signs of returning to their pre-logging species composi-tion. Even where sane cypress reestablishment is occurring,recovery will take hundreds of years due to the limited seeddispersal, low seed viability, high seedling mortality, andslow growth of cypress (Hamilton, 1982).

c. Effects of Sill Construction

The low earthen dam (Sill) completed in 1962 and the subse-quent rise in water level is probably responsible for saneof the vegetation changes in the swamp. The amount ofvegetative changes which can be attributed to the fires,logging, sill construction or a combination of these factorshas not yet been determined.

2. Upland Forests

The changes which occurred on the uplands of Okefenokee Refugeas a result of past land practices are similar to those thatoccurred throughout the rest of the coastal southeast. Overall,there has been a conversion of upland areas from longleaf pineto slash pine, and the remnant of longleaf pine is of poorquality. Prior to land settlement, nearly pure longleaf forestsoccupied an estimated 30 to 60 million acres within its originalrange. This type may now cover less than 5 million acres(Beyer, 1980; Harris, 1980). Several factors are responsiblefor this conversion. These same factors have affected most ofthe upland pine areas on Okefenokee Refuge.

a. Exclusion of Fire - Although longleaf traditionally occupiedmost of the pine sites within its natural range beforesettlement of the coastal southeast, it is not a climaxtype, Longleaf pine actually occurs fairly early in thesuccessional stage within most areas and owes its longtimeoccupancy to periodic surface fires which swept over thisarea on a one to three year cycle (Wahlenberg, 1946). Withthe exclusion of fire on low, moist sites, longleaf pine isfirst replaced by slash pine species and then by variousspecies of hardwoods. On drier sites, exclusion of firewill allow various species of oaks to replace longleaf.Exclusion of fire, followed by disastrous wildfires onOkefenokee, has also caused a reduction of habitat

60

diversity throughout the refuge. This occurs because most ofthe natural pine age classes have been destroyed. A fewstands greater than 50 years of age are found which escapedthe 1932 wildfire. Almost all of the remaining stands arebunched into two age classes, 45 to 50 years (regeneratedafter the 1932 fire) and 25 to 30 years {regenerated aftertiie 1954-55 wildfire).

b. Timber Harvesting - Coupled with the exclusion of fire,timber harvesting has accelerated the conversion of longleafpine stands to slash pine. Some early logging practicesstimulated natural opening of stands, promoting theestablishment of longleaf seedlings (Boyer, 1980) but clear-cutting with the exclusion of fire allows the more aggres-sive slash pine to invade the area.

During the Suwannee Canal Company and Hebard Cypress Companyeras (1890-1920), most of the upland on Okefenokee Refugeincluding the interior islands was indiscriminately har-vested with little regard for regeneration, leaving poorlystocked, high-graded stands in the aftermath. These remnantlongleaf stands are very poor quality and are composed ofthe suppressed trees remaining after clearcutting or are theprogeny of these poor grade trees.

c. Tree Planting - As clearcuts have been replanted or asabandoned agricultural lands or cleared sites have beenreforested, slash pine has been almost exclusively plantedbecause slash pine seedlings are more easily established andreach a merchantable size more rapidly.

Until recent times on Okefenokee Refuge, most areas in needof regeneration were converted to slash pine. Recent forestmanagement prescription cruises on this refuge show very fewlongleaf pine stands between 10 and 40 years of age. Mostof the young longleaf pine on this refuge have been plantedsince 1975.

D. Program Effect on Local Economy

Wildlife habitat improvement, endangered species management,wildlife oriented public use and aesthetics are more important tothe overall refuge objectives than the revenue generated by the saleof refuge forest products.

The forest management program will have a favorable but very smalleffect on the local economy. Charlton, Ware and Clinch Counties areamong the top pulpwood producing counties in the state.Okefenokee's 15,304 acres of forest management land produces amaximum of 2,300 cords of wood worth approximately $85,000 annually.This produces very little impact in a three-county area which has

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11 million acres of commercial forestland producing almost 70,000cords of wood per year.

The refuge forest management program does benefit the small, short-wood producer. Most harvesting operations on commercial forestlandare clear-cut operations involving large, expensive equipment. Thesmall short-wood producers has to-depend 'on thinning operationsgenerally for small private landowners for their existance.Okefenokee's long rotation with several thinning operations alsorequires this type of producer to accomplish refuge objectives.

IV. PROGRAM UNITS—HABITAT MANAGEMENT COMPARTMENTS

A. General

The forest management areas contain 15,304 acres of upland forest-land, mostly pine, and are divided into 15 compartments ranging from150 to 2,500 acres. These compartments are grouped into ten workinggroups averaging 1,500 acres. This represents an area which can beconveniently cruised and treated according to the prescription inone year. This management system will balance the workload fromyear to year, concentrate the work area to one group of compart-ments, limit the area to be inventoried each year and reduce thetime between inventory and application of the prescription.

Every stand in each compartment will be examined once every tenyears and treated if necessary. All data collected and other man-agement records will be recorded by compartments. Appendix "F"contains a table listing the compartment prescription schedule for1987 through 1996. .

B. Forest Management Compartments

Appendices "D" and "E" contain a map showing the location of eachforest management compartment and individual compartments mapsshowing timber type boundaries, roads, firelines, and other specialfeatures. The appendix to. this plan also contains stand andvolume tables, acreages, and other statistics often needed formanagement, planning and reporting purposes. See the list ofappendices following the table of contents.

62

V. PHYSICAL PLANT AND .EQUIPMENT USE REQUIREMENTS

A. Roads

Approximately 70 miles of primary roads provide access to the 15forest management compartments for habitat and fire management pur-poses. Nine miles of road, designed primarily for public use pur-poses, are hard surfaced. Other short sections of service roads aresurfaced with lime rock. The remaining roads are sandy woods roadsproviding access to all management areas except during extremely wetor dry weather.

During the past few years, several miles of trails and overgrownroads have been upgraded to refuge standards. Also clay has beenmixed into the road surface in most of the worst sand beds to reducethe dry weather rutting problems. Several miles of roads inCompartments 7, 9, 10, and 11 still need to be upgraded. Fundsrequired to complete this work are listed in Part VI. The refugeroad system within the forest management compartments is shown onthe compartments maps in Appendix "E". Other refuge roads, publicroads and industrial forest roads used during refuge and fire man-agement activities are shown in Appendix "D". A map clearly showingthe road network and the names of the roads needs to be constructedand reproduced in several sizes.

B. Forest Management Equipment

Forest management activities requiring special equipment includegeneral survey and inspection, road maintenance, site preparation,and tree planting. Where possible, projects are contracted oraccomplished with equipment rental contracts. Sharing of equipmentwith nearby refuges could provide some of the equipment needed forforce account projects. Other equipment must be purchased. Asummary of the needed equipment for major forest habitat managementprojects is on the following page.

C. Engineering Services

No engineering services are needed at this time. Future refugeroad projects may require engineering services.

63

ExistingRefuge

Equipment

NeedTo

Acquire

Need PossibleFor ContractArea orShare Rental

GENERAL SURVEYS SINSPECTIONS:,Light 4/WD Vehicle

ROAD -sjFIRELINEK NTENANCE.:,.D5 .&•-D6 Class TractorsFire Plows' /Road GraderFrontend Loader/Blackhoe

XXX

X

X X

SITE PREPARATION:D5 S D6 Class Tractors XChopperBreaking Harrow X

TREE PLANTING:" Small Tractors XTree Planters X

X XXX•X

XX

64

VI. FUNDING AND STAFFING REQUIREMENTS

A. Funding Requirements

The following table is an estimate of annual funding requirementsbased on FY 1986 costs and salaries. These estimates will vary dueto future cost of living adjustments.

Function Cost

Management & Administration ?20,000Planning 22,900Data Collection 3,900Habitat Management*- 24,000Road & Fireline Maintenance 9,200Equipment/Vehicle Maintenance 9,400Habitat Management Supplies 3,000Fuel 3,000Telephone 1,000Power 800Office Maintenance & Supplies 2,500

$99,700

^Includes most prescribed burning and reforestation activities.

B. Staffing Requirements

The following table is an estimate of the refuge staff time requiredto implement the proposed Forest Habitat Management Plan.

Staff Position Staff Days % Staff Days

Refuge Manager 39 15%Assistant Manager 42 16%Forester 200 77%Forestry Technician 240 92%Biological Technician (3) 52 7%Clerical Staff (2) 50 10%Maintenance Staff {2} . 3 5 " 7 %Equipment Operator (2) 40 8%

698

A total of 698 staff days or 2,68 FTE's are used to accomplishactivities associated with habitat management.

65

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, A.A. Journal, Surveyor. General Department, Georgia Department ofArchives and History, 1354.

Boyer, V,7. D. "Longleaf Pine." Forest Cover Types of the United States andCanada. Ed. F. H. Byre. Society of American Foresters, Washington, D.C.,(1980), 51-52.

Diemer, J.E. and Speake, D. W. "The Distribution of the Eastern Indigo Snake."Journal of Herpetology, V. 17, No. 3 (1983), 256-264.

Eyre, F.H., ed. Forest Cover Types of the United States and Canada. Society ofAmerican Foresters, Washington, D. C., 1980.

Fortson, C. ' W., Jr. "Peat Deposits in Georgia." Georgia Geological SurveyBulletin, 14:1 (1961), 1-21.

Grelen. Forest Cover Types of the United States and Canada. Ed. F. H. Eyre.Society of American Foresters, Washington, D. C., 1980.

Halls, L, K. and R. Alcaniz. "Browse Plants Yield Best in Forest Openings.".Journal of Wildlife Management, V. 32, No. 1 (1968), 185-186.

Hamilton, D. B. "Plant Succession and the Influence of Disturbance in theOkefenokee Swamp, Georgia." Reproduced as Qkefenokee Ecosystem Investiga-tions. Technical Report No. 9. University of Georgia, 1982.

Harper, Francis. Okefinokee Field Notebooks. 38 books. 1912-1952.

Harper, R. H. R. M. Harn>er Collection. Hoole Special Collections Library,University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.

Harris, L. D. Forest and Wildlife Dynamics in the Southeast. Proceedings.Forty-Fifth North American wildlife Conference, 1980.

Bemperly, Marion R. The Georgia Surveyor. General Department, Atlanta,Georgia, 1982.

Hodges* Forest Cover Types of the United States and Canada. Ed. F. H. Eyre.Society of American Foresters, Washington, D. C., 1980.

Hopkins, John M. "Forty-five Years With the Okefenokee Swamp." Georgia SocietyNat. Bull., 4:69 (1947), 75 pp.

Hurst, Robert Latimer. The Magic Wilderness. The Waycross-Ware County Centen-nial Committee, 1974.

Johnson, Forest Cover Types of the United States and Canada. Ed. F. H. Eyre.Society of American Foresters, Washington, D. C., 1980.

66

Locke, Brian A.; Conner, Richard N. and Kroll, James C. "Factors InfluencingColony Site Selection by Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers." Proceedings. Red-Cpckgded Woodpecker Symposium TT. State of Florida Game and Fresh WaterFish-Commission, 1983.

McCaffery, K. R.; Ashbrenner, J.E.; and Moulton, J,C. Forest Openinn Const mc-tion and Impacts in Northern Wisconsin. Wisconsin Department of NaturalResources, Technical Bulletin No. 120, 1981.

McCollum, J. L. and R. D. Ettman. Georgia's Protected Plants. The GeorgiaDepartment of Natural Resources, 1977.

Hetzen, Wendell, Personal Communications. 1985.

Meyers, J. M. "Community Structure and Habitat Associations of Breeding Birdsin the Okefenokee Swamp." Qkefenokee Ecosystem Investigation. TechnicalReport Number 11, University ot Georgia, 1982.

Miller, H. A. "Why Wildlife Openings in Forest Habitat." Proceedings.Southeast Association of Game and Fish Commissioners. 19 (1965), 171-173.

Needharn, J. G. J. G. Needham Collection. Olin'Library, Cornell University,Ithica, New York.

Parrish, F. K. The origin of the Okefenokee Swamp. Bulletin of the GeorgiaAcademy of Science 29:129 (1971).

Ripley, T. H.; Wilhite, L. P.; Downing, R. L.; and R. F. Hawlow. "Game FoodPlants in Slash-Longleaf Flatwoods." Proceedings. Southeast Association ofGame and Fish Commissioners. 16 (1962) 35-44.

Rykiel. E. J. The Qkefenokee Watershed: water Balance and Nutrient Budgets.Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Georgia (1977), 246.

1927. Savanna}") Horning News.

Silver, James. Special Report: "Okefenokee Swamp" to Chief, Biological Survey,Washington, D. C., Attn: Mr. Salyer. March 15, 1935.

Trowell, C. T. The Suwannee Canal Company in the Qkefenokee Swamp. Occasionalpaper from South Georgia, No. 5 (1984).

Trowell, C. T. Swamp Prehistory. 1984.

Trowell, C. T. Map: Logging Railroads in the Okefenokee Swamp (based on maps byJ. M. Hopkins, 1924 and 1945, aerial photos, 1937, 1941, 1944, 1952, 1977,and anecdotal information), 1983.

USDA. Forest Service. Bird Habitat Relationships on Southeastern Forest Lands.General Technical Report SE-22, Southeastern Forest Experimental Station,Asheville, North Carolina (Sept. 1982).

67

USDA. Soil Conservation Service. "Centenary Series."

USDA. Soil Conservation Service. "Cainhoi Series." Established Series, Rev.GWH-TRG-JCM, 1977.

USDA. Soil Conservation Service. ' "Dasher Series." Established Series, Rev.GLB. 1977.

USDA. Soil Conservation Service. "Leon Series.

USDA. Soil Conservation Service. "Mandarin Series." Established Series, Rev.LTS-JFB. 1977.

USDA. Soil Conservation Service. "Olustee Series." Established1 Series, Rev.JFB. 1977.

USDA. Soil Conservation Service. "Pamlico Series." 1981.

USDA. Soil Conservation Service. "Pelham Series."

USDA. Soil Conservation Service. "Plummer Series." 1981.

USDA. Soil Conservation Service. "Rutlege Series." Established Series, Rev.EDM-MFB-JTH. 1976.

USDA. Soil Conservation Service. "Sapelo Series." Established Series, Rev.TAK-GLB. 1977.

USFWS. Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service,Atlanta, GA. (1985) OB pp.

USFvS. Recovery Plan for the Vtood Stork (Draft). U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service,Atlanta, GA (1975).

Van Lear. Forest Cover Types of the United States and Canada. F. K. Eyre (Ed.).Society of American Foresters, Washington, D. C.iiytfuj.

Wadsworth, 3. R-, Jr. Integrated Studies of the Okefenokee Swamp Ecosystem.Proposal Submitted to NSF. Institute of Ecology,UniversityofGeorgia"{Green Version), 1 February 1981, pp. 61-62, 67. (Also reported at oralresearch reviews, Suwannee Canal Recreation Area, Okefenokee NationalWildlife Refuge, 1982-1983), 1981-1983.

Wahlenburg, W. G. Lonoleaf Pine. Charles Lathrup Park Forestry Foundation,Washington, D. C. (1946).

68

APPENDIX "A"

GLOSSARY

AGE CLASS — One of the intervals, commonly 10 years, into which the agerange of forest stands is divided for classification or use.

AGE CLASS DISTRIBUTION — The location and/or proportionate representationof different age classes in a forest,

ADVANCE REPRODUCTION — Young trees that have become established naturallybefore regeneration cuttings are begun or a clear cutting is made.

ALL-AGED — A forest or stand that contains trees of all or almost all ageclasses.

ALLUVIUM — The sedimentary deposits formed by flowing water (increasinglybeing restricted to the finer soil fractions, viz. clay and silt}.

ASPECT — The direction towards which a slope faces.

BACKFIRING {Prescribed Fire Context) — A fire set from a prepared line ornatural barrier so that it backs into the wind.

BARRIER — Any obstruction, natural or man-made, to the spread of fire;typically an area or strip devoid of flammable fuel.

BASAL AREA — Is a measurement of the density of the forest. It is thecross-sectional area of the trees (including bark) measured at breastheight.

BATTERIES — A layer of peat which has become detached and rises to thesurface of a swamp prairie or lake resulting in a floating island.

BURNING CYCLE — The planned interval oetween successive prescribed burns.

CANOPY — The stratum containing crowns of tallest vegetation (living ordead) usually above 20 feet.

CARRYING CAPACITY — Is the maximum number of a particular species that agiven ecosystem will support when food and cover and environmentalfactors are least favorable for the survival of species of species.

CLIMAX — The culminating stage in plant succession for a given environment,the vegetation being conceived has having reached a highly stable condi-tion.

COMMUNITY — Any assembly of organisms inhabiting a common environment andinteracting with one another.

CONTROL — That part of an experimental series providing a standard ofcomparison for determining the effects of the treatment.

A-l

CROWN LENGTH RATIO — Of a standing tree, the ratio of (live) crown lengthto tree height.

CUTTING CYCLE — For a stand, the planned, recurring lapse of time betweensuccessive cuttings in it.

DIAMETER BREAST HEIGHT (d.b.h.) — Of a standing tree, the stem diametermeasured at a standard height (4.5 feet) from ground level.

DILUVIUM — The coarse deposits from particularly strong water action.

ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION — Is the systematic replacement of one community byanother until the situation is stabilized. A process of natural aging.

ECOSYSTEM — The interrelated corniunity of plants and animals (bioticcommunity) and the physical, non-living features (climate, soil, alti-tude, etc.) of a given area or habitat.

ECOTONE — The transition zone between two adjoining communities.

EDGE — The more or less well-defined boundary between two or more elementsof the environment.

EVEN-AGED STAND — A forest stand in which the ages of all the trees areessentially the same. An even-aged stand usually originates after anatural catastrophe or managed clear-cut, which removes all of the oldstand, opening up the understory.

FINAL CUTTING — Removal of the last seed bearers or shelter trees afterregeneration is considered to be established under a shelterwood system.

FIREBREAK (Fuel Break) — A natural or constructed barrier used to stop orslow the spread of a fire or to provide a control line from which towork.

FIRELINE — The removal of alteration of fuels from a narrow area of thecontrol line by the use of hand tools, power equipment, or fire retar-dant chemicals to control a fire,

FIRE MANAGEMENT — All activities required for the control or use of fire tomeet land management goals and objectives.

FIRE SEASON — The period or periods of the year during which most wildfiresare likely to occur.

FLOOD PLAIN — A flat area bordering a watercourse, formed by the latter'sdeposits in times of flood.

FORESTRY — The science, the art, and the practice of managing and using forhuman benefit the natural resources that occur on and in associationwith forestlands.

A-2

HABITAT — The abode, natural or otherwise, of a plant or animal, consideredparticularly in relation to all the environmental influences affectingit.

HEAD FIRE — A fire burning with the wind.

HEAD OF A FIRE — The most rapidly spreading portion of a fire's perimeter,usually to the leeward or up slope.

HIGH GRADING — A type of exploitation cutting that removes species above acertain size, of high value, ignoring silvicultural requirements.

HOME RANGE — The area a non-migratory animal covers over a year's timeseeking food and cover and carrying of life's functions.

HOUSE — The final stage of a battery, now supporting mature trees. Locallycalled "houses" in the Okefenokee Swamp area.

HYDRIC — Sites or habitats characterized by' decidedly moist or wet condi-tions .

INTOLERANT TREE SPECIES — Those trees which cannot grow in the shade ofother trees.

ISOLATION — Absence of crossing among populations because of distance orgeographic barriers.

LIGHTWOOD — Coniferous wood having an abnormally high content of resin andtherefore easily set alight.

LITTER LAYER — Layer of undecayed vegetation (leaves, needles, etc.) accu-mulated on the forest floor.

MAST — Nuts and berries of forest trees which fall to the ground providingfood for wildlife.

MATURITY — The stage at which a tree has attained full development, parti-cularly height, and is in full seed production.

MODIFIED SUPPRESSION ACTION (Wildfire) — Any preplanned, approved variationfrom normal initial attack or suppression policy standards for economicor cultural reasons.

MOSAIC — An arrangement of plant cornnunities in a mosaic pattern, in con-trast to zonation.

NATIONAL WILDERNESS AREA — An area protected by the National Wilderness Actof 1964.

NATURAL FIRE — A fire ignited by natural causes such as lightning, volca-noes, and spontaneous combustion.

NATURAL IGNITION — (See Natural Fire, above).

A-:

NATURAL ROTATION — The average age attained by various species in naturalforests. Well suited to intolerant species, such as pines, that arefound naturally in even-aged stands.

NICHE — The physical place an organism occupies in its environment plus thefunction the organism has in the community.

NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE, — A resource that once used cannot be used again.Examples are fossil fuels and minerals.

OVERMATURITY — A stage following maturity of a tree marked by. a decline invigor, health, and soundness.

PREPARATORY CUTTING — Removing trees near the end of a rotation so as topermanently open the canopy and enlarge the crowns of seed bearers, witha view to improving conditions for seed production and natural regenera-tion, as typically in shelterwood systems.

PRESCRIBED BURNING — Controlled application" of fire to wildland fuels ineither their natural or modified state, under such conditions ofweather, fuel moisture, soil moisture, etc., as allow the fire to beconfined to "a predetermined area and at the same time to produce theintensity of heat and rate of spread required to further certain plannedobjectives of wildlife management, silviculture, fire-hazard reduction,etc.

PRIMARY SUCCESSION — The gradual supplanting of one community of plants byanother beginning on sites that have not previously borne vegetation.

REGENERATION — The renewal of a tree crop, whether by natural or artificialmeans; reproduction {the young crop itself; reproduction).

REHABILITATION — (Post Suppression) Activities taken to restore productivecapacity of land damaged by wildfire which include rebuilding of physi-cal facilities such as fences.

REMOVAL CUTTING — Removing trees between the seed cutting and the finalcutting under a shelterwood system, so as gradually to reduce theshelter and admit more light to aid the regenerated crop and to securefurther recruitment. [Note: According to Smith (1962), whose termi-nology was followed in this instance, the final cutting is die last ofthe removal cuttings.]

RENEWABLE RESOURCES — A resource that may be used and replenished orincreased. Examples are wildlife, timber, and soil.

ROTATION — The planned number of years between the regeneration of a standand its final cutting at a specified stage of maturity.

SAVANNA — Essentially lowland, (tropical and subtropical) grassland, gen-erally with a scattering of trees and/or shrubs.

A-4

SEED CUTTING — Removing trees in a mature stand so as to effect permanentopening of its canopy (if there was no preparatory cutting to do this)and so provide conditions for securing regeneration from the seed oftrees retained for that purpose.

SEED-TREE CUTTING METHOD — Removal in one cut of the mature timber fron anarea, save for a small number of seed bearers left singly or in smallgroups.

SELECTION CUTTING — The annual or periodic removal of trees (particularlythe mature) f individually or in small groups frcm an uneveji-aged forestto achieve the balance among the diameter classes needed for sustainedyield, and in order to realize the yield and establish new crop ofirregular constitution.

SERAL STAGE — Each stage in the sequence of plant community succession.

SERE — The whole seguence of communities that replace one another on agiven site.

SHELTEKHOOD SYSTEMS — Even-ago silvicultural systems in which, in order toprovide a source of seed and/or protection for regeneration, the oldcrop is removed in two or more successive shelterwood cuttings, thefirst of which is ordinarily the seed cutting (though it may be precededby a preparatory cutting) and the last is the final cutting, any inter-vening cuttings being termed removal cuttings.

SILVICS — The study of the life history and general characteristics offorest trees and stands, with particular reference to locality factors,as a basis for the practice of silviculture.

SILVICULTURE — The theory and practice of controlling the establishment,composition, constitution, and growth of forests.

SITE — An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as thisdetermines the type and quality of the vegetation of the area can carry.

SITE CLASS — A measure of the relative productive capacity of a site forthe stand under study.

SITE INDEX — The average height that the dominant or dominant and codom-inant portion of an even-aged stand will have at a specified age. It isa measure of the environmental factors affecting the growth and survivalof the forest.community,

SITE PREPARATION — Preparing a site for a new forest stand. Removal ofslash and competing understory before regeneration of the stand. Re-generation may be natural or involve planting seedlings or seeding.

SLASH — Branches, bark, top, chunks, cull logs, uprooted stumps and brokenor uprooted trees left on the ground after loggingr also debris re-sulting frcm thinning, wind, or fire.

A-5

SNAG — A standing dead tree or part of a dead tree from which at least theleaves and smaller branches have fallen. Often called a stub if lessthan 20 feet tall.

STAND — A contiguous group of trees sufficiently uniform in species compo-sition, arranagement of age classes, and condition to be a honogenousand distinguishable unit.

STOCKING — In a forest, a more or less subjective indication of the numberof trees as compared to the desirable number for best results.

STUMPAGE — The value of timber as it stands uncut.

SUBCLIMAX — The serai stage in plant succession irrrnediately preceding theclimax.

SUCCESSION — The gradual supplanting of one community of plants by another.

SUPPRESSION — All activities beginning with 'the discovery of a wildfire,continuing until it is extinguished.

SURFACE FIRE — Fire that burns surface litter, debris, and small vegeta-tion.

SWAMP PRAIRIES — Open areas of the swamp which support grasses reeds.Called prairies by early settlers because they resemble the mid-westernprairies. Their origin is usually a fire which destroys the woodysurface vegetation and the top layers of peat.

TERRITORY — The portion of its homerange a species defends - particularlyagainst members of its own species.

TOLERANCE — Refers to the relative capacity of a forest plant to surviveand thrive in the understory.

TREE SAVANNA — A savanna with shrubs and widely, irregularly scatteredtrees.

UNDERSTORY — The woody layer of hardwoods (or pine) growing underneath themain canopy of a forest stand.

UNEVEN-AGED — Of a forest or stand, composed of intermingling trees thatdiffer markedly in age.

WILDFIRES (Wildland Fires) — Any fire not prescribed by an authorized plan.

A-6

APPENDIX "B"

ACREAGE SUMMARY BY COMPARTMENTS AND CONDITION CLASS

COMPARTMENTNO.

1

2

2a

2b

2c

"2d

.2e

2f

3

4

4a

4b

4c

5

•6

7

7a

TOTALACREAGE

1,260

154

114

67

20

24

1,270

615

10

41

20

• 1,456

1,263

895

632

P3A

11_

0

0

0

0

-

9

0

0

0

-

0

0

P3B

556_

59

•o0

24

155

40

0

41

20

-

195

44

44

P3C

26

16

0

0

13

0

624

72i

0

0

0

686

224

271

99^—^—— —^— ~—

P2A

131_

55

47

0

0

4

204

0

0

0

-

0

316

90

P2B

236

61

0

0

0

0

137

172

0

0

0

107

121

170

327

P2C

_

0

0

0

0

109

41

0

0

0

361

30

11

22

PI.

132

71

0

20

0

0"•

116

21

1

0

0

209

150

0

0

UPLANDHARDWOODS

86_

• 0

0

0

0

115

30

0

0

0

1

0

0

FORESTEDWETLANDS

81

6

0

0

0

0

-

16

0 .

0

0

92

156

65

50

OPEN

1_

0

0

7

0

10

10

9

0

0

-

387

18

0

B-l

APPENDIX "B" (continued)

ACREAGE SUMMARY BY COMPARTMENTS AND CONDITION CLASS

COMPARTMENTN O .

7b

7c

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

TOTALS

TOTALACREAGE

728

297

1,944

350

220

810

260

1,280

240

1,334

15,304

•

P3A

0

0

0

0

0

10

0

0

0

40

70

P3B

399

0

91

40

50

150

165

465

150

420

3,108

P30

_L2A_

56

1,245

160

0

295

75

135

80

145i

4,346

... ,

P2A

189

167

0

60

50

30

0

125

0

253

1,721

P2B

0

0

162

70

55

40

0

400

0

125

2,183

P2C

0

n0

0

45

130

0

0

0

200

949

PI

no

2.5L_0

0

85

0

0

0

897

UPLANDHARDWOODS

0

0

48

0

0

0

0

10

0

25

-

315

FORESTEDWETLANDS

16

2.7

177 .

15

15

60

10

95

5

126

1,012

OPEN

0V

129

5

5

10 . .

10

50

5

0

703

1-2

APPENDIX "C"

VOLUME SUMMARY BY COMPARTMENTS AND CONDITION CLASSES

COMP.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1 11

12

13

14

15

TOTAL

CDS MBE

4750

1026

2086

1898

2703

3191

15,525

3,262

1506

853

1937

481

5876

450

6549

4017

508

2792

544

3406

2093

9925

7078

945

854

3532

1783

7995

1662

8333

P3A

CDS MBF

15

26

103

88

2

173

692

"P3B

CDS MBF

1941

149

334

182

760

1045168

156

107

322

354

997

322

900

2850

266

711

326

663

4359

666

136

447 '

1342

1477

4161

1342

3759

P3C

CDS MBF

100

624

129

689

493

832725.

496

446

113

204

121

219

38

138

1828

165

3072

1138

21475850

391

1151

293

527

312

566

P2A

CDS MBF

991

520

61

1032

10,020

366

305

433

1806

3655

365

. 15

31

354

9

223

931

1884

P2B

CDS MBF

1715

138

638

516

787

1591

3314

882

467

370 .

267

2668

834

547

79

168

17

36

56

2755103

388

385

215

2218

693

P2C

CDS MBF

258

37

1109

127

91

50

-358

550

48

171

16

87

342

526

OTHER

CDS MBF

88

119

171

2

118

220

2231487

21

21

85

14

201

7

288

130

10

37

3

126

221

223459

21

21

85

14

159

7

213

TOTALS 52,093 55,467 144 955 7,737 22,505 5,191 17,616 19,189 3,812 14,187 7,660 2,580 1,190 3,065

C-l

APPENDIX C

Stand and Stozk TabtzCondition C&MA ?3A

70

ACAC.

DM

h

6

10

12

Ib

16

18

20 .

22TOTALS

Mo. Trees

20

17

17

17

23

30

25

12

3-ii

.6165-0

Merchantable VolumeCds^ Bd. Ft.

.220

-765

1.581

612

17U8

3960

5325

3912

Area

27 66" 17, .29?

3-liO

5-95

9-35

18.17

32.10

35-00

21.2L

7-la

-JL5B136.00

This data is based on 1974 field data and is included . .only for reference at this time. When current field .data collected by Lake City Community College is processed

• by their computer system, -these tables will be updated.

C-2

-APPENDIX C

h6

8

10

12

16

18

P^e^em

Wo. of

10

8

18

21

30

25

8

2.

-i f^t-t

t Stand and S£odk Tabta Pe/i Ac/Condition Cicu,A ?3B

1205 AcA&>

Merchantable VolumeTrees Cds. Bd. Ft.

.110

.360

1.67U

756

2208

3300

170li

2 717

i 26ksTlUIT

jasal Are'a

'•- '90

-' 1.60

6.30

23-70

'26-75

11.20

3-89

-JLSb'7-20

This data is based on 1974 field data and is includedonly for reference at this time. When current fielddata collected by Lake City Community College is processedby their computer system, these tables will be updated.

C-3

APPENDIX -C'~

S&tnd and Stozk Tabta Vo.fiCondutLon C&LA-i P3.C

£40

DBH

h

6

8

10

12

Ih

16

18TOTALS

Mo. of Trees

12

10

10

10

10

10

5

i

Merchantable VolumeCds. Bd. Ft.

.132

.980

1*32

760

1320

1065

326

Basal 'Area

1.08

2.00

.,3-50

- ,i;?°

; 7: 0"

,.1°:7.0 '

7.00

• 1.7739-^5

This data is based on 197A field data and is includedonly for reference at this time. When current fielddata collected by Lake City Community College is processed"by their computer system, these tables will be updated.

'-'-" •*&&*;

C-4

APPENDIX C.

Stand and 3toc.k Tabta Pe/1Condition Cfru>* ?2A

565

Merchantable Yoliime

DEH

h

6

8

10

12

16TOTALS

Ho. of Trees •Cds.

1C

Bd.

75

-65

115'

72

32

19

1

.825

2.925

10.695

2592

2U32

2508

213

Basal Area

. "6,75

13-00

. •.60

-25-28

20:33

'IE676I

This data is based on 1974 field data and is includedonly for reference at this time. When current fielddata collected by Lake City Community College is processedby their computer S3'stem, these tables vill be updated.

C~5

APPENDIX C

Stand and Stoo.k Tab£e. PeA.•Condition. C&u* F2B

'2715•**

Merchantable VolumeDBH

U

6

10 .

12 "

llj

16

18.TOTALS

Wo. of Trees Cds. Bd. Ft.

31

27

55

50.

25

10

2

0.3

-3U1

1.215

5-115

1800

1900

• • 1320

h26

. 98

Basal Area

2-7-50

10.70

212.3 6^71

This data is based on 1974 field.data and is includedonly' for reference at .this time. Wh&n current fielddara collected "by Lake City"..Community College is processedby their computer system, these tables will be updated.

C-6

APPENDIX C

Stand anditioJ620

Tab£e Pe/iP2C

DBH

10

12

Ik

16TOTALS

No. of Trees

15

12

22

20

13

5-7 " •

Merchantable VolumeBd. Ft.

.165

.5UO

2.0U6

v " '* "*

2.751

|, 720 i

1 988

752

1702630

1-35

2.UO

7-70

11.00

10.27

6.10

1.1239- 9U

This data is based on 1974 ie.ld data and is includedonly for reference at this., time. When current fielddata collected by Lake City * Community College is processed,by their computer system, these tables will be updated.

C-7

.ro. roro

roO Co

H cr roHO Cb

op- - -u> . ro I-1cr ro H ^JO OM |UJ ro

enO

UJ

o^•\n

-rim;

O7Xrnrn

oo>•

oI

CO

va—0

O , O O

nMCO

; O

t -- \i >i— ca>-* t—-n mrri

7Jrn-ncr5

APPENDIX "C"

GROWTH TABLES

STANDCONDITIONGLASS

P3A

P3B

P3C

P2A

P2B

P2C

PI

BH

UH

PC

AVERAGEAGE

AVERAGEBASAL AREASQ. FT.

SITEINDEX

ACRES PERCONDITIONCLASS

GROWTH/ACREBD,. FT.

(SCRIBNER)

TOTALANNUAL

• GROWTHBD. FT.

Lake City Community College, asa cooperative research project,is working on this data. Thisdata will be included in thetable as soon as it is processed

C-9

O K K F K N U K K K N A T I O N A L \\ILDLn-i-, iu*,ruv>c.H . M H I l l V \ M » C h D l t C I A

APPENDIX D

Forest ManagementCompartments

F- £ -N 0 xKr £

TALLAHASSEE MERIDU1SCOMPILED IN THE DIVISION OF REAL

FROM SURVEYS BV F.iW.E.. 6.L.O. AND

U.S. ARMY

ATLANTA. 0EORGI*. JUNt. 1O63

APPENDIX EOKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

COMPARTMENT!

SCALE -I in. : !_Q\!lo.

oadstrails.''Ire Lines'""imber Type BoundarySwamp .......... . ......... •Kne 'iype .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PI lardvjood Type .. . . . . . . . . . . *H1 .inc;-Cypre2s Gvjauip ........ J'CS

.... .......... 11 ulpwood Stand ............ 2^awtimber Stand, . . ' - ...... -3Crown Canopy Dense , » . * - . . — ACrown Canopy Semidense. . . .HCrown Canopy Sparse, ....* .CPuture Regeneration Area. ,FuLure Vit:W? Support Sl.and.Of en I^nd .................. 0Special Use Avoas ..... ...

H o v i 5,, (1 A p r i l , I 0 76

%3$$3&%!jSjF??^ y

. ., . ; '•: . ••i 'APPsMix -E

OKEFENOICEE NATTONAL Will

COMPARTMENT 2

R E F U G E

NA

Roads . . .Brails. • - . . ' . [ [Swamp • - . . . . ] 'Timber Type Boimdary" '.Pine Type . . . . . . .Hardwood Type .Pine-Cypress Swamp' * !Reproduction- . .Pulpv:ood Stand- . '.Sawtiiaber Stand . .Crown Canopy Dense- 'Crown Canopy SemidenseCrown Canopy Sparse-. .Red-Cockaded Woodpecker

Colony- or Support Stand

SCALE: 4 ;n : , m[|l

12/76

N

APPENDIX E

O K E F E N O K E E N A T I O N A L W I L D L I F E R E F U G E

C O M P A R T M E N T 2

i

£'

<

UMIT

SCALE 1 : 24 ;000

O K E F E N O K E E N A T IO N AL W 1 LD Ll FE R E F U G E

C O M P A R T M E N T 2

N4

UNIT 2 cKingfisher Landing

UNIT 2 d

SCALE 1 : 24,000

ATPSSDIX EA T I O N A L W I L D L I F E R E F U G E

Q M P A R T M E N T 3

LEGEND:

Primary Roads, Paved * •Secondary Roads, Paved •Graded Roads *Trails • *Walking TrailsFire Lines •Timber Type Boundary • •Swamp -Pine Type »Hardwood TypePrecommercial Timber • •Pulpwood StandSawtimber Stand • • • *Crown Canopy Dense • • -Crown Canopy Semidense •Crown Canopy Sparse • •Open Land

ad

, APPENDIX"E

O K E F E N O K E E NATIONAL W I L D L I F E R E F U G E

COMPARTMENT 3

N

LEGEND:

Primary Roads, Paved •Secondary Roads, PavedGraded Roads . . . . .Trails . . . . . . 0 «Walking Trails • » <> *Fire Lines . . * - . .Timber Type Lines • •Swamp . . . . . . . .Pine Type... e ...Hardwood Type. « • • •Precommercial Timber .Pulpwood Stand . . . .Saw-timber Stand • «. •Crown Canopy Dense . .Crown Canopy SemidenseCrown Canopy SparseOpen Land . . . . . .

pH123ABC0

Seal* i 4 In : 1 mil*

OKEFENOK£E NATIONAL WILDLIFE . R E F U G E

C O M P A R T M E N T

LEGEND:

Primary Roads, Paved - - •Secondary Roads, Paved . *•Graded Roads :Trails rWalking Trails . . . .. .Pire LinesTimber Type Lines . . . ...Swamp , . (Pine T}'pe ....... pHardv/ood Type HPrecommercial Timber - - 1Pulpwood Stand ..... 2Sawtimber Stand .... 3Crown Canopy Dense ... ACrown Canopy Semidense . gCrown Canopy Sparse cOpen Land 0Block Numbers . . . .

SCALE: 4in. = 1 mile

APPENDIX E

OKEFKNOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGECOMPARTMENT 4 a, b

SCALE '

1:24,000

AT-FHNDIX E

LEGEHD:

Primary Roads, Paved ,Secondary Roads, PavedGraded Roads

walking TrailsTire LinesTimber T3ipa Boundary . . . . , . - - . . _Swamp . . . . . . . . . . . . £~"uiPine Type PHardwood Type . . . . . . . BPine-Cypress Swamp . .' . • - . 'PCPrecoramercial Timber . . . . 2Pulp wood Srand . . . . . - .. - 2 •,Sawziraber Snano . . . . . ; . , 3.Crowa Canopy Dense ACro^vn Canop}1 Semidetise . . . .^BCrovn Canopy Sparse . . . . . CQDen Land - 1 0

Scale: 4 in = 1 mile

Lr.-N A T I O K A L W T L D L I F E R E F U G E

C

LEGEND;

Primary Roads , Paved , . .Secondary Roads, Paved . .Graded RoadsTrailsWalking TrailsFire LinesTimber Type Boundary . . .SwampPine TypeHardwood Type HPine-Cypress Swamp PCPrecommercial Timber . . . . 1P u lp wo od S c a nd 2Sawtimber Stand 3Grown Canopy Dense . . , - . . ACrown Canopy Semidense . , . BCrown Canopy Sparse ', . . . • COpen Land 0

Scale: 4 in - 1 mile

i APPENDIX' E j

OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE R E F U G Ei

COMPARTMENT 5

W A R E cp., GA.co., FL'A

OKEFEMOKEE MATEONAL V/ [LDLtFE R E F U G E

COMPARTMENT 5

LAND LOT 260

LEGEND:

Primary Roads.: Paved .Secondary Roads.. PavedGraded RoadsTrailsWalking Trails . . . .Fire tinesTimber Typs BoundarySwamp ;Pine TypeBardwood Type . . .Pine-Cypress SwampPrecommercial Timber .Pulp wood Stand- . . . .S aw t imb er S t an d . . .Crown Canopy "Dense . .Cr own C an o py S eraid en s eCrown Canopy1 SparseOpen Land

Scale:, -k in = 1 mile

0

32

o

Vl/

OKEFENOKEL^mCOMPARTMENT 6 '"

•-APPENIM" E - ~

COMPASlMENT

Scale: 4 in = 1

APPENDIX E

N

COMPARTMENT 7

Scale: 4 in - 1 mile

COMPARTMENT 7 O.

WEST BLCGICS

Scale: 4 in = 1 mile

COMPARTMENT 7 b

NORTH BLOCKS

Scale: 4 in = I mile

COMPARTMENT.. 7 tf

SOUTH BLOCKS

Scale: 4 in = 1 mile

BAST BLOCKS

APPENDIX E

b c n j e : - in =

N

COMPARTMENT / c

WEST

Sca le : A ir. = J :rj

N

OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGECOMPARTMENT 8

JONES ISLAND SECTION

APPENDIX E

C- FOSTER

PARK

LEGEND:

Primary Roads, Paved .Secondary Roads, PavedGraded RoadsTrails .' -.Walking Trails . . . '.FirelinesTimber Type Boundary- .Pine Type P .Hardwood Type HPine/C3'press/Hardwood Swamp. . . PCHPreconrmercial Timber 1Pulpwood Stand . . 2Sawtimber Stand 3Crown Canopy Dense . . . . . . . ACrown Canopy Semidense BCrown Canopy Sparse COpen Land '. 0Borrow Pit . . _ BP

Scale: A in - 1 mile

OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGECOMPARTMENT 8

NORTH POCKET SECTION

LEGEND:

Primary Roads, Paved . . . .Secondary Roads, Paved. . . .Graded RoadsTrailsWalking TrailsFirelinesTimber Type BoundaryPine Type PHardwood Type HPine/Cypress/Hardwood Swamp . PCHPrecoimnercial Timber 1Pulpwood Stand 2Saw timber Stand . .- 3Crown Canopy Dense ACrown Canopy Semidense. . . . BCrown Canopy Sparse COpen Land 0Borrow Pit

Scale: 4 in = 1 mile

ttJS3UHX

flKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGECOMPARTMENT 8

SOUTH POCKET SECTION

LEGEND;

Primary Roads, Paved taa***Secondary Roads, Paved teemGraded Roads mrrTrails rrrWalking TrailsFirelines ,Timber Type Boundary '"'"•-.Pine Type " PHardwood Type HPine/Cypress/Hardwood Swamp • . PCHPrecommercial Timber 1Pulpwood Stand 2•Sawtimber Stand . . . . . . . . 3Crown Canopy Dense ACrown Canopy Semidense BCrown Canopy Sparse COpen Land 0Borrow Pit Bp

Scale: 4 in = 1 mile

P3C

?39'x b

,O

APPENDIX E

M^KJ.D tAPPENDIX E

Timber Type Boundary . .I ' inn TypeHnrdwood Type . . . ; . .Fine-Cypress Swamp- • . .l loproductioni'\il pwood Stand 2Spl i t s mbor Stand 3•-rown Tanopy Dense A"Iroun f 'a i iopy Semider.He • • Bi mm; Hai'opy Sparse- . , , . C

?HPCS1

O K E F E N O K E E N A T I O N A L W I L D L I F E R E F U G E

Wilj'J-iD

Roads . . . . .Trails - - - • •SwampTimber Type BoundaryPii ne Type • - 'Hardwood TypePine-Cypress Swamp ..... PCSReproduction ....... . . 1Pulpwood StandSaw timber Stand • • •Crown Canopy Dense- •Crown Canopy SemidenseCrown Canopy Sparse-.

APPENDIX E

S C A L E : 4 in : 1 mi l .

COMPART^EMIT 12.

O K E F E N O K E E N A T I O N A L W I L D L I F E R E F U G E

*O K E F E N O K E E NATURAL W I L D L I F E R E F U G E

C O M P A H T M E U T l'a

S C A L E : *" = i M I u e

%

RoadsTrailsSwampTimber Type Boundary • •Pine Type . . . . . . . .Hardwood Type .Pine-Cypress Swamp- • . .ReproductionPulpwood StandSaw timber StandCrown fanopy Dense- • - •Crown Canopy Semider.se •C-rown Canopy Sparse-. • •

PI!PCS123A 'Bn

APPENDIX E

Q K E F E N O K E E N A T I O N A L W I L D L I F E R E F U G E

COMPARTMENT E4

--;' '*•••.•..-"' -. P/A ; ;\P3l (&~^'f&\:

Roses

Swamp • • •Timber TypePine TypeHsrctwood Type . . . .Fine-Cypress Swamp- •Reproduction- • • • •Pulpwood S t a n d . . . .Sai-rtimber Stand • . .C'rowr. Canopy Dense- -Crown Canopy SsmidensiC -r ovrr, Ca r. opy Spar s e - -

PHPCS

ABC

Si

APPENDIX r'Fn

FOREST MANAGEMENT COMPARTMENT PRESCRIPTION SCHEDULE

GROUPNO

I

II

III

IV

V

-.VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

- FISCAL-YEAR

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

COMPARTMENTS

8

101112

69

7

1314

15

1

?4

3

5

COMPARTMENT"ACRES

1944

220810260

1263350

• 2552

1280240

1334

1260

154686

1270

1456

GROUPACRES

• " , 1944 .

1290

1613

2552

1520

1334

1260

840

1270

'1456

atofc: -•-•--. ..—sS ..

APP ENDlX~"G~=~'N2>a:u KpnzOKEFENOKEE N A T I O N A L WILDLIFE REFUGE

UNITED STATESDEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

itVf

FI.UK1IM AM) (JEUItClA UNITED STATESPISH AND WILDUft StRVICE

Research Natural Areas '

1. Pond Cypress RNA2. Sweetbay RNA -3. Floyds Island RNA4. Pine Island RNA5. Territory Prairie RNA6.. Blackjack Island RNA7. Cowhouse listed'UNA8. Number One Island RNA

Cowhouse isaiand'RNA-

Public Use Natural Areas

1. Chesser Island Bay PUNA2. Chesser Island PUNA3. Floyds Island PUNA4. Chesser Prairie Rookery PUNA5. Chesser Prairie PUNA

Prairie RNA

'Number One Island RNA

Rookery PUNA

Island PUNA I

R 18 E KxCOMPILED IN THE DIVISION OF REAT.TYFROM SURVEYS SY P.AV/.S.. Q.1-.O. AND

U.S. ARMY

R 19 E «"» R 20 ETALLAHASSEE MERIDIAN

O BOOO 12OOO 2-tDOO 36OOO dBDOO FEET/,, MEAN'f DECLINATION

ATLANTA. JUNG. 166S 4 R G A 2I3405

APPENDIX "H1 wSUMMARY OF RED-GOCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT ON OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

.3\

1-1

!4- 15,6

. 16i

>

5 ';

5 i

!

!

'

CavityTrees

01

2511501552201430209512 .3583

0

229

Active*Colonies

0030 '4-o1110

, 01103

. 163122 '1

0

. 40

AvailableHabitat

1206667620147237555050016050350200400150565247020602301600700140

3840

15,875

OccupiedHabitat

00

6000

472•0

20020016000

2002000

5652470600200400400140

0

6807

Longleaf Pine

Old80+Yrs

000000000

• 000000

25020025504020

30

615

Mature40-80Yrs

0162001063501001005015075150302508508604025020025

100

3479

Young<40Yrs

427102051147504300600000000000

0

556

Longleaf /Slash

Old80+Yrs

00000001000000000010411420

70

165

"Mature40-80Yrs

254035075295175500246300

2001002501003009008004095035030

1500

•7256

Young< 40Yrs

25010525045 '134503508700500

115050000

138500

570

2244

Slash Pine

Old80+Yrs

, 00004002000000000000020

50

94

Mature40-80Yrs

601075100110150350497400503011570152352003520010015

1500

3957

Young<40Yrs

650105150150645176792498055750

1850

3780

4125030015020

700

5491

Slash/Pond/LoblollyPines

Old80+Yrs

0000000105000000350000'0

50

100

Mature40-80Yrs

10051250

448711112505535853040200100801504010

500

1778

Young<40 .Yrs

5590592000

150580451000

2250

150618600721505028

800

3270

ed refuge population is 220 red-cockaded woodpeckers

APPENDIX HRed-Cockaded Woodpecker Population Distribution

Scele: Ont inch: appro.imalely 16.s milesRefuge Clan Groups::RedOther Clan Groups: Blue

AWl NDIX H

NATIONAL WILDLIFECCKPAJlTMENl'l

S C A L E 'I in. : 1 m i I u

hJ

RED-CQCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites . .(Pure or mixed stands containinglongleaf pine. Pond and loblollypine stands may also be suitable.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites .(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 incnes BBH.)

Young Pineland Potentially SuitableFor Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andother .preferred, pine -.species . )

Young Pineland Potentially SuitableFor Foraging Sites.(Other young pine stands.) -

APPENDIX H

O K E F E N O K E E N A T I O N A L W I L D L I F E R E F U G E

• C O M P A R T M E N T 2

NA

e

RED-COGKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites . .(Pure or mixed stands containinglongleaf pine. Pond and loblollypine stands may also be suitable.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites .(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 incnes DBH.)

Young Pineland Potentially SuitableFor Colony Sites'(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andprher.preferred, pine .species.)

Young Pineland Potentially SuitableFor Foraging Sites.(Other young pine stands.) •

Red-Cockaded WoodpeckerColony or Sunnort Stand

v.

S C A L E : 4 i n i I rnt

12/76

APPKN1UA n

O K E F E N O K E E N A T I O N A L W . L D L . F E R E F U G E

C O M P A R T M E N T 2

uiJrrzb

l/MIT 2

RED^COCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites . .(Pure or mixed stands containinglongleaf pine. Pond and loblollypine stands may also be suitab'le.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites -(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 incnes DBH.)

Young Pineland Potentially SuitableFor Colony Sites

•(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andpther .preferred, pine .species.)

Young Pineland Potentially SuitableFor Foraging Sites.(Other young pine stands.) . SCALE 1 : 24,000

APPENDIX H

O K E F E N O K E E NATIONAL WILDL IFE R E F U G E

C O M P A R T M E N T 2

NA

UNIT 2 cKingfisher Landinj

R£D-COCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites . .(Pure'or mixed stands containinglongleaf pine. Pond and loblollypine stands- may also be suit'ab'le.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites .(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 incnes DBH.)

Young Pineland Potentially SuitableFor Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf and

m other .preferred-pine species.)Young Pineland Potentially Suitable

For Foraging Sites.(Other young pine stands.)

UNIT 2 d

SCALE 1 : 24,000

APPENDIX H

O K E F E N O K E E N A T I O N A L W I L D L I F E R E F U G E

C O M P A R T M E N T 3

RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites . .(Pure or mixed stands containinglongleaf pine. Pond and loblollypine stands may also be suitab'le.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites ,(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 1.0 incn.es DBR.)

Young Pineland Potentially SuitableFor Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andpther .prefeinred. pine .species.)

Young Pineland Potentially SuitableFor Foraging Sites.(Other young pine stands.)

iwnmp y»rlm«t»r Rood

Ked Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity Tree

Scale: 1 inch « 1,566 ft.

APPENDIX H

O K E F E N O K E E NATIONAL W I L D L I F E R E F U G E

C O M P A R T M E N T 3

N

J

RED-COGKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable lor Colony Sites . .(Pure or mixed stands containinglongleaf pine. Pond and loblollypine stands may also be suitable.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites .(Pardally open pine stands greaterthan 10 incnes D B H . )

Young Pineland Potentially SuitableFor Colony Sites.(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andpther.prefeTr.red pine .species.)

Young Pineland Potentially SuitableFor Foraging Sites.(Other young pine stands.) •

5ca l* i 4 in : I m IU

Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity -Tree

APPENDIX H •:

O K E F E N O K E E N A T I O N A L W I L D L I F E R E F U G E

C O M P A R T M E N T 4

RED-COGKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites . .(Pure or mixed stands containinglongleaf pine. Pond and loblollypine stands may also be suitab'le.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites .(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 incnes DBH.)

Young Pineland Potentially SuitableFor Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andpther .'preferred, pine .species.)

Young Pineland Potentially SuitableFor Foraging Sites.(Other young pine stands.) -.

CALr: A in. = 3 mi 1e

o;;.:ri;;MKi:i; IJ.M-IOKAI- WILDLIFECOMl'AKTMEN'J * a, b

KED-COCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites .(Pure or mixed stands containingmature longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites .• (Partially open pine stands greater

than 10 incnes DBH.)Young Pineland Potentially Suitable

for Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf and"orher .preferred pine species.) "

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Foraging Sites.(Other young pine stands.)

e

Scale 1:.24.000

APPENDIX H

COfxIPARTMENT 5

e

RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites . .(Pure or mixed stands containingmature longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites .(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 incnes DBH.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andother .preferred pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Foraging Sites.(Other young pj,ne stands.)

Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity Tree

APPENDIX H

OKEFEMOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE R E F U G E

CO/APARTMENT 5LAND LOT 250

"7

RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sices .(Pure or mixed stands containingmature longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 incnes DBH.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands o'f longleaf andpther .preferred pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Foraging Sites.(Other young pine stands.)

N

A

S c c I c : in = 1 irile

APPENDIX H

OKEFENOICEE NATIONAL WILDLIFEi

. ._.;: COMPARTMENT 5

R E F U G E

RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sices , .(Pure or mixed stands containingmature longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites .(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 incnes DBR.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andother preferred pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Foraging Sites.(Other young pine stands.)

Red-Gockaded Woodpecker Cavity Tree

Scale: 4 in = 1 mile

RED-COGKADED WOODPECKER H

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites . .(Pure or mixed stands containingmature longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 inches DBH.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitable£ or Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf and•other preferred pin& species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitable __for Foraging Sites. r.,'.;<(Other young pine stands.) . '^

COMPARTMENT 6 '

COMPARTMENT 7...j

RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT '

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites .(Pure or mixed stands containingmature longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 inches DBH.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Colony Sites , .(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf and•other .preferred pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitable Afor Foraging Sites. •(Other young pine stands.)

Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity Tree 42

Scale: -

N

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites .(Pure or mixed stands containingmature longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 inches DBH.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Colony Sites • •(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andD-ther .preferred pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitable ,for Foraging Sites. !(Other young pine stands.)

Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity Tree ®

COMPARTMENT 7

EAST BLOCKS

Scale: 4 in = 1 mile

APPENDIX H

N

RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites .(Pure or mixed stands containingmature longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites .(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 inches DBH.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andother preferred pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Foraging Sites. j "j(Otber young pine stands.) . ~

COMPARTMENT 7 O.

WEST BLOCKS

Scale: 4 in = 1 mile

RED-COGKADEP WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites .(Pure or mixed stands containingmature longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines,)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 inches DBH.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andDther .preferred pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitable pfor Foraging Sites. t(Other young pine stands.)

COMPARTMENT 7 b

NORTH BLOCKS

Scale; 4 in = i mile

COMPARTMENT/- 7 b-

SOUTH BLOCKS

Scale: 4 in = 1 mi1e

RED-COGKADED WOODPECKER. HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites . . I(Pure or mixed stands containingmature longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines.) a

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites . H(Partially open pine stands greaterth-an 10 inches DBH. )•

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andptaer .prefer.red pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitable nfor Foraging Sites. [i(Other young pine stands.)

COMPARTMENT 7 c

EAST KUiCKf

Ui

N

CO

RED-COGKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites(Pure .or mixed stands containingmature longleaf., pond or lob-lolly pines.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites .|(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 inches DBH.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andother preferred pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Foraging Sites. W(Other young pine stands.) . &-

GA.

VJES7 BLOClCf-

n.i

RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites .(Pure or mixed stands containingmanure longleaf, pond or lob-lolly .pines.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 inches DBH.) ' •

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Colony, Sites '(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andptlaer .preferred pine species.)

Toung Pineland "Potentially Suitable rfo r Foraging Sites. . . . . . . . I

i (Other young pine stands.)

N

RED-GOCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sines .(Pure or mixed stands containingmature longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines .)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 inches DBH.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf and•other preferred pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitable rfor Foraging Sites. I

. (Other young pine stands.)

N

APPENDIX H

COMPARTMENT 8W E S

Sites . .|fl£tain ing

ing Sitesds ; greater

Suitable

longleaf and

cies . )Suitable

APPENDIX H

eCOMPARTMENT 8

EAST

RtU —l^UVjivti^^^ .

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites . .(Pure or mixed stands containingmature longleaf, pond or lob-

lolly pines,)Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites

(Partially open pine stands greater

than 10 inches DBH.)Young Pineland Potentially Suitable

for Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andother .preferred pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Foraging Sites.(Other young pine stands.)

i- : p ;- •''' f7:-L;.!

. OH*: J

J

APPENDIX H

RED-GOCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sices .(Pure or mixed stands containingmature longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 inches DBH.)-

Young Pineland- Potentially Suitablefor Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf and•other-preferred pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitable. fo r Foraging Sites.

(Other young pine stands.)

Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity TreejSjj

N

APPENDIX H

RED--COCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites .(Pure or mixed- stands containingmature longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines,)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites(Partially open pine stands greater

. than 10 inches D B H . )Young Pineland Potentially Suitable

for Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of long'leaf and'•other preferred pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Foraging Sites.(Other young pine stands.)

Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity

COMPARTMENT [Q

RED-COCKADEP WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sices . .(Pure or mixed stands containingmature longleaf,, pond or lob-lolly pines . ) •

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites .(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 inches DBH. )

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andother preferred pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Foraging Sites.(Other young pine stands.)

APPENDIX H

COMPAKYMEWT il

O K E H E N O K E E N A T I O N A L . W I L D L I F E R E F U G U

. . .l&ifliO:

RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites . . f(Pure or mixed stands containingm a t u r e longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines.) I

P ine land Suitable for Foraging Sites . I(Partially open pine stands greater

than 10 inches D B R . )Voting Pineland Potentially Suitable

for Colony Sices(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andother -preferred pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Foraging Sites.(Onher young pine stands.)

APPENDIX H

S C A L E ; .] ;,, :

*•' J::,-, :.'iPqM:T _..-.,'-i*.-w*.A*ri

.dfl^tfe.r-'-'-','-/-'-*""..'' L -,-'•-" "'- '\f:fT-'i*V-J *-*.. J I — _ ' - ; *, :W '- fe ;-II .V :--%&^^ :D

• - Pi"-:):-^r-^v -—•: "f 'fe^-':-^yi'—~\ -V>:.'", -.. --. 7 '-%"':,**''' .* '.-

C*f;-i P i\' :? Y A'\{r; ?! i'|f 6 o, \_i- 3 / ^ 1 . -i v 1 1 [ v \. . -j tl fi L-,

Red-Gockaded Woodpecker Cavity Tree aB

O E F G N O K E t N A T I O N A L W I L D L I F E R E F U G E

oTlO K E F E N O K E E N A T I O N A L W I L D L I F E R E F U G E

C O U P A F U M EUT 1*3

APPENDIX H

\Xs i":1vio'. .3iS: i'JE:J^Jr;.;V-/

RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER HABITATI

Pincland Suitable for Colony Sices . .«(Pure or mixed stands containingm a t u r e longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines .) |g

IEPineland Suitable for Foraging Sites .Si

(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 inches DBH.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andother preferred pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitable jfflfor Foraging Sites. ™

vnnnp nlnP s fanHs . "1

APPENDIX H

O K E F E N O K E E NATIONAL W I L D L I F E R E F U G E

COMPARTMENT 14

r -,<„,*•.--'.-, .-i f_; ..tifccisw*.; ;_ • ; . /• "'v-V-''.-; f.-j-~^fO"'i'A5<''•:',:''*'',; ! * ' ' - . ' - . -1- • /. ...•-H;--).m ..• -•• *.•:• >.. • - /

,.:"'v':' •^-.^'"^•r;/.; "-.'••"^••ii.».:^""- ••• ''"V~*v^:-i--::.l I £**•*•'< "*'V-'..- 1Jv \D WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites .(Pure or mixed stands containingmature longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites(Partially open pine stands greaterthan 10 inches DBH.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Colony Sites(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andnnher .preferred pine species.)

"i'oung Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Foraging Sites.(Other young pine stands.)

RED-CQCKADED WOODPECKER HABITAT

Pineland Suitable for Colony Sites . .(Pure or mixed stands containingmature longleaf, pond or lob-lolly pines.)

Pineland Suitable for Foraging Sites .(Partially open pine stands greatertban 10 inches DBH.)

Young Pineiand Potentially Suitablefor Colony Sites .(Pure or mixed stands of longleaf andother preferred pine species.)

Young Pineland Potentially Suitablefor Foraging Sites. i.(Other young pine s tands . )

Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavity

APPENDIX "J"

SWAMP INTERIOR ISLANDS

ISLAND

"Bear Pen

Billy ' s

Blackjack

Boatlanding

Brooms tr aw'

Buck

Bugaboo

Burnt

Bush

Camp

Cedar Hamm'ock .

Charles . . -

Cravens Hammock

Cravens Island

TOTALAREA(ACRES)

12

3,319

3,253

175

108

'18

352

4

8

56

9

6 -

53

58

SWAMPAREA " -(ACRES)

0

230

75

0

0

0

0i

. 0

0

0

0

0

. 0

0

RCWP*COLONIES

17

3

__

1

—

—

—

—

PRESCRIBEDEIRE

MANAGEMENT

NO

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

DATE *LASTBURNED

1955-W

1986 -P

1984-P

1955-W

1955-W

1955-W

1984-P

1955-W

1955-W

1955-W

1955-W

- 1955-W

1955-W

1955-W

WILDERNESSAREA

YES

YES

YES

PART

YES

NO

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

PUBLICUSE

V

None

Walking Trail

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Canoe Trail Stop

None

Canoe Trail Stop.

None

J-l

0

APPENDIX "J"

SWAMP INTERIOR ISLANDS

ISLAND

Dog.

Ellicotts

Floyds

Fowls Roost

Grassy

Hickory Hammock

Hickory Island

Hilliard

H o g . . . .

loney

Honey Scrub

Horse

Indian

Indian Mound

TOTALAREA.(ACRES)

28

147

628

195

32

71

110

17

34

2,277-

37

* _ 26 '

66

65

SWAMPAREA.(ACRES) .

0

2

19

8

0

0

0

0

2

89

0

0

0

0

' RCWP*COLONIES

—

—

• —

—

—

—

—

—

—

2

—

—

—

—

PRESCRIBED;FIRE •

MANAGEMENT '

NO

NO

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

- - N O

NO

YES

- "NO

NO

NO ;

NO

DATE ALASTBURNED

1955-W

1955-W

1986-W

1955-W

1955-W

1955-W

1955-W

1955-W

1955-W

1985-86-W

19'55-W

1955 -J

1955-W

1955-W

WILDERNESSAREA

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

PART

YES •'

NO

YES' -

; YES

PART

NO

YES

PUBLICUSE

None

None

Canoe Trail Stop

None

None ^

None

None

None

None

None

N9ne .

None.

None

None

J-2

APPENDIX "J"

SWAMP INTERIOR ISLANDS

ISLAND

Jack

Little J^ine

Little (Ridley's)

Little Fidlers

Lloyd

Macks

Meatj

Middle

Minnies

Mitchell

Mixons Hammock

Moonshine Ridge

Number .One

Palmetto!..

TOTALAREA.(ACRES)

72

9

31

17

18

. .22

18

42

822

1,008

52

90 -

201

28

SWAMPAREA(ACRES)

0

0

o'

0

0

0

0

0

7

14

0

0

13

0

RCWP*COLONIES

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

2

—

—

—

—

PRESCRIBEDEIRE '

MANAGEMENT "

NO

NO

YES

YES

NO

YES

NO

NO

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

DATE *LASTBURNED

1955-W

1955-2

•1984-P

1974-P

1955-W

1974-P

19.8 4-P

1984-P

1955-W

1984-P

1955-W

1955-W

1984-P

1955-W

WILDERNESS" AREA

• YES

YES '

NO .

NO

• YES

NO' /

NO •

NO

YES

YES

NO

YES

YES

NO

PUBLICUSE

None

None

Walking Trail

None.

None x

Fishing

1 "None

Eishing

None

None

Camping

' None

None

None

J-3

APPENDIX "J"

SWAMP INTERIOR ISLANDS

ISLAND

Pine

Pope

Roasting Ear

Rowells

Strange

Unnamed(West of Sill)

Unnamed(East of Cravens Ham.)

,.

• •

TOTALSI

.TOTALAREA "•

.( ACRES)-

88

20

144

763

1,850

•31

28

H - - •*

.

16,518

SWAMPAREA(ACRES)' •

0

1

2-

22

127

0

0

' 611

RCWP*COLONIES •

-

—

—

—

—

26

PRESCRIBEDFIRE

MANAGEMENT -

YES

NO

NO

YES

YES

NO

NO

—

"DATE *LAST

•' -BURNED

1955-W

1955-W

1955-W

1955-W

198 1-P

1955-W

1955-W

•

—

WILDERNESSAREA

PART

YES

YES

YES

YES

YF.S

YttS

—

PUBLIC .,USE

t None

None

"None

None

None s

Nnrt<=>

"Kfnno

—

J-4

APPENDIX "K"

DESCRIPTION OF VEGETATIVE TYPESon

OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

Following are detailed descriptions of each major vegetative type found onOkefenokee National Wildlife Refuge. Wetland area descriptions are takendirectly from Hamilton, David B,, 1982. Plant Succession and Influence ofDisturbance in the Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia,.Qkefenokee Ecosystem Investi-gations , Technical Report #9, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. Wherepossible, Society of American Foresters, forest cover types will be refer-ences for each cover type described. Upland descriptions were taken fromEyre, F. H. (Ed.) 1980, Forest Cover Types of the United States and Canada,Society of American Foresters, Washington, D,C.

A. Southern Scrub Oak - (SAP type 72) This forest cover type consists of amixture of scrub oaks that may include several of the following species:turkey oak, bluejack oak, live oak and myrtle oak. The type is commonthroughout the southeastern Coastal Plain especially in the sand hills,or dry, sandy ridges {Van Lear, 1980). On Okefenokee Refuge, this typeis found on dry, infertile, excessively drained soils on almost imper-ceptable rises known locally as oak hammocks'(hummocks). Some of thesestands were longleaf pine stands with scrub oak in the understory. Inother cases, the dry, infertile soils would not support enough longleafpine to provide fine fuel to allow fires to pass through the area. Withthis natural exclusion of fire, the stand passed through thesuccessional stage to scrub oak. These species have adapted to droughtyconditions, are shade tolerant, and once established are selfperpetuating if fire is excluded. Generally, there is not enough finefuel to carry fire through these areas. Ground vegetation is sparsewith patches of bare ground often exposed. Understory species includepersimmon, sumac, gopher apple, blueberry, an occasional saw palmettoand wire grasses (Van Lear, 1980).

B. Longleaf Pine (SAF type 70) Longleaf pine is pure or comprises amajority of the trees in the overstory. In the Okefenokee Refuge area,slash pine is often associated. Principal hardwoods associated includeseveral scrub oak species, black gum, persimmon and sweetgum. Groundcover species commonly found in this area are wiregrass, gallberry, saw

. palmetto, myrtle, yaupon, shining sumac, blueberries, huckleberries andgopher apple. Ground cover density and species vary considerablydepending upon soil conditions (Boyer, 1980). While distribution oflongleaf pine within the refuge area has .decreased in the past, it has

K-l

now stabilized and in some cases is increasing. Because of itsimportance in the management of the endangered redcockaded woodpecker,longleaf is being favored during thinning operations and is beingplanted in regeneration areas wherever site conditions are favorable.Periodic prescribed burning is holding back the gradual conversion toslash pine or scrub oak.

C. Long leaf-Slash Pine (SAF type 83) This type occurs on a variety ofsites since the range of both species is from dry sandy ridges to poorlydrained flatwoods. It occurs most often, however, where fire is ex-cluded from longleaf pine stands where a slash pine seed source ispresent. With or without fire, this type is temporary. Burningdestroys slash regeneration and exclusion of fire will allow hardwoodsto dominate the understory and eventually the overstory. Commonassociates are various oak species, persimmon, red maple, sweetgum andblackgum. Woody ground cover species are gallberry, saw palmetto,sweetbay, blackgum, swamp cyrilla, greenbriars, lyonias, blueberries,and blackberries. Herbaceous ground cover species include wiregrass,bluestem grasses, panecums, deer-tongue and others (Grelen, 1080).

D* Slash Pine (SAF type 84) Because of its susceptibility to fire,slash pine was formerly confined to bay swamps, boggy flatwoods, andcoastal slash pine flatwoods where fire is not normally expected exceptduring times of drought. Fire suppression along with the removal oflongleaf pine has allowed this species to invade vast areas originallycovered by longleaf pine {Hodges, 1980). It has also been planted exten-sively in many areas because of its rapid growth. Slash pine wasplanted in several former longleaf pine stands on Okefenokee Refugeafter the 1954-55 wildfire. Associated species are sweetbay, swamptupelo, pond cypress, pond pine, loblolly bay, live oak, red maple,water oak and laural oak. On better drained sites, it is associatedwith loblolly pine, longleaf pine and several oaks. Ground cover onvery wet sites may be limited to sphagnum moss. On moist to wet sites,undergrowth includes wax-myrtle, gallberry, dahoon, yaupon and pitcherplants. On better drained soils, gallberry, saw palmetto, dwarf huckle-berry, blueberry and several grasses are present {Hodges, 1980). Thistype includes the pine wetland areas described by Hamilton, 1982.

E. Pond Pine {SAF type 98) Pond pine on Okefenokee Refuge occurs primarilyon wet sites that have a history of severe burns which have eliminatedslash pines and hardwoods. Pond pine is a fire type having serotinouscones which open and release seed after fire. The species possess theability to reform a crown by sprouting following wildfires. It is asso-ciated with slash pine, loblolly pine, pond cypress, swamp tupelo, redmaple, sweetbay, loblolly bay and red bay. Common components of itsvery dense understory are gallberry, greenbriar, swamp cyrilla, waxmyrtle.and.others (Johnson,1980).

F. Loblolly Pine {SAF .type 81) Very few pure loblolly pine stands arepresent on Okefenokee Refuge. Scattered loblolly pines are found inmoderately wet sites in association with slash pine and slash-longleafpine stands. The individual trees are important because they often

K-2

extend the range of a red-cockaded woodpecker colony beyond the bordersof a longleaf pine stand. Sane pure stands are present, however, inabandoned clearings or settlements such as occurred on Billy's Island orother islands. These pure loblolly stands are also useful in red-cockaded woodpecker management.

G. Sweetbay-Swamp Tupelo-Redbay (SAP type 104) - A great many species whichgrow on moist to wet sites are associated with this hardwood type. Theseinclude red maple, black tupelo, loblolly bay, sweetgum, water oak,laurel oak, yellow poplar American holly, southern magnolia, pondcypress and several pine species (Larsen, 1980). On Okefenokee Refuge,these are climax stands that succeed slash pine growing on wetter sites.Many understory species may be associated with this type.

H* BaV (Gordonia lasianthus, Persea palustris, Magnolia virginiana). Bayforests form fairly uniform stands with over 80% cover of broad-leavedevergreen trees. Dominant species include Gordonia lasianthus, Perseapalustrisf Magnolia virginiana, Ilex coriacea, and I. cassine. Smallpatches of shrub are corrmonly mixed with the bay. Scattered cypress andpine may compose less than 20% of the canopy. Sphagnum spp. is ccmnonas ground cover {Hamilton, 1982). Although this type would be includedin SAF type 104, these types and all of the following vegetation typesare located within the swamp while the preceding types are generallyfound on the upland and are separated for management purposes.

*- Cypress - (SAF type 100). Pond cypress (Taxodium ascendens) occurs inthe swamp as scattered individuals, small patches interspersed withother vegetation, and as large stands. This mapping unit distinguisheslarge stands in which cypress comprises over 75% of the canopy. Thesubcanopy is often dominated by broad-leaved evergreen species and theunderstory by scrub/shrub species. Sphagnum spp. comtonly occurs inthis habitat (Hamilton, 1982).

J. Blackgum - (aAF type 103), Blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora)forests with scattered cypress are found primarily in the western por-tion of Okefenokee Swamp. Blackgum is found as sprout growth in areaswhere logging removed both cypress and blackgum, and as mature blackgumforests where only cypress was logged. The subcanopy, where it occurs,contains broad-leaved evergreen and some broad-leaved deciduous trees(primarily Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora and Acer rubrum) and shrubs.The understory is relatively open, commonly with Sphagnum spp. as aground cover (Hamilton, 1982).

K. Bay Cypress - (SAF type 104). Forests dominated by bays, but havingover 25% scattered cypress canopy, are distinguished from either bay orcypress dominated stands (Hamilton, 1982).

L. Mixed Cypress - (SAF type 100). Forests with a cypress dominated canopy(over 50%),~~ but with at least two other dominants are mapped as acomplex. The cypress may be mixed with blackgum, bay, pine, or shrub.Small open prairie patches covering less than 10% of the mapping unitare sometimes visible. This mapping unit intergrades with three other

types and 'is separated f ran them as f ollows: 1) the shruh cypress typehas greater than 50% shrub; 2) the shrub-prairie type has greater than10% prairie and less than 50% cypress; and 3} the cypress/shrub/prairiecomplex has less than 50% cypress and less than 50% shrub (Hamilton,1982),

M. Cypress/Shrub/Prairie - (The overstory component of this stand is SAFtype 100). A complex of small contiguous cypress, shrub, and prairiepatches. The amount of any one component is variable, but prairiescover at lest 10% of the area. The abundance of cypress, as scatteredindividuals or small stands, separates this unit from the shrut prairietype (Hamilton, 1982).

N. Mixed Wetland Pine - (SAF type 104). The mixed wetland pine complexcontains a canopy of at least 30% pine mixed with two or more othervegetation types. Cypress, bay, scrub, shrub, and prairie may be pre-sent in various proportions {Hamilton, 1982).

0. Evergreen or Deciduous, Broad-Leaved Shrubs - (Scrub-Shrub Wetland).Lyonia lucida, Cyrilla racemiflora, Itea virginica, Ilex spp., Clethraalnifolia. Shrub dominated communities (over 75% area coverage) arefound throughout the swamp. Shrub communities may be dominated by broad-leaved evergreen or broad—leaved deciduous species. No attempt was madeto separate evergreen dominated from deciduous dominated communities.Evergreen shrubs include: Lyonia lucida, Ilex cassine, I_. coriacea, andI_. glabra. Deciduous shrubs include: Cyrilla racemiflora, Cephalanthusoccidentalis, Clethra alnifolia, Itea virginica, Leucothoe racemosa, andVaccinium spp. In addition to these shrubs, evergreen vines such asSmilax laurifolia may cover shrubby areas masking-their true deciduousnature. Small bay trees are indistinguishable from evergreen shrubs inaerial photographs and are included in this category (Hamilton, 1982).

P. Needle-Leaved or Broad-Leaved, Deciduous _Shru_b - (Scrub-Shrub Wetland).Taxedium ascendens or Nyssa sylvtica var. biflora. Young cypress andyoung blackgum are indistinguishable in the aerial photography and bothspecies are common throughout the swamp. Young trees (scrub) in thisvegetation type are dense, even-aged, and relatively low (less than 6 rn.tall). Shrub composes at least 75% of the mapping unit (Hamilton,1982).

Q. Scrub/Shrub - (Mixed Scrub-Shrub Wetland). In many locations smallpatches of scrub and shrub occur together in a complex. Either type maybe dominant and less than 25% of the area contains other mapping units(Hamilton, 1982).

R. Shrub-Pine - (Mixed Scrub-Shrub Wetland). Shrubs comprise at least 50%of the shrub-pine category, forming a continuous understory beneathfrequently scattered pines. Small bay trees are included as shrubs whenthey occur. Scattered cypress and small patches of prairie may occur.This mapping unit is distinguished from shrut bay by the abundance-'ofpine and from the mixed pine mapping by the co-dominance of shrubs{Hamilton, 1982).

K-4

S. Shrub-Cypress - (Mixed Scrub-Shrub Wetland) - Shrubs comprise over 50%of the shrub-cypress complex. Cypress occurs as scattered individualsor as small patches. Bay, pine, and prairie may also be present(Hamilton, 1982),

T> Shrub-Bay - (Mixed Scrub-Shrub Wetland). Shrubs are dominant in thismapping unit (at least 50%) with bays exhibiting about 25% cover. Othervegetation types may be present. This complex is used when shrubs areobvious and dominant under an open bay canopy (Hamilton, 19,82).

U. Shrub/Prairie - (Mixed Scrub-Shrub Wetland). Large patches of shrub andprairie form a complex in which either shrub or prairie may comprise 25to 50% of the area. Less than 25% of the area includes other vegetationtypes. Although some individual shrub and prairie patches may be largeenough to map separately, the regularity of mottling in air photossuggests that they are better described as part of a complex (Hamilton,1982).

v- Scrub-Pine - (Mixed Scrub-Shrub Wetland). Young trees are the mostcharacteristic component of this complex (50 to 80% cover). Scatteredpine are frequent and shrubs may compose up to 25% of this mapping unit(Hamilton, 1982).

W. Scrub-Prairie - (Mixed Scrub-Shrub Wetland). Areas of young deciduoustrees which are frequently interrupted by patches of prairie {eithertype), or in which prairie is obvious beneath the canopy, are includedin this mapping unit. Either prairie type may be dominant. Shrubs andscattered mature cypress may also occur (Hamilton, 1982).

X. Herbaceous Prairie (Carex spp., Panicum spp., Andropogon virginicus,Woodwardla' virginica) - Shallow marshes of the Okefenokee are locallycalled "prairies." Although the term is incorrect in aphytogeographical sense, this long-standing term is found in earlierliterature on the swamp (Wright and Wright, 1932; Hopkins, 1947; Cypert,1961) and is used on U. S. Geological Survey topographical maps. Onthe .present vegetation map, two types of prairie are recognized: thepersistent herbaceous prairie and the aquatic macrophyte prairie(described under mixed aquatic bad below) (Hamilton, 1982).

The herbaceous prairie is Geminated by emergent such as Carex spp. andmaidencane (Panicum spp.). In some regions, brocmsedge (Andropogonvirginicus) is locally dominant. Other taxa often found in herbaceousprairies include:' Chain fern (Wcoowardia virginica), pitcher plantsSarracenis spp.), swamp loosestrife (Decadon verticillatus), paint root(Lacnanthes tinctoria), wampee (Peltandria virginica), golden club(Orontium aquaticum), water lily (Nymphaea odorata), pipewort(Eriocaulon compressum) , and yellow-eyed grass (Xyris smalliana). Lessthan 10% of the area in open water. As much as 25% of the area mayinclude other vegetation types (Hamilton, 1982),

K-5

Y. Aquatic Macrophyte Prairie (Nyinphaea odorata, Spatterdock (Nupharluteum) , Orontium aquaticum, Bladderwort (Utrlcularia spp.) - Thisprairie type is vegetated primarily by Nymphaea odorata C on the easternside of the swamp), Nuphar luteum (on the western side), and floatingheart (Nymphoides aquaticum). Orontium aquaticum, pickerel weed(Pontedaria cordata), Peltandra virginica, Ericaulon cctnpressum, andXyris smalliana, though herbaceous emergents, are also common. Massesof Utricularia spp. and green algae are abundant sutzrergents. Sphagnumspp. occurs in shallow areas. Many of these prairies contain small islands of trees, shrubs, or herbaceous vegetation, commonly referred toas "tree houses" or "batteries." These islands cover less1than 50% ofthis mapping unit.

X-6

APPENDIX K

VEGETATIVE TYPES

ACREAGE SUMMARYWETLANDS

Habitat TypeText Pgs. 55-58

1. Broad LeavedSwamp Forest

2. CypressForest

3 . Pine SwampForest

4. Mixed ForestedWetland

.

Vegetative Type Map Description

Broad Leaved" EvergreenBay

Broad Leaved DeciduousBlackgum

Needle Leaved DeciduousCypress ( > 75% cypress)

Needle Leaved EvergreenSlash Pine

Mixed Fores ted"Wetland;

Bay/Cypress (bay dominant)Mixed Cypress (cypress dominant)Cypress /Shrub /PrairieMixed Pine (Pine dominant)

Appendix "K."Reference

h

J

i

n

k1mn

SAFType

103,104

103,104

100

104100

Acres

15,824.

11,911.

728.

55,659.

•

% Swamp Area

4.3%

3.3%

0.2%

15 . 3%

K-7

APPENDIX K

VEGETATIVE TYPES

ACREAGE SUMMARYWETLANDS

Habitat TypeText Pgs. 55-58

5. Scrub-ShrubSwamp

6, HerbaceousPrairie (Grasses& Sedges)

7. Aquatic MacrophytePrairie (MixedAquatics)

3. Open Flowing WaterLakes

Vegetative Type Map Description

Scrub-Shrub Wetland:

Evergreen or deciduous broadleaved shrubs ;- Shrub

Needle-leaved or broad leaveddeciduous scrub:- Scrub

Mixed Scrub-Shrub Wetland:

Scrub/Shrub -Shrub-pine (Shrub dominant)Shrub-cypress (Shrub dominant)Shrub-bay (Shrub .dominant)Shrub/PrairieScrub -Pine (Scrub dominant)Scrub-Prairie (Scrub dominant)

Emergent- Wetland :Persistent Herbaceous Prairie

Aquatic bed:Mixed aquatic bedAquatic Macrophyte Prairie

Lakes

Appendix "K"Ref erence

o

P

qrstuV

w

X

y

SAPType

Acres

231,187.

10,914.

36,742.

728.

% Swamp Area

63.5%

3.9%

10.1%

0.2%

363.693.

APPENDIX K

VEGETATIVE TYPES

ACREAGE SUMMARYUPLAND HABITAT TYPES

Habitat Type . .Text Pgs. 55-58

l.U Southern ScrubXOak*«?

2 .- Sandy Scrub'Oak

3. Mature, AllAged LongleafPine

4 . Mature MixedPine (over 80years)

5. Mature SlashPine (over 80years)

6. Mixed Pine(40-80 years)

7. Pine (32-40years)

Descriptive Information,Map Designations, etc.

Upland Hardwoods (UH)

Upland Hardwoods (UH)

P3C

P3B, P3C ' '

P3B, P3C

P3B, P3C

P3A, P3B

Appendix "K"Reference

a

a

b

c

' d

b,c,dsometimes

<M

b,e,dsometimes

e,f

SAPType

72

72

70

83

84

70,83,84,98,81

70,83,84,98,81

.Acres'ForestManagementCompartments

277

-

550

922

446

3472

2085

Acres *UplandWildernessIslands

180

38

2400

2900

1700

4200

3400

PercentUplandArea

1.4%

'0.1%

9.3%

12.0%'

6.8%

24.5%

17.3%

K-9

oAPPENDIX K

VEGETATIVE TYPES

ACREAGE SUMMARYUPLAND HABITAT TYPES

Habitat TypeText Pgs. 55-58

8. Young Pine(16-32 years)

9. Pine Saplings

10 , RegenerationAreas

11. Pineland Under-story (Grass)

12. Pineland Under-story (Lowbrush)

13. Pineland Under-story (Highbrush)

14. Hardwoods(Lowland)Mixed

Descriptive Information,Map Designations, etc.

P2A, P2B, P2C

PI

-

PI

-' ;

Located in longleaf P3Cstands; short burningcycle •• • .-,

Mature forestland burnedon a 4-year or shorterburning cycle

Pine forestland burned ona 5-year or greaterbuirning cycle

HB

Appendix "K"Reference

b,c,d,sometimes

e,f

b,c,d,sometimes

e,f

b,c,d,sometimes

e,f

b,sometimes

c

c,d,eorf

c,d,eorf

g

SAFType

70,83,84,81,98

70,83,84,81,98

70,83,84,81,98

N/A

N/A

N/A

104

AcresForestManagementCompartments

4999

680

207

(1472)

(8572)

(5166)

1055

Acres *UplandWildernessIslands

650

150

~

-

-

-

900

PercentUplandArea

17.8%

2.6%

0.7%

-

-

-

6.2%

K-10

APPENDIX Kft

VEGETATIVE TYPES

ACREAGE SUMMARYUPLAND HABITAT TYPES

Habitat TypeText Pgs. 87-89

15. Pine-SwampTransitionZone

16. Openings

17. Edge

18. UplandsPonds

Descriptive .Information,Map Designations, etc.

Upland Pine-swampInterface

Section Section II.?. 3

Interface between--" ,-Openings and allother habitats

(Borrow ditches, pits,etc.)

Appendix "K"Reference

-

-

-

-

..*:

SAF-SType

-

-

-

-

''AcresForestManagementCompartments

-

600

-

4

'Acres*UplandWildernessIslands

-

-

-'-

-

PercentUplandArea

-

1.9%

'

0.1%

TOTALS 15,304 16,518

K-ll

APPENDIX K:.MP

VEGETATIVE TYPES

K-0.

APPENDIX "L"

PI-ANN ISO BURNING CYCLES FOR VOREST MANAGEMENT COMPARTMENTS AND WILDERNESS ISLANDS

Compartment 1

Compartment 2

i Compartment 3i

Compartment 4

Compartment 5

Compartment: 6

Compar tment 7

CLinipiirtiment 8

VBKS

-

-

Plots

RidleysIs;, 2526 , p,bt£

-

-

-

' - -

ACRES

-

-

27

112

-

-

_

. -

211 KS

1-3

44-48

-

-

-

-

p-16,E8-31,34,37

ACRES

.154

200.

-

-

_

-

350

3BKS

-

-

1-16

-

_

-

1-17,n-

ACR.ES

-

-

500.

-

-

_

700

4BKS

1-12

-

17-28

1-24

1-24

23-33

-

1.7-2?.12,3335,3638

ACRES

660

-

200

416

725

'430

-

1240

5BKS

13-25

2a ,2b

-

c257?B~29, ^Q1

1-18

19,20-55

*S?SP

ACRES

600

181

.

71

185

550

1,250

60

6BKS

-

2c,2d

-

-

fPW32' '

-

56-63

—

CYCLES

-

44 '

-

-

215

-

270

—

7BKS

-

-

27

26

(8)99

-

—

CYCLES

-

-

-

20

28

20

-

"

-Stephen C. Foster State Park

APPENDIX "L"

PLANNED BURNING CYCLES FOR FOREST.MANAGEMENT COMPARTMENTS AND WILDERNESS ISLANDS

Compartment 9

Compartment 10

Compartment 11

Compartment 12

Compartment 13

Compartment 14i1

Compartment 15

TOTALS - FORESTMANAGEMENTCOMPARTMENTS

M/E/YEAR

1-BKS ACRES

-

-

-

'-

-

~

~

- -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

139

139

2BKS ACRES

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

7 0 4 '

'352

3'BKS ACRES

-

-

-

1-11

-

. -

1-18

-

_

-

-

-

250

-

-

950

' 2400

' 800

4'BKS ACRES

1-3

1-2

1-11

-

2-20

-

-

„

335

205

360

-

980

"""_

-

6801

1700

5BKS ACRES

-

-

12-15

-

-

1-4

19-22

-

-

-

225

- •

-

230

200

„ 2J572

514

6BKS CYCLES

-

-

-

-

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

200

-

-

459

53

7 'BKS CYCLES

-

-

- •

- '

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - .

_?% ;

-fe '-'

68

10

L-2

APPENDIX "L"

PLANNED HURNING CYCLES FOR "FOREST MANAGEMENT COMPARTMENTS AHD WILDERNESS ISLANDS

Billy's Island

Honey Island ,

BoatlandingIsland

Pine Island

JRowells Island

'Strange Island

Bugaboo Island

iNumber One Island

BKS

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

_ .

ACRES '

-

-

-

-

-

_

352

.'•

2

BKS

-

-

-

-

-

-

_

-

ACRES

3319

2277

175

88

763

1850

-

201

3

UKS

-

„

-

_

- -

-

r

ACR.ES

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

I

BKS

-

-

-

„

-

-

-

-

ACRES

-

-

_

-

-

-

-

~

513KS

-

-

-

-

_

-

-

ACRES

-

-

. -

~

-

-

-

-

61MCS

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- -

CYCLES

-

-

-

_

,

-

-

7BKS

-

-

-

_

-

- •

-

,,_

CYCLES

-

-

~

-

-

-

-

,/s1T;'!

i. i

L-3

A P P E N D I X "L"

P U N N E D BURNING CYCLES .FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT COMPARTMENTS AMI) WILDERNESS I S L A N D S

Blackjack Island

Mitchell Island

ExperimentalSwamp Burns

•

1!iKS

-

-

-

ACRES

-

-

X

>. .

2BKS

-

-

-

-

ACRES

3253

1008

X

aBKS

-

_

-

.

ACRES

-

-

-

i

BKS

-

-

_

ACHES

-

-

-

1 'a'i

515 KS "

-

_

ACRES

-

-

.

6BKS

-

-

-'

'

s- ,*.

CYCLES

-

-

-

(

'-

71JKS

'_ |

-

-

'

CYCLES

-

-

-

'*

''" '

'"

t';.

^

r~&:' **-.

'•V

': ".-

j

APPENDIX "L"

FOREST MANAGEMENT COMPARTMENT PRESCRIBED 'BURNING DATA

COMPARTMENT

1

1

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

4

BLOCKS

1-12

13-25

1-3

2a, 2b

2c, 2d

Plots

44-48

1-16

' ' 17-28

Ridley's Isl. ,Elks. 25 ,26 ,Plots

ACRES

660

600

154

181

44

27

200

.500

"200

112

. PLANNEDBURNING CYCLE'

4

5

2

5

6

1

2

• 3- .

• 4

1

LAST YEAR BURNED

1983

1985

1984

1975

1954

198.6

1986"

1985 • '

1985,

1985

•

j .

L-5

APPENDIX "L"

FOREST MANAGEMENT COMPARTMENT1 PRESCRIBED B U R N I N G DATA

COMPARTMENT

4

4

4

5

5

5

5

6

6

61

BLOCKS

1-24

4a, 4b, 4c

27

1-24

25, 28, 27, 30,31, 33, 34, 35,36

27, 32, L.L.260

26

23-33

1-18

22

ACRES

416

71

20

725

185

215

28

430

550

20

PLANNED11URNTNG CYCLE

4

5

7

4

5

6

7

4

5

7

. — • • — ~

LAST YEAR BURNED

1984

1985

1984

1982

1984

1979

1954

1984

1984

1979

L-6

APPENDIX "L"

FOREST MANAGEMENT COMPARTMENT PRESCRIBED BURNING DATA

COMPARTMENT

7

7

7

8

8

8

9

10

11

11

BLOCKS

1-17, 21

19, 20-55

56-63

6, 13-16, 28-31,34, 37

1-5, 7-12, 17-27,32,33,35,36,38

State ParkArea

1-3

1-2

1-11

12-15

ACRES

700

1250

270

350

1240

60

335

205

' 360

225

PLANNEDBURNING CYCLE

3

5

6

2

4

5

4

4

4

5

LAST YEAR BURNED

1984

"PlantatiorNever Burr

1978

1985

1985

1984

L954, 19821985

1986

1986

1977

sed

f

L-7

APPENDIX "L"

FOREST MANAGEMENT COKPARTMENT PRESCRIBED BURNING DATA

COMPARTMENT

12

13

13

14

. 15

15

BLOCKS

1-11

2-20

1

1-4

1-18

19-22

. , _ - . .

ACRES

250

980

"200

230

950

200

PLANNEDBURNING CYCLE

3

4

6

5

3

5

LAST' YEAR BURNED

1983

1981

1986-W

1986

1984,1986

1984

L-l

APPENDIX LDistribution of Prescribed

Fire Areas ForVarious Burning Cycles

One Year Burning Cycle ....Two Year Burning Cycle .... 'Three Year Burning Cycle ... .Four Year Burning Cycle ....<Five Year Burning Cycle ....Six Year Burning • Cycle .....Seven Year Burning Cycle ... .

t

O K K K K N O K K E NATIONAL WILDLIFE KEFUCE

PRESCRIBED BURNING CYCLES UNITED STATES

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

T E N

See Appendix L9 forcolor key to variousburning cycles

t T .11 jm » .• o I/M^sr V-^V...- _ 7

£ F- £ -N

R 18 E "MCOMPILED IN THE DIVISION OF REAI.TV

FROM SURVEYS BY F.4W.S., O.L.O. AND

U.S. ARMY

RI9E • •«•*>' R20ETALLAHASSEE MERIDIAN

p BOOO 12DOO 2aooo gapoq JBOOO peET ? DECLINATION

£ 1902

ATLANTA. OEORGIA JUNE 1B63 4RGA ZI3 405

" "

EPICAL SOIL SERIES OH OKIil'EHOKIilS RIU-UGE WLT11 ASSOCIATED VEGETATIVE TOES

CYPRESSSWAMP -HARDWOODSPOND PINEVERY LITTLEUNDERSTORYSWAMP PLANTS

vMat'eriaT)'--*

POND PINESWAMP -HARDWOODSCYPRESSGREENBRIAR

i MYRTLE

I

j SLASH PINE .,POND PINE. 'GALLBERRYMYRTLEHURRAH BUSH'GREENBRIARWcKLEBERRYY •*•*'•• •-- --•- '->^^

\v

1

PINESMYRTLE

TINESJGALLBERRY, SAW.PALMETTOMYTLE'(LEON)IRUNNER OAK

PINESGALLBERRY

'PALMETTO, WAXI MYRTLE

PINESIGREENBRIAR[SAWPALMETTO,

LON CLEAT?ANDLOBLOLLY.PINES' SCRUB

lAKSl

SCRUB OAK'OAKS

GALLBERRY ((SAPELO)PALMETTO pWARF tTUCKPITCHER- BERR

(SAND)

The following soil series map wascompiled from SCS descriptions ofvegetative types common in the soilseries expected to be located in theOkefenokee Swamp and uplands. TheOkefenokee_Swamp Vegetation Map(McCaffrey and Hamilton) was used toaid in locating the probable soil serieson this map. A more detailed descriptionof the soil series is located in

Section III B. I.e.

M-l

SOIL SERIES MAP

OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGEUNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

* JO'

F L O R I D A AM) CKObtCIA UNITED STATES

FISH AND WILDLIPS SERVICE

Soil Series Key 011page M-l.

COMPILED IN THE DIVISION OP REALTY

FROM SURVEYS BY F.iW.S.. G.L.O. AND

U.S. ARMY

">M R 20 ETALLAHASSEE MERIDIAN

O 6OOO 12QOO 24OOO 36OOO dSOOQ FEET

fa MEANly DECLINATION

£ 1962

O 1 2ATLANTA. GEORGIA JUNE. 1963 4RGA2I3405

K N O K K f c N A T I O N A L \V1

PRESCRIBED BURNING CYCLES UNITCD STATES

ND WILDLIFE SEFlVICE

See Appendix L9 forcolor key to variousburning cycles

O Kx £ F- E -N •'© K' E £

»5-Tvcy! H -T iSffi> ^sr M^H- r H^

»'ic'

R IS E »J'MCOMPILED IN THE DIVISION Of REALTY

FROM SURVEYS BY F.&W.S . Q.L.O AND

U.S ARMY

ATLANTA.. QEORQ1B JUNE -"Ott

R 19 L «"*' R 20 ETALLAHASSEE MKRlDlAiS

o eooo -isooo aapoo sepoo -tegpo FEET f* DECLINATION

4RG/i H13405

A l ' l ' K U U I X "M"

'YLM.CAL SOU. SERIES ON OKKKKHOKKK KKl'l lLiK W I T H ASSlHlLATKU V!£UliTATl Vli TYPES

CYPRESSSWAMP -HARDWOODSPOND.PINEVERY LITTLEUNDERSTORYSWAMP PLANTS

POND PINESWAMP -HARDWOODSCYPRESSGREENBRIARMYRTLE

SLASH PINEPOND PINE.GALLBERRYMYRTLEHURRAH BUSH^GREENBRIARHUCKLEBERRY

PINESMYRTLE

PINESJGALLBERRY, SAW.PALMETTOMYTLE' (LEON)IRUNHER OAK

PINESGALLBERRY

I PALMETTO,IMYRTLE

PINESGREENBRIARISAW(PALMETTO

LONGLEA.1?ANDLOBLOLLYPINESSCRUBDAKi

SCRUB OAK'OAKS.ONGLEAF PINE

GALLBERRY |(SAPELO)PALMETTO WARF HUCKI.E^PITCHER-

IiCOc.gan-i;c-.:-.: Material)

(SAND)

The following soil series map wascompiled from SCS descriptions ofvegetative types common in the soilseries expected to be located in theOkefenokee Swamp and uplands. The.Okefenokee Swamp Vegetation Map(McCaffrey and Hamilton) was used toaid in locating the probable soil serieson this map. A more detailed descriptionof the soil series is located in

Section IIXB.I.e.

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

SOIL SERIES MAF

OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGEK l . O H I D A A M ) C K O K C I A UNITED STATES

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

REFUGE BOUNDARY

Soil Series Key onpage M-l.

R IB ECOMPILED IN THE DIVISION OF REALTY

FROM SURVEYS BY F.ftW.S.. G.L.O. AND

U.S. ARMY

lrt0' R 20 ETALLAHASSEE MERIDIAN

O flOOO 12OOO 2JOOO 36OOO dSOOO FEET

0 1 2 8 MILES

/u MEAN'= DECLINATION£ 19B2

ATLANTA. QEOR6IA JUNE. 1963 4RGA2I3 405

APPENDIX "N1

INVENTORY OF OPENINGS IN FOREST MANAGEMENT COMPARTMENTS

Compartment:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

TOTALS-

ACRES OF OPENINGS

OpenRegeneration

Areas

26

20

18

21

209

537

65

' ' 92

0

0

85

0

50

0

0

1123

Relect*ForestOpenings

'

Roadsand

Shoulders

22

•4

40

14

28

• 25

15

37

5

4

23

4

13

6

26

266

Firelines

9

2

12

9

10

4

4

9

2

3

3

2

9

2

8

88

Adminis tra tiveAreas-

1

7

10

3

0

0

0

7

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

28

Helispots

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

3

0

0

0

0

1

0

' 0

6

ManagedPermanentOpenigs

0

0

5

10

1

0

0

22

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

38

TOTAL

. 58

33

85

57

250

566

84

170

7

7

111

6

73

8

34

1549

Every compartment has numerous natural or relict openings; however, no estimate of their area or distributionhas been made. Future prescription inventories will include an estimate of relect openings. This inventorywill be updated as prescriptions are completed.

APPENDIX 0

Plant List

CONSPICUOUS PLANTS OFOKEFEWOKEE WATIOWAI WUPLIFE REFUGE

Open Prairies and Water Courses ir Forest

White waterlily - Kymphaea oj_ora_ta.Spatterdock - Nuphar ad venaNeverwet ~ C)rpntium aquaticumPipewort - Eriocauljm compressumFloating heart - Nymphoides aquaticumBeakrush - Rhynchospora jjiundataWampee - P_eltandra. glaucaWater plaintain - Sag itt aria grajnirieaYellow-eyed grass - Xyr_ls smal lianaBladderwort - Utricularxa purpureaSpikerush - Eleo char is elongj/tj-

P rajlr ie Edge

Herbaceous Plants

Sphagnum - Sphagnum spp. *Chain fern - Woodwardia virginicaGerardia - Agalinas f as cicu Ijj.taClub moss - Lycopodium car ol in i anumMaidencane - Panicum hemit^omumBroomsedge bluestem - Andropog^on glomera.tusPickerelweed - Pontederia cordata^Paintroot - Laj2hnanthus tinctoriaSwamp iris - Iri_s_ c ar ol in i anaGrass pink - Calopogon pulchellusPitcherplant - arracenia^ minorGolden trumpet - Sarracenia jlavaSundew - Pro sera intermediaAquatic spikerush - Eleocharis baldwiniiMarsh St. Johnswort - Hy peri cum yirginicigaWater pennywort - Hydrocotyle umbellataMarsh marigold - Bid ens cojronata*Rose Pogonia - Fogonia op h i o g 1 o s o id es

Woody

Buttonrush - Cephalanthus Occident alisSwamp loosestrife - D ecojlon y er 't±c ilia taVirginia sweetspire - I tea yjUrglnica*Red chokeberry - Pyrus jir b u t i f _ol i aHurrah bush - Lyonia lucid a*Titi - Cyril la ra cemi f 1 or a*

0-1

Woody Plants (Continued)

St. Johnswort - Hyper i cum fas ci culatum(only where sand is near the surface)

Poor-man's soap - Clethra alnifolia*Swamp fetterbush - Leucothoe racemosa*Black bamboo vine - SmilaxRed bamboo vine - Smilax walteri*Bullace - Vitis_ munsoiana*

Swamp Forest

Understory plants same as those marked with an -asterisk (*)above.

Trees

Swamp

Pond cypress - Taxodium dis^ti^chum nutans^Swamp blackgum - Nyssa syl vatic bi floraRed maple - Acer rub rumWhite bay - Pjsrsea virginianaRed bay - Per sea borboniaLoblolly bay - Gordoni a las i an thusTiti - Cyril la rac emi floraCassena -

All the swamp forest and prairie edge species listed above plus

Ogeche lime - .Nyssa ogechePinckneya - Pinckneya pubensWax myrtle - Nyrica ceriferaRed chokeberry - Pyrus arbuti £oj.iaSandweed. - Hypericum fasciculatum

APPENDIX 0

of the

National Wildlife Refuge

The following list includes 49 species tnac now live orhave recently lived in, or in the immediate vicinity of,Okefenokee Swamp. The list of mammals includesmuseum records from Cornell University, Florida StateMuseum, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences,United States National Museum and University ofGeorgia Museum of Natural History.

Mammals to look for in or near Okefenokee are:

VIRGINIA OPOSSUM (Diddphis oirginiana pigra).Common on the swamp edge and on the islands withinthe swarnp. A night prowler, "Pogo" is often seen bycampers at Stephen C. Foster State Park.

STAR-NOSED MOLE (Condylura cristala). Apparentlyrare. Has been collected in the swamp near Mixon'sFerry and on Chesser Island.

EASTERN MOLE (Scalopus aquaticus australis). Gen-erally distributed on the upland adjacent to the swampand has been found on some of the islands within theswamp.

LEAST SHREW (Cwptotusparuaparua). Rarely seen butprobably fairly common. Specimens have been collectedon several of the islands, on the swamp edge, and in thepine woods around the swamp.

SOUTHERN SHORT-TAILED SHREW (Blarina carolin-crisis). A specimen was coDected on Floyd's Island June12,1921.

EVENING BAT(Nycticeiushumeralis). One of the mostcommon bats of the Okefenokee. This and other bats areseen at dusk on warm nights in search of flying insects.

EASTERN PIPISTRELLE (Pipistrellus subflavus sub-flavits). A fairly common species in the area,

BIG BROWN BAT (Epieslcus fuscus fuscus). An uncom-mon species in the area,

RED BAT (Lasiurus borealis borealis). An uncommonspecies in the area.

SEMINOLE RED BAT (Lasiurus semmolus). A communbat of the Okefenokee.

HOARY BAT (Lasiurus cinereuscinereus). This yellowish-brown bat flies high in the air late at night and will hangin trees when resting.

NORTHERN YELLOW BAT (Lasiurus intermedium flori-danus). Apparently a rare species in the area. Two speci-mens were collected at King's Canal.

RAFINESQUE'SBlG-EAREDBATfP/ecofusrafmcsqmUA rather uncommon species in the area.

FREE-TAILED BAT (Tadarida brasiliensis cynocephala).An uncommon species in this area although it has beencollected at Camp Cornelia.

BLACK BEAR (Ursus americanus floridianus). Beanrange throughout the refuge. While they are rarely seen,their signs are found in all habitats.

RACCOON (Procyon lotor c/ucusj. The most abundantlarge mammal on the refuge. It is found in all habitatsbut is most numerous on the swamp edge. They are com-monly seen at the Stephen C. Foster State Park campingarea and occasionally along boat trails.

LONG-TAILED WEASEL (Mustela frcnata oliuacea).This species is probably more common than the few ob-servations would indicate. Specimens have been collectedon Billy's Island and on Chesser Island.

FLORIDA RIVER OTTER (Lontra canadensis uaga). Oc-casionally observed along the water courses, especiallyduring the winter.

FLORIDA STRIPED SKUNK (Mephitis mephitis elon-gata). This species is generally distributed on the uplandsurrounding the swamp and is found occasionally on theislands.

MINK (Mustela uison mink). Very rarely seen m theOkefenokee, this chiefly nocturnal animal is an ex-cellent swimmer.

RED FOX (Vulpes fulva fuloa). This species is rare butoccurs occasionally on the upland in the vicinity of theswamp.

0-2

MAMMAL LIST CONTINUED

e FLORIDA GRAY FOyifUrocyoncinereoargenleus flori-danus). Fairly common on the upland around the swamp.

RKD WOLF (Canis niger niger). Formerly this was thespecies of wolf native to this area. It is believed not to bepresent here now.

FLORIDA BOBCAT (.Lynx rufus floridanur.). Commonthroughout the swamp and on the surrounding upland.Occasionally seen along the nature drive.

FLORIDA PUMA (Felis concolor coryi). Apparentlythis species was never more than of rare occurence in thevicinity of the swamp.

SOUTHERN GRAY SQUIRREL (Sciurus caroliriensiscarolinensis). Abundant in the blackgum-bay forests inthe swamp and in the oak woodlands on the upland.

SOUTHERN FOX SQUIRREL (Sciurus niger niger). Un-common in the pine forests surrounding the swamp.

SOUTHERN FLYING SQUIRREL (Glaucomys volansquerceti). This species is rarely seen but is probably fairlycommon. It has been collected on Floyd's and Billy'sIslands and Chesser Island.

GEORGIA POCKET GOPHER (Geomys pinetis pinetis).Uncommon on dry, sandy sites on the east side of theswamp.

SOUTHEASTERN POCKET GOPHER (Geomys pinetisflon'dianus). An uncommon species of this area.

BE AVKR (Castor canadensis carolinensis). Thefirstrecordof beavers actually in the swamp was in 1969. Apparentlythey have disappeared since then, probably because of

alligators.

COTTON MOUSE (Peromyscits gossypinus gossypinus/.Common throughout the area.

GOLDEN MOUSE (Ochrotomys nutlalli aureolis). Thisspecies is probably rare. It'has been found in hammockson the islands.

MARSH RICE RAT (Oryzomys palusiris palustris). Afairly common mammal throughout the swamp.

EASTERN HARVEST MOUSE (Reithrodoniomyshumi-lus hnmilus). Found in the prairies and in old fields nearthe swamp's edge.

HISPID COTTON RAT (Sigmodon hispidus hispidus),A common mammal in the pine woods and old fields onthe upland around the swamp.

OLDFIELDMOUSEfPeromyscuspo/fonotospotfonofas,).Feeds on seeds and berries.

EASTERN WOOD RAT (Neotoma floridana floridano).Fairly common throughout the swamp and in the ham-mocks on the upland.

WOODLAND VOLE (Microtus pinctorum paruulus).Tunnels through leaf mold and loose soil near the surfaceof the upland areas and eats bulbs, tubers and seeds.

ROUND-TAILED M\}SKRAT(NeofiberaIleniexoristus).Common in the prairies.

HOUSE MOUSE (Mus musculus musculusj. Formerlycommon around habitations but now that few people livewithin the swamp, it has probably disappeared from Chearea. Very likely it is still common around human habita-tions in the vicinity of the swamp.

NORWAY RAT (Ratios noruegicus). Like the abovespecies, this mammal has probably disappeared from thearea with the cessation of human habitation.

BLACK RAT (Rattus rattus rattus). This and the follow-ing subspecies were the common barn rats when fanningwas practiced on some of the islands within the swamp.It probably occurs now on farmsteads in the vicinity ofthe swamp but not on the refuge.

ROOF RAT (Rattus rattus alexandrinus). See above.

EASTERN COTTONTAIL (Sylvilagus floridanus mal-lurus). Common around clearings and in the more sparsepinewoods on the uplands surrounding the swamp andon some of the islands.

MARSH, RABBIT .(Sylvilagus palustris palustris). Fairlycommon on the swamp edge.

WILD PIG (Sus scrofa). These feral pigs were introducedby the early settlers of the swamp.

WHITE-TAILED DEER (Odocoileus virgim'anus). Thesedeer are to be found on the upland entirely around theswamp and on the islands within the swamp. Occasionallythey may be seen from the deer stand observation plat-form, and in the time of low water they may be seen inthe prairies.

ARMADILLO (Dasypus nouemcinctus mexicanus). Thisunusual "armored" mammal was first seen on the refugein 1963. Since then it has become more numerous and iscommonly seen along roadways and trails.

0-3

APPENDIX 0

-Common Loon

Pi*d-billod Grebe

_Doub!«-cr«it*d Cormorant

_Anhingo*

_Gr»ol Blu» H«ron*

.Green-Backed Heron"

.LittU Blm H«ron*

.Catll. Egr«i'

_Greal Egr»t*

.Snowy Egre t *

.Tfi-Colored Heron"

.Block-crowned Nighl Hsron

.Y»Ilow-cjown»d Night Horon

.L»o»t Bitt»rn*

.American Bittern

JYood Stork*

_GIoi »y I\>'l iWhit. Ibii*

Canodo Gooi»

Mal!ard

American Black Duck

^Northern Piniail

_Gr»«n-wingod T«ol

_Blu»-wing«d T*ol

,Am«rican Wigean

^Northern Shovelor

.Wood Duck*

_R»dh«ad

_Ring-n«ck«d Dock

_Canvosback

_Greal«r Scoup

_L»i ler Scaup

^Common Goldenoye

.Bu/f/eheod

_Ruddy Duck

.Hooded Merganser"

_Rod-oreai lud Merganser

_Turkey Vohure*

_Black Vullur.'

.American Swallow-Tailed Kite

_Shorp-ihinned Howk

_Cooper'i Hawk

_R.d-lciled Howk*

_R«d-ihouldsred Hawk*

_Brood-winged Hawk

_Bold Eagle

.Northern Harrier

.Uiprey'

_Por«gr ine Folcon

_M«r1in

Americon Keilrel"

Turkey*

Sondhi II Cron«"

Kino Roil '

Soro

PurpU Gollmul*"

. American Coot

KlUdeer

American Woodcock

Spoiled SandplDet

SoUtary Sondoiper

Wil let

Greater Y e l l o w l e a s

Lesse r Y e | l o w | e a s

Dunlin

Dowiicher (ipecies?)

Semipolmoted Sondoiper

Weitft/n Sandpiper

Sender lino

Hcrrina Gull

Black Tern

Moucnina Dove*

Common Ground Dove"

Yellow-billed Cuckoo*

Block-billed Cuckoo

Barred Owl*

Chuck-Wi M'j-widow*

Whip-poor-will

t~omrnon Nlqhthnwk*

Chimney S w i f t

Ruby-lhron led Humminabird*

Belted Kinafiiher"

Red-bel l ied Woodpecker*

Red-headed Wood Decker*

Ye l low-be l l ied ScDiucker

Hairy Woodpecker"

Downy Woodpecker*

Red-cocknded Woodpecker"

Eas tern Kingbird*

Great Crested Flycatcher*

Eastern Phoebe

Acadian FlyCalcher"

Eas te rn Wood Pewee"

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0-4

APPENDIX 0

BIRD LIST

PurpU Unrtin'

Blue Jav'

Filh Crn w'

Carolina Chickadee''

Tuf ted Ti tmouse'

White-bieoiled Nulhalch f

Red-bit-oi led Nuihntch

Brown-Headed NutKotch*

House Wren

Winter Wren

Carolina Wr«n"

Marsh Wren

Grav Catbird

Brown Thraihoi*

Wood Thruih*

Hormit Thruih

Swainjon'iThruih

Oray-chetktd Tliruih

y — 'f

Foslern Bluebird"

Bluo-oray Gnalcatchor"

Ruby-crowned Kinol»t

Waler Pipit

Cedar Woxwino

Loqqerheod Shrike*

European Starlino

While-eyed V i reo"

Ye llow-lhroolad Vireo"

Sol i tory Viroo

Red -eyed V i roo"

Block-and-while Worbler

Swainion'i Warbler"

Worm-eatintj Worbler

Golden-winaed Warblef

Bluc-wjnqed Worbler

Oianae-crowned Warb le r

Northern Pnrula Warbler"

Yellow Warbler

Moanolio Warb le r

Cone May Warbler

Black-throated Blue Worbler

Block-throoled Green Warbler

Ceruleon 'Warbler

Blockbuinion Worbler

Ye l low- th roa led Worbler"

Chestnut-sided Worbler

Blockpol l Worbler

Pine Warbler-

Prair ie Warbler

Palm Warbler

Ovenbird

Northern Water thrush

Louijiano Woterlhrush

Kentucky Warb le r

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Connecticut Worb ler

Common Yel lowthroat"

Hooded Warbler '

_. American Reds ior i

House Sparrow*

Bobol ink

Brown-heoded Cowbird

Summer Tanaaer "

Purple Finch

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These additional 25 species are of very rare oraccidental occurence:

American While Pelican

Roseate SpoonbillWhistlino Swan

Snow Goose

Vermilion Flycatcher

Eurasian Wigeon

Golden Eaale

Limpkin

Semipalmaied PloverWhimbrel

Lauofilno GullForster's Tern

Common Merganser

S-Maich-MayS-June-AugustF-September-NovemberV,'-December-February

Arctic Tern

Common Barn OwlIvorv-Billed Woodpecker

{formerly)Gray Kingbird

Western Kincblrd

Bachman's Warbler .. ..

Lark Sparrow

American Tree SparrowConnecticut Warbler

Clapper Rail

Rough-leaded Hawk

Yellow Rail

a-abundantc-co mm or.u-uncommono-occasionalr-rare

0-5

APPENDIX 0

REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS, AND FISHES OF OKEFENOKEE

REPTILES

CrocodiliansAmerican Alligator (Alligatormississipplensis!

LizardsEastern Slender Glass Lizard (OphrsaLTUsattenuanislongicaudus)Island Glass Lizard (Opnisaurus compressus)Eastern Glass Lizard (Ophisaurus ventralis)

Green Anole (Anolh carolinensis!

Southern Fence Lizard IScttloporus undulstus undulatus)

Broad-headed Skirik (Eumeces laiiceps)Northern MoleSkink {Eumeces tit/rcgius simtlis)Five-lined Skink (Eumeces fasciatus)Southern Five-lined Skink (Eumeces innxpectatus)Ground Skink (Scincella laterals}Six-lined Race Runner (Cnemidopfiorus sexlineatus sexlineatus}

SnakesNorthern Scarlet Snake (Cwnophora coccinea copet)Southern Black Racer (Coluberconstrictorpriapus!Southern Ring-necked Snake (Diadophi-j punciatus punctaws)Indigo Snake (Drytnarchon corah coupsri)Corn Snake (Elaplia yutfalu yuitatz)

Yellow Rat Snake (Elupfic obsolete quadrivittata)Gray Rat Snake (Elaptiu obsoluta spiloides)Eastern Mud Snake (F.irancia abacura abacura)Rainbow Snake (Paranoia vrytroyratnma)Eastern Hognose Snake (Heierodon plaiyrhinos)Souihem Hognose Snake (Heterodun siinus)Mnle Snake (Lumpropeliis cslligastcr rhornbomaculaia)Eastem Kingsnake (Lampropeltisgutu/us yoiulus)Scarlet Kingsr.ake (Lmnpropeltis trhngulum I'lnpsoides}Eastern Coachwhip {Mast'icophis flsguUum flagcllum)

Floiida Green Water Snake (Ncrodia cycloplon flondana)

Yellow-bellied WaterSnake {NcrucfiatirYthrogastercrythrogasTer}Bander Water Snake (Nurodia lasciuta fasciata)

Florida Water Snake (Niirodia fasctara pictiventris}

Brown Water Snake (Nciodia taxispilota)

Rough Green Snake {Opfwodrysocstivus)

Florida Pine Snake (Pituopfijs mclanoleucus rnugttus}

Striped Swamp Snake ffieglna alien!)Eastern Glossy Water Snake (Reg'ina rigtda rigida)

Pine Woods Snake (Rhadinsea ffovilata)North Florida Black Swamp Snake {Seminatrix pygaea pygaca)Florida Brown Snake {Sloreria dekayt vlcia)

Florida Red-bellied Snake (Stoieria occiphomaculata obscura)

Eastern Ribbon Snake IThamnophis sauritus sackent)

Eastern Garter Snake IThamnophis sirtalis sirralis)

Rough Earth Snake (Virginia striatula}Eastern Smooth Earth Snake {Virginia Valerias valeriae)Eastern Coral Snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius)

Florida Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon p/sc/vorus conanij)

Eastern Diamondbsck Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus)Canebrake Rattlesnake (Crotalus horrfdus atrtcaudatus)

Dusky Pigmy Rattlesnake (Sistrurus mHiarlus barbouri)

TurtlesCommon Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina!Alligator Snapping Turtle (Mscroclemys temmincki)Florida Red-bellied Turtle {Cfirysemys nelson!}Eastern Chicken Turtle (Deirochelys rericulana reticufaria}Florida Cooter (Pseudemys floridana floridana}Red-Eared Pond Slider (Pseudemys scripia etegans)Yellow-bellied Pond Slider (Pseudemys scripta scripta)Florida Box Turtle (Terrapene Carolina baurijEastern Box Turtle (Terrapene Carolina Carolina}Striped Mud Turtle (K/nosternon bauripalmarumlEastern Mud Turtle (Kinosiernon subrubrum subrubrum)Loggerhead Musk Turtle (Sternotherus minor minor)Stinkpot (Sternotnerfs odorarus)Gopher Tortols (Gophsrus polyphernus)Florida Softshell (Trionyz ferox!

AMPHIBIANS

Toads and FrogsOak Toad (Bufo quorcicus)Southern Toad {Btjfo terrestris)Florida Cricket Frog (Acris yryllus dorsalls)Gray Treefrog (Hyla chrysosccHs]Green Treefrog {Hyla cincrea dnerea)Southen Spring Peeper (Hyla crueller bartramiana}Pine Woods Treefrog (Hyla femoralis)Barking Treefrog (Hyla grailosalSquirrel Treefrog {Hyla squirslla)

Little Grass Frog (Limnsoedus ocularis}

Southern Chorus Frog (Pseudacris nigrita nigrha)Ornate Chorus Frog (Pseudacris ornata)Eastern Narrow-mouthed Toad (Gsstrophryne carolinensis)E_astern Spadefoot Toad (Scaphiopus holbrooki holbrooki)Florida Gopher_Frog (Ftana areoluta aesopus)

Bullfrog (Rana catesbetana)

Bronze Frog (Rana clamitans clamitans)Pig Frog (Ranagrytlo)River Frog (Rana heckscheri)

Southern Leopard Frog (Rana utricuiaria)Carpenter Frog (Rana v'lrgattpes)

SalamandersFlatwoods Salamander (Ambystoma dngulatum}Marbled Salamander (Ambystoma opacum)

0-6

APPENDIX 0

REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS, AND FISHERS (CONTINUED)

Mole Salamander (Ambystoma tatpoideum}Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum)Two-toed Amphiuma (Amphiurr.a means}Souihern Dusky Salamander (Desmognatfius fuscus auriculatus}Southern Two-lined Salamander (Eurycea bislineatat cirriger}Dwarf Salamander (Eurycea quadridlgitaws)Slimy Salamander (Pleihodon glutinosus gtutinosus)Gulf Coast Mud Salamander (Pseudolriton montanus floridanus)Many-lined Salamander {SiereochHus marginatus}Striped Newt (Nowphtnatamus perstnatus)Central Newt (Notophthalamus virfdescensjouisianensis)Dwarf Siren SPseudobranchus striatus spplEastern Lesser Siren (Siren intermedia intermedia)Greater Siren (Siren lacertinaj

FISHES

Florida Gar (Leplsostcus plaryrhincus)Bowftn (Amis calva)Eastern Mudminnow (Umbra pygmaealRedfin Pickerel (Esox americanus atnericanus}Chain Pickerel {Esox ntger)Lake Chubsucker (Erimyzon sucena)Spotted Sucker (Minytrcma metanops}Yellow Bullhead (Ictalurus natalis}Brown Bullhead (Icialurus nebutosus!Channel Catfish (tctalurtis punctaws)Tadpole Madtom (Noturus gyrinus)Speckled Madtom (Noturus leptacanthus)American Eel (Artguilla rostrata)Golden Topminnow (Fundulus chrysotus)Banded Topminnow (Fundulus cingulaws)Lined Topminnow {Fundulus lineoisws}Stathead Topminnow {Fundulus notti)Mosquhofish [Gambusia affinislPygmy Killifish (Lepiolucania ommaia}Least Killifish (Hcterandria formosa]Pirate Perch (Aphredoderus saysnus)Mud Sunfish (Acantharchus pomotis)Flier (Cenrrsrchus macropterus!Warmouth (Lepomis gulosus)Everglades Pygmy Sunfish (Elassoma everglade!}Okefcnokee Pygmy Sunfish (Elassoma okefcnckee)Blackbanded Sunfish (Enncacaninus chaeiodon)Bluesponed Sunfish (EnneacanthusgloriosuslBanded Sunfish (Ennoacamhus obesus)Redbreast Sunfisli (Lepomis auritus)Bluegitl {Lepomis mscrochirus)Dollar Sunfish (Lepomis margtnatus!Spotted Sunfish (Lepomispunaaws)Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)Black Creppie (Pomoxjs nlgromaculaws)

Scalyhead Darter (Etheostoma barrani)

Swamp Darter (Etheostoma fusiforme}Blackbanded Darter (Percina nigrofasciata)Brook Silverside (Labidestfies sicculus)

0-7

APPENDIX pSAMPLE INVITATION TO BID

OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGEROUTE 2,' BOX 338

FOLKSTON, GEORGIA 31537

INVITATION TO BID ON TIMBER

Formal sealed. .bids will be received in the office of the Refuge >5anager,Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, Route 2, Box 338, Folkston, Georgia 31537,until November 12, 1986 at 2:30 P.M. for the sale of approximately 3,000 cordsof pine sawtimber, poles and pulpwcod contained in trees designated for cuttingon Compartment 5 of the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, Lots 204 and 231,1st District'of'Charlton County, Georgia, and Lots 2, 3, 4, 22, 23, 24 and 25,llth District of Ware County, Georgia, located on Soldier Camp Island andMoonshine Ridge.

All bids must be securely sealed in a suitable envelope and plainly marked"Timber Bid" and with the date and time of opening. Bids will be opened at thetime indicated above.

The Government accepts no responsibility for the maintenance of, or the repairof damages to roads and bridges utilized by the permittee to transport timberproducts from the refuge. The bidder will submit with his bid a statement thatContinental Forest Investments, Inc.,* representatives have been contacted andthat satisfactory arrangements have been made for the maintenance and repairsof any damages caused by timber removal operations to ccrrtpany-owned roads andbridges.

Each bidder will submit with his bid a statement demonstrating his financialability and the ownership or control of necessary equipment to carry out theoperations on the basis herein specified, and the number of employees he pro-poses to use in the operation.

An inspection tour of the sale area will be conducted on October 27, October 30and November 6, 1986. Arrangements for inspection must be made by contactingRefuge Forester Ron Phernetton, Route 2, Box 338, Folkston, Georgia 315,37 ortelephone 912-496-7366 (Folkston).

Volumes given constitute our best estimates but are not guaranteed; therefore,it .is advisable for the bidder or representative to cruise the area inquestion.

Operations must be completed within a period of eighteen (18) months aftersubmission of the permit-agreement to the permittee.

Tree length skidding may be permitted by the Refuge Manager only in those areaswhere it can be accomplished without damage to remaining trees. Wo tree lengthskidding will be permitted in plantation areas (see Map).

^Contact John Combs Phone: 904-755-0801

P-l

SAMPLE INVITATION TO BID

All provisions of the enclosed "Certificate of Independent Price Determination"and "Equal Employment Opportunity Clause" apply to this sale. ' All provisionsof the enclosed "Conditions Applicable to Timber Harvesting Permits" apply.

DESCRIPTION OF SALE;

Formal bids are requested oncords of pine forest products

the assumption that there is an estimated 3,000

All trees to'be cut are marked with paint, one spot head high and .One spot onthe stump at ground level. The sales area consists of approximately 900 acres.

Diameters were- measured to the nearest two-inch diameter class and pulpwcodvolume was determined by using the Basal Area Volume Factor Method.

Sale Area. No. of Acres Color Paint Estimated Volume of Cords

Compt. 5 900 Blue &Yellow

' 3,000 cords

The stumpage offered on this invitation will be sold on the basis of the ' priceper cord, based on consumer tally.

The successful bidder will be required, within ten (10) days after receipt ofthe special use permit and before carrnencing any timber removal operations, tosubmit a performance guarantee deposit of $200.00 and an advanced payment of10% of the estimated value of the sale.

Sale tickets shall be submitted to the refuge forester on a bi-weekly basis.

SEE ATTACHMENTS

P-2

SAMPLE INVITATION TO BID

FORMAL BID

The permit-agreement will be prepared and submitted to the successful bidderfor his acceptance and signature. The $200.00 performance guarantee shall beretained by the Government to cover any damage or claims the Government mayhave against the permittee in connection with his operation and under the termsand conditions of the permit-agreement. The balance, if any, will be returnedto the permittee at the completion of the operation. All payments must be madein the form of a bank draft or certified check payable to the U. S, Fish andWildlife Service.

A sample copy of the permit- agreement is available in the refuge office and maybe examined before submission of the bid.

Only one bid 'per cord will be accepted from each prospective bidder to coverthe combined value of all products offered in this sale.

The right to 'reject any and all bids is reserved by the Government.

The following is my bid for the marked timber products in Compartment 5.

*Pine pulpwcod, sawtimbar and poles - 3,000 cords

Bid per Cord $ _ at _ Ibs. per cord.

If I am adjudged the successful bidder, I agree to accept the proffered permit-agreement and will submit this required performance guarantee and- the 10%advance deposit within ten (10) days of receipt of the special use permit.

I plan to start timber removal operations on or about _ (date).

Name of Bidder

Signed by:

Date:

Address of Bidder

I have contact Continental Forest Investments, Inc., and arranged formaintenance and repair of roads and bridges I intend to use to remove timberproducts from Soldier Camp Island.

*These volumes are not .guaranteed and bidders are urged to make their cwnestimations.

P-3

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O K K K K N O K K K N A T I O N A L \ V I L D L 1 K K H K K l CK

. APPENDIX P

SAMPLE INVITATION TO BID

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SAMPLE INVITATION TO BID

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SAMPLE INVITATION TO BID

LEGEND:

Primary Roads, Paved . . .Secondary Roads, Paved . .'Graded RoadsTrailsWalking Trails

. Fire Lines . .Timber Type Boundary . . -Swamp . . . . . . . . . . .Pine Type - •Hardwood Type . v . . - .Pine-Cypress Swamp'1 . . . .

, Precoiranercial Timber . . .: Pulpwood Stand

Saw-timber StandCrown Canopy Dense . . . .

' Crown Canopy Semidense - .Crown Canopy Sparse . . -

. Open Land . . ..' - 0

Scale: 4 in. = 1 mile

Wooapecker Colony AreaActivity Between "March

O K E F E N O K E E N A T I O N A L W I L D L I F E R E F U G E

C O M P A R T M E N T 5

OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE R E F U G E

COMPARTMENT 5UiCKilU:

Primary Roods, Paved . . . . • •Secondary Roads, Paved . . . tut-^Graded Roads . . . . . . . .:Trails • .=•—::Walking TrailsFire LinesTimber Type Boundary . . . ...••-,. ..SwampPine 'TypeHardwood Type IIP . fne -Cypress Swamp PCPrecommerclal Timber . . . . 1Pu.Ipwood S tand 2Sawtimber Stand 3Crown Canopy Dense ACrown Canopy Seuiidense . , , HCrown Canopy Sparse . . . . COpen Land 0

Scale; 4 in = J mile

Red Coclcaded Woodpecker Colony AreaNo Harvesting Activity Between Marchand July 3 1.

i - v-.L -.

x-S/i— 7-I J\ic

SAMPLE INVITATION TO BID

LEGELfD:

Primary Roads, Paved .ondary Roads, Paved

Graded RoadsTrails ....... .Walking Trails . . . .ITire Lines ......Timber Type Boundary .Swamp ...... •Pine Type . . . . ...... PHardwood Type . . - , . . . . . EPine-Cypress Swamp ..... PCPre commercial Timber . . . . 1Pulpwood Stand ....... 2S a wt imb er S t and . . . . . . 3Crown Canopy Dense ..... ACrown Canopy Semidense . . .Crown Canopy Sparse .... COp en Land . . ' ....... 0

Scale: 4 in = 1 mile

O K E r E N O K E E N A T I O N A L W I L D L I F E R E F U G E

C O M P A R T M E N T 5

U n i t e d Sui tes D e p a r t m e n t of the I n t e r i o rHSH A N H Wl.LULIFh S h K V l C L

OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL V7ILDLIFE REFUGEROUTE 2, BOX 338

FOLKSTOK, GEORGIA 31537

CONDITIONS APPLICABLE TO TIMBER HARVESTING PERMITS ''

1. All refuge wildlife is protected. No type of wildlife will be harmed or harassedThe possession or use of firearms or other weapons on the refuge is prohibited.

2. Disturbing an}' 'Indian mound or picking up or removing any Indian arrowheads orartifacts from the mounds or from the surface of the ground is a violation of theArcheological Resources Protection Act.

3. Ko plant or 'animal species of any kind will be collected without a permit.

A. Red_^Cgck^d^_d_Woogpeck^r_

5.

Areas - Ko harvesting, loading, or .hauling will_he permitted in red-cockaded woodpecker colon}' areas (shown in red on the attachedmap) during the months of April through July.

All logging will be within the boundaries specified (see attached map) andcoordinated with the refuge staff. Only marked or designated trees shall be cut,Care shall be e:-:ercised to protect all other trees and vegetation from damage.Additional trees marked for road or loading site will be paid for at bid price."Unmarked trees which are cut or injured through carelessness shall be paid for atdouble the stumpage price hid in the contract.

Trees shall be cut so as to leave a stump not more than 12 inches high for sawtimberand 6 inches high for pulpwood . Ground level paint spot must be visible after treehas been cut. All merchantable marked trees are to be cut. Cut trees and topsshall not be left hanging, or supported by any other living or dead tree. Topswill be pulled away from standing timber and lopped.

The Government accepts no responsibility for the maintenance and repair of roadsand bridges used for the removal of materials, logs, etc., from the refuge overprivately owned lands before gaining access to the public roads.

All tops and portions of trees marked for sale and left in the woods upon com-pletion of operations in each logging unit and/or entire sale, will .revert to theU.S. Government.

All roads, ditches and fire lanes will be kept free of tops, limbs, etc., resultingfrom harvesting of timber by the permittee. The permittee and his employees willdo all in their power to prevent and suppress forest fires; shall pay the UnitedStates Government for an}* unnecessary damage -resulting, from the operations hereinpermitted; and shall repair all damage to roads, trails, ditches, habitat, and firelanes, resulting from operations conducted hereunder. Repairs and cleanup workwill be accomplished to the satisfaction of the Refuge Manager,

APPENDIX P

SAMPLE INVITATION TO BID •

P-/0

SAMPLE INVITATION TO BID

'c. !lo loading docks arc; ptnr.itLed within 100 fee t of public roads or within pineregeneration plantation areas.

9. The Refuge Manager may ban tree length skidding where excessive damage may result.

10. Littering in any manner on a refuge is a violation of the Federal Regulation Code.The entire work area shall be kept free of all forms of litter at all times.

11. Tops and logging debris shall be kept pulled back or lopped within 100 feet ofpublic roads.

12. The hauling route across refuge lands will be designated by the refuge officer-in-chargs.. Speed liir,its as designated by the officer-in-charge will be strictlyadhered- to'. '

13. The Kefuge Manager shall have authority to temporarily close down all or anypart of .the operation during a period of'high fire -danger, incleaent weather,forsafety reasons, ox any other reason deemed necessary. Additional time, equalto the closing period, wall be granted to the permittee.

14. If requested, satisfactory scale tickets for timber products shall be submitted bythe permittee to the refuge off icer-in-charge.

15. L.ach bidder will sur-ndt with his bid, or have on file in H Fish and "WildlifeService Office, a current statement demonstrating his financial ability and theownership or control of necessary equipment to carry out the operation on thsbasis herein specified; also, tha location of his plant, if any. and th= numberof employees he proposes to use in the operation.

APPENDIX P

SAMPLE INVITATION TO BIDU.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wildlife ServiceBureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

CERTIFICATE OF INDEPENDENT PRICE DETERMINATION(101-U5-1 926 Fed. Prop. Mgt. Reg..)

(a) By submission of this bid or proposal, each bidder or offeror certifies,and in the case of a joint bid or proposal each party thereto certifies as to itsown organization, that in connection with this sale:

(1) The prices in this bid or proposal have been arrived at independently,without consultation, communication., or agreement, for the purpose of restrictingcompetition, as to any matter relating to such prices, with any other bidder orofferor or with any competitor;

(2) Unless otherwise required by law, the prices which have been quoted inthis bid or .proposal have not been knowingly disclosed by the bidder or offerorand will not knowingly be disclosed by the bidder or offeror prior to opening,in the case of a bid, or prior to award, in the case of a proposal, directly orindirectly to any other bidder or offeror or to any competitor; and

(3) No attempt has been made or will be made by the bidder or offeror toinduce any other person or firm to submit or not to submit a bid or proposal forthe purpose of restricting competition.

(b) Each person signing this bid or proposal certifies that:

(1) He is the person in the bidder's or offerer's organisation responsiblewithin that organisation for the decision as to the prices being bid or offeredherein and that he "has not participated, and will not participate, in any actioncontrary to (a) (l) through (a) (3), above; or

(2) (i) He is not the person in the bidder's or offerer's organisationresponsible within that organisation for the decision as to the prices beingbid or offered herein but that he has been authorised in writing to act as agentfor the persons responsible for such decision in certifying that such personshave not participated, and will .not participate, in any action contrary to (a) (l)through (a) (3)j abovej and as their agent does hereby so certify: and

(ii) He has not participated, and will not-participate, in any actioncontrary to (a) (l) through (a) (3)., above.

(c) This certification is not applicable to a foreign bidder or offerorsubmitting a bid or proposal for a contract which requires performance ordelivery outside the United States, its possessions, and Puerto Rico.

(d) A bid or proposal will not be considered for award where (a) (l),(a.) (3)j or (b), above, has been deleted or modified. Where (a) (2), above, hasbeen deleted or modified, the bid or proposal will not be considered for award unlessthe bidder or offeror furnishes with the bid or proposal a signed statement whichsets -forth in detail the circumstance of the disclosure and the head of the agency, •or his designee, determines that such disclosure was not made for the purpose ofrestricting conpetition.

P-/2

APPENDIX P

SAMPLE INVITATION TO BIDU.S. DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR

Fish and Wild l i fe ServiceBureau of Spon Fisheries and W i l d l i f e

EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY CLAUSE

(Executive Order No. 11246, as amended October 13, 1967)

Equal Employment Opportunity. During the performance ofthis contract, the contractor agrees as follows:

1. The contractor will not discriminate against an)- employeeor applicant for employment because of race, color, religion,sex or national origin. The contractor will take affirmativeaction to ensure that applicants are employed, and that em-ployees are treated during employment, without regard to theirrace, color, religion, sex or national origin. Such action shallinclude, but not be limited to. the following; employment,upgrading, demotion or transfer; recruitment or recruitmentadvertising; layoff or termination; rates of pay or other formsof compensation; and selection for training, including appren-ticeship. The contractor agrees to post in conspicuous places,available to employees and applicants for employment, noticesto be provided by the contracting officer setting forth the pro-visions of this Equal Employment Opportunity Clause.

2. The contractor will, in all solicitations or advertisementsfor employees placed by or on behalf of the contractor, statethat all qualified applicants will receive consideration for em-ployment without regard to race, color, religion, sex or nationalorigin.

3. The contractor will send to each labor union or representa-tive of workers with which he has a collective bargaining agree-ment or other contract or understanding, a notice, to be pro-vided by the agency contracting officer, advising the laborunionor workers' representative of the contractor's commitmentsunder Section 202, of Executive Order No. 11246, as amended,and shall post copies of the notice in conspicuous places avail-able to employees and applicants for employment.

4. The contractor will comply with all provisions of ExecutiveOrder No. 11246, as amended, and the rules, regulations, andrelevant orders of the Secretary of Labor.

5. The conrractor will furnish all information and reportsrequired by Executive Order No. 11246, ss amended, and bythe rules, regulations, and orders of. the Secretary-of Labor, orpursuant thereto, and will permit access to his books, records,and accounts by the contracting agency and the Secretan ofLabor for purposes of investigationto ascertain compliance withsuch rules, regulations, and orders.

6. In the event of the contractor's noncompliance with theEqual Employment Opportunity Clause of this contract or withany of the s-aid rules, regulations, or orders, this contract maybe cancelled, terminated, or suspended in whole or in part andthe contractor may be declared ineligible for further Govern-ment contracts in accordance with procedures authorized inExecutive Order No. 11246, as amended, and such other sanc-tions may be imposed and remedies invoked as provided in thesaid Executive Order or by role, regulation, or order of theSecretary of Labor, or as otherwise provided by law.

7. The contractor will include the provisions of paragraphs (1)through (7) in every subcontract or purchase order unless ex-empted by rules, regulations, or orders of the Secretary ofLabor issued pursuant to Section 204 of Executive Order No.11246. as amended, so that such provisions will be bindingupon each subcontractor or vendor. The contractor will takesuch action with respect to any subcontract or purchase orderas the contracting agency- may direct as a means of enforcingsuch provisions,, including the sanctions for noncompliancc;Provided,. however, that in the event the contractor becomesinvolved in, or is threatened with, litigation with a subcontrac-tor or vendor as a result of such direction by the contractingagency, the contractor may request the United States to enterinto such litigation to protect the interests of the United States.

eForm 3-176Revised April 1969)

P-13

APPENDIX QLIST OF PROSPECTIVE BIDDERS

Albritton Pulpwood Co.Route 6, Box 108Waycross, GA 31501

The Langdale CompanyP. O.Box 1088Valdosta, GA 31601

Gowen Timber Co., Inc.108 S. Okefenokee DriveFolkston, GA 31537

ITT Rayonier, Inc.P. 0. Box 393 /Waycross3 GA 31501ATTN: Raymond Johnson

Nassau Timber CompanyP. 0. Box 607Callahan, FL 32011

Brunswick Pulp & Land Co.P. 0. Box 860Brunswick, GA 31521

Gilman Paper CompanyRoute 15Maxville,- FL 32265

Container Corporation ofAmericaP. 0. Box 1884Waycross, GA' 31501

Varn Timber CompanyP. 0. Box 128Hoboken, GA 31542

Brunswick Pulp & Land CoP. 0. Box 1905Waycross, GA 31502

Container Corporation ofAmericaNorth 8th StreetFernandina Beach, FL 32034

Hudson Pulp & Paper Co.960 Alamo DriveLake City, FL 32055

Jickley Forest Products0. Box 376

Waycross, GA 31501

Folkston Post Company406 Bowery LaneFolkston, GA 31537

Mr. Gary GowenRoute 2, Box 480Folkston, GA 31537

Wayne Forest EnterprisesP. 0. Box 775Jesup, GA 31545 .

South Georgia Timber CoP. 0. Box 146Folkston, GA 31537

Mr. L. C. ShaveP. 0. Box 131MacClenny, FL 32063

Callahan Timber Co., Inc.P. 0. Box 87Callahan, FL 32011

Union Camp CorporationP. 0. Box 410Waycross, GA 31501

Mr. Haul FerreGeorgia PacificRoute 2, Box 21-ANahunta, GA 31553

Mr. Bob PhillipsRoute 2, Box 205Folkston, GA 31537

of I7.I.A n.

United Slates Depar tment of the In te r io rFISH A N D W I L D L I F E SERVICE

OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGEROUTE 2, BOX 338

FOLKSTOH, GEORGIA 31537

CONDITIONS APPLICABLE TO TIMBER HARVESTING PERI-UTS

1. All refuge wildlife is protected. Ho type of wildlife will be harmed or harassed.The possession or use of firearms or other weapons on the refuge is prohibited.

2. Disturbing any'Indian mound or picking up or removing any Indian arrowheads orartifacts from the mounds or from the surface of the ground is a violation of theArcheological Resources Protection Act.

3. No plant or'animal species of any kind will be collected without a permit.

4. Red-Cjjckaded .jJo_QJpgcke_r__Colony Areas - No harvesting, loading, or hauling willbe permitted in red-cockaded woodpecker colony areas (shown in red on the attachedmap) during the months of April through July.

5. All logging will be within the boundaries specified (see attached map) andcoordinated with the refuge staff. Only marked or designated trees shall be cut.Care shall be exercised to protect all other trees and vegetation from damage.Additional trees marked for road or loading site will be paid for at bid price*Unmarked trees which are cut or injured through carelessness shall be paid for atdouble the stumpage price bid in the contract.

, Trees shall be cut so as to leave a stump not more than 12 inches high for sawtimberand 6 inches high for pulpwood. Ground level paint spot must be visible after treehas been cut. All merchantable marked trees are to be cut. Cut trees and topsshall not be left hanging- or supported by any other living or dead tree. Topswill be pulled away from standing timber and lopped.

The Government accepts no responsibility for the maintenance and repair of roadsand bridges used for the removal of materials, logs, etc., from the refuge ox'erprivately ouTied lands before gaining access to the public roads.

All tops and portions of trees marked for sale and left in the woods upon com-pletion of operations in each logging unit and/or entire sale, will revert to theU.S. Government.

All roads, ditches and fire lanes will be kept free of'tops, limbs, etc., resultingfrom harvesting of timber by the permittee. The permittee and his employees willdo all in their power to prevent and suppress forest fires; shall pay the UnitedStates Government for any unnecessary damage resulting, from the operations hereinpermitted; and shall repair all damage to roads, trails, ditches, habitat, and firelanes, resulting from operations conducted hereunder. Repairs and cleanup workwill be accomplished to the satisfaction of the Refuge Manager.

R-i

8. No loading docks are permitted within 100 feet of public roads or within pineregeneration plantation areas.

9. The Refuge Manager may ban tree length skidding where excessive damage may result.

10. Littering in any manner on a refuge is a violation of the Federal Regulation Code.The entire work area shall be kept free of all forms of litter at all times.

11. Tops and logging debris shall be kept pulled back or lopped within 100 feet ofpublic roads'.

12. The hauling route across refuge lands will be designated by the refuge officer-in-charge.. Speed limits as designated by the officer-in-charge will be strictlyadhered to.. .

13. The Refuge Manager shall have authority to temporarily close down all or anypart of the operation during a period of high fire -danger, inclement weather,forsafety reasons, or any other reason deemed necessary. Additional time, equalto the closing period, will be granted to the permittee.

14. If requested, satisfactory scale tickets for timber products shall be submitted bythe permittee to the refuge officer-in-charge.

15. Each bidder will submit with his. bid, or have on file in a Fish and WildlifeService Office, a current statement demonstrating^his financial ability and theownership or control of necessar}1 equipment to carry out the operation on thebasis herein specified; also, the location of his plant, if any, and the numberof employees he proposes to use in the operation.

R-2

APPENDIX S

United States Department of the InteriorFISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGEROUTE 2, BOX 338

FOLKSTON, GEORGIA 31537

CONDITIONS APPLICABLE TO FIREWOOD HARVESTING PERMITS

1. Anyone cutting firewood on Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge must havein his/her possession a permit signed by the Refuge Manager or his repre-sentative. Cutting and loading must be accomplished on the days designatedon the permit and between 7:00 AM and 5:00 PM, Monday through Friday.Permittee must inform refuge personnel before entering the designated areato cut firewood. Permit must be picked up before 3:30 PM.-

2. Only trees marked for cutting in area described in the permit will be cut.

3. Firewood is to be for permittee's home consumption only and is not to be sold.

4. Each permittee will be limited to J:wg pickup loads of firewood per year.Any part of a load will be counted as a load.

5. Access to cutting area and loading area will be designated by the RefugeManager or Refuge Forester.

6. Trees shall be cut so as to leave a stump not more than 4 inches high.. Treetrunks and limbs over 1% inches in diameter must be utilized. All roads,ditches and firelanes will be kept free of tops, limbs and debris. Anynecessary repairs or cleanup work will be accomplished to the satisfactionof the Refuge Manager.

7. Littering in any manner on a refuge is a violation of the Code of FederalRegulations. The entire work area shall be kept free of all forms of litterat all times.

8. Disturbing any Indian mound or picking up or removing any Indian arrowheadsor artifacts from the mounds or from the surface of the ground is a violationof the Archeological Resources Protection Act.

9. The Government will not be liable for any injuries sustained while cutting.

v .APEENDjX- T,U. •• • '

aiypicai'-'comp^rt'inerit Prescription- - • " - - ' -''-^-.X - ' - - -"'' ..-*' %-S>«^

POREST MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTION

FOR

OKEFENOKEE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

FY 1987

IN

COMPARTMENT 8

Submitted by:

Refuge Manager Date

Reviewed by:

Approved by:'

Date

Date

Date

T-l

APPENDIX T

Typical Compartment Prescription

FOREST MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONOkefenokee National Wildlife Refuge

FY 1987Compartment 8

I. General Description

Compartment 8 is a peninsula {The Pocket) and a small adjoining island(Jones Island), jutting into the v/estern side of the Okefenokee Swarnp.The forest management compartment is bounded almost entirely by theOkefenokee Swamp. A small section of the wesbern compartment boundaryfollows the Suwannee River Sill, the Suwannee River and then follows therefuge boundary along private lands. A small area of land betweenblocks 3 and 11 is in Government ownership but is not part of thisforest management compartment because the previous landowner, ContainerCorporation of America, retained perpetual timber management rights forall the uplands in the tract. The compartment also includes Stephen C,Foster State Park on Jones Island. This area is unmanaged from theforestry aspect but contains several hardwood stands and openings whichincrease habitat diversity in the compartment. The 1,944 acre compart-ment is located in Charlton and Ware Counties, Georgia.

Topographically, the swamp-upland boundary follows the 115 foot contourline along the northern and western edge of the Pocket and Jones Island.The swampline is somewhat higher, 118 feet to 120 feet along the easternand southern edge of the compartment. Below the Sill, pineland extendsdown to about 113 feet above mean sea level. The sand ridge which formsthe Pocket reaches 120 feet along most of its length and reaches 122feet at its highest point.

II. Management History

The entire compartment lies within the tract purchased frcm the HebardCypress Company in 1936. The original stands, predominately longleafpine, which covered the area were harvested between 1924 and 1925leaving only a few trees, mostly slash pine, scattered along the swampedge. The area was burned annually to stimulate grass production forcattle grazing. Continuous grazing and annual burning prevented thereGstablishment of forest stands until the U.S. Government took controlof the land in 1936. After this time, the s,lash pine trees along theswamp edge gradually seeded in the area. Scattered longleaf, loblollyand pond pine trees were also present in some areas.

Recent timber removal records show: 942 cords of pulpwcod removed in1963 and 1964 to clear areas of poorly stocked stands for replanting;1,732 cords of pulpwcod removed during a 1965 prescribed thinning; and

T-2

APPENDIX T

Typical Compartment Prescription

1,750 cords of pulpwood and 62,613 fence posts harvested between 1975and 1985 as a result of several construction salvage sales, salvageoperations after the 1979 and 1985 Pocket Fires and a slash pine planta-tion thinning project.

Several facilities have impacted forest habitat in Compartment 8. Therefuge boathouse site and Stephen C. Foster State Park occupy slightlyover' half of Jones Island. The Suwannee River Sill completed around1960 -flooded the northern and western edge of the compartment to the 115foot contour line. The Suwannee River Sill Recreation Area parking lotoccupies several acres of land on the western end of the Pocket. Inaddition, between 1980 and 1985, two residences and a fire cache andstorage building were constructed near the Suvannee River Sill Recrea-tion Area.

Several openings and hardwood plots were established throughout thecompartment to improve wildlife habitat diversity. A 16-acre slash pineplantation destroyed by the 1979 Pocket Fire was replaced by a 4.5 acremanaged wildlife opening and a mixed hardwood stand (Richard Bolt Memo-rial Plot). Other openings have been established as a result ofclearing for borrow pits and facility construction sites. Several newopenings proposed are described in Recommended Management Actions sec-tion of this plan. Longleaf, slash and pond pine are being planted onseveral areas, totaling 85 acres, which were destroyed in the 1985Pocket Fire.

ill. Fire Management

Because of the open condition of the Pocket area, the 1932 fire had verylittle impact. Very few trees per acre were present and the groundcover consisted primarily of broomstraw. The fire and grazing protec-tion afforded by the Government after 1936 allowed the establishment ofslash pine throughout the compartment. By 1954, the majority of theforest consisted of 15 to 20 year old pulpwood size stands.

The first refuge prescribed burn in Compartment 8 was accomplished inJanuary of 1954. This 892-acre burn removed enough fuel to allow the1954 wildfire to pass through the following spring with very littledamage to the young stands.

A tragic wildfire which took the life of Richard Bolt in 1979- destroyedone of the 1965 plantations (16 acres) and caused a great deal ofmortality in 50 acres of adjoining stands. A second Pocket fire inJune, 1985 destroyed 82 acres of forestland, mostly 1965 plantations.

Since 1954, prescribed burning has been carried out on a three or fouryear cycle. The northern and western blocks of the compartment werelast burned in January, 1985 and the southern and eastern blocks wereburned as part of the 1985 Pocket fire suppression action. The north andwest blocks are presently burned on a four-year cycle and the south and

1-3

APPENDIX T

Typical Compartment Prescription

east blocks on a two-year cycle. A between-cycle burn is being recom-mended for the north, and west blocks before timber marking andharvesting operations bagin.

IV. Endangered Species Management

Because Compartment 8 has had no colonies in the past, management forthe red-cockaded woodpecker has not been a major consideration. Severalwoodpeckers are now attempting to colonize the Pocket area. One attemptoccurred several years ago in block 39 but failed when a windstorm brokethe tree off at the hole level. Three new colony starts were observedduring this prescription cruise in blocks 16, 41 and 42. Two birds werealso observed in block 41. More colonization attempts are expected asthe' available habitat on nearby Billy's Island becomes more saturated.The Pocket area presently provides marginal woodpecker habitat becauseof its young age and high density. The proposed heavy thinning, favor-ing ' the very scattered longlef pine, will provide 1,250 acres of red-cockaded woodpecker habitat within a few years which v/ill be capable ofsupporting four or five red-cockaded woodpecker colonies. If managed inaccordance with the Habitat Management Plan for Okefenokee NationalWildlife Refuge, the compartment will eventually be capable of suppor-ting an additional two colonies. See Maps IV.A, IV.B, and IV.C forlocation of suitable and potential colony and foraging habitat for thered-cockaded woodpecker.

V. Description of Existing Habitat Types

This forest management prescription, accompanying maps and tables werecompiledfrominformation" gathered during a 2% prescription cruisecompleted in July, 1986. In addition to species, age and volume data,understory species composition was recorded, primarily to documentunderstory changes resulting from various management activities. Thisdata is shown on the understory species Maps No. III.A, III.B, andIII.C. The following groups of understory species were observed inCompartment 8 during the prescription cruise:

Palmetto: Primary species is palmetto, generally located on higherpine lands. Gallberry is the most common associated species,followed by wax myrtle, huckleberry, blueberry, various grasses andground oaks.

Gallberry: Generally located on slightly lower sites thanpredominantly palmetto areas. Other species found are palmetto,wax myrtle, grass, poison ivy, grapes, hurrah bush, and others.

Grass (Disturbed Areas): This grass type includes both annual andperennial grasses which occur in old fields, pine plantations andother areas where the soil has been worked. Blackberry, poisonivy, grapes and wax myrtle are commonly found in these areas.

Grass (Wooded Areas).- This perennial grass type occurs in areaswhich receive less sunlight and is often associated with periodic

T-4

e

- APPENDIX T

Typical Compartment Prescription

fires. Wiregrass associated with ground oaks is an example onhigher ground. Other wetland perennial grasses and associatedwetland plants and shrubs are found on lower areas.

Huckleberry-Blueberry: These are upland areas which contain dwarfhuckleberry and blueberry. Frequent fires encourage this type.Ground oaks, gallberry and palmetto are also present.

Wetland Shrubs: These understory areas contain shrubs such ashurrah bush, greenbriar, myrtle, titi, high blueberries, andothers. They are generally located in transition zones betweenupland and swampland. These areas burn very hot during winter andsummer.

Wetland Plants: Very poorly drained areas containing ferns, St.Johnswort and others.

Sphagnum Moss: Some slash and pond pine stands have only sphagnummoss in the understory. These areas hold fire during wet periodsbut burn readily when dry.

Bare Ground or Litter: Disturbed sites, periodically flooded sitesor sites where the overstory is too dense to permit growth of anyunderstory.

Pine stands occupy 82% of the area in Compartment 8. The remaining areais composed of small stands of hardwoods, mixed pine, cypress and hard-wood swamplands, openings and administrative areas. Although longleafpine stands once occupied much of the area, slash pine now occupies thevast majority of the area (64%) with an occasional longleaf pine scat-tered throughout the higher elevations and a few pond and loblolly pinelocated near the swarnpline. Approximately 23% of the area has enoughlongleaf pine (10% or more) to be classed as slash/long leaf pine. Mixedslash/pond/loblolly pine stands are located on 32% of the area. Purelongleaf stands occupy less than 1% of the upland pine forest.

With the exception of the 1965 plantation and the burned over areascurrently being rehabilitated, most of the pine stands are between 40and 50 years of sge, dating back to the acquisition of the area from theHebard Cypress Company. A few old trees, left by the Twin Tree LoggingCompany are scattered throughout the stands.

The young stands are growing rapidly. The 1965 prescription showedvolumes of 1,953,000 board feet and 9,000 cords of pine timber. Inaddition to the volumes cut since 1965, volumes are now 3,497,000 boardfeet and 5,906 cords. Some of the stands are now quite dense, up to 160square feet per acre basal area and will have to be thinned to maintainthis vigorous growth and improve the value to wildlife.

The Forest Stand Condition class maps, stand descriptions, and volumetables contain symbols used to identify the various forest types andconditions. These symbols are as follows:

T-5

APPENDIX T

Typical Compartment Prescription

SPECIES SIZE CROW DENSITY

P - Pine 1. Less than 4 in DBH A. - DenseH - Hardwood 2. 4.1 to 9,0 in DBH B. - Semi-DenseC - Cypress 3. Over 9.1 in DBH C. - Sparse

Example: P3A = Pine, greather than 9.1 inch DBH witha sparse crown canopy.

Maps No. I .A, I.B, and I.C show the present distribution of the variouscondition classes. These classes are summarized in Section VII.

VI. Refuge Management Objectives vs. Habitat Deficiencies

Habitat management objectives for Okefenokee Refuge are to provideoptimum habitat diversity to benefit a wide variety of native wildlifespecies with special emphasis on threatened and endangered species.Considering the saturated red-cockaded woodpecker habitat on Billy'sIsland and the recent attempts to establish colonies in the Pocket,habitat management emphasis will shift on older stands from habitatdiversity toward providing open park like stands for the endangeredwoodpecker. The most important habitat deficiencies to be corrected bythis and following prescriptions are:

1. Lack of Forest Stand Diversity: Except for the 85 acres ofslesh pine planted in 1965, almost all of the forest stands inCompartment 8 are in a single 40 to 50 year age class andrepresent a single species,

2. Lack of Understory Diversity: Although varied burning condi-tions have developed some understory diversity in the south andeastern blocks, the other half of the compartment is dominatedalmost entirely by gallberry.

3. Lack of Open Space.- Habitat diversity would be increased ifthe compartment contained more openings.

4. Marginal Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat: Although the com-partment could support vigorous stands of longleaf pine, pastmanagement practices have almost eliminated longleaf frcm thearea. Red-cockaded woodpeckers are trying to establish startholes in slash nine. Only about 342 acres of the existing pinestands are in the open condition preferred by the woodpeckers.The remaining stands are far too dense for colonies or foragingsites.

VII. Recommended Management Actions

When the last prescription was completed in 1965, refuge management

T-6

Typical Compartment Prescription

objectives were to manage on a sustained yield basis and to maximizehabitat diversity for native wildlife species. Since 1965, with thediscovery of red-cockaded woodpeckers on Billy's Island and recentattempts to establish colonies in the Pocket, proposed management acti-vities will shift in the direction of providing habitat for this endan-gered species. Proposed stand densities are lower than they were in1965, rotations will be much longer, thinning activities will favorlongleaf pine, and longleaf pine will be restored on its original terri-tory when areas are regenerated.

The following management activities are proposed for each of the exis-ting condition classes or individual forest stands. Maps No. II.A,II.B, _ and II.C show stand condition classes after the proposed treat-ment .

P3A - 517 acres, 27%; after treatment: 0 acres, 0%

These stands will be heavily thinned'to the P3C condition leavingthe largest, most vigorous trees, Longleaf pine will be favoredwhere it exists. Where suitable cavity trees do not exist, thesestands will be maintained in an open condition suitable for wood-pecker foraging sites. These are vigorous stands and by the nextprescription cycle the stand should have grown into the semi-dense,P3B condition.

P3B - 499 acres, 26%; after treatment: 91 acres, 5%

These predominantly slash pine stands are similar to the P3A standsexcept that they are not as heavily stocked. The area will receivea light thinning, reducing stand density to the P3C condition. Thevigorous stands will return to the P3B condition by the next cut-ting cycle. One of the woodpecker start hole sites is located inan opening within a small P3B stand.

P3C - 352 acres, 18%; after treatment: 1,245 acres, 64%

Two of the red-cockaded woodpecker start hole areas are in theexisting P3C types. The only pure longleaf pine stand in thecompartment is also located in this type in block 3. These standsv/ill receive a very light thinning to even out spacing and removemidstory trees. These stands also contain most of the pre-1936aged trees. Most of the P3C stands are less vigorous than theexisting P3A and P3B stands and will remain in the P3C classthroughout the rest of the rotation. Two 20-acre stands--located inblocks 13 and 33 will be regenerated. Both sites are excellentlongleaf sites and will be converted back to longleaf. The block18 site contains a few scattered longleaf pine which v/ill be left.These remaining longleafs may provide early cavity sites and shouldstill be alive when the new stands approach useful age.

T-7

AJ'FENDIX T

Typical Compartment Prescription

P2A - 20 acres, 1%; after treatment: 0 acres, 0%

These small stands are parts of the 1965 slash pine plantationswhich escaped a series of fence post thinnings. • They will bethinned back to a semi-dense P2B condition.

P2B - 122 acres, 6%; after treatment: 162 acres, 8%

.•Other than two small pulpwood sized stands near the swampline,'these stands are all slash pine plantations planted in 1965. Theywill receive a light thinning, reducing basal area to just above 40square feet. The rapidly growing stand should grow into the upperend of the P2B or enter the P3A class by the next prescriptioncycle in 1996. By this time, the stand will be large enough to beuseful as red-cockaded woodpecker foraging sites.

P2C - 20 acres, 1%; after treatment:.0 acres, 0%

These stands are part of the 1965 plantations which were thinnedmore heavily or were damaged by one of several wildfires. Theywill receive no thinning and probably will join the semi-dense P23class by the end of this prescription cycle.

P/C/H - 177 acres, 9%; after treatment: 177 acres, 9%

These are mixed stands of pine, pond cypress, and hardwoods growingin shallow depressions scattered throughout the compartment. Otherthan the removal of a few pines from the edges of these stands,they will receive no management. In some stands, the understory isextremely dense and in other the overstory is very dense and theunderstory is quite open. These "ponds" are well distributedthroughout the compartment and are valuable because they will helpto maintain wildlife habitat diversity as the density of the adja-cent mature sawtimber stands is reduced to a more uniform, opensituation.

UH - 48 acres, 2%; after treatment: 48 acres, 2%

These areas include: a 14-acre upland hardwood stand is locatedwithin the state park area; a small hardwood stand in block 38 onthe north end of the Pocket; and a 10-acre hardwood plantation atthe Richard Bolt Memorial Site. Nothing is proposed for thenatural sites. A few hardwoods will be added from time to time tothe Bolt Memorial Site. Any natural hardwood- sites- discoveredduring management activities will be protected.

Pl_ - 60 acres, 4%; after treatment 92 acres, 6%

The 82-acre 1986 Pocket fire salvage area is being rehabilitated inaccordance with the plan submitted after the fire. DuringFebruary, 1986, longleaf, slash and pond pine seed were distributedover prepared seedbeds on 56 acres of the burned over area. Slash

T-i

Typical Compartment Prescription

pine seedlings were planted on six acres. Due to a very dry spring,an acceptable stand was not established in the seedbed area. Bareroot longleaf and slash pine seedlings will oe planted in theseareas this coming winter. Permanent openings for a total of nineacres will be maintained in these burned over areas. Longleaf pineseedlings will be planted in two 20-acre regeneration areas inblocks 11 and 21.

Openings - 19 acres, 1%; after treatment: 25 acres, 2%

The following list shows present and proposed permanent openings inCompartment 8:

Headquarters PlotMemorial Plot OpeningBlock 47 OpeningRadio Tower OpeningBlock 48 OpeningBlock 47 OpeningBlock 32 OpeningBlock 23 OpeningBlock 33 Opening

TOTAL

1.04,51.53.01.04.54.53.02.0

acresacresacresacresacresacresacresacresacres

MaintainedMaintainedNaturalMaintainedMaintainedMaintainedUnder constructionUnder constructionProposed

25.0 acres

In addition to the 25 acres of maintained openings, road shouldersprovide an additional 32 acres and the Sill an additional fiveacres within the compartment. The six regeneration areas willprovide 92 acres of temporary openings. The maintenance of themature stands in an open, park-like condition for the red-cockadedwoodpecker will also provide many open areas within stands whichwill be utilized by some wildlife species. The remaining 104acres (7%) are road right-of-ways, parking lots, building sites,,etc.

Proposed habitat management activities vail correct habitat deficienciesby:

1. Increasing stand diversity by adding a third age class of 92acres to the existing 40-50 year age classes, and by restoringlongleaf pine on about 85 acres of its former territory.

2. Increasing understory diversity by continuing prescribed burnson two different burning cycles.

3. Increasing open space available to wildlife by constructing newminimum maintenance open areas, utilizing regeneration areas astemporary openings and by opening up mature stands to createnumerous forest openings.

T-9

APPENDIX T

Typical Compartment Prescription

4. Improving red-cockaded woodpecker habitat by reducing standdensity on several hundred acres of mature pine, favoringlongleaf pine over other species during selective thinning,planting longleaf pine on suitable regeneration areas, and byconducting prescribed burns to maintain an open understory.

In addition to correcting habitat deficiencies, the proposed habitatmanagement activities will improve the appearence of the six-mile driveinto Stephen C. Foster State Park and increase the opportunity to viewand enjoy wildlife.

No new roads or firelines are necessary to carry out the prescribedactivities. One out-of-sequence prescribed burn will be necessary onthe north and west sides of the compartment to facilitate marking andtimber removal activities.

The prescribed activities will yield approximately 1,700 MBF of sawtim-ber and 3,800 cords of pulpwood with a total value of approximately$140,000.00. If staffing and funding are available, marking will becompleted in FY 1987 and the surplus forest products will be marketed inone or more sales in FY 1987 and 1988. See Maps No. V.A, V.B, and V.Cfor proposed locations of regeneration and thinning areas.

Staffing and funding requirements needed to carry outmanagement activities are as follows:

the prescribed

STAFF

Timber MarkingSales AdministrationSales InspectionSite PreparationRegenerationConstruction of OpeningsPrescribed Burn

TOTAL

STAFF DAYS

7015302110432

162

COST

$ 7,3001,6003,2002,2001,000400

1,300

$17,000

FUNDING.

Equipment MaintenanceVehicle MaintenanceFuelTree Marking Materials

TOTAL

COST

$ 1,0001,000600

1,400

$ 4,000

T-10-

APPENDIX T

Typical Compartment Prescription

VIII. Contract Supervision

The only contracts to be awarded during this cutting cycle as a resultof this prescription will be timber harvesting permits. • A list ofconditions will be part of each harvesting permit. These conditions"andthe other provisions of the permit will insure that the objectives ofthis prescription and the Habitat Management Plan'are met. Harvestingoperations will be inspected weekly, or more frequently if necessary, toinsure/ that all the provisions of the timber harvesting permit areadhered to.

IX. Tables and Maps

Table I - Forest Type and Age Class DistributionTable II - Cut/Leave Schedule

Map I - Existing Forest Condition ClassesA. South Pocket SectionB. North Pocket SectionC. Jones Island Section

Map II - Proposed Forest Condition ClassesA. South Pocket SectionB. North Pocket SectionC. Jones Island Section

Map III - Understory SpeciesA- South Pocket SectionB. North Pocket SectionC. Jones Island Section

Map IV - Forest Species DistributionA. South -Pocket SectionB. North Pocket SectionC. Jones Island Section

Map V - Regeneration and Thinning AreasA. South Pocket SectionB. North Pocket SectionC. Jones Island Section

T-H

APPENDIX f

Typical Compartment Prescription

TABLE I

FOREST TYPE, SPECIES, AND AGE CLASS DISTRIBUTION

FY 1987

COMPARTMENT 8

Composition by Types

Pine Forest 1,498Pine/Cypress/Hardwood Ponds 177Upland Hardwoods . 48Regeneration Areas (Temporary Openings) 92

TOTAL FOREST AREA 1 ,815 .

Permanent Openings 25Other (Road ROW, Building Sites,

Parking Lots, etc. 104

TOTAL COMPAR3MENT AREA 1,944

acres 77%acres 9%acres 2%acres 5%

acres 93%

acres 1%

acres 6%

acres 100%

SPECIES ARD AG5 CLASS DISTRIBUTION ON1 UPLAND PINE FOREST

Young Longleaf (0-20 years)Young Slash/Longleaf* (0-20 years)Young Slash Pine (0-20 years)Slash/Pond/Loblollyjf (0-20 years)Middle-Aged Longleaf (21-40 year)Miadle-Aged Slash/Longleaf* (21-40 years)Middle-Aged Slash (21-40 years)Middle-Aged Slash/Pond/Loblolly? (21-40 years)Mature Longleaf (41-80 years)Mature Slash/Longleaf* (41-80 years)Mature Slash (41-30 years)Mature Slash/Pond/Loblolly* (41-80 years)Old Longleaf (81+ years)Old Slash/Longleaf*- (31+ years)Old Slash (81+ years)Old Slash/Pond/Loblolly£ (81+ years)

irrrnr TTPrann PTMF FORR^T

43 acres**0 acres

34 acres0 acres0 acres87 acres464 acres58 acres10 acres246 acres497 acres111 acres0 acres10 acres '20 acres10 acres

1,590 acres

3%0%2%0%0%6%29%4%

<1%15%31%7%0%

<1%1%

<1%

** Proposed plan will remove 36 acres fra*n middle-aged and mature slashpine and add it to young longleaf.

10% or more loblollyand pond pine.

10% or more longleaf pine.

T-12 '

TABLE II

CUT-LEAVE SCHEDULE, COMPARTMENT

TABLE FOR PINE

- FY 1987

ForestConditionClass

P3B

P3C

P2B

PI

P/C/HimTOTALS

Acres

91

1,245

162

92

17748

1,815

LEAVE

Saw timberPer Acre(Bd.Ft.)

7,320

4,698

632

-

88239

'

TotalMBF

666.2

5,849.6

102.5

0.0

156.21.9

6,776.4

PulpwoodPer Acre(Cords)

1.85

0.58

5.44

-

1.41--

Total(.Cords)

168

725

882

0

2490

2,024

CUT .^

Saw timberPer Acre(Bd.Ft,)

407

1,234

120

1,203

"98

--

Total.MBF

37.1

1,536.8

19.5

110,7

17.4.0.0

'1,721.5

PulpwoodPer Acre(Cords)

1.18

2,31

4.73

0.86

0.27--

Total(Cords)

107

2,881

767

79

480

3,882-

-4

TABLE FOR HARDWOOD & CYPRESS

ForestConditionClass

P3BP3CP2BPIP/C/HUH

TOTALS

Acres

911,245

• 1629217748

1,815

LEAVE

SawtimberPer Acre(Bd.Ft.)

•1072722

. -1,296

• . 491

.

TotalMBF '

9.834.03.60,0

229.423.6

_ 300.4

PulpwoodPer Acre(Cords) '

1.23.24.170

3.55.3.52

-

Total(Cords)

112302270628169

1,238

CUT-

S aw timberPer Acre(Bd. Ft..)

--•- •- '--

-

Total. MBF

000000

0

PulpwoodPer Acre(Cords)

--

'

---

-

Total(Cords)

0• o

0000

0

APPENDIX T

TYPICAL COMPARTMENT PRESCRIPTION

List of Maps Included in a Typical Compartment Prescription •

MAP I Existing Torest Condition Classes •

Shows forest stand size, and density as they exist before prescribed •treatment. Includes 'all physical features of compartment.

Map II Proposed Forest Condition' Classes

Shows size and density types after prescribed treatment. Includes-all physical features of compartment. . -

Map III Understory Species

Color coded map showing major understory species existing in thecompartment. Includes all physical features of compartment.

Map "IV Forest Species Distribution

Color coded map showing .distribution of various pine and hardwoodspecies present after proposed treatment. Shows areas suitable andpotentially suitable for red-cockaded woodpecker habitat. Showsred-cockaded woodpecker cavity tree locations. Includes all physicalfeatures of compartment.

Map V Regeneration and Thinning Areas

Shows proposed regeneration areas and selective thinning areas.Includes all physical features of compartment.

APPENDIX "U"

DESCRIPTION-ENDANGERED PLANTS

Name: Hartwrightia (Hartwrightia floridana)Status: ThreatenedRange: Central Florida to Southeast GeorgiaPlant Type: Perennial Herb • .Description: Hartwrightia floridana is slender plant up to 1.5 m. tall. Thebasal leaves are elliptic, up to 15 cm, long, and are attached by long slenderpetioles; the stem leaves are alternately arranged, lance-shaped, and muchreduced. The numerous flower heads are produced on a much-branched, flat-topped inflorescence that is covered with minute club-shaped scales. Theseflower heads are comprised of disk flowers that are white to lavender, and 3to 3.5 imt. long. The fruit is an achene. Flowering period: Summer-Fall;fruiting period: Fall.Habitat: Found in swamps, marshes, and wet grasslands.

Name: Hooded Pitcher-Plant (Sarracenia minor) . " •Status: ThreatenedRange: Central Florida, into Georgia, north to North CarolinaPlant Type: Perennial HerbDescription: The hooded pitcher-plant is from 15 to 60 cm. tall. The hollowleaves are green at the base, red above with conspicuous white spots on thebackside, 15 to 60 cm. tall, 1 to 4 cm. across at the orifice, and have hoodsthat are bent downward over the orifice. The single flowers are borne on longstalks that equal or exceed the leaves. The 5 yellow petals are ovate, 2,5 to4 cm. long; the 5 sepals are also yellow and are 1.5 to 3.5 cm. long. Thestyle-disk is 2 to 3 cm. in diameter. The fruit is a capsule, 7 to 15 nm. indiameter. Flowering period: March - May; fruiting period: June-July.Habitat: Found in acid soils of open bogs, savannas, and low areas..in pineflatwoods.

Name: Parrot Pitcher-Plant f Sarracenia psittacina)Status: ThreatenedRange: Northeast Florida, south Georgia, west to Louisiana '•' -Plant Type: Perennial HerbDescription: This plant is one of the smaller members of this genus, and. isoften overlooked. The hollow leaves are 9 to 28 cm. long, green at the base,red-veined towards the top, prominently winged in the upper half, and arearranged in a basal rosette that reclines on the ground. The single flowersappear with the leaves, and are borne on long stalks that rise well-above theleaves. The 5 petals are maroon, and 2 to 4.5 cm. long; the 5 maroon sepalsare 1.5 to 2,5 cm. long. the style disk is 1.8 to 2.6 cm. in diameter. Thefruit is a capsule about 1 cm. in diameter. Flowering period: March - May;fruiting period: June - July.Habitat: Found in acid soils of open bogs, savannas, and low areas in pineflatwoods.

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Name: Pond-Bush and Pond Spice Litsea aestivalisStatus: ThreatenedRange: Coastal Plain of Florida, Georgia, North Carolina arid South CarolinaPlant Type: Deciduous Shrub .Description: Pond Spice has zigzag branches and is up to 3 m. tall. Theleaves are alternately arranged on the stem, rather thin, elliptic, and up to3 cm. long and 1 cm. wide. Male and female -flowers are produced on differentplants (dioecious) and appear on the leaves. These flowers are borneterminally or at the nodes of the last year's leaves, in tight umbellateclusters. The 6 flower parts are yellow, smooth, and 2 to 3 nm. ..long. Thefruit is a red drupe, 4 to 6 nra. in diameter. Flowering period: March -April; fruiting period: May - June.Habitat: Found on margins of swamps, limesink ponds, . and in low wetwoodlands.

Name: Fly-catchers, Golden Trumpet, and Trumpet Leave Sarracensis: flavaStatus: ThreatenedRange: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, SouthCarolina and VirginiaPlant Type: Perennial Herb ' •Description: This is one of the largest members of this genus, growing up to95 cm. tall. The hollow trumpet-shaped leaves are greenish yellow, 25 to 35cm. tall, 15 cm. across at the orifice, and have suberect hoods with a purplespot at the base. The single flowers appears before the leaves, and are borneon long stalks (scapes). The 5 petals are bright yellow, ovate, 58.5 cm.long, and guickly deciduous. The 5 sepals are green, 2.53 cm. long and arepersistent through the growing season. Another distinctive characteristic ofthe flower is the style disk, which is 37 cm. in diameter. Ihe*fruit is acapsule, 10 to 25 irm. in diameter. Flowering period: March - April; fruitingperiod: May - June.Habitat: Found in acid soils of open bogs, savannas, and low areas in pineflatwoods.

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