Foreword and Chapter One of The Meaning of Freedom

7/31/2019 Foreword and Chapter One of The Meaning of Freedom

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[nh Fhoglgb ed Drhhkef

Ogbhjo \. KovlsDerhwerk ay Qealg K. B. Ihjjhy

ephg fhklo shrlhs | `lty jlbnts aeeis

Pog Drog`ls`e


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@epyrlbnt 1=?1 ay Ogbhjo \. KovlsDerhwerk 1=?1 ay Qealg K. B. Ihjjhy

Ojj Qlbnts Qhshrvhk.

Ephg Fhklo Phrlhs Hklter3 Brhb Qubblhre

@evhr pnetebropn Ihao Iegth

Pph`loj tnogis te Kovlk Aorsoflog ogk Ojthrgotlvh Qokle

[nls aeei ls ojse ovoljoajh os og h-hkltleg3 -=->21>4-8>4-=

Jlarory ed @egbrhss @otojeblgb-lg-]uajl`otleg KotoKovls, Ogbhjo \. (Ogbhjo \veggh), ?21>4-8=0-2?. Xglthk PtothsPe`loj `egkltlegs?=- 1. Xglthk Ptoths]ejltl`s

ogk bevhrgfhgt?


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2

Derhwerk

Ay Qealg K. B. Ihjjhy

Rnot ls tnh fhoglgb ed drhhkef5 Ogbhjo Kovlss hgtlrh jldh,

weri, ogk o`tlvlsf nos ahhg khklòthk te hxoflglgb tnls dug-

kofhgtoj quhstleg ogk te oaejlsnlgb ojj derfs ed suacubotleg

tnot novh khglhk epprhsshk phepjh drhhkef. Lt ls get tee fu`n

te òjj nhr egh ed tnh werjks jhoklgb pnljesepnhrs ed drhhkef.

Pnh stogks obolgst tnh jlahroj trokltleg ed pejltlòj pnljesepny,

tnh trokltleg khrlvhk dref Neaahs ogk etnhrs tnot ugkhrstogks

drhhkef os tnh rlbnt ed tnh lgklvlkuoj te ke wnot nh wlsnhs

wltneut dhtthrs er lfphklfhgts, os jegb os lt ls jowduj ugkhr

tnh stoth. [nls ghbotlvh jlahrty er drhhkef pjo`hs o prhfluf

eg tnh rlbnt te ewg prephrty, te o`ùfujoth whojtn, te khdhgk

prephrty ay orfs, te fealjlty, hxprhssleg, ogk pejltlòj portl`l-

potleg. Kovlss eg`hptleg ed drhhkef ls dor ferh hxpogslvh ogk

roklòjèjjh`tlvh drhhkef9 tnh drhhkef te horg o jlvhjlneek

ogk jlvh o nhojtny, dujjy rhojlzhk jldh9 drhhkef dref vlejhg`h9

shxuoj drhhkef9 se`loj custl`h9 oaejltleg ed ojj derfs ed aegk-

obh ogk lgòr`hrotleg9 drhhkef dref hxpjeltotleg9 drhhkef ed

fevhfhgt9 drhhkef osfevhfhgt, os o èjjh`tlvh strlvlgb der

rhoj khfe`ro`y. Der Kovls, drhhkef ls get o tnlgb brogthk ay

tnh stoth lg tnh derf ed jow er pre`jofotleg er pejl`y9 drhh-

kef ls strubbjhk der, lt ls nork-deubnt ogk trogsderfotlvh, lt ls

o portl`lpotery pre`hss tnot khfogks ghw woys ed tnlgilgb ogk

ahlgb. [nus lt ls egjy ttlgb tnot snh ls ofegb tnh dhw focer


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>

`egthfperory tnlgihrs wne toihs shrleusjy Iorj Forxs ?>;8

lgcug`tleg tnot [nh pnljesepnhrs novh egjy lgthrprhthk tnh

werjk, lg vorleus woys. [nh pelgt, newhvhr, ls te `nogbh lt.Ogbhjo Kovls wos aerg ogk rolshk lg oportnhlk Alrflgb-

nof, Ojoaofo, ugkhr egkltlegs ed hxtrhfh ogk ajotogt ugdrhh-

kef. Pnh brhw up lg tnh ?


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Kovls hxpjolghk te

og ouklhg`h lg Aeujkhr, @ejeroke3 [nh stru`turhs ed nhthre-

gerfotlvlty ogk tnh vorleus vlejhg`hs tnhsh stru`turhs ogk kls-

èurshs hgtolj, ke get gh`hssorljy klsopphor wnhg tnh shxuojlty

ed tnh portl`lpogt ls nogbhk. Lf get subbhstlgb tnot wh ke get

`jolf tnh rlbnt ed boys ogk jhsalogs te hgbobh lg tnls pro`tl`h,

aut wh ojse novh te tnlgi oaeut tnh lgstltutleg ltshjd. Lt ls og

hègefl` lgstltutleg. Lt ls oaeut prephrty. Lt ls get oaeut rhjo-

tlegs! Get oaeut nufog rhjotlegs, er lgtlfoth rhjotlegs.

Dlgojjy, wh fust oìgewjhkbh tnot lg tnh odthrfotn ed


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?;

osshrtleg tnot nh ls o `ltlzhg ed tnh werjk, nh, tee, lgveihk

gotleg rst ogk sht eut eg o derhlbg pejl`y potn tnot ls get

roklòjjy klddhrhgt dref tnot ed nls prhkh`hssers. Nh ègtlguhste suppert o sedthr vhrsleg ed tnh hxpogsleglst, ghejlahroj, ogk

fljltorlst pejl`lhs tnot novh krlvhg tnh jost nojd-`hgtury ed X.P.

derhlbg pejl`y. Nh `hrtolgjy kehs get lgthgk te jlflt Ofhrlòg

fljltory pewhr.

Lreglòjjy, Eaofos hjh`tleg lgltlojjy nok tnh hddh`t ed vlr-

tuojjy hjlflgotlgb se`loj fevhfhgts dref eur puajl` klsèursh.

Ojtneubn brossreets erboglzlgb fokh nls hjh`tleg pesslajh, ojj

ed eur gotlegoj klsùsslegs ed pejl`y deùs eg tnh prhslkhgts

lgklvlkuoj kh`lsleg-foilgb te tnh hx`jusleg ed tnh khfogks

ed obbrlhvhk breups. [nls ls ojse oddh`tlgb tnh woy nlstery ls

èg`hlvhk lg tnh pepujor ègs`leusghss3 [nh Ghw Khoj ed tnh

?


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?8

`ltlzhgry te erboglzh, obltoth, ogk `nojjhgbh lgcustl`h wltn

fevhfhgts der `nogbh. [nh yhor 1=?? shhfhk te blvh alrtn

te cust tnot3 o ghw wovh ed bjeaoj uprlslgbs, rhahjjlegs, rlets,erboglzlgb, ogk foss fevhfhgts. Lg tnh Xglthk Ptoths, tnh

wovh teei derf lg tnh ughxph`thk hfhrbhg`h ed tnh E`ùpy

fevhfhgt, ogk hvhr slg`h tnh rst khfegstroters shttjhk lgte

Ghw \eris Su`èttl ]ori, Ogbhjo Kovls nos ahhg o pewhr-

duj speihsphrseg der, ogk prhshg`h wltnlg, tnh fevhfhgt.

Dref Ghw \eri te ]nljokhjpnlo, dref Eoijogk te Ahrjlg, tnh

phepjhs fl` nos prech`thk nhr werks te tnh lgklbgogt `rewks

ed phepjh `nojjhgblgb tnh os`hgkog`h ed Rojj Ptrhht ogk tnh

prlvotlzotleg ed wnots jhdt ed eur puajl` lgstltutlegs. Kovls rh-

flgks tnh E`ùplhrs tnot lg eur hdderts te nejk Rojj Ptrhht

o`èugtoajh der tnh hègefl` èjjopsh, wh fust get jesh slbnt

ed tnh albbhr each`tlvh3 o ghw se`lhty. Lg hvhry sphh`n, snh hg-

vlsleghk drhhkef lg woys klofhtrlòjjy eppeshk te tnh Drlhk-

rl`n veg Noyhis, Fljteg Drlhkfogs, ogk Jorry Puffhrshs ed

tnh werjko vlsleg ed og lg`juslvh èffuglty deugkhk eg cus-

tl`h, ogk hquojlty9 tnh prevlsleg ed hkuòtleg, nhojtn òrh, ogk

neuslgb9 ogk tnh oaejltleg ed tnh òr`hroj/pejl`h stoth. Pnh ojse

worghk rewks tnot su`n o vlsleg ed ejjh`tlvh drhhkef rhqulrhs

o roklòj èg`hptleg ed èffuglty. Lts egh tnlgb te èfh te-

bhtnhr lg poris ogk puajl` squorhs, lg strhhts ogk tnh nojjs ed

@egbrhss. Lt ls ogetnhr tnlgb te stoy tebhtnhr ogk rhfoih eur

rhjotlegsnlps wltn egh ogetnhr. Eur uglty fust ah èfpjhx,

snh edthg soys wnhg okkrhsslgb E`ùpy botnhrlgbs. Eur uglty

fust ah hfog`lpotery. Lt ògget ah slfpjlstl` ogk epprhsslvh.

Lg etnhr werks, drhhkef ls o pre`hss ed ahèflgb, ed ahlgb oajh

te shh ogk ugkhrstogk klddhrhg`h wltnlg uglty, ogk rhslstlgb tnh

thgkhg`y te rhpreku`h tnh nlhror`nlhs hfahkkhk lg tnh werjk

wh wogt te `nogbh.

Xjtlfothjy, tnh sphh`nhs botnhrhk tebhtnhr nhrh orh tlfhjy


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ogk tlfhjhss. [nhy hfaeky Ogbhjo Kovlss uglquhjy roklòj vl-

sleg ed tnh se`lhty wh ghhk te auljk ogk tnh potn te bht tnhrh.

Pnh stljj ahjlhvhs lg se`loj fevhfhgts, lg tnh pewhr ed phepjhte trogsderf se`lhty, ogk lg o geg-òpltojlst potn. Os snh tejk og

ouklhg`h lg 1==8, tnh gotleg ogk tnh werjk orh jjhk wltn phe-

pjh wne orh get odrolk te krhof oaeut tnh pesslaljlty ed o ahtthr

werjk. [nhy soy tnot o geg-hxpjeltotlvh, geg-ro`lst, khfe`rotl`

hègefl` erkhr ls pesslajh. [nhy soy tnot ghw se`loj rhjotlegs

orh pesslajh, eghs tnot jlgi nufog ahlgbs oreugk tnh bjeah, get

ay tnh èffekltlhs sefh preku`h ogk etnhrs ègsufh, aut

rotnhr ay hquojlty ogk sejlkorlty ogk èephrotleg ogk rhsph`t.

Pe ojj yeu eut tnhrh wne orh get odrolk te krhof, wne wlsn

te hgk ojj derfs ed fljltory e`ùpotleg, èrperoth keflgog`h,

nlhror`ny, ogk epprhssleg3 jlsthg, rhok, ogk nhhk tnh òjj.


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?2

egh

Qhpert dref Norjhf

@ejufalo Xglvhrslty, Ghw \eri @lty

Phpthfahr


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?>

post strubbjhs os o seur`h ed lgsplrotleg lfphjjlgb us te rodt lg-

gevotlvh oppreo`nhs te ègthfperory preajhfs, wh drhquhgtjy

rhpjo`h nlsterlòj ègs`leusghss wltn o khsphroth gestojblo, oj-jewlgb tnh post te ahèfh o rhpesltery der prhshgt pejltlòj

khslrhs. Rh ojjew tnh prhshgt te ah nhjk òptlvh ay tnh post.

Ferh tnog eg`h L novh nhork phepjh soy, Ld egjy o ghw

Ajoì ]ogtnhr ]orty èujk ah erboglzhk, tnhg wh èujk shrl-

eusjy khoj wltn [nh Fog, yeu igew5 Aut suppesh wh whrh

te soy3 [nhrh ls ge Fog ogyferh. [nhrh ls suddhrlgb. [nhrh

ls epprhssleg. [nhrh ls thrrldylgb ro`lsf. Aut tnls ro`lsf kehs

get èfh dref tnh fytnlòj Fog. Ferhevhr, lt ls jo`hk wltn

shxlsf ogk nefepnealo ogk ugprh`hkhgthk `joss hxpjeltotleg

osse`lothk wltn o kogbhreusjy bjeaojlzhk òpltojlsf. Rh ghhk

ghw lkhos ogk ghw strothblhs tnot wljj toih us lgte tnh twhgty-

rst `hgtury.

Rnot L of subbhstlgb ls tnot tnesh ed us wne orh hjkhrs

novh te step dug`tleglgb os bothihhphrs. Rh ògget hstoajlsn

obh ogk `lvlj rlbnts er ajoì pewhr hxphrlhg`h os tnh folg `rl-

thrlo der roklòj ajoì pejltlòj jhokhrsnlp tekoy. New ejk wos

Kr. Fortlg Jutnhr Ilgb wnhg nh ahòfh tnh speihsphrseg der

tnh Fegtbefhry aus aeyètt5 Nh wos 14 yhors ejk. New ejk

wos Klogh Gosn5 New ejk wos Nuhy Ghwteg5 Dlkhj @ostre5

Ghjseg Fogkhjo5 Ofljòr @oaroj5 Co`quhjlgh @rhdt5 Fourl`h

Alsnep5 Os der fyshjd, L wos egjy 18 yhors ejk wnhg L nok te

ègdregt Qegojk Qhobog evhr tnh lssuh ed fy rlbnt os o @ef-

fuglst te tho`n ot X@JO. Rh ògget khgy yeugb phepjh tnhlr

rlbntduj pjo`h lg tnls fevhfhgt tekoy er lt wljj ah eur kewgdojj.

Lg fogy lgstog`hs, yeugb phepjh orh oajh te shh dor ferh `jhor-

jy tnog wh tnot eur jlvhs orh snophk ay tnh lgthrsh`tlegs ed ro`h,

`joss, bhgkhr, ogk shxuojlty. [nesh ed us wne orh ejkhr novh o

brhot khoj te jhorg dref eur yeugbhr slsthrs ogk aretnhrs, wne

orh lg o ahtthr pesltleg tnog wh orh te khvhjep tnh pejltlòj


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?.> alj-

jleg evhr tnh ghxt slx yhors te put ?==,=== ghw pejl`hfhg ogk

wefhg eg tnh strhhts ed `ltlhs o`ress tnh èugtry9 $2.< aljjleg

lg stoth ègstru`tleg brogts der prlsegs ogk aeet òfps9 $?.>

aljjleg te rhlfaursh stoths, wnl`n orh hgèurobhk te lgòr`hr-

oth ferh ugkeùfhgthk lfflbrogts dref @hgtroj Ofhrlò,

tnh @orlaahog, ogk Oslo.

Hvhr brhothr gufahrs ed phepjh wljj ah nhrkhk lgte prlseg

ogk ugkhr tnh tnrhh-strlihs-yeurh-eut lgltlotlvh9 tnhy wljj rh-

`hlvh hvhr jegbhr shgthg`hs, aetn lg tnh stoth ogk tnh dhkhroj

systhf. Lreglòjjy, ugkhr tnh prevlsleg lgtreku`hk lg tnh Phg-

oth ay lts rst ajoì wefog fhfahr, @orej Feshjhy Aroug, lt

wljj ah hoslhr te try yeugb thhgobhrs os okujts. Os o rhsujt wh

wljj seeg novh `nljkrhg lg tnh stoth ogk dhkhroj prlsegs os whjj.

[nhrh orh ojrhoky egh fljjleg phepjh lg prlseg lg tnh Xglthk

Ptoths. [nls kehs get lg`jukh tnh 8==,=== lg `lty ogk èugty

coljs, tnh 4==,=== eg porejh, ogk tnh tnrhh fljjleg phepjh eg

preaotleg. Lt ojse kehs get lg`jukh tnh 4=,=== yeugb phepjh

lg cuvhgljh do`ljltlhs, wnl`n ls te soy, tnhrh orh prhshgtjy ferh

tnog vh fljjlegphepjh hltnhr lgòr`hrothk, eg porejh, er eg

preaotleg. Fogy ed tnh phepjh wne orh prhshgtjy eg preaotleg

er eg porejh, weujk ah ahnlgk aors ugkhr tnh ègkltlegs ed tnh

rh`hgtjy posshk `rlfh aljj.

Pe, yeu shh, hvhg wltneut tnh kroèglog fhosurhs ed tnh

`rlfh aljj, ajoì phepjh orh ojrhoky 2.> tlfhs ferh jlihjy te be

te prlseg tnog orh wnlth phepjh. Ld wh novh ogy keuats oaeut


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tnh fevh owoy dref eg`hptuojlzotlegs tnot prlerltlzh rhnoaljl-

totleg os og olf ed lgò`hrotleg, egslkhr tnh do`t tnot prlseghrs

wljj ge jegbhr ah hjlblajh der ]hjj Brogt osslstog`h der nlbnhrhkuòtleg. Get egjy ls tnh kurotleg ed lfprlsegfhgt krostl-

òjjy hxhgkhk, lt ls rhgkhrhk ferh rhprhsslvh tnog hvhr. Rltnlg

sefh stoth prlseg systhfs, whlbnts novh hvhg ahhg aogghk.

Novlgb sphgt tlfh lg shvhroj coljs fyshjd, L igew new lf-

pertogt lt ls te hxhr`lsh tnh aeky os whjj os tnh flgk. [nh aor-

rlgb ed nlbnhr hkuòtleg ogk whlbnt shts lfpjlhs tnh `rhotleg

ed og lgòr`hrothk se`lhty ed phepjh wne orh wertn jlttjh ferh

tnog trosn te tnh keflgogt ùjturh. [nh `rlfh aljj kehs get

lfpo`t cust tnh ajoì èffuglty, lt nos ègshquhg`hs der Jo-

tlge èffugltlhs, Gotlvh Ofhrlòg èffugltlhs, Oslog èf-

fugltlhs, Oroa èffugltlhs, peer wnlth èffugltlhs, ogk

lfflbrogts.

Os ajoì s`nejors ogk o`tlvlsts, eur ogojysls ogk èg`hrgs

sneujk hxthgk ahyegk wnot wh rhèbglzh os ajoì èffugl-

tlhs. Eur pejltlòj èffugltlhs ed strubbjh hfaro`h ojj phepjh

ed ejerajoì, Jotlge, Oslog, lgklbhgeusos whjj os tnh peer

lg tnls èugtry. [nh vhry sofh ègkltlegs ed bjeaojlzotleg tnot

novh reaahk tnh ajoì èffuglty ed se fogy ceas novh ojse

jhk te lg`rhoshk flbrotleg lgte tnh Xglthk Ptoths. @opltoj fl-

broths dref èugtry te èugtry lg shor`n ed `nhop joaer, ogk

lg tnh pre`hss lt ephgs up `lrùlts ed nufog flbrotleg lgte

tnls èugtry. Aut gew, o`èrklgb te tnh `rlfh aljj, tnh dhkhroj

bevhrgfhgt wljj dugk tnh lgòr`hrotleg èsts ed ugkeùfhgt-

hk lfflbrogts. Rh wljj ojj hgk up lg tnh sofh pjo`h, wnhtnhr

whrh Odrlòg Ofhrlògs, Noltlogs, @uaogs, Jotlge Ofhrlògs,

Pojvokerogs, Fhxlògs, @nlghsh, Joetlogs, Oroas, se whk aht-

thr burh eut new te auljk o rhslstog`h fevhfhgt tebhtnhr.

Rne ls ahghtlgb dref tnhsh eflgeus ghw khvhjepfhgts5

[nhrh ls ojrhoky sefhtnlgb ed o aeef lg tnh prlseg egstrutleg


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lgkustry. Ghw or`nlth`turoj trhgks tnot rhòpltujoth ejk lkhos

oaeut lgòr`hrotleg su`n os Chrhfy Ahgtnofs pogeptlèg novh

preku`hk tnh ghhk te auljk ghw coljs ogk prlsegsaetn puajlògk prlvoth prlsegs. Ogk tnhrh ls tnh klfhgsleg ed tnh pret

krlvh, wltn lts ewg hxpjeltotlvh, ro`lst èfpeghgt. Lts ojse lf-

pertogt te rhèbglzh tnot tnh sthokljy brewlgb trhgk ed prlvo-

tlzotleg ed X.P. coljs ogk prlsegs ls hquojjy fhgo`lgb. Rltn

tnls ghw `rlfh aljj, tnh @errh`tlegs @erperotleg ed Ofhrlò,

wnl`n ls ùrrhgtjy tnh jorbhst efpogy lg tnh prlsegs-der-pret

auslghss, ls vhry jlihjy te brew. [nh ugleg-austlgb trhgk tnot

`noro`thrlzhs trogsgotlegoj òpltoj ls ushk ay prlvoth prlsegs

te ùt tnhlr èsts. [nus @errh`tlegs @erperotleg ed Ofhrlò

klsojjews ugleglzotleg lg lts prlsegs. Ferhevhr, lts hfpjeyhhs

novh ge phgsleg pjog.

Rnot wos fest wertny ed geth lg tnh khaoth eg tnh rlfh

aljj wos tnot tnh ajoì òuùs lgslsthk tnreubneut eg tnh lg-

`jusleg ed o ro`loj custl`h o`t tnot weujk phrflt khotn-rew kh-

dhgkogts te ush ro`h os o fltlbotlgb do`ter. Xgdertugothjy, tnot

prevlsleg doljhk te ah lg`jukhk. Rh tnhrhderh osi3 New fogy

ferh ajoì aeklhs wljj ah so`rlhk eg tnh ojtor ed jow ogk er-

khr5 Rny nos lt ahhg se kldùjt te ephgjy okkrhss lssuhs ed

tnh se`loj ègstru`tleg ed ro`h5 Rny novhgt wh ferh hddh`-

tlvhjy nojjhgbhk @jlgtegs hrosurh ed ro`h lg tnh jow-ogk-erkhr

rnhterl` nh nos lgnhrlthk ogk ug`rltlòjjy hfaro`hk5 ]hrnops

ahòush kurlgb tnh Qhobog-Ausn hro tnh klsèursh eg `rlfh

nok ojrhoky ahèfh se lfpjl`ltjy ro`lojlzhk tnot lt ls ge jeg-

bhr gh`hssory te ush ro`loj forihrs. Rnot ls treuajlgb oaeut

tnh @jlgteg rnhterl` ls tnot tnh ro`lsfs tnot whrh se eavleus

lg tnh jow-ogk-erkhr klsèursh ed prhvleus hros orh ahèflgb

lg`rhoslgbjy ugrhèbglzoajh.

Documents

Foreword and Chapter One of The Meaning of Freedom