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FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT
DOSAGE FORM CONSIDERATIONS
SCHEDULE Y APPENDIX-I
Data to be submitted along
with the application to conduct clinical trials /import/manufacture of new drug for marketing in the country .
1. Introduction2. Chemical and pharmaceutical
information2.1 Information on active
ingredients Drug information (Generic name,Chemical
name or INN)2.2 Physicochemical dataa. Chemical name and structure
Empirical formula Molecular weight
b. Physical properties Description Solubility Rotation Partition coefficient Dissociation constant
2.3 Analytical data Elemental analysis Mass spectrum NMR spectrum IR spectra UV spectra Polymorphic identification
2.4 Complete monographic Specification include
Identification Identity/quantification of impurities Enantiomeric purity Assay
2.5 Validations Assay method Impurity estimation method Residual solvent/other volatile
impurities
2.6 Stability studies(addnl details in app IX) Final release specification Reference standard
characterization Material safety data sheet
2.7 Data on formulation Dosage form Composition Master manufacturing formula Details of the
formulation(including active ingredients)
In process control check Finished product specification Excipient compatibility study Validation of the analytical
method
Comparative evaluation with international brand(s) or approved indian brands, If applicable Pack presentation Dissolution Assay Impurities Content uniformity pH
Force degradation studyStability evaluation in market intended pack at proposed storage conditionsPacking specificationsProcess validation
WHAT IS FORMULATION?
The conversion of a drug in to dosage form using suitable pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients.
NEED FOR DOSAGE FORM
ACCURATE DOSAGE
COATED TABLETS AND SEALED AMPULES
ACID RESISTANT
CONCEAL TASTE
INSOLUBLE AND UNSTABLE SUBSTANCES IN SUITABLE VEHICLE (SUSPENSIONS)
CLEAR LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS(SYRUPS)
RATE CONTROLLED
TOPICAL APPLICATIONS
INSERT DRUG IN TO ONE OF THE BODY ORIFICES(SUPPOSITORIES)
PLACEMENT OF DRUG DIRECTLY IN TO BODY FLUIDS(INJECTIONS)
INHALATIONS THERAPY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
DRUG RELEASE PROFILEBIOAVAILABILITYCLINICAL EFFECTIVENESSTHERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS NATURE OF ILLNESS MANNER IN WHICH IT IS TREATED AGE ANTICIPATED CONDITION OF THE
PATIENT
DIFFERENT TYPES LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS SOLUTIONS
ORAL SOLUTIONS SYRUPS ELIXIRS
PARENTERALS SUSPENSIONS EMULSIONS
The drug molecule is dissolved or suspended in the liquid vehicle
SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
POWDERSTABLETS SUSTAINED RELEASE ENTERIC COATED
CAPSULES HARD GELATIN SOFT GELATIN
SEMISOLID DOSAGE FORMS
OINTMENTSSUPPOSITORIESPESSARIESCREAMS
INHALATIONS
AEROSOLS
CONSTITUENTS OF A DOSAGE FORM
DRUGVEHICLEPHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS AND EXCIPIENTS
DRUG
DATA FROM PREFORMULATION STUDIES
eg:solubility data stability data etc.
PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS ANDEXCIPIENTS
Produce drug in to final dosage formSolutions Solvents to dissolve the drug
substances Flavors and sweeteners Colorants Preservatives Stabilizers
TABLETS
Diluents and fillers Binders Antiadherents or lubricants Disintegrating agents Coatings Semisolid dosage forms
SEMISOLID DOSAGE FORMS
Pharmaceutical bases
Monograph of pharmaceutical excipients
Non propreitary,chemical,commercial names Empirical and chemical formulaePharmaceutical specificationsChemical and physical propertiesIncompatibilitiesInteractions with other excipients and drug substancesRegulatory statusApplication in pharmaceutical formulation or technology
HARMONIZATION OF STANDARDS
As per four Pharmacopeias U.S.P – N.F B.P European Pharmacopeia Japaneese Pharmacopeia
PALATABILITY
Liquids by oral routeMask the disagreeable tasteCapsule or coated tabletsChewable tablets to be sweetened and flavoredPrediction of taste characteristics of a new drug is speculative
SELECTION OF FLAVORING AGENT
Taste of drug substance itself
Cocoa flavored vehicles – mask bitter taste
Cinnamon,orange,raspberry and other flavors – salty drugs more palatable
FACTORS IN SELECTION
AGE Children – sweet candy like
preparations with fruity flavours Adults –less sweet prepns
FLAVORS CONSIST OF Oil or water soluble liquids and dry
powders
Oil soluble carriers – soyabean and other edible oils
Water soluble carriers- water, ethanol , propylene glycol, glycerine and emulsifiers
Dry carriers include – maltodextrins, cornsyrup solids,modified starches , gumarabic , salts,sugars and whey protein.
Flavors degrade by exposure to Light Head space oxygen Temperature Water Enzymes
Types of flavor : According to code of Federal regulations under Food Drug and Cosmetics Act Natural Artificial Spice
COLOURING AGENTS
USED FOR ESTHETIC ENHANCEMENTTYPES INHERENT eg:
Sulfur(yellow),riboflavin(yellow),cupric sulfate(blue),ferrous sulfate(red).
AGENTS USED AS COULOURANTS synthetic and natural
Mineral source : eg: Zinc oxide is used to impart
pink color to calamine Derivatives of aniline
REGULATIONS FOR USE
Food and Drug Act in 1906 : Few colorants certified or permitted.
Federal Food ,Drug and Cosmetics Act of 1938 as amended in 1960 .
Certified colours classified based upon their use FD&C color additives
D&C color additives
External D&C color additives
TOXICITY STUDIES
Study protocol usually call 2 year studyLong term toxicity and carcinogenicityFive categories : Clear evidence of carcinogenic activity Some evidence Equivocal evidence indicating uncertainty No evidence Inadequate study for studies
CERTIFICATION STATUS
CONTINUALLY REVIEWED AND CHANGES ARE MADE WITHDRAWL OF CERTIFICATION TRANSFER OF COLORANT FROM ONE
CERTIFICATION CATEGORY TO ANOTHER
ADDITION OF NEW COLORS TO THE LIST
IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS
SAFE
MUST NOT INTERFERE WITH THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY
MUST NOT INTERFERE WITH PRESCRIBED ASSAY PROCEDURE
TYPES
DYES – LIQUID DYES COLORANTS IN THE RANGE 0.0005%
TO 0.001%
LAKE PIGMENT A FD&C lake is a pigment consisting of
a substratum of alumina hydroxide on which dye is adsorbed or precipitated
10 to 40% of colorant is used.
LAKES
FINE DISPERSIONS OR SUSPENSIONSPARTICLE SIZE RANGE 1microM to
30microMLESSER CHANCE OF SPECKLING WITH FINER PARTICLESVEHICLES USED : Glycerin,propylene glycol,sucrose based syrup
COLORANTS IN CAPSULES
COLORED EMPTY GELATIN CAPSULES
TWO COLORED CAPSULE
0.1% DYE IS USED
CONSIDERATIONS
SOLUBILITYpHpH stability of the preparation to be coloredPHOTOSTABLE :stored in amber colored bottlesOXIDATION POTENTIAL