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RESEARCH ARTICLE e-ISSN: 2454-7867
Vamsi Krishna LV et al. Int J Trends in Pharm & Life Sci. 2015: 2(2); .801-812 801
Available online at www.ijtpls.com
International Journal of Trends in Pharmacy and Life Sciences Vol. 2, Issue: 2, 2016: 801-812.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FLOATING DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEM OF ENALAPRIL MALEATE L. V. Vamsi Krishna*, P. Jaya Chandra, T. Ragatarangini, B. Rama Lakshmi, E. Satheesh Kumar.
Hindusthan Abdul Ahad & V. Sreedhar
Department of Pharmaceutics, Balaji College of Pharmacy, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh.
E.Mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to develop floating tablets of ACE inhibitor drug of Enalapril maleate which
after oral administration prolongs the gastric residence time and increases bioavailability of the drug, which
are predominantly absorbed. Floating drug delivery system is formulated by using excipients like Hydroxy
propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) K15, Xanthan gum, sodium alginate, poly vinyl pyrrolidine, Sodium
bicarbonate, Citric acid, Microcrystalline cellulose, Magnesium stearate and Talc. The drug-polymer
interactions were evaluated by using FTIR studies shows that there are no interactions. Tablets were
prepared by direct compression. The prepared tablets evaluated for physical properties like weight variation,
hardness, friability, floating lag time, floating duration time, swelling index, in vitro dissolution studies. 6
formulations were prepared by using various concentrations of polymers among that F1 shows that highest
drug release 85.95% which contains HPMC K 15 and xanthan gum.
Key words: Enalapril maleate, floating tablets, gastric residence time, floating lag time.
*Corresponding Author:
Mr. L. V. Vamsi Krishna
Department of Pharmaceutics,
Balaji college of Pharmacy, Rudrampeta bypass,
Ananthapuramu-515002
INTRODUCTION
Floating systems or Hydrodynamically balanced systems are low-density systems that have sufficient
buoyancy to float over the gastric contents and remain buoyant in the stomach without affecting the gastric
emptying rate for a prolonged period of time. While the system is floating on the gastric contents, the drug is
released slowly at the desired rate from the system. After release of drug, the residual system is emptied
from the stomach [1-2].
Enalapril maleate is a white to off-white crystalline powder and it’s IUPAC Name :(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-
[[(1S)-1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl]amino]propanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (Z)-butenedioate.
It is sparingly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, and freely soluble in methanol. Enalapril maleate is
rapidly absorbed from stomach, which makes its suitable candidate for floating drug delivery system. It is
used to treat essential or renovascular hypertension and symptomatic congestive heart failure [3].
Received: 06/02/2016
Revised: 20/02/2016
Accepted: 26/02/2016
RESEARCH ARTICLE e-ISSN: 2454-7867
Vamsi Krishna LV et al. Int J Trends in Pharm & Life Sci. 2015: 2(2); .801-812 802
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Table1: Materials used in the Formulation and Evaluation.
S.NO Materials Suppliers / Manufactures
1 Enalapril maleate Gift sample from DR.REDDY’S LAB
2 HPMC K15 S.D. Fine chemicals Pvt Ltd, Mumbai
3 Xanthum Gum S.D. Fine chemicals Pvt Ltd, Mumbai
4 Sodium alginate MOLY CHEMICALS., Mumbai
5 Poly vinyl pyrolidine MOLY CHEMICALS., Mumbai
6 Sodium bicarbonate NOVA FINE CHEMICALS., Hyderabad.
7 Citric acid Qualigens Fine chemicals., Mumbai
8 Microcrystalline cellulose S.D. Fine chemicals Pvt Ltd, Mumbai
9 Magnesium sterate S.D. Fine chemicals Pvt Ltd, Mumbai
10 Talc S.D. Fine chemicals Pvt Ltd, Mumbai
FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT
All ingredients were selected for formulation based on preformulation studies and literature Research.
Brief Manufacturing procedure of Preparation of Tablets by Direct Compression Method
weighed all ingredients separately
API and other excipients are passed through the 60 # sieve and blended for 15 minutes.
Magnesium stearate was passed through the 40 # sieve and added to the above blend and blended
for 2-3 minutes.
Compressed the blend into tablet by 5 mm concave punches. BB tooling on eight station rotary tablet
compression machine.
Table2: General composition of formulations prepared by direct compression method
INGREDIENTS F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Enalapril maleate 20mg 20mg 20mg 20mg 20mg 20mg
HPMC K15 5mg - 5mg - 5mg -
Xanthum Gum 10mg - - 5mg - 5mg
Sodium alginate - 5mg 10mg - - 10mg
Poly vinyl pyrolidine - 10mg - 10mg 10mg -
Sodium bicarbonate 5mg 5mg 5mg 5mg 5mg 5mg
Citric acid - - 1mg 1mg 2mg 2mg
Microcrystalline
cellulose
8.5mg 8.5mg 7.5mg 7.5mg 6.5mg 6.5mg
Magnesium sterate 0.5mg 0.5mg 0.5mg 0.5mg 0.5mg 0.5mg
Talc 1mg 1mg 1mg 1mg 1mg 1mg
Total wt of tablet
(mg)
50mg 50mg 50mg 50mg 50mg 50mg
RESEARCH ARTICLE e-ISSN: 2454-7867
Vamsi Krishna LV et al. Int J Trends in Pharm & Life Sci. 2015: 2(2); .801-812 803
Table3: Equipment used in the Formulation and Evaluation.
S. No Instruments/ Equipment Model and Manufacturer/ supplier
1 Electronic balance AX-200, Shimadzu Corporation, Japan.
2 UV-visible
spectrophotometer T60, PG Instruments., UK.
3 Hot air oven Parekh Scientifics [INDIA],Mumbai.
4 Tap density apparatus
(USP) DBK Instruments, Mumbai.
5 Rotary compression
machine Ceemach Minipress, Gujarat.
6 Friabilator EF-2 Friabilator, Electrolab, Mumbai.
7 Hardness tester Pfizer, Servewell Instruments and
Equipments Pvt Ltd, Bangalore.
8 Dissolution apparatus DBK Instruments, Mumbai.
9 Digital pH meter 7007, Digisun Electronics, Hyderabad.
10 Vernier calipers RK Industries, Mumbai.
11 FTIR Bruker .
12 Stability Chamber Parekh Scientifics(INDIA), Mumbai.
PREFORMULATION STUDIES
Drug polymer compatibility [FTIR studies]:
A physical mixture containing pure drug and pure polymers with ratio of 1:1was transferred into a
screw capped bottle and stored at 40 2o C RH 75% for a period of 1 month. After the study period, the
samples were subjected for FTIR analysis. The study was performed on Fourier transformer infrared
spectrophotometer Bruker. The samples (drug, polymers and physical mixtures) were prepared on KBr-
press. The samples were scanned over wave number range of 4000 to 400 cm -1
. Spectra were analyzed for
drug polymer interactions and functional groups.
Angle of Repose
The angle of repose was measured by passing the prepared granules through a sintered glass funnel of
internal diameter 27 mm on the horizontal surface. The height (h) of the heap formed was measured with a
cathetometer, and the radius (r) of the cone base was also determined. The angle of repose (Ɵ) was
calculated from equation [4-5].
Angle of repose (Ɵ) = tan-1
h/r
Bulk density
The term bulk density refers to a measure used to describe a packing of particles. It is expressed in
gm/ml and was determined using a balance and measuring cylinder. Initially the weight of the measuring
cylinder was tarred. Then, 4 gm presieved (40#) bulk drug were poured into the measuring cylinder using a
RESEARCH ARTICLE e-ISSN: 2454-7867
Vamsi Krishna LV et al. Int J Trends in Pharm & Life Sci. 2015: 2(2); .801-812 804
funnel and weighed (M). Then volume of the powder (Vb) was taken. Bulk density of the granules was
calculated using following formula [4-5].
Bulk density = M/Vb
Tapped density
Blend was tapped for a fixed number of taps. The minimum volume (Vt) occupied in the cylinder and the
weight (M) of the blend was measured. The tapped density was calculated using following formula[4-5].
Tapped density = M/ Vt
Compressibility (Carr’s) Index:
An accurate weight of granules was poured into a volumetric cylinder to occupy a volume (V0) and then
subjected to a standard tapping procedure onto a solid surface until a constant volume was achieved (Vf).
The Carr’s index was calculated using equation[4-5].
Compressiblity index = V0 - Vf *100
V0
Hausner’s ratio = tapped density / bulk density.
EVALUATION OF TABLETS
Weight variation test
Weight variation test was carried out as per IP. Twenty tablets were randomly selected and
individually weighed. The average weight and standard deviation was calculated [4-5].
Percentage deviation = [X-X*/ X] × 100
X -Actual weight of the tablet
X٭-Average weight of the tablet
Hardness:
The tablet hardness, which is the force required to break a tablet in a diametric compression force.
The hardness tester used in the study was Monsanto hardness tester, which applies force to the tablet
diametrically with the help of an inbuilt spring. It is expressed in Kg / cm2
[4-5].
Friability:
Friability of the tablets was determined using Roche friability (Electrolab, Mumbai). This device
subjects the tablets to the combined effect of abrasions and shock in a plastic chamber revolving at 25 rpm
and dropping the tablets at a height of 6 inches in each revolution. Preweighed sample of tablets was placed
in the friabilator and were subjected to 100 revolutions. Tablets were dedusted using a soft muslin cloth and
reweighed.
The friability (f) is given by the formula: f = (1- W0 / W) × 100
Where, W0 is weight of the tablets before the test and W is the weight of the tablet after the test [4-5].
Swelling index
The studies were carried out gravimetrically. Swelling media used for these studies were distilled
water and simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2). The prepared tablets were introduced into the swelling media. At
RESEARCH ARTICLE e-ISSN: 2454-7867
Vamsi Krishna LV et al. Int J Trends in Pharm & Life Sci. 2015: 2(2); .801-812 805
predetermined time intervals the tablets were removed from medium, excess water was blotted with tissue
paper and immediately weighed. This procedure was repeated until the tablet reached constant weight. The
swelling index was calculated using following formula
Wb – Wa
Swelling Index = ---------------- x 100
Wa
Where, Wa=Weight of dry tablet, Wb= Weight of swollen tablet [4-5].
Floating Properties of Tablets:
The In vitro buoyancy was determined by floating lag time. The tablets were placed in a 100 ml glass beaker
containing 0.1 N HCl.
1. Floating Lag Time: The time required for the tablet to rise to the surface of the medium and float was
determined as floating lag time.
2. Floating Duration Time: The time for which the tablet remained floating on the surface of medium was
determined as floating duration time[4-5].
In vitro dissolution Methodology:
In-vitro drug release study was performed at 37±0.5°C using eight station USP type-II apparatus with paddle
rotating at 50 rpm. The drug release study was carried out in 0.1N HCL by taking about 900ml of the
dissolution medium. The drug release study was performed in 0.1N HCL to demonstrate the availability of
Enalapril maleate. About 5 ml of sample was withdrawn at specified time intervals from the dissolution
medium and replaced with equal volume of fresh medium. Samples were filtered through whattmann filter
paper and analyzed using UV spectrophotometer (T60, PG Instruments) at 210.0 nm [4-5].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 4: Observation for physical compatibility test.
S. No Name of the Excipient Category Ratio
API: Excipient At 40 2
0C / 75%RH
(30 days)
1. Enalapril maleate-API Drug 1 NCC
2. API+HPMC K15 Polymer 1 : 1 NCC
3. API+ Xanthan agum Polymer 1 : 1 NCC
4. API+ Sodium alginate Polymer 1 : 1 NCC
5. API+PVP Binder 1 : 1 NCC
6. API+ Sodium
bicarbonate
Gas generating
agent 1 : 1 NCC
RESEARCH ARTICLE e-ISSN: 2454-7867
Vamsi Krishna LV et al. Int J Trends in Pharm & Life Sci. 2015: 2(2); .801-812 806
7. API+ Citric acid
Gas generating
agent 1 : 1 NCC
8. API+ Magnesium sterate Lubricant 1 : 1 NCC
9. API +Talc Glidant 1 : 1 NCC
10. API + Micro crystalline
Cellulose
Diluent and
Disintegrant 1 : 1 NCC
Fig. 1: FTIR of enalapril maleate pure drug
Fig. 2: FTIR of enalapril maleate +HPMC K15
RESEARCH ARTICLE e-ISSN: 2454-7867
Vamsi Krishna LV et al. Int J Trends in Pharm & Life Sci. 2015: 2(2); .801-812 807
Fig. 3: FTIR of enalapril maleate +xanthan gum
Fig. 4: FTIR of enalapril maleate +sodium aliginate
RESEARCH ARTICLE e-ISSN: 2454-7867
Vamsi Krishna LV et al. Int J Trends in Pharm & Life Sci. 2015: 2(2); .801-812 808
Fig. 5: FTIR of enalapril maleate + PVP
Fig. 6: FTIR of enalapril maleate + sodium bicarbonate
RESEARCH ARTICLE e-ISSN: 2454-7867
Vamsi Krishna LV et al. Int J Trends in Pharm & Life Sci. 2015: 2(2); .801-812 809
Table 5: Calibration curve for Enalapril maleate
Fig. 7: Calibration curve for Enalapril maleate
Table 6: Determination flow properties of powder.
The bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index and Hausner’s Ratio were observed reveals that all
formulations blend has excellent flow characteristics and flow rate than the raw material. The angle of
repose was found to be in the range of 17.80° to 32.88°, which indicate excellent flow properties of the
powder mixture. The Carr’s index was found to be in the range of 10 to 20, which indicates excellent to
good compressibility of the powder mixture. Hausner’s ratio was found in the range of 1.09 to 1.26, which
indicates good flow properties as reported in table.
y = 0.018x + 0.0682 R² = 0.9924
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ab
sorb
ance
Concnetration (μg/ml)
Calibration curve of Enalapril Maleate
Concentration
(mcg/ml)
Absorbance
0 0
1 0.087
2 0.102
3 0.122
4 0.145
5 0.156
Code Bulk density g/cm3 Tapped
density g/cm3
Angle of
repose (Ɵ)
Carr’s
index %
Hausner’s
ratio
F1 0.44 ±0.01 0.48 ±0.02 26.83 ±0.8 8.33±1 1.09 ±0.02
F2 0.32 ±0.02 0.40 ±0.01 30.2 ±1.01 20 ±1.2 1.25 ±0.01
F3 0.34 ±0.01 0.42 ±0.01 32.88 ±1 19.04±1 1.23 ±0.01
F4 0.45 ±0.02 0.5 ±0.02 17.80 ±1.1 10±1.01 1.11 ±0.03
F5 0.40 ±0.02 0.50 ±0.03 18.2 ±0.8 20 ±0.8 1.25 ±0.02
F6 0.38 ±0.03 0.48 ±0.03 32.56 ±1 20 ±1.2 1.26 ±0.01
Pure Drug 0.41 ±0.02 0.55 ± 0.01 26.19 ±0.03 23.54 ±0.01 1.34 ±0.01
RESEARCH ARTICLE e-ISSN: 2454-7867
Vamsi Krishna LV et al. Int J Trends in Pharm & Life Sci. 2015: 2(2); .801-812 810
Table 7: Floating and Swelling Properties
Formulation Floating Lag Time
(sec)
Floating Time (hrs) Swelling index
(%)
F1 1.16 min 8 120%
F2 3.25 min 6 70%
F3 1.10 min 7.30 110%
F4 3.11 min 4 78%
F5 4.00 min 8 99%
F6 5.15 min 4 89%
Fig. 8: floating of tablets
RESEARCH ARTICLE e-ISSN: 2454-7867
Vamsi Krishna LV et al. Int J Trends in Pharm & Life Sci. 2015: 2(2); .801-812 811
Table 8: In-Vitro drug Release data of all the formulations [F1-F6]
Fig. 9: In-vitro drug release data of all the formulations [F1-F6]
SUMMARY
Systematic studies were conducted by using four different polymers in different concentrations to
prepare Enalapril maleate floating tablets by direct compression method. All the prepared systems
were evaluated for the different properties.
By performing compatibility studies by FTIR spectroscopy, no interaction was confirmed.
Formulated tablets gave satisfactory results for various evaluation parameters like tablet hardness,
friability, weight variation, Thickness.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 2 4 6 8 10
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
Time (Hrs)
% D
rug r
elea
se
Time (hrs) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
F6
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1 21.24± 1.2 20.74 ±0.8 23.49± 1.1 16.2 ±1.2 23.49± 1
48.45±1.1
2 23.49 ±1.6 33.21 ±0.6 36 ±0.98 26.45 ±1.1 34.74 ±0.9
80.7±1.1
3 38.97 ±1.4 41.71± 1.1 45.7± 0.87 32.95 ±1 41.98 ±1
85.95±1.2
6 63 ±1.3 60.75 ±0.9 67.5 ±0.8 49.7 ±1.2 63.7 ±0.89
86.2±1.1
7 75.95±1.2 73.45 ±1 78.2 ±0.7 64.2 ±1 78.75 ±0.9
86.2±0.098
8 85.95± 1.2 75.95 ±0.6 83.7 ±0.65 82.95±1.1 80.2 ±1
86.2±0.098
RESEARCH ARTICLE e-ISSN: 2454-7867
Vamsi Krishna LV et al. Int J Trends in Pharm & Life Sci. 2015: 2(2); .801-812 812
Floating lag time was found to be in the range of 1.10 min to 5.15 min, F3 was found to be 1.10 min,
F1 was found to be 1.16 min.
Floating duration time was found to be in the range of 4 to 8 hrs ,F1 and f5 was found to be 8 hrs and
F3 was found to be 7.30 hrs
In vitro drug release was carried out by using 0.1 N Hcl. Formulation F1 containing HPMC K15 and
Xanthane gum showed drug release of 85.95% up to 8 hours, but the drug release from the
formulation F2 containing sodium alginate and Poly vinyl Pyrolidine shows 75.95%.in 8 hours
Formulation F3 containing HPMC K15 and Sodium alginate showed 83.70% but in formulation F4
containing Xanthane gum and polyvinyl pyrolidine , was observed that the drug release was 82.95%
in 8 hours.
Formulation F5 containing HPMC K15 and polyvinyl pyrolidine showed drug release of 80.20% but
the formulation F6 containing xanthane gum and sodium alginate 85.95% within 4 hours.
4.2 CONCLUSION
Floating drug delivery system of Enalapril maleate is prepared to increase the bioavailability of the
drug by direct compression method using polymers like Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) K15,
Xanthan gum, sodium alginate, poly vinyl pyrrolidine. From the results obtained it can be concluded that
among all the formulations with HPMC K15 and Xanthan gum, showed control release.
Hence, Floating drug delivery system of Enalapril maleate is prepared to increase the bioavailability
of the drug and prolonged therapeutic effect for the better management of used to treat essential or
Renovascular hypertension and symptomatic congestive heart failure.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to Management and Principal Dr. Hindustan Abdul Ahad for providing all the
necessary facilities to complete this project work.
REFERENCES
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Pharmaceutical research. 2008:7(3); 1055-1066.
3. www.drugbank/drugs DB00584 browsed on 03rd
october 2015.
4. Natasha S, Dilip A, Gupta MK and Mahaveer PK. A Comprehensive review on Floating Drug delivery
system- Review. International Journal Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences. 2011: 428-441.
5. Anil Kumar AP, Felix JV, Vishwanath BA. Formulation and evaluation of Bilayer Floating tablets of
Enalapril maleate. International Journal of Pharma. 2014:1-12.