Fossil Fuel Innovation Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado at Boulder

Fossil Fuel Innovation

Professor Stephen LawrenceLeeds School of Business

University of Colorado at Boulder

National Energy Technology Lab “Only US National Laboratory Devoted to Fossil

Fuel Energy Technology” Enabling domestic coal, natural gas, and oil to

economically power our Nation’s homes, industries, businesses, and transportation …

While protecting our environment and enhancing our energy independence.

NETL has expertise in coal, natural gas, and oil technologies, contract and project management, analysis of energy systems, and international energy issues.

http://www.netl.doe.gov

Types of Fossil Fuels

Petroleum (oil) Natural Gas Coal Oil Shale Tar Sands

Petroleum

http://www.lakesoil.com.au/photo6.jpg

Drilling for Oil

http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/fossilfuels.htm

Coal

http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/default.asp?id=fow&num=30

Coal Mining

Underground Mine Open Pit Mine

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/fossil/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs004-02/

Sulfur in Coal

http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/coal_cct2.html

Natural Gas

http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/222.aspwww.citypublicservice.com

Natural Gas Well, Storage, Pipeline

http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/isgshome/gas_well.jpghttp://www.call-adc.com/justiss/rig54pic.htm http://www.dom.com/about/gas-transmission/imp/ngp.jsp

US Natural Gas Pipeline Network

http://services.unitil.com/fge/bus_natural_gas_equipment.asp

North American Natural Gas Flows

http://www2.nrcan.gc.ca/es/erb/prb/english/View.asp?x=447&oid=603

Tar Sands

http://www.protectowire.com/applications/profiles/electric_shovels.htm http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2005/05may/dinning.cfm

Oil Shale

http://nandotimes.nandomedia.com/ips_rich_content/896-shale_rock.jpg http://geosurvey.state.co.us/Default.aspx?tabid=104

Problems with Fossil Fuels/Coal Large source of atmospheric pollution

Create carbon dioxide (CO2) when burned Implicated in global warming

Nitrous oxides (NOx) – smog

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) – acid rain Measurable amounts of radioactive material

Naturally present in coal More than a nuclear power plant

Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant

Category Power Plant 100W Light Bulb

Power 500 MW 100 W

Energy / year 3.5 billion kWh 876 kWh

Coal / year 1.43 million tons 714 lbs

Sulfur Dioxide / year 10,000 Tons 5 pounds

Nitrogen Oxides / year 10,200 Tons 5.1 pounds

Carbon Dioxide / year 3,700,000 Tons 1,852 pounds

http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/english/policy/coal/images/81.gif

Need forClean Coal

CO2 Mitigation Options




Improving Power Plant Efficiency

Basic Idea of a Power Plant

Spinning turbine blades and generatorBoiling water

Steam

Conventional Coal Power Plant

http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=108

Modern Coal PP Waste Disposal

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/fossil/NewFiles/feaz277.jpg

Fluidized Bed


Fluidized Bed Combustion Detail

http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb/newsletter/coal/ccombs.html

Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combined Cycle

Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion


Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle


Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Combined Cycle (PFBC)


Supercritical & Ultrasupercritical

Increasing Efficiency with Coal

http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=24

Carbon Capture and Sequestration

http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v33_2_00/research.htm



Carbon Capture & Storage

Capture and store emissions of carbon dioxide Removed from the exhaust gases of the power

station Stored so as not to enter the atmosphere

thus reducing global warming.

Carbon storage is not yet cost-effective Required technologies are already proven Similar technologies used commercially in

food and chemicals industry

http://www.worldcoal.org

Goals of Carbon Sequestration Effective and cost-competitive Stable, long term storage Environmentally benign

http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration

Carbon Capture

Absorption (chemical and physical) Adsorption (physical and chemical) Low-temperature distillation Gas separation membranes Mineralization and biomineralization


Carbon Sequestration Options

http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/energy.html

Types of Carbon Sequestration Geologic Sequestration Ocean Sequestration Terrestrial Sequestration Novel Sequestration Concepts


Geologic Sequestration

Porous rock bodies surrounded by impermeable rock are ideal for CO2 storage

Oil and gas reservoirs Inject CO2 to improve recovery

Coal bed methane Inject CO2 into coal seams to extract methane

Inject into deep saline (salt) formations No direct economic benefit


Geologic Sequestration

http://www.midcarb.org/Graphics/CO2flooding.gif

Ocean Sequestration

Ice-like CO2/H2O (water) hydrates Form in the deep ocean at low temperatures and

high pressures

Oceans will naturally absorb 80-90% of CO2 in atmosphere Eventually transferred to deep ocean Too slow to prevent CO2 spike in next 100s years

Research investigating direct injection of CO2 into the deep ocean


Ocean Sequestration

http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sea-carb-bish.html

Terrestrial Sequestration

Forest lands. Below-ground carbon and long-term management and utilization of standing

stocks, understory, ground cover, and litter. Agricultural lands.

Crop lands, grasslands, and range lands Emphasis on increasing long-lived soil carbon.

Biomass croplands Increase soil carbon and value-added organic products Complement to ongoing efforts related to biofuels,the

Deserts and degraded lands Restoration of degraded lands significant benefits and carbon sequestration

potential in both below-and above-ground systems. Boreal wetlands and peatlands

Soil carbon pools Limited conversion to forest or grassland where ecologically acceptable.

http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/core_rd/storage.html

Terrestrial Sequestration

Click image for video clip

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/MediaResources/Carbon/global_biosphere.mpeg

Novel CS Concepts

Biological systems; Advanced catalysts for CO2 or CO conversion; Novel solvents, sorbents, membranes, and thin films

for gas separation; Engineered photosynthesis systems; Non-photosynthetic mechanisms for CO2 fixation

(methanogenesis and acetogenesis); Genetic manipulation of agricultural and tree to

enhance CO2 sequestering potential; Advanced decarbonization systems; and Biomimetic systems.


Carbon Sequestration


Federal Initiatives

DOE Vision 21

http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/vision21/

DOE Vision 21

By 2015, develop the core modules for a fleet of fuel-flexible, multi-product energy plants that boost power efficiencies to 60+ percent, emit virtually no pollutants, and with carbon sequestration release minimal or no carbon emissions. Wide variety of fuels such as coal, natural gas,

biomass, petroleum coke (from oil refineries), and municipal waste


Vision 21 Multidisciplinary

http://www.netl.doe.gov/

Vision 21 Goals

Efficiencies Coal-fueled: >60% HHV Gas-Fueled: >75% Combined Heat & Power: 75-80% thermal

Emissions Air/Wastes: Zero CO2: Zero (with sequestration)

Costs Electricity at market prices


Vision 21 Technology Roadmap



Vision 21 Power Plant

DOE FutureGen

FutureGen is an initiative to build the world's first integrated sequestration and hydrogen production research power plant. The $1 billion dollar project is intended to create the world's first zero-emissions fossil fuel plant. When operational, the prototype will be the cleanest fossil fuel fired power plant in the world.

http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/futuregen

FutureGenTomorrow's Pollution-Free Power Plant "Today I am pleased to announce that the

United States will sponsor a $1 billion, 10-year demonstration project to create the world's first coal-based, zero-emissions electricity and hydrogen power plant..." President George W. Bush

February 27, 2003


FutureGen


FutureGen

FutureGen

Orlando Clean Coal Power Plant

http://www.dep.state.fl.us/energy/fla_energy/h_projects.htm

Polk Power Station – Tampa


Next:Renewable Energy Integration

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/images/left.gif http://www.re-energy.ca/

Extra Slides

Ultra-Clean Coal (UCC)

Primarily in Australia Process coal to have <1% ash Alternative to heavy fuel oil and gas

http://www.australiancoal.com.au/cleantechAus.htm#ultraclean

Ultra-Clean Coal

http://www.bgr.bund.de/DE/Themen/Energie/energie__node.html

Coal Gasification


Fluidized Bed Technology



Oceanic Carbon Cycle

Documents

Fossil Fuel Innovation Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado at Boulder