Foundation Day Lecture, Vigyan Prasar

7/25/2019 Foundation Day Lecture, Vigyan Prasar

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY& KNOWLEDGE

ECONOMY-the Societal ConnectivityFon!ation Day Lect"e, #i$yan

%"aa"

12 October 2011

Prof Ashoka Chandra


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National %olicy State'ent

on

Science & Technolo$y


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Science %olicy (eoltion)*+

Science 'anin!. $"eatetente"/"ie to!ay0

Science ha alte"e! not only 'ate"ialenvi"on'ent, 1t $iven ne2 tool o3tho$ht an! e4ten!e! 'an. 'entalho"i5on0 It ha $iven civiliation a ne2vitality an! !yna'i'0

Intene cltivation o3 cience an! it

a//lication ha $iven to co''on 'ann/"ece!ente! tan!a"! o3 livin$0 Scienti6c a//"oach an! 'etho! ha

/"ovi!e! 1ai 3o" a 2el3a"e tate0


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Science %olicy (eoltion)*+

%ace o3 cienti6c !evelo/'entinc"eain$0 In!ia hol! /t t'ot e7o"tin 1"i!$in$ the $a/0

Technolo$y ey to national /"o/e"ity8

technolo$y the 'ot i'/o"tant 3acto"8'o"e i'/o"tant than 'ate"ial an! ca/ital0 Science /olicy ai' at, inte"alia,9

- cltivation o3 cience an! cienti6c"eea"ch

- enco"a$in$ initiative, !icove"y,aca!e'ic 3"ee!o'- ec"in$ 1ene6t o3 Scienti6c no2le!$e3o" all /eo/le0


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Technolo$y %olicyState'ent, )*:

Technolo$ical el3-"eliance (eit i'/oition o3 technolo$y 3"o' oti!e

;o1olete o" n"elate! to o" /eci6c"e


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S&T %olicy, ?@@:

Note o3 $"o2in$ ati3action 2ith the S&Tin3"at"ct"e, an! technolo$ical achieve'ent0 Science an! Technolo$y 1eco'in$ 'o"e

co'/le4, "e


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S&T %olicy, ?@@:9OABECTI#ES

To a!vance cienti6c te'/e", e'e"$e a a /"o$"eive an!enli$htene! ociety, ena1le /eo/le to /a"tici/ate, an!a//lication 3o" h'an 2el3a"e0

To en"e 3oo!, a$"iclt"al, nt"itional, envi"on'ental, 2ate",health an! ene"$y ec"ity0

>lleviation o3 /ove"ty, enhancin$ livelihoo! ec"ity, "e!ctiono3 "e$ional an! ""al"1an i'1alance, an! $ene"ation o3

e'/loy'ent To vi$o"oly 3ote" cienti6c "eea"ch att"act the 1"i$htet to

ca"ee" in cience an! technolo$y, >lo Cent"e o3 E4cellence inelecte! a"ea to the hi$het inte"national tan!a"!0

To /"o'ote e'/o2e"'ent o3 2o'en in S&T activitie an! thei"3ll an! e


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Scienti6c Te'/e"

Ba2aha"lal Neh" t"on$ly 1elieve! in t2o2on!e"3l conce/t8 3"ee!o' o3 /eech, an! aconce/t he ha! coine!, a nation 2ith a cienti6cte'/e"0

That te"', a cienti6c te'/e" i a 2on!e"3llyccinct 2ay to !ec"i1e a 1"oa! conce/t0 Ay/eain$ o3 a nation 2ith a cienti6c te'/e",he 2ante! to /ea o3 the /eo/le o3 a nation whowould be able to think independently, understandand practice the scientic method in their daily

lives, analyse and not take statements at theirface value, and avoid simplistic reasoning.O3 co"e, it ha 1een eaie" ai! than !one toc"eate that at'o/he"e in a nation 2he"e/e"tition, "eli$ion, "'o", 'yth an!inn'e"a1le 1elie3 a1on!0


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Scienti6c Metho!

Scienti6c 'etho!consists of systematicobservation, measurement, andexperiment, and the formulation, testing,and modication of hypotheses.

Scientic inquiry is generally intended to be aso1ective as possible, to reduce biasedinterpretations of results. Another basicexpectation is to !oc'ent,a"chiveand ha"eall data and 'etho!olo$yso they are availablefor ca"e3l c"tiny 1y othe" cientit,giving the the opportunity to ve"i3y "elt byattepting to "e/"o!cethe.


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Science Co''nication

Science co''nicationgenerally refers topublic edia aiing to tal a1ot cience 2ithnon-cientit. !his often involve/"o3eional cientit "called #outreach# or

#populari$ation#% but has evolved into a/"o3eional 6el! in it o2n "i$ht. &t includesscience exhibitions, science 'ournalis, sciencepolicy and science edia production, aongother things.

Science counication can also siply describecounication bet(een scientists "e.g. throughscientic 'ournals% as (ell as bet(een non)scientists.


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I it O/tionalJ

Develo/'ent o3 Scienti6c te'/e"

i a Fn!a'ental !ty o3 eve"yIn!ian citi5en a /e" theContittion0


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Fn!a'ental Dtie /"ec"i1e! 1y theContittion o3 the nation n!e" %>(T I#-

> to it eve"y citi5en

(a To a1i!e 1y the Contittion an! "e/ect iti!eal an!intittion, the National Fla$ an! the

National >nthe'0

(b To che"ih an! 3ollo2 the no1le i!eal 2hich

in/i"e! o"national t"$$le 3o" 3"ee!o'0

(c To /hol! an! /"otect the ove"ei$nty, nityan! inte$"ity

o3 In!ia0

(d To !e3en! the cont"y an! "en!e" nationale"vice 2hen

calle! /on to !o o0

(e To /"o'ote ha"'ony an! the /i"it o3co''on


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Fn!a'ental Dtie /"ec"i1e! 1y theContittion o3 the nation n!e" %>(T I#-

> to it eve"y citi5en

;3= To vale an! /"ee"ve the "ich he"ita$e o3 o"co'/oiteclt"e0

;$= To /"otect an! i'/"ove the nat"al envi"on'entincl!in$

3o"et, lae, "ive" an! 2il! li3e, an! to haveco'/aion3o" livin$ c"eat"e0

(h To !evelo/ the cienti6c te'/e", h'ani' an! the/i"it o3

in


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at ona o'' t'ent"ea"'e! in S&T

%olicy, ?@@: >ctivitie ai'e! at Science Co''nication an!

1il!in$ cienti6c te'/e" a"e, the"e3o"e, nott a 'e"e !ei"a1le o1ective8 in!ee! they a"ea contittional o1li$ation, on eve"y citi5en a2ell a the $ove"n'ent0

The Gove"n'ent cannot i'/ly /ay li/ e"viceto cience co''nication8 it i o1li$ate! 1y theContittion to /"o/a$ate cience

co''nication0 The Gove"n'ent 't "eectthi o1li$ation th"o$h a!e


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Conce/tal Di7e"ence an!

connectivity 1et2eenScience & Technolo$y


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DIFFE(ENCES AETWEEN SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE

et 3o" n!e"tan!in$o1ective la2 $ove"nin$nat"al /heno'ena

%"it o3 t"th itel38

Kno2-Why Not conce"ne! 2ith

/otential 3o" a//lication8theo"y the raison d!"treo3 cience

%a"a!i$'atic

Die'inate! 3"eely0%1lihe!0 Othe"cientit a"e e4/ecte! to"e/licate & ve"i3y6n!in$0

TECHNOLOGY

et 3o" 'ain$!i"ectly e3la//lication o3 cienti6c/"inci/le to /"o!ction

Kno2-Ho2 Tech ha a !i"ect

/"/oe in 'in!8/"ovi!in$ /"acticaloltion raison d!"tre

Ec'enical Not !ie'inate! 3"eely0

Ha a /"ice attache!0 It"a!e!0 Not /1lihe!0Cloely $a"!e!0


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DIFFE(ENCES AETWEEN SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY ;CONTD=

Evalate! on int"inic'e"it8 on thee4/lanato"y 'e"it &theo"etical ele$ance0

Ti'e-3"a'e i

'e!i' to lon$ te"' Science ee 'ot

/"ecie !ata to//o"t o" "e3te ahy/othei0

Science "eea"cho"$aniation 'i'icthe t"ct"e o3no2le!$e 1ein$a!!e!0

Evalate! in te"' o3cont"i1tion to!ei"e! econo'ic &ocial $oal

Ti'e-3"a'e i ho"t8ti'e-ta"$et a"e et

Wei$h /"eciiona$aint cot o3o1tainin$ !ata &othe" /"actical

conce"n Tech "eea"ch

o"$anie! a"on!/"o1le' 3oci8 allya 'at"i4 o"$aniation


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WHICH C>ME FI(ST

TECHNOLOGY9 F"o' intinctive a!a/tationto nat"al envi"on'ent th"o$h t"ial an!e""o"8 lea!in$ to c"a3t8 lea!in$ totechnolo$ical !ici/line0

SCIENCE9 Mo!e"n cience ca'e 'ch late"0 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY no2 ine/a"a1le9

Science lea! to technolo$y8 technolo$ylea! to ne2 cience8 the /"oce $oe on0

#he future society is one in which science

$ technology will determine the directionof socio%economic changes & 'ohn enneth)albraith


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(ate o3 technolo$ical chan$e i accele"atin$0Hal3-li3e o3 technolo$y i contantly!ec"eain$0

H'an ca/acity to a!t to /ace o3technolo$ical chan$e i co'/a"atively li'ite!altho$h it i alo accele"atin$0 Mi'atchc"eate "eitance0

Society. chan$in$ /hiloo/hical notion

a1ot chan$e a"e inte"etin$ to e4a'ine0 >ni'/o"tant i'/e!i'ent in e4/loitin$technolo$y 3o" h'an 2el3a"e ha 1een theociety. !ico'3o"t 2ith /ace o3

technolo$ical chan$e0


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NOTIONS >AOTCH>NGE

%a"'eni!e9*othing ever changes+All change is illusory& even birthand death.

He"aclit9All things are constantly in the process of changing+change is the only reality. ou cannot step into the sameriver twice.

C"atyl9ou cannot step into the same river even once.

O//enhei'e"9;in eay on Science an! Society=Pthe world alters as we walk in it. #he very notion ofchange is changing. -e are witnessing a change which is

not a minor reorderingbut of such magnitude and scopethat the very basis of society, its structure, its institutions,its values are being altered so comprehensively in a singlelife%time, that we will not, and cannot, return to the past,to the old patterns of life and society.


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Technolo$y the !o'inant!"ive" o3 Econo'ic

G"o2th

Wo"l! %o/lation G"o2th


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Wo"l! %o/lation G"o2than! Mao" Technolo$ical

Event


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Econo'ic Mo!el o3G"o2th

( / 0 f (,18 Ea"lie" claical 'o!el

(o1e"t Solo2 in )*+Q note! that ca/ital an! La1o" !i! not3lly accont 3o" $"o2th ;ot/t = an! $$ete! anothe"3acto" T that enhance! the /"o!ctivity o3 K an! L9

(2 / 0 # f (, 1,

Ho2eve" Technolo$y 2a a'e! to 1e e4o$eno in thi3o"'lation0 %al (o'e" in )*R note! that technolo$y 2anot e4o$eno 1t a a "elt o3 e4/licit e7o"t9 (&D an!H'an Ca/ital0 >cco"!in$ly,

(3 # 0 f (4$5, 6C

Follo2in$ a lot o3 e'/i"ical 2o", the ne2 $"o2th theo"y

e4/lain $"o2th a a 3nction o3 Ca/ital, La1o" an!Technolo$y ;in te"' o3 no2le!$e $ene"ation an! itacc'lation in h'an ca/ital 9 (&D, an! H'an Ca/ital=9

(7 / 0 f (, 1, 4$5, 6C.


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Cont"i1tion O3Technolo$y to Econo'ic

G"o2th1. USA (1950-80) 87% (Chai)

2. USA (1950-80) 30-56% (Dogramaci)

3. Japan (1955-79) 29% (irano)

!. Japan (1980") 65% (irano)

A"oa! Conen a'on$ all t!ie

inn eti'ate9 Technolo$y cont"i1te / to Q@-@ o3 G"o2th in !evelo/in$ an! !evelo/e!cont"ie

Cont"i1tion o3 technolo$y to econo'ic $"o2th 2ill


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TOW>(DS >

KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY


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KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY

Kno2le!$e econo'y an econo'y thatc"eate, !ie'inate, an! eno2le!$e to enhance it $"o2th an!!evelo/'ent, an! it co'/etitivene

an! tili5e no2le!$e a a ey en$ineo3 econo'ic $"o2th0

KE i not t hi$h-technolo$y in!t"ieo" ICT0 Mo"e a//"o/"iate to loo 1"oa!ly

an econo'y that ha"nee an! e ne2an! e4itin$ no2le!$e to i'/"ove the/"o!ctivity o3 a$"iclt"e, in!t"y, an!e"vice, an! inc"eae ove"all 2el3a"e0

K l ! E


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Kno2le!$e Econo'yF"a'e2o";Chen & Dahl'an= >n econo'ic incentive, /olicy, &

Intittional "e$i'e 3o" ecient c"eation,!ie'ination an! tili5ation o3no2le!$e8

E!cate! & Sille! 2o"e" ca/a1le o3/$"a!in$ an! a!a/tin$ continoly8

>n e7ective innovation yte' o3 6"',"eea"ch cent"e, nive"itie, conltant

an! othe" o"$ani5ation8 an! > 'o!e"n an! a!e


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NOTIONS >AOT KNOWLEDGEWete"n T"a!ition

&n *estern episteology+ Kno2le!$e Bti6e! T"e Aelie3that fullls the

truth condition"!he proposition is true% belief condition"!he individual ust believe that the

proposition is true%

8ustication condition"belief ust be 'ustied%

ursuit of -no(ledge is heavily laden (ith9kepticism. verything can be questioned except theexistence of the questioner. /ence the faous phrase

by escartes, I thin, the"e3o"e I a'(cogito, ergo sum9earch for knowledge is dictated by:experimentation and8ustication;demonstration of truth to externalobserver (ob8ective knowledge.


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NOTIONS >AOT KNOWLEDGEIn!ian T"a!ition

In!ian %hiloo/hical t"a!ition !oe not init one4te"nal ti6cation0

The /"oce o3 no2le!$e ac


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Clt"al !i'enion o3Kno2le!$e Econo'y

The an2e" 'ay 2ell 1e line! to ho2 no2le!$eecono'y i vie2e!9 only in te"' o3 the th"eeele'ent o3 $ene"ation, !ie'ination, an!tili5ation, o" 1"oa!e"J

I the"e a clt"al !i'enion to Kno2le!$eSociety aloJ Social t"ct"e, clt"al /atte"n,an! the vale yte' that /"ovi!e anenvi"on'ent in 2hich no2le!$e econo'y3nction, an! 'ay !ete"'ine the ve"y nat"e

an! lti'ate cce o3 no2le!$e econo'y, a"eha/e! 1y 1ective no2le!$e0

In no2le!$e $ene"ation hol! tili5ation 1e anecea"y con!itionJ


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NOTIONS >AOTKNOWLEDGE

nowledge is a =uid mix offramed experience, values,contextual information, expert

insight and grounded intuitionthat provides an environmentand framework for evaluatingand incorporating newexperiences and information. >toriginates and is applied in theminds of knowers.

Social Science &


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Social Science &H'anitie in Kno2le!$e

Econo'y Technolo$y i the en$ine o3 Kno2le!$e Econo'y0Science & Technolo$y the"e3o"e c"cial0

Social Science an! H'anitie a"e e


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Societal Clt"e

&

Science Co''nication


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Clt"e

#he totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns,arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products ofhuman work and thought.

)??4# 6@9#?A5 Culture is the collective programming of the humanmind that distinguishes the members of one human group from thoseof another. Culture in this sense is a system of collectively held values.

?5)A4 9C6?>* Culture is the deeper level of basic assumptions andbeliefs that are shared by members of an organiBation, that operateunconsciously and dene in a basic taken for grantedD fashion anorganiBation!s view of itself and its environment.

?5-A45 E. #A1@4 Culture is that complex whole which includes

knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilitiesand habits acFuired by man as a member of society.

C1>@45 )??4#G Culture is a historically transmitted pattern ofmeanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptionsexpressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate,perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes towardslife.


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Science Co''nication &Clt"e Inte"3ace

H'an ocietie have !evelo/e! thei"clt"al yte' 1ae! on o1e"vationove" 'illennia, acc'late! e'/i"icalno2le!$e, /ae! the' on th"o$ht"a!ition, an! conve"te! the' into1elie3 an! vale0

Yo cannot "n hea!-lon$ into clt"alyte' even i3 o'e 1elie3 an!vale a"e non-cienti6c0

Do not 1e a All-in China-ho/0


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So'e t"ate$ie

(e!ce i'/e!ance 'i'atch0

Slo2, $"a!al, an! "e/etitiveen3o"ce'ent

No Cha'ata", /leaeV (eit thete'/tation o3 "e/lacin$ cha'ata" o3cha"latan 2ith cienti6c cha'ata"0

In3o"', !e'ont"ate, an! allo2 vale-

/"o/oition o3 cienti6c no2le!$e to1e "eco$nie!0 Technolo$ical!e'ont"ation col! have eaie"acce/tance0


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So'e t"ate$ie

Do not "eect eve"y t"a!itional 1elie30Ae >$notic0 Thi i cienti6c0 The"ea"e th"ee tate o3 no2le!$e9 t"e,

o/inion, 3ale0 > cientit !oe notacce/t o" "eect any /"o/oition'e"ely on 1elie30 >ll th"ee con!itiono3 t"th in e/ite'olo$y 't 1e

ati6e!0 E4/e"i'entation an!ti6cation a"e eential even to"eect a ee'in$ly ncienti6c 1elie30


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#hank ouH

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Foundation Day Lecture, Vigyan Prasar