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Foundations of Pieces of Global Governance. International Organizations. Governance is as Old as Civilizations. The rules and norms functioned long before the 19 th century Chinese and Indian Civilizations tried to manage and eliminate conflict - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Governance is as Old as CivilizationsThe rules and norms functioned long before the 19th
centuryChinese and Indian Civilizations tried to manage and
eliminate conflict
The Greeks established protective alliances among city-states that were sovereign
The medieval Europe thought that political alliances were needed against the violators of agreed norms
Italy (14-15 century) of Renaissance period had agglomerated small cities into political units of Kingdom of Naples, Venice, Florence, etc.
04/22/23Nvard V. Manasian [email protected]
The Rise of the State SystemHoly Roman Empire-1000AD Thirty Years War – 1618-1648AD
The war was fought primarily (though not exclusively) in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe.• a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics• the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire
04/22/23Nvard V. Manasian [email protected]
The Peace of Westphalia: The New Order of Europe
The Peace of Westphalia resulted from the first modern diplomatic congress and initiated a new order in central Europe based on the concept of state sovereignty withTerritorial Integrity, secular authority and equal participation in international system.
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Westphalians against Grotians In defining the modern state system
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•States are sovereign•Their territorial integrity is intact•The rule of law•The states are secular or laic•There is no supreme arbiter among states
• States do not have complete freedom to do whatever they wish• State sovereignty is contested constantly•States are vulnerable to the demands posed by the forces that decentralize and globalize
International trade, migration, democratization and technological innovation transformed the 19th century reality
giving rise to IOs.
Governance Innovations: 19th century
04/22/23Nvard V. Manasian [email protected]
Increased trade
Growing state interaction
G7 countries Canada France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom United States
G7 countries Canada France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom United States
The WWI stood as a proof of the volatility and vulnerability of the
emerging multilateralism
The WWI stood as a proof of the volatility and vulnerability of the
emerging multilateralism
Multilateralism: 20th century
04/22/23Nvard V. Manasian [email protected]
The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.
The League of Nations of Woodrow Wilson1.Was to prevent War,2.Respect the territorial integrity and political independence of states3.Settle disputes or enforce them on violators
4.It had a Council, Assembly and Secretariat5.Plus Permanent Court of International Justice6.And International Labor Organization
7.The League succeeded when states wanted action and failed when the great powers did not want to follow its principles8.It also failed to address the great depression of the 1930s
Functionalism and Specialized Organizations
The founders of the UN envisaged that functional agencies would play key roles in activities aimed at economic and social
advancement
Health Science Education Culture Economics Food
WHO UNESCO UNICEF/UNESCO UNESCO WB/IMF FAO/WFP
Other UN related functional organizations: ILO, UNHCR, ITU, WMO, UPU, IAEA, IMO
Other functional organization: OPEC
Regional Functional organization: OAPEC, ADB, IADB, PAHO, AMF
04/22/23Nvard V. Manasian [email protected]
Functionalism and Specialized Organizations: Bretton Woods
The Depression of 1930s collapsed the economies
Countries raised barriers to trade and used “beggar thy neighbor” policies
Recovery and rebuilding of Europe after WWII: Marshal Plan
US promoted a vision of open international economy
Keynes proposed a global central bank to deal with liquidity problems
United States vs. Europe in setting liberalized trade standards, resulting in GATT later to become the WTO
04/22/23Nvard V. Manasian [email protected]
Market liquidity is a business, economics or investment term that refers to an asset's ability to be easily converted through an act of buying or selling without causing a significant movement in the price and with minimum loss of value.
Market liquidity is a business, economics or investment term that refers to an asset's ability to be easily converted through an act of buying or selling without causing a significant movement in the price and with minimum loss of value.
Trends in Functional Organizations
04/22/23Nvard V. Manasian [email protected]
Low
High
Technical
Functional DevelopmentalPolitically
contending area
Politically contending area
Global ConferencesLeague of Nations convened global conferences
on economic affairs and disarmamentFocus on salient issues of the dayOne type of GC is to negotiate a treaty among
states, i. e. a 9 year long protracted negotiation among the states that brought about the ratification of the Law of the Sea Convention
Another one is to have series of meetings with various state and non state actors around a possible agenda, i. e. Agenda 21 or CEDAW following Beijing summit in 1995
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International Courts of Adjudication and Dispute Settlement The International Criminal Court is a
permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes.
The International Court of Justice is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. Its main functions are to settle legal disputes submitted to it by member states and to give advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international organs, agencies, and the UN General Assembly.
The Court of Justice of the European Communities, usually called the European Court of Justice (ECJ), is the highest court of the European Union (EU). It has the ultimate say on matters of EU law in order to ensure its equal application across all EU member states.
The resolution of disputes under international commercial contracts is widely conducted under the auspices of several major international institutions and rule making bodies. The most significant are:
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC),
International Centre for Dispute Resolution (ICDR),
the international branch of the American Arbitration Association),
London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA),
Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC).
04/22/23Nvard V. Manasian [email protected]
