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..this thesis was made as a requirement to pass my reseach subject when i was still in 2nd yr college....12 people made this but it was mostly me and my assistant who planned every single detail embeded onto this thesis....its not a work of a proffesional but i hope people like it.. ;')
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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
One of the most basic human needs is safety. “All human being needs to be and
feel safe, both physically and psychologically.” Most of us protect ourselves within the
changing environment by functioning as healthy individuals who make decisions in a
reasonable manner (Arthur Amor Pimpas, 1998). A disease is any deviation from or
interruption of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ, or system that is
manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs and whose etiology,
pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown (Medical Dictionary).
According to Kozier (2004), once an individual is sick and experiences the signs
and symptoms of a disease, he will then adopt the second stage of illness which is the
assumption of the sick role wherein he excuses himself from normal duties and role
expectations. If this happens, one won’t be able to learn and perform clinical duties,
which he must do as a preparation for being a fully competitive nurse.
“Minute, living organisms, called microorganisms, exist everywhere in the
environment, on the human body and within the human body.” Others, called pathogens,
have the ability to cause diseases. Pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases,
especially living microorganisms such as a bacterium, virus, or fungus. When the body is
unable to defend itself against these pathogens, they will multiply within the body which
would cause infection and would lead to the formation or start of a disease process.
(Arthur Amor Pimpas, 1998)
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People who have acquired a disease, especially a life-threatening disease, are
rushed to the hospital for treatment. “They seek help from professional health care
workers (HCWs) to alleviate the pain, signs, and symptoms, and eventually the disease
itself. Health care workers are those clinical and other staff, including those in primary
care, who have regular, clinical contact with patients. This includes staff such as doctors,
dentists and nurses, paramedical professionals such as occupational therapists,
physiotherapists, radiographers, ambulance workers and porters, and students in these
disciplines (The Association of National Health Occupational Physicians or ANHOPS).”
These health care workers are the front liners in giving medical treatment and
care to the patients (A person under health care. The person may be waiting for this
care, may be receiving it, or may have already received it). Because of this, “the health
of the HCWs is compromised or at risk all the time for a vast array of infections that
cause substantial illness and occasional deaths.” Despite this, few studies have
examined the incidence, prevalence, or exposure-associated rates of infection or have
considered infection-specific interventions recommended in maintaining work safety.
(Sepkowitz,1996).
“More than 10 years have elapsed since the last major consideration of
occupationally acquired infections in health care workers. Since then, much has
changed—new infections have been identified, diagnostic tests for previously recognized
diseases have been improved, the use of molecular epidemiologic techniques in
outbreak investigations has increasingly become routine, and outpatient and home care
have become more common.” (Sepkowitz, 1996)
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“Health workers are exposed to blood and other body fluids in the course of their
work. Consequently, they are at risk of infection with blood-borne viruses including
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV). The risk
of infection for health workers depends on the prevalence of disease in the patient
population and the nature and frequency of exposures. Occupational exposure to blood
can result from percutaneous injury (needlestick or other sharps injury), mucocutaneous
injury (splash of blood or other body fluids into the eyes, nose or mouth) or blood contact
with non-intact skin. The most common form of occupational exposure to blood and the
most likely to result in infection, is needle-stick injury. The most common causes of
needlestick injury are two-handed recapping and the unsafe collection and disposal of
sharps waste. Health workers in areas such as operating, delivery and emergency
rooms and laboratories have an enhanced risk of exposure. Cleaners, waste collectors
and others whose duties involve handling blood-contaminated items are also at risk.
Among the 35 million health workers worldwide, about 3 million receive
percutaneous exposures to bloodborne pathogens each year; two million of those to
HBV, 0.9 million to HCV and 170 000 to HIV. These injuries may result in 15 000 HCV,
70 000 HBV and 500 HIV infections. More than 90% of these infections occur in
developing countries. Most blood exposures in health settings are preventable.
Strategies to protect health workers include implementation of Universal Precautions,
immunization against hepatitis B, provision of personal, protective equipment and the
management of exposures. Successful implementation of these strategies requires an
effective infection control committee with support from the health setting management
team(World Health Organization).”
- 3 -
Safety in the delivery of care in the nursing profession is a growing concern
among health care workers especially staff nurses not only in the country but globally.
Across the US, it was identified by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
that nursing personnel have the highest percentage of job-related health risk rates of any
occupation (Foley M., 2004). “Nurses give the majority of direct care to patients. Nursing
accounts for about 80% of the direct care, that patient receives and this often involves
personal and intimate care activities where health care-associated diseases are
potentially available outcomes (Jocel A. Frias, 2007).” “HCWs especially nursing staff
have a longer exposure to their clients compared to other members of the health care
team. Because of this, they are susceptible to harbor different microorganisms that are
present in the workplace (Jacobson, 1990).”
“Based on the prospective reports, the rate of injuries to staff nurses was 0.8 per
nurse – year. Factors associated with increased injuries included recapping needles and
temporary work assignments. (Klocinski, USA). In the Philippine settings, the incidence
of harboring a disease is escalating among HCWs. Safety becomes even more a
primary health issue for hospital HCWS in relation to the outbreak of highly and deadly
disease such as HIV/AIDS, Hepa, SARS, Meninggo, Flu and PTB (Pulmonary
Tuberculosis) in Asia in recent years (Gamage, 2003).”
As a nursing student, part of the Bachelor of Science in Nursing Curriculum
includes Related Leaning Experience (RLE) or the student’s hands-on experience in
different medical cases. “RLE’s contributory objectives include: to serve competency in
the promotion of health, prevention of illness, carry out the therapeutic programs of the
patients, give health guidance to patients in the hospital, in the home, and in the
community.” (Donna Lynn Samaniego, et. al., 2005)
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Majority of Our Lady of Fatima University (OUR LADY OF FATIMA
UNIVERSITY) Lagro Branch affiliations are public hospitals. One does not need to be a
keen observer in assessing the conditions of these hospitals. Most of the time, wards are
too crowded with patients. “Equipments and facilities are inadequate of the patient’s
needs. Even the hospital personnel, nurses, and doctors are not sufficient in number to
meet every patient’s immediate demands.” (Donna Lynn Samaniego, et. al., 2005)
The aim of this research is to identify the most common diseases that Our Lady
of Fatima University nursing students acquired and the preventive strategies they used
during their internship or duty. Through this study, we are able to cite the most common
diseases acquired by the Our Lady of Fatima University Nursing Students and the
effective preventive strategies that can help other HCWs, especially Our Lady of Fatima
University Nursing Students who are doing hospital duties, from acquiring diseases.
This study is significant not only to Our Lady of Fatima University nursing
students, but to other nursing and medical students as well, who will undergo clinical
duties as they go on with their studies as this study attempts to increase their level of
awareness and education about the diseases they may acquire during their internship. It
is also significant to hospital management, doctors, nurses and other medical health
workers, especially those in government hospitals, because they are more at risk of
acquiring life-threatening disease most present in depressed areas. The result of this
study may provide some insights of the realities on the prevalence of health care-
associated diseases so that effective, positive actions may be done to address the
problem.
- 5 -
Figure 1.
Conceptual Framework
- 6 -
Identification and Prevention of theMost Common Diseases acquired by
Selected Nursing Students of Our Lady of Fatima University
during their Hospital Duties
Respondents Profile Name Gender
Consequences Capacity of
the effectiveness of performance during hospital rotation
Severity of the Disease acquired
Effect on self-esteem of students
Capacity to carry out duties in the hospital
Identification of the Most Common Diseases
Etiology of the Diseases
Prevention of the Diseases
Number of cases withNursing Students
Having the disease
Sources of Informationabout the disease
Strategies used by the Selected Nursing
Students of Our Lady of Fatima University to
avoid nosocomial infection
Preventive Strategies taken by the Selected Nursing Students ofOur Lady of Fatima
University fromacquiring the most common diseases
INPUT
PROCESS
OUTPUT
Figure 2.
Research Paradigm
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Identification and Prevention of the Most Common Diseases
acquired by the Selected Nursing Students of Our Lady of
Fatima University
Conducted a survey from selected Nursing Students of Our Lady of Fatima University using questionnaires.Used the percentage formula in determining the percentage of the frequency of the disease and the frequency of the effectiveness of the preventive strategies used.Used the weighted mean formula in determining the three most effective preventive strategies done by the selected Nursing Students Our Lady of Fatima University.Used the chi-squared formula in determining the significant difference between the common diseases acquired by the male and female Our Lady of Fatima University nursing students and the significant difference between the effectiveness of the preventive strategies done by the male and female Our Lady of Fatima University nursing students.
Common diseases acquired by the Selected Nursing Students of Our Lady of Fatima University during their hospital dutiesPreventive strategies used by the Selected Nursing Students of Our Lady of Fatima University during their hospital duties
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to identify the most common diseases acquired by the selected
Nursing Students of Our Lady of Fatima University during their hospital duties and the
preventive strategies.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What are the most common diseases acquired by the selected Nursing Students
Our Lady of Fatima University during their hospital duties?
2. What are the three most effective preventive strategies done by the selected
Nursing Students Our Lady of Fatima University?
3. Is there a significant difference between the common diseases acquired by the
male and female Our Lady of Fatima University nursing students?
4. Is there a significant difference between the effectiveness of the preventive
strategies done by the male and female Our Lady of Fatima University nursing
students?
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Hypotheses
Null Hypotheses
Ho1. There is no significant difference between the common diseases acquired
by the male and female Our Lady of Fatima University nursing students.
.
Ho2. There is no significant difference between the effectiveness of the
preventive strategies done by the male and female Our Lady of Fatima
University nursing students.
- 9 -
CHAPTER II
METHODS OF RESEARCH AND PROCEDURES
This chapter presents the research design, population and locale of the study,
data gathering tools and procedures and the statistical treatment of data used.
Research Design
This study aimed to identify the most common diseases acquired by the selected
nursing students of Our Lady of Fatima University during their hospital duties and the
effective preventive strategies they used.
The researchers made use of the descriptive research design which main
purpose is to describe events, phenomena, situations, practices and trends developing
through the use of measurement or quantification of events or variables under the study.
Population and Locale of the Study
The respondents involved included 25 male and 25 female Nursing Students
currently enrolled in Our Lady of Fatima University, Quezon City and were already
exposed to hospital duties, regardless of the frequency of exposure and year level of the
respondents.
The locale of the study was at the Our Lady of Fatima University Nursing
Buildings, specifically the San Rafael Building (former New Regalado Building) and the
Fatima Eye Rehab Center, in Regalado, Quezon City.
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Data Gathering Tools
The researchers used questionnaire as the main tool for obtaining the data from
the respondents. The questionnaire distributed was composed of 3 parts, namely:
Respondents Profile, Most Common Diseases Acquired and Ways of Prevention.
For part 1, Respondents Profile included the name and gender of the
respondents.
For Part 2, Common Diseases Acquired. Different kinds of illness and diseases
were presented for the respondents to put a check mark on using a multiple response
type questions.
And lastly, for Part 3, Preventive Strategies Used. Upon this part of the
questionnaire was the rating scale type of close ended questions (Kotler and Armstrong,
2001), which was the basis for the rating of the effectiveness of the prevention used.
Tertiary
4.51 – 5
3.51 – 4.5
2.51 – 3.5
1.51 – 2.5
0 – 1.5
Descriptive Rating
Highly Effective
Effective
Neutral
Ineffective
Highly Ineffective
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Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers used the non-probability sampling, specifically the convenience
sampling in determining the respondents involved. The first step done by the researcher
was to select the respondents. The researchers stayed near the vicinity of the Our Lady
of Fatima University school buildings, specifically the San Rafael Building (former New
Regalado Building) and the Fatima Eye Rehab Center, both located at Regalado Avenue
where most nursing students, who experienced hospital duties, gathered up. Each
researcher was assigned to a specific number and gender of respondents. The purpose
of thel study was attached to the questionnaire distributed. Upon making sure that the
respondents understood the purpose of the questionnaires, the researchers made its
way on distributing it to the students and obtaining the needed information.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The data obtained from the respondents were tabulated systematically in order to
obtain accurate information related to each element of the target population.
The statistical treatment of data used to determine the percentage of acquiring
the most common diseases was the percentage formula, as shown below:
P = F x 100
N
The statistical treatment of data used to determine the percentage of acquiring
the most common diseases was the weighted mean formula, as shown below:
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where: P = percentage F = frequency N =number of respondents
where: WM = weighted mean f = frequency of score x = raw score N = total number
of respondents
WM = Σfx
N
The statistical treatment of data used in determining the significant difference
between the common diseases acquired by the male and female Our Lady of Fatima
University nursing students and the significant difference between the effectiveness of
the preventive strategies done by the male and female Our Lady of Fatima University
nursing students, using 0.05 as its level of significance, is the chi-squared formula, as
shown below:
X² = Σ ( o - e ) ²
e
CHAPTER III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
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Degree of Freedom
(Preventive Strategies Used)
df = (c – 1) (r – 1)
= (2 – 1) (11-1)
= (1)(10)
df = 10
α = 0.05
Critical Value = 18. 307
Degree of Freedom
(Common Diseases Acquired)
df = (c – 1) (r – 1)
= (2 – 1) (12-1)
= (1)(11)
df = 11
α = 0.05
Critical Value = 19. 675
where: X² = chi-squared e = expected o = observed frequency frequency
This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of the data gathered from
the questionnaire. It presents the graphical and textual explanations of data to answer
the specific questions based on the statement of the problem.
1. On the Common Diseases Acquired by the Respondents
during Hospital Duties
Figure 3.
Percentage of the Common Diseases Acquired.
The most common disease acquired by the selected Nursing Students of Our
Lady of Fatima University is cold, which has a frequency of 28 or 30.11%, where 14 or
35.90% is on males and 14 or 25.93% is on females. Second is cough, which has a
frequency of 33 or 35.48%, where 16 or 41.03% is on males and 17 or 31.48% is on
females. And third is TB (tuberculosis), which has a frequency of 10 or 10.75%, where
3 or 7.69% is on males and 7 or 12.96% is on females.
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5.38
35.48
30.11
5.38
10.75
3.23 2.15 1.08 2.15 2.15 1.08 1.08
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Sore E
yes
Cough
Colds UTITB
Chicken
Pox
Mum
ps
Pneum
oniaFev
er
Rashes
Diarrh
ea
Mea
sles
Common Diseases Acquired
Per
cen
tag
e
The frequency of acquiring sore eyes is 5 or 5.38%, where 1 or 2.56% is on
males and 4 or 7.41% is on females. The frequency of acquiring UTI is 5 or 5.38%,
where 2 or 5.13% is on males and 3 or 5.56% is on females. The The frequency of
acquiring chicken pox is 3 or 3.23%, where 1 or 2.56% is on males and 2 or 3.70% is on
females. The frequency of acquiring mumps is 2 or 2.15%, where 0 or 0% is on males
and 2 or 3.70% is on females. The frequency of acquiring fever is 2 or 2.15%, where 1 or
2.56% is on males and 1 or 1.85% is on females. The frequency of acquiring rashes is 2
or 2.15%, where 0 or 0 is on males and 2 or 3.70% is on females. The frequency of
acquiring pneumonia is 1 or 1.08%, where 0 or 0% is on males and 1 or 1.85% is on
females. The frequency of acquiring diarrhea is 1 or 1.08%, where 1 or 2.56% is on
males and 0 or 0% is on females. The frequency of acquiring measles is 1 or 1.08%,
where 0 or 0% is on males and 1 or 1.85% is on females.
2. On the Preventive Strategies Used by the Respondents
during Hospital Duties
The most effective preventive strategy used by the selected nursing students is
handwashing. Its effectiveness in the prevention of a disease to males is 4.92, which is
highly effective and 4.52 to females, which is also highly effective. As a whole, it had an
average of 4.72, which is highly effective. Second is vaccination. Its effectiveness to
males is 4.52, which is highly effective and 4.44 to females, which is effective. As a
whole, it had an average of 4.48, which is effective. Third is proper disposal of sharps/
used needles. Its effectiveness to males is 4.56, which is highly effective and 4.16 to
females, which is effective. As a whole, it had an average of 4.36, which is effective.
The effectiveness of use of mask to males is 4.36, which is effective and 4.04 to
females, which is effective. As a whole, it had an average of 4.20, which is effective. The
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effectiveness of use of gloves to males is 4, which is effective and 4.16 to females,
which is effective. As a whole, it had an average of 4.08, which is effective. The
effectiveness of proper disposal of linens to males is 4, which is effective and 4.14 to
females, which is effective. As a whole, it had an average of 4.06, which is effective. The
effectiveness of taking vitamins/ supplements to males is 4.2, which is effective and 3.88
to females, which is effective. As a whole, it had an average of 4.04, which is effective.
The effectiveness of use of gowns to males is 4.12, which is effective and 3.92 to
females, which is effective. As a whole, it had an average of 4.02, which is effective. The
effectiveness of enough rest to males is 3.96, which is effective and 3.64 to females,
which is effective. As a whole, it had an average of 3.80, which is effective. The
effectiveness of regular check-up to males is 3.8, which is effective and 3.68 to females,
which is effective. As a whole, it had an average of 3.74, which is effective. The
effectiveness of exercise to males is 3.96, which is effective and 3.28 to females, which
is neutral. As a whole, it had an average of 3.62, which is effective.
3. On the Significant difference between Common Diseases
Acquired by Male Nursing Students and Common Diseases Acquired by
Female Nursing Students
Since the computed value of X² = 45.93, which is greater than the critical value of
X² = 19.675 at α = 0.05 with the df = 11, the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, there
is a significant difference between common diseases acquired by Male Nursing Students
and common diseases acquired by Female Nursing Students.
4. On Significant difference between the effectiveness of the
preventive strategies done by the male and the effectiveness of the preventive
- 16 -
strategies done by the female Our Lady of Fatima University Nursing Students
from acquiring these diseases during their hospital duties
Since the computed value of X² = 1923.15, which is greater than the critical value
of X² = 18.307 at α = 0.05 with the df = 10, the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore,
there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of the preventive strategies
done by the male and the effectiveness of the preventive strategies done by the female
Our Lady of Fatima University Nursing Students from acquiring these diseases during
their hospital duties.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- 17 -
This chapter presents the conclusions and recommendations made by the
researchers about this study.
Conclusions
From the data collected in the questionnaire, the researcher had summed up the
following findings:
1. The most common diseases acquired by the Our Lady of Fatima University
Nursing Students is cough which had 33 or 35.48%, where 16 or 41.03% is on males
and 17 or 31.48% is on females. Followed by colds which had 28 or 30.11%, where 14
or 35.90% is on males and 14 or 25.93% is on females. And third is Tuberculosis (TB)
which had 10 or 10.75%, where 3 or 7.69% is on males and 7 or 12.96% is on females.
2. The most effective prevention used by the Our Lady of Fatima University nursing
students from acquiring such disease is handwashing which is highly effective to all,
regardless of gender.
3. There was a significant difference between the common disease acquired by
male and the common disease acquired by female Our Lady of Fatima University
Nursing Students.
4. There was a significant difference between the effectiveness of the preventive
strategies done by the male and the effectiveness of the preventive strategies done by
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the female Nursing Students of Our Lady of Fatima University during their hospital
duties.
Recommendations
Considering the results and conclusions made, the researchers offer the
following recommendations:
1. Those nursing students who are and who will undergo hospital duties or
internship must equip themselves with the necessary preventive measures to prevent
from acquiring the most common diseases such as coughs, colds, TB and others. Since
the most common disease acquired in the hospital setting is about respiratory problem,
which is a contagious disease, we recommend that the nurses must at all times, if
possible, keep a 3 feet distance among patients and should always wear masks in
interacting with the patients.
2. Students must always perform handwashing before, during, after or as long as
necessary to prevent from acquiring and transmitting diseases, since handwashing has
been a highly effective prevention for nursing students based on our study. It is also the
oldest, simplest, and cheapest way to control the spread of infectious
organisms.
3. Based on the study, which showed that the female nursing students are more
susceptible in acquiring diseases than the male nursing students, we recommended that
female nursing students must be more careful in doing hospital duties.
- 19 -
4. Since the preventive strategies is highly effective on the male respondents than
of the females, females should look for other ways of prevention and or combine one or
more preventive strategies to give them enough prevention so as not to acquire
diseases during their hospital duties and boost their immune system. They should also
see to it that they follow standard precautions and proper ways of using the preventive
measures since it may affect the effectiveness of the preventive measures done.
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