Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
5th Urban Research Symposium
Cities and Climate Change: Responding to an Urgent Agenda
Sunday, June 28, 2009
FP 7 Research Project:
SUME
Sunday, June 28, 2009
Towards Energy Efficient Cities: Gaining Traction on the Ground
128-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Sustainable Urban Metabolism for Europe
Christof Schremmer (ÖIR), Vienna, AustriaDominic Stead (OTB), Delft, Netherlands
Project partners
01 Austrian Institute for Regional Studies and Spatial Planning (OIR) AT
02 University of Porto, Faculty of Engineering (CITTA – FEUP) PT
03 Nordic Centre for Spatial Development (Nordregio) SE
04 Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas (FORTH) GR
05 University of Newcastle upon Tyne (UNEW) UK
06 Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) NL
07 Klagenfurt University, Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies (UNI-KLU) AT
08 Potsdam Institute of Climate Change Research (PIK) DE
228-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
08 Potsdam Institute of Climate Change Research (PIK) DE
09 Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA) CN
10 Warsaw School of Economics (SGH) PL
2
EU-funding: Seventh Research Framework Programme - CP FP7
Collaborative Research Project Area 6 2 1 5 Urban development Area 6.2.1.5 Urban development
ENV.2007.2.1.5.1 Urban metabolism and resource optimisation in the urban fabric
Project duration: 36 months 11/2008 –10/2011
Project Coordinator: ÖIR - Austrian Institute for Regional Studies and Spatial Planning (Vienna, Austria)
328-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Project objectives
Project objectives:Contribute to the reduction of space, energy and material Contribute to the reduction of space, energy and material consumption of urban regions
– through strategies of urban restructuring and urban planning– founded on a comprehensive metabolic analysis/modelling
Background:– urban growth (population, income) – climate change – CO2 reduction objectives – high levels of energy-/material consumption in Europe
Research on 2 levels:
428-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Research on 2 levels:– Urban regions (agglomerations)– cities, districts/neighbourhood-level (case studies)
Key Words: urban planning – metabolism – built environment –energy consumption – material consumption
3
Project background –
The challenge … from past development
528-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Urban Form & growth – Vienna
+ 37 %
628-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
4
+ 206 %
728-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
+ 211 %
828-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
5
Innovative approach –
The metabolism approach / model
928-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Challenges for urban development, viewed by an urban metabolism approach
What is the urban metabolic performance of the various (existing) urban structures (existing) urban structures –in terms of energy use, land use, material input-output balance ? ( GHG, Climate Change)?
What does urban restructuring mean for a potential future improvement of the energy-material balance ? Are there consistently better urban structures/urban forms ?
What is the result of a comprehensive, metabolic appraisalof urban restructuring:
1028-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
o u ba est uctu gWhat are the material/energy costs of a forced restructuring/rebuilding compared with the use of existing structures ?
6
Quantities / qualities Waste, emissions
Operating cycle
Urban metabolism: Stocks & flows concept
of resource use
Environmental systemSocietal system
Resources, energy
STOCKS
FLOWS
1128-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Built urban structures,urban form
urban planning
urban development policies
Built urban system
Investment cycle
STOCKS
Quantities / qualities Waste, emissions
Operating cycle
Urban metabolism: Stocks & flows concept
of resource use
Environmental systemSocietal system
Resources, energy
STOCKS
FLOWS
1228-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Built urban structures,urban form
urban planning
urban development policies
Built urban system
Investment cycle
STOCKS
7
WP1 Scenarios / dynamics of urban development
Christof Schremmer
1328-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Christof Schremmer
ÖIR – Austrian Institute for Regional Studies and Spatial Planning
Vienna
Urban development scenarios – urban dynamics
Scenarios for a selected sample of cities
using the urban (building) stock profile as basis
adding the dimensions of population changes andthe potential transformation of the given urban stock- in alternative ways
as a basis for evaluating implications for the urban
1428-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
.. as a basis for evaluating implications for the urban metabolism ( energy consumption, GHG-emissions, land use, material resources ..)
8
UMZUrban
Morphological Zones
UN Habitat definition,
applied by EEA
1528-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Conclusions from the evaluation of urban development trends/scenarios
Conclusions from scenarios: Quantitative potential for rebuilding cities
Conclusions from urban stock typology: Parameters for future types of urban stocks
Research requirements
1628-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
9
WP2 – Urban metabolism and resourcesHelga WeiszPIK - Potsdam Institute of Cli t Ch R h B li
1728-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Climate Change Research, Berlin
Julia SteinbergerUNI-KLU – social ecology, Vienna
Urban Metabolism and Resources - Objectives
Establish links between urban planning and urban metabolism assessment - conceptual and empirical assessment conceptual and empirical
screening of criteria used in urban planning with respect to the representation of metabolic considerations
identifying those resource flows that are relevant environmentally and can be addressed by urban planning
Advance the urban metabolism approach from a mere flows model to an integrated stocks and flows model
focus on the determination future resources flows through present urban planning decisions (housing, infrastructure
1828-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
present urban planning decisions (housing, infrastructure etc.)
develop a formal model with spatially explicit metabolic profiles for a hypothetical city which can be used in scenario analysis, including the simulation of alternative planning decisions
10
Electricity use and GHG emissions
Electricity consumption
Per capita electricity
GHG intensity(t eCO2 /GWh)
GHG emissions(t eCO2 /cap.)p
(GWh)y
(MWh/cap.)( 2 )incl. line loss
( 2 p )
BangkokBarcelonaCape TownDenverGenevaLondonLos AngelesNew York CityPragueToronto
28,5007,47912,2096,6592,79339,23763,91949,5675,50655,778
5.044.663.4911.496.465.336.716.074.6610.04
55014396979254469368497710246
2.770.673.389.100.352.502.463.013.312.47
1928-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Electricity use, GHG intensity and emissions (Kennedy, Steinberger et al 2009)
GHG emissions from ground transport
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
GH
G t
eC
O2
/ ca
p.
Denver
TorontoLA
BarcelonaCape Town
Prague
London
GenevaBangkok NYC
2028-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
Population Density (persons per km^2)
GHG emissions from ground transportation fuels areinversely related to population density.
Kennedy, Steinberger et al 2009
11
Model of urban metabolism of a hypothetical city
Dynamic stocks (infrastructure) and flows
Wh i f b h d d h – What infrastructure parameters can be changed, and how fast? (WP1 - urban development scenarios)
– How can we model the influence of these infrastructure changes on urban resource use (flows) over time?
Spatially explicit
– Relevant to transport and/or spatial distribution of urban functions (or socio-economic groups?)
2128-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Overall goal: understanding of interaction of decisive factors in urban metabolism, and how to understand changes
WP3WP3Impact of urban form and structures on resource usePaulo Pinho
2228-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Paulo Pinho
University of Porto, Faculty of Engineering (FEUP)
12
Metabolic Impact Analysis
MIA – Metabolic Impact Analysis
Based on two main components (different analytical objects and purposes of analysis)
– Evaluation methods of urban metabolism • European urban system as a framework• Metropolitan areas, cities, urban neighbourhoods
E l ti th d f t b li i t
2328-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
– Evaluation methods of metabolic impact• Operational nature• Impact of urban interventions -
projects/plans/programmes/policies
Object of analysis
Focus on the main elements of urban form
Stocks (the following elements of urban form analyzed at 3 different scales – metro, it i hb h d)city, neighbourhood)
– Urban layout / Infrastructures (including blue and green) -integration, connectivity, homogeneity
– Urban plot - block dimensions, number of plots, functions– Buildings - age of buildings, densities, building coverage,
alignments and heights, number of households
Flows - generated by activities carried out in the urban context –
2428-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Flows - generated by activities carried out in the urban context –in particular between super and infrastructures
13
WP 4Transforming urban planning and strategies
Simin Davoudi
2528-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Simin Davoudi
Newcastle University, UK
Transforming urban planning, policies and strategies
Objectives:
– To explore how relevant actors, institutions, policies and strategies influence urban structures and hence resource/energy flows
– To identify the potential for new institutional frameworks and integrated strategies that can shape urban structures in such a way that leads to resource optimisation
2628-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
14
How does changing development processeseffect Urban Metabolism?
Developmentprocess
UrbanForm
e.g. compactdispersed
monocentricpolycentric
UrbanMetabolism
material &energyflows
WP4 WP1,2,3
2728-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Key questions
Who are the key relevant actors and institutions influencing the trajectory of European urban structures?
What are their roles and responsibilities and interests?
How do they shape urban development trends and hence urban form/structures and resource flows?
What are the key strategies and policy tools for regulating urban development?
To what extent have they influenced the trajectory of European urban forms and restructuring?
2828-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
What is the relationship between institutional framework and policy implementation related to the shaping of urban forms/structures?
15
Conclusion –SUME Outcome Expectations
2928-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
Expected contributions of SUME to the Climate Change Agenda - 1
GenerallyGenerally
Raise the level of understanding about the interrelationship between urban form and urban built structures and the level of resources and energy being used
Specifically, SUME attempts
to set existing spatial structures in a comparative perspective (types of urban form) and in a dynamic, temporal perspective (types of the speed of growth and urban restructuring)
3028-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
to develop a spatially explicit, urban metabolism model, to be used to estimate the influence of various urban forms and development strategies
16
Expected contributions of SUME to the Climate Change Agenda - 2
.. plus, SUME attemptsp p
to evaluate various strategies of transforming existing urban systems into future, metabolically (more) optimal forms (by investing in built structures),by setting the transformation resource input in relation to the resources saved in the operational phase
to develop application-oriented impact assessment methods for various urban forms and also for alternative models of future urban forms,
to evaluate current urban development strategies and actors’
3128-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
to evaluate current urban development strategies and actors behaviour and
To find alternative development strategies, thereby taking into account (necessary) incentive structures
Thank you for your attention !
see online: www.sume.at
3228-June-09 5th URS: Cities and Climate Change
Schremmer / Stead
