fpcrfinal vanya(102).docx

7/21/2019 fpcrfinal vanya(102).docx

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fpcrfinal-vanya102docx 1/22

FIELDWORK SEGMENT

PRM 2014-16 & FPRM 2014

A Theme Paper/ Fa!"#$ Par#%%pa# '(""a)(ra#%*e Re+earh ,FP'R

( Patterns in Intergenerational Mobility in Education and Labor Markets

in Rural India )

.a+e ( S#!%e+ % Am)apaa %""ae

Am)apaa Da G!3ara#

----------------

S!)m%##e )$

a$a Ra%,P5102

Fa!"#$ G!%e I par#%a" !"%""me# ( #he re7!%reme#+ ( #he FWS

( #he

P(+# Gra!a#e Pr(ramme % R!ra" Maaeme#

INSTIT8TE OF R8RAL MANAGEMENT ANAND

2014



A'KNOWLEDGEMENT

This acknowledgement is an expression of deep sense of gratitude to all those who helped us

in completing this village report

I would like to take this opportunity to thank Prof !ivek Pandey" for his continuous and

valuable support on my endeavor to work on research I am immensely grateful for his

periodic inputs and guidance from preliminary stage to final submission of research

I would also like to thank IRM# for providing this opportunity to explore rural life and

providing key insights during the fieldwork segment It has helped to enhance our

knowledge and aided in practical application of the theoretical and conceptual frameworks

Last but not the least$ I want to extend my thanks to villagers of #mbapada and host

organi%ation &'(R!# )*#I+, for providing all possible help to complete my study

!anya Rai )P-./01,



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Faculty: Professor Vivek Pandey

Participant: Vanya Rai (P35102)

My FPR topic !as "Patterns in #nter$enerational Mo%ility in &ducation and

'a%or Markets

in Rural #ndia #t ai*ed at +ndin$ t,e e-tent of #nter$enerational Mo%ility in

ter*s of education and occupation in t,e villa$e #t !as a very uni.ue

pro/ect %ecause very little ,as %een done in t,is +eld in #ndia

,e entire FPR revolved around collectin$ data of dierent ,ouse,olds ,e

data to %e collected !as of t,e education level land,oldin$s skills pri*aryand secondary occupations and *i$rations in t,e villa$e ,is !as collected

t,rou$, structured survey provided %y our *entor ,e sa*ple !as selected

to ,elp us $eneralie t,e inference 4fter collectin$ t,e data t,e task !as all

on t,e analysis o! # analye t,e data !ould ,elp *e +nd t,e dierent

factors on !,ic, #6M depends

#7F&R&7&8a) &ducational *o%ility depends on inco*e of fat,er education of fat,er

and accessi%ility and availa%ility of sc,ool near%y

%) 9ccupational *o%ility depends on land,oldin$s of fat,er

c) 'ess occupational *o%ility in case of pri*ary occupation !,ile t,e sa*e

is relatively *ore in case of secondary occupations

d) ,e people are ,appy !it, !,atever t,ey ,ave and t,us #6M is not

visi%le

4fter *akin$ t,ese inferences # !as to co*e up !it, a %usiness plan for a

product accordin$ to t,e conditions prevailin$ around # ca*e up !it, an

idea of *arketin$ products of %a*%oo #t !ould not only try to preserve t,e

traditional art of ra*akada %ut also %e a pro+ta%le %usiness for *e



TA.LE OF 'ONTENT

#23456LE&7EME4T 88888888888888888888888I

E9E2(TI!E :(MM#R;88888888888888888888888II

List of #bbreviations8888888888888888888888888I!

List of +igures<Tables8888888888888888888888888!

List of #nnexure88888888888888888888888888!I

/ I4TR5&(2TI548888888888888888888888888/

1 5*=E2TI!E8888888888888888888888888888/

- PR52E:: +5LL56E&8/

-/ Methodology888888888888888888888888888/

-1 :ampling Plan888888888888888888888888881

> #*5(T T'E !ILL#7E888888888888888888888881

>/ Population88888888888888888888888888881

>1 :ex Ratio88888888888888888888888888881

>- #verage family si%e81

>> Literacy Rate88888888888888888888888888-

>. :chool88888888888888888888888888888-

. &I:2(::I54: 5+ +I4&I47:88888888888888888888>

./ Educational Mobility8>

.1 5ccupational Mobility88888888888888888888888?

? 2542L(:I548888888888888888888888888?



LIST OF A..REIATIONS

I7M@ Inter generational mobility

3M@ kilometer

''@ household



L%+# ( F%!re+/Graph+

+igure / :ex Ratio

+igure 1 #verage +amily :i%e

+igure - +atherAs Education

+igure > Elder :onAs Education

+igure . Education 5f +irst 10 'hs

+igure ? Education of Last 10 'hs

+igure B Trend Line for +atherC:on Education

+igure D Primary :ources of Livelihood

+igure :econdary Means of Livelihood

Table / Literacy Rate ):ource@ 2ensus 10//,

Table 1 :chool &ata ):ource@ Primary government school #mbapada,

Table -Educational matrix

Table > 2orrelation between father and eldest son education

Table . 2orrelation between father and second son

Table ?Regression result



LIST OF ANNE98RES

*usiness plan888888888888888888//



1: INTROD8'TION

Intergenerational mobility )I7M, may sound a very simple term but it is an issue of grave

importance" with a very diverse nature In layman words it can be visuali%ed as the process by

which the status of the parent is transferred to children and measured in terms of some

correlational index between the different aspects of parental and child socioeconomic state

'ow can a laborious and capable individual from backgrounds of shortcomings gain a position

better than his fatherF !ery little information is available regarding this and whatever is stated is

very ambiguous The study of I7M in education is still in its early phase

GThe transmission of economic success across generations remains something of a black

boxH )*owles" 7inis and 7roves 100.@ -,

The true India lives in its villages 5nce we get to live in a village we reali%e how the

evolution of the city is taking place at such rapid rate than that of the villages *ut is it also like

thisF The answer is no There are some fields were such differentiation does not exist 5ne such

field is I7M The condition may be worse in villages This is so because it is already immenselydifficult to break through the boundations of the society and achieve something worthwhile in

villages It cannot be blamed on the level of skills one has but on the opportunities they get

I tried to analy%e and compare that if people living in the same village" facing similar problems

in terms of surroundings" accessibility to opportunity etc how can they have different

intergenerational mobility on the basis of fathers occupation income or education

2: O.;E'TIE

The obJective of the study was to derive the I7M in #mbapada village In my report I was

supposed to measure I7M in terms of education and occupation The aim was to gather

information regarding education and different sources of income in a family

Then accordingly as per the condition of I7M in our village I was supposed to come up with a

business plan which would increase the existing I7M in our village

: PRO'ESS FOLLOWED

:1 Me#h(("($

6ithin a very small time span I become a part of the village People started opening up and

telling me the story of their lives This was the best time to conduct the survey for collection of

data #s I had to collect data regarding education" income and landholdings I went with the

structured Kuestionnaire I stuck to the structured survey interview *ut I never backed out when

people expressed their views regarding why their sons could not do well

1



The survey provide me with the Kuantitative data whereas the point of view of the villagers gave

me the Kualitative aspect of the same This was not very reliable source as in my village people

were not aware of their age" their exact income" their childrens age or education related

informations Moreover they were hesitant in providing data regarding land holdings Thus only

single source of information was not enough In order to make the data more authentic I used the

method of triangulation I collected the data of landholdings of the village #mbapada for 6aghairevenue talhati

The other information regarding households )''s, like the number of member in the family and

the level of education they have attained was gathered from the #aganwadi data register I

crosschecked the data and then worked on the analysis

:2 Samp"% Me#h(

I used PR# tool called transect walk to go about the village and get an overview of what type of

settlement pattern is followed in the village This insight helped me to conclude the type of

sampling I wished to carryout 5ut of the existing /?0 '': //1 '': belong to 'indus while

rest had 2hristian families Though all were :cheduled Tribes ):T, but the converted 2hristian

were a strata well defined in the village

Therefore I decided to perform survey on the sample chosen randomly from both castes The

sample consisted actual proportionate representation ie the village had B0 'indus thus 1D

surveys out of >0 were done on 'indu '': and rest /1 on 2hristian hhs

4: A.O8T T<E ILLAGE

4:1 P(p!"a#%(

#mbapada consists of /?0 households constituting a total population of >0 members#mbapada belongs to one of the few tribal areas of the country with its complete population

belonging to the :cheduled Tribe 3unbi tribe forms the maJority of population followed by

6arli and *hils

4:2 Se= Ra#%(

#mbapada has a sex ratio of D1 females per /000 male making up a > of female and a ./

male population This forms a healthy sex ratio as is normally prevalent among tribal populations

showing no gender discrimination of a male child over a female child )+ig /,

4: A*erae Fam%"$ S%>e

In #mbapada all types of families are found ranging from nuclear households containing 1

members to Joint families containing upto a total of /- members #mong the tribal people it has

been observed among the newer generation that as the sons get married they move out of the

family leaving the responsibility of the parents on their younger siblings )+ig 1,

2



4:4 L%#era$ Ra#e

#mbapada has a literacy level of B0/D as compared to the B00- literacy rate of 7uJarat

This is a fair literacy level with the levels being high for female too

:ex Literacy rate

Male BBDD

+emale ?1?/

Table / Literacy Rate ):ource@ 2ensus 10//,

'igh literacy rate for females are due to the provision of scholarship for female in the primary

school #fter completion of primary school high drop outs of female is prevalent" limiting their

education to primary education only

4:5 Sh(("

The village has a primary government school It runs under the :arva :hiksha #bhyan program

which was pioneered by #tal *ihari !aJpayee in 1000C100/ The school was started in the year

/?1" since then it has undergone a lot of changes like construction of a proper school building "

toilet facilities" provision of books" bags and uniform for the students using the funds received

from the@ ::# schemeThe school also provides the students with MidC&ay Meal The school

began with lower primary and has now expanded upto upper primary standard The presence of

'igh schools in B km diameter of the village prevents its expansion to a high school The school

has B teachers including the principal and a total strength of /-D students #ll the students belong

to the scheduled tribe

Table 1 :chool &ata ):ource@ Primary government school #mbapada,

3

S#aar Ma"e Fema"e T(#a"

I /0 B /B

II . B /1

III /1 /- 1.

I // /1 1- B /0 /B

I > D /1

II ? B /-

III ? /- /

T(#a" ?/ BB /-D



5: DIS'8SSIONS OF FINDINGS

5:1 E!a#%(a" M()%"%#$

Table -Educational matrix

Education of father plays a key role in making opportunities for the son to get education #s all

this data is not very conclusive yet we can depict things from it 6hen the father is illiterate the

son never got past the primary school but in case where the father was literate sons studied more

and got to be in secondary and senior secondary classes as well

#round ?- of the population of fathers was illiterate but only /0 of the sons are illiterate

)fig ->,

#nalysis )fig .?,

+or easy interpretation I plotted the years of education of father" elder son and the second son on

the compound bar chart The cases where there is no bar depicting second sons education are the

''s where only one son was born :ince my village was a tribal village most father had no

education In all cases the elder son has studied more than or at least at par with his father 5n the

contrary the second son has less probability of getting education as much as the elder son 6hen

inKuired people )fathers, said that they had no reason for letting their second son study as it did

not work wonders for the first child

25RREL#TI54 *ET6EE4 T'E +#T'ER #4& EL&ER :54 E&(2#TI54

FATHER'S YRS OF EDUAT!O" SO"#E$DER% YRS OF E

+#T'ERA: ;R: 5+

E&(2#TI54

/

:54)EL&ER, ;R: 5+

E&(2#TI54

0---/>D0B /

Table > 2orrelation between father and eldest son education#nalysis

The data was fed in the excel and the data analysis tool of correlation was applied on it thus what

we came up with was a positive correlation factor of 0---6hat does it depictsF It features the

fact that the two variables fathers education being the independent variable while sons

education being the dependent variable are directly proportional If the father studied more the

son studied more" if the father studied less the son studied less This is pretty obvious and a

:54 Illiterate Primary :econdary :enior

:econdary

+#T'ER Illiterate 1 /- 0 0

Primary 1 / 1 1



general phenomenon If the father has studied he may know the value education holds *ut the

same could not be concluded in case of #mbapada It was a tribal village with most elderly

having very little or no education Even after education they were still working in the fields of

their fore fathers and had seen not much change in their standard of living Thus for them

education was not a tool of change This correlation shows weak positive correlation therefore

strong I7M Less correlated the father son education will be more I7M will be seen

Table . 2orrelation between father and second son

#nalysis

The correlation factor between the son second in the birth order comes out to be 0>?0/This is

positive thus the education of father and son )be it second, is directly proportional 5n the other

hand if we compare it with the previous correlation between the eldest son and father we see a

striking difference It was 0>? which is more than the correlation coefficient between father and

eldest son The more the coefficient tend to move towards / the more perfect the correlation is

and thus less I7M prevails This can be put off to the fact that when the villagers see no profit

coming out of the expense on initial education of elder son

#nalysis )+I7B,

'ow to connect the education of elder son with the education level of his father It can be done

by using regression and thus coming up with an eKuation In the +ig B The education of son is

plotted against the education of father +ather years of education is the independent variable thus

on x axis and son education level is on y axis depicting dependent variable

Regression /

Total -

oefficients

Intercept >1B-?0.B>-

9 !ariable / 0>?.B?>BB/

Table ?Regression result

The eKuation resulting from the regression analysis ;N0>?. 9 O >1B Thus even if the father is

illiterate the predicted years of schooling is > years If son gets educated below this it is not good

enough +rom the graph we can interpret that out of >0" /> observations are below expected

level

5:2 O!pa#%(a" M()%"%#$

5

FATHER'S YRS OF EDUAT!O" SO"#&"D% YRS OF

EDUAT!O"

+#T'ERA: ;R: 5+

E&(2#TI54

/

:54)14&, ;R: 5+

E&(2#TI54

0>?0/D1-. /



5ccupational mobility is when a father working in a certain occupation manage to get Job for his

son If this change in Job results in lower income generation the mobility is downward in nature

where as if it results in increase in income acKuired it is upward mobility #n upward mobility is

reKuired as it will help people to go for different Jobs and thus not depend on one source of

income as always

+I7 D

#s per pesa act each hh got a piece of land of fathers mostly earn their bread by farming

+arming may be only for satisfying the needs but it was more than enough *ut the chart depict

that in contrast to -- fathers working as farmers only 1. children took it as primary occupation

Though as per the sample taken this is not a big mobili%ation in terms of primary occupation

+I7

#s we can see not many fathers have had secondary occupation This is not the same in case of

sons The sons have had many secondary means of livelihood as source of additional income

The sons even seem to be working in factories These provide them with a regular source of income

6: 'ON'L8SION

There exist a number of factors on which I7M depends Identifying all and then analy%ing the

effects of each on I7M in terms of education and occupation is not feasible *ut still what is

possible is to identify what really effects the I7M and then work accordingly to increase itas per

Malcolm said"H :uccess arises out the steady accumulation of advantages 6hen and where you

were born" what your parents did for living can make a significant differences in how well you

do in the worldH

In context of my village there was not very high I7M This can be blamed on many reasons

Low level of achievement after education could be one such reason The fathers who might have

got to see how the little education they had could not be of any help to them so they do not waste

much time providing education to their offsprings The biggest hurdle in path of I7M is the

mindset of the people They are happy and satisfied with whatever they have 5nce we can

identify the target the process of making people want to do better than their father will be an easy

task

;



Male; 51%female; 49%

Sex Ratio

2 3 5 ; < 10 12 13

0

10

20

30

0

50

;0

=0

Average famil !i"e

Figure SE( RAT!O

Figure & A)ERA*E FA+!$Y S!,E

=



I##ITERATE; $%

&RIMARY; '$%

Figure - FATHER'S EDUAT!O"

I##ITERATE; 4; 1(%

&RIMARY; $1; )%

SEC*+,ARY; $; %

SE+I*R SEC*+,ARY; -; 5%

Figure . E$DER SO"'S EDUAT!O"

<



1 2 3 5 ; = < > 10 11 12 13 1 15 1; 1= 1< 1> 200

2

;

<

10

12

1

F4&R?8 @R8 9F &AB4#97 897(&'A&R) @R8 9F &AB4#97

897(27A) @R8 9F &AB4#97

Figure / EDUAT!O" OF F!RST &0 HHS

2 3 5 ; = < > 10 11 12 13 1 15 1; 1= 1< 1> 20 210

2

;

<

10

12

1

fat,er son elder son(2nd)

Figure 1 EDUAT!O" OF $AST &0 HHS

>





Figure 6 SEO"DARY +EA"S OF $!)E$!HOOD

.8SINESS PLAN ,'(-(pera#%*e A++(%a#%( ( .am)(( a War"% Ar#%+a+ ( Da

E = e ! # %* e S! mm a r$

*usiness Plan for Tribal #rtifacts

*amboo is one of the easiest available raw materials for artifacts in the forest The *amboo

clumps are used for an extended diversified range of products ranging from domestic

households products to industrial applications *amboo is the poor mans green gold

I did a socioCeconomic survey on bamboo weaver community in &ang district of southern

7uJarat They are socially deprived and trapped in vicious circle of money lenders Their

livelihood is totally dependent on agriculture but due to hilly terrain and scarcity of water

in summer they are forced to migrate to earn their livelihood which heavily affects their family

and the education of their children *y implementation of this proJect they will be able to find

the alternate livelihood option locally which will improve their social and economicalconditions

The proJect aims at promoting *amboo weavers and their tribal arts as an alternative livelihood

option for rural people +or this I aim on@

5 r g a n i % a ti on a nd ca p ac i t y bu il d i ng o f b a m boo w e a v er s@

The bamboo weaver community in &ang district represents a highly unorgani%ed sector and

only make artifacts to comply with the demand of bamboo traders They supply their

products at a very cheap rate

: k il l im p r ov e m e nt of b a m boo ar ti s a ns@

They inherit the talent" but due to absence of proper guidance and training" they are unable to

even think about the different aspect of craft making In this process" they can be encouraged to

make the value addition in their famous G6arli Painting #rtH

P r o m o ti on of i d e n ti f i e d b a m boo sp ec i e s a nd b a m b oo p l a n t a ti on f or shoot p r odu c ti on@

& ece n t r a li % e d p r odu c ti on of * a m boo ar t if ac t s@

M ar k e ti n g c oop e ra ti ve f o r p r op e r supp l y c h a i n m a n a g e m e nt a nd p r o m o ti o n a l s t ra t e g i e s@

5ne maJor problem that weaver community faces is the unawareness of the price of their

crafts and market linkages The target group can be stratified on the basis of class" culture and

ethos # marketing cooperative will be formed to Justify the notion that the art belongs to the

tribes and the profit must be returned to them

The M a r ? e# Opp(r # ! % # $

7lobal exports of bamboo products reached (:& .Cbillion in 10//The estimated proJections are

that it will reach approximately (:& 10Cbillion in 10/B )I4*#R" 10//, The maJor importers

11



are European (nion )1," (:# )/D, and =apan )/0, :o there is a very big unexplored

market for bamboo and its associated products In India approx D. units manufacture<processes

a clutch of bamboo products" generating Rs .00 2r in annual revenue and providing

employment for /C/. lacs people :till it is unexplored and untapped market It is completely

unorgani%ed sector in India It has huge potential *ut for that someone has to organi%e factor of

production and also should provide proper market linkage It is also called future timber so rateof growth and future prospects of this plant is very high *ut utili%ation of bamboo is useless

without value addition

P r ( ! # a +e r * % e +

My organi%ation is ready to serve to the ardent desire of the diversified consumers I a m

giving platform to all the beautiful and unparalleled creativity that the weaver and artisans of

India have been serving for centuries I will provide a variety range of decor" home utility and

warli paintings embodied on craft for different segments I will also provide customi%e items for

premium and medium segments In which we will ask customers taste and reKuirements and

provide the best of Kuality products I will ensure that the crafts available are of the best Kualityin terms of finishing" execution" design and appearances I will also ensure a safe and early

delivery of products to customers doorstep

M a r ? e#

Indian craft market is approximately as big as /00mn The market is expanding

rapidly Initially I am targeting Maharashtra" 7uJarat and RaJasthan due to geographical

advantage In this I am targeting big cities for my distribution channel and after sale services for

customers :o basically I am opening /1 distribution network across these states for better

supply chain management In this I focus on big hotels and restaurants for my products :o for

first year I am targeting at least /0 such business houses #long with this I am focused ononline marketing of my product *y this way I am targeting all classes and geographical area

within and outside Indian continent

I divide my core target group in three segments@

/Teen age 7eneration@ They are the most generous customers and ready to buy

attractive and uniKue products They prefer products which are different and look simple yet

beautiful :o in this segment we rigorously promote customi%ed items too

1 Middle age group@ In this segment we basically will focus on Kuality and finishing #s

they prefer to invest for those products which are value for money :o we will provide

nicely finished goods with the least possible price

- 2orporate < business groups@ 6e will also market our products for various businesses and

hotels In this we offer a wide variety of decor items in traditional as well as modern style

' ( re M e m )er@+ p r ( % "e

/ 'imanshu #garwal )Institute of Rural Management #nand,

12



6ork Ex@ :oftware engineer in TS #&7/ 8ears%

1 &iptesh !ikram )Institute of Rural Management #nand,

6ork Ex@ :enior ProJect Engineer in A9ani 5o:er $imite9 #-2 months%

- RaJ #grawal )Institute of Rural Management #nand,> !anya Rai )Institute of Rural Management #nand,

' ( m pe# % # %* e a * a # a e

/ 2ustomi%ed designs

1 4o firm offering warli designs on bamboo artifacts

- 4o broker organi%ation@ sales through own cooperative

> /00 authentic tribal art

. :elling through eCcommerce and own outlets

. a r r % e r + # ( e# r $

/ +ragmented industry

1 Industry is not investment intensive

- Imports getting easier

I came to know through my field work research that there is no other organi%ation or coC

operative in the western part of India )typically in 7uJarat" Maharashtra and RaJasthan, for the

upliftment of the tribal art Therefore" 'A.WAD initial stage work will include to make the

marketing clusters in RaJasthan" 7uJarat and Maharashtra for creating the awareness for tribal

art The primary obJectives of the 'A.WAD over the next year areC

3Obtain commercial financing of Rs .0; 00;000 to co<er startu= costs an9 the other

initial o=erating ex=enses>

3reate a:areness of tribal arts b8 net:orking :ith hotels an9 restaurant of tourist

s=ots; con9ucting seminars an9 :orksho=s at marketing clusters7

3 *enerate a net =rofit of 0 lakhs in the first 8ear of o=erations b8 a strong net:orking

13



:ith cor=orate houses an9 kee=ing o<erhea9 costs to a minimum7

FINAN'IAL STATEMENT

ProJected Income :tatement 2#*6#&

;ear / ;ear 1 ;ear -

Revenue )In Rupees,

2ommercial sales /"10"00"000 /".0"00"000 /"B0"00"000

Total revenue /"10"00"000 /".0"00"000 /"B0"00"000

2ost of goods soldQ >0"00"000 .."00"000 ?."00"000

7ross profit D0"00"000 ."00"000 /"0."00"000

Expenses

:ales staff /0"0D"000 //0DD00 /1"/?"D0

2rew cost /D"00"000 /D"00"000 /"D0"000

Rent //".1"000 //".1"000 /1"?B"100

(tilities /">>"000 /">>"000 /">>"000#dvertising promotion /."00"000 10"00"000 1."00"000

5ffice supplies 000 000 000

Miscellaneous /.0000 100000 100000

Total expenses .B?-000 ?>/-D00 B-/DD0

5perating profit 11"-B"000 -0D?100 -/D0/10

&istributed profit to artisansQ /0"00"000 /0"00"000 /0"00"000

&epreciation /0"000 /0"000 /0"000

4et profit /1"-?"000 10"B?"100 1/"B0"/10

.rea? E*e aa"$+%+

Liabilities )In Rupees, >0"00"000

I nt e r e s t /0 p a for - years /-"1>"000

4et #ccumulated profit over - years .>D1-10

*reakeven will occur at the end of - years

F!% re7!%reme#+

To bear the expenses of machinery" tools" marketing" rent and wages" a sum of Rs >00000 is

reKuired which will be supported by commercial banks with the help of Small !n9ustries

&evelopment 5rgani%ation ):I&5," an R*I wing

1

mailto:Interest@10%25p.a



REFEREN'ES

/, Intergenerational mobility of labour outcomes by 4icholas herault )Melbourne Institute,

1, Making it in India by #nirudh 3rishna

-, http@<<freakonomicscom<10/1<0/</<isChigherCincomeCineKualityCassociatedCwithClowerC

intergenerationalCmobility<

>, http@<<wwwspringercom<economics<labor<book<BDCD/C-11C//1CB

15

http://freakonomics.com/2012/01/19/is-higher-income-inequality-associated-with-lower-intergenerational-mobility/


http://www.springer.com/economics/labor/book/978-81-322-1129-7



http://www.springer.com/economics/labor/book/978-81-322-1129-7

Documents

fpcrfinal vanya(102).docx