FRACKING: OIL SHALE GAS VS BIOGASCONSIDERING THE USE OF THE OIL SHALE ENERGY BOUNTY

SteveLast

info@anaerobic-digestion.com http://anaerobic-digestion.com

FI LR HAL ECG A S V S NI OGA S K I B G : O S ASpecial Fracking Report: Oil Shale Gas vs Biogas for Renewable EnergyWith much of the world once again (May 2012) teetering on recession, and a potential energy bonanza sitting beneath our feet in the form of vast oil shale gas reserves, dare we use them, or not? Lets make no mistake about it a new era of cheap energy would get world economies off the hook, and allow many nations to claw their way back out of austerity like nothing else can do on earth. The engineering and technically minded community owes it to the poor of the world to consider oil shale use very carefully. Can it be used without disastrous effects on the environment or not? In this special report we have set out to use resources available on the web to compile a report with contributions from a number of authors on this subject. We then sum up our view, and in the final special report section we have some further information about our preferred natural gas source. further shall be deemed to have read and accepted the following terms. Terms of Use: No Liability: this book is supplied as is and without liability. All warranties, express or implied, are hereby disclaimed. The information provided does not constitute advice of any kind. 2012 by IPPTS Associates.

IntroductionInside this report, you will learn:

What Is Fracking And Should We Be Nervous About It: Whatis fracking? It probably is a term new to many people but it's definitely becoming a popular topic in the media. Fracking is a controversial process used to extract gas from shale rock formations found thousands of feet below the earth's crust. The process involves drilling into the surface of the earth and then triggering small explosions to crack and shatter the hard shale rock in order to release the gas contained inside.

DisclaimerReasonable care has been taken by the authors to ensure that the information presented in this book is accurate. However, the reader by reading on any

Fracking and Tar Sands :Fracking is not a good thing if we're trying to reduce global warming causes and

Cover Image by InlandWest

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impacts, unless all the carbon dioxide is captured and stored by sequestration. We provide a background on hydraulic fracturing and its likely environmental impacts.

stating it "may cause earthquakes" - well like I said, not a revelation here.

Fracking - Is It Worth Risking Our Water Supply:Water is our most precious resource. Without it, we would cease to exist. Out of all the water on earth, only 2.5% is fresh water and less than 1% is available for your human consumption (since much of it is in glacier form). Now lets get started with the reported articles and the body of this report: **********************

The Bottom Line Is Fracking Really Safe?In the last few years, with the increasing demand for unique resources of energy, scientists and big companies are turning their heads and money on shale reserves, sedimentary formations that seem tom hold the future of energy: natural gas. With recent turn of events and with the major networks and independent film makers, they take like on the technology called fracking for oil. Don't be misled, this is not the song. It has been highlighted in a controversial documentary and now a lot of buzz is directed towards this technology. How is it good? What makes it ideal for extraction? The biggest question would have to be: is fracking for oil a safe practice?

What Is Fracking And Should We Be Nervous About ItWhat is fracking? It probably is a term new to many people but it's definitely becoming a popular topic in the media. Fracking is a controversial process used to extract gas from shale rock formations found thousands of feet below the earth's crust. The process involves drilling into the surface of the earth and then triggering small explosions to crack and shatter the hard shale rock in order to release the gas contained inside. Sand, water and many highly corrosive chemicals are forced into the rock at high pressure allowing the gas and crude oil to flow out before being extracted by energy companies. The process can be used to create new sources of oil and gas or to enlarge existing

More Fracking Earthquakes New Report and Research on Oil and Gas Fracking from UKOur Think Tank has previously mentioned the challenges with fracking and ground water, and the potential earthquake issues. Most of the problems can be easily mitigated depending on the geological make-up of the regions where such resources are. There was a heavy hitting article recently in the UK about fracking

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operations. The drilling can be carried out vertically but horizontal drilling is more common. The name fracking comes from a longer name for the process, hydraulic fracturing. The rock is theoretically fractured and this is often referred to as a 'frac job'. The process is highly controversial mostly due to the "unknown" as experts cannot agree on just how dangerous the technique is. A primary concern is that fracking uses many carcinogenic chemicals and the fear is that these chemicals may potentially find their way into natural water sources and pose a major threat to the users. Industry experts however point out that drinking water is generally found within a few hundred feet of the surface whereas most fracking is taking place several thousand feet below the surface. Left wing geologists have recently stated that the fracking process was a probable cause in the triggering of two minor earthquakes off the English coast. The energy industry obviously denies the process is at fault and blames bad practices as opposed to a bad technique. The extraction of shale gas using fracking is also being seen as a potential cause of further global warming as shale gas is found in many locations and is often seen as a cheaper alternative to renewable energy sources. The truth is that natural gas has a much smaller carbon foot print than either coal or oil so it's a great solution for reducing pollution. Those who fantasize about wind and solar replacing fossil fuels have never done their research.

With current technology it's impossible for alternatives to become the primary source of energy. Additionally, no one ever talks about the toxic ingredients that go into manufacturing solar panels and the batteries used to power electric cars (another inconvenient truth). Fracking is causing many heated debates between concerned individuals and energy companies. Currently energy companies are looking into ways of creating longer and deeper cracks in the earth allowing more gas to be extracted. This will obviously lower the extraction cost of the gas, this has caused uproar among opponents and environmentalists. In general the idea of using these aggressive techniques will always cause fear mongering and hand wringing because of the unknown long-term consequences. Fracking is not likely to go away any time soon as energy companies see it as a cost-effective way of extracting more and more natural gas. As new processes continue to evolve concerns will continue to linger and even grow. As we have said there are always concerns over any new process and they will either eventually diminish or there will be a major disaster like the opponents are predicting. Only time will tell and as it is with most things we are bound to continue to push the boundaries until someone finds an issue. Fracking has created a tremendous resurgence in drilling activity in the U. S. in areas such as the Bakken Oil Field which has billions of barrels of oil which were unrecoverable without it. These

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developments along with the creation of the the fracture opens, other materials are Oil ETF has made oil investing a popular sometimes added to prevent the fractures trend in this past decade. from closing - especially when the injection processed has ended. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael Not all wells are the same; some are very _R_Peterson permeable whereas others are low volume wells, depending on the type of rock and geologic structures. And example might be B. Fracking and Tar Sands shale for low permeability and sandstone for high permeability; the former uses Introduction 20,000 to 80,000 gallons of fluid while the latter can use up to 2-3 million gallons Fracking is not a good thing if we're trying of fluid per well. There can be to reduce global warming causes and environmental issues in the disposal of this impacts. I provide a background on fluid. hydraulic fracturing and environmental impacts. What is Hydraulic Fracturing or "Fracking"? Hydraulic fracturing is the process of creating fractures in rock with the purpose of releasing a fluid under pressure. This "fluid" is usually gas or petroleum as far as the fossil fuel industry is concerned. These fractures also occur naturally as in the case of "veins" or "dikes", where magma from deep within the earth flowed towards the surface. Oil and gas companies create their own fracturing of a rock layer with the sole purpose of extracting fuel. A bore hole is drilled into the geologic formation which contains the oil/gas. Then a highly pressurized fracking fluid is pumped into the hole leading to new channels in the rock and hence, allows for extraction of fossil fuels. As the fluid is injected down the hole and Examples in Nature "Veins" can be caused by seismic activity which leads to variations in stress levels of the rock. Differing volumes of fluids can be pumped into fractures during earthquakes. The fluids (usually containing minerals) can create a vein when pushed up through rock and then can harden and crystallize; sometimes a rock will appear one color and there will be a stripe of some other material in the rock. The formation of a "dike" is similar to that of a vein. The difference is that the fluid filled cracks are molten rock, or magma. Sometimes in sedimentary rock with a lot of water content steam will be found at the leading edge of the magma. Obviously this feature would be more common in active geologic regions such as areas near the boundaries of the continental plates or along the "ring of fire".

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Fracking to Release Fossil Fuels As mentioned earlier "fracking" or "hydraulic fracturing" is using pressurized fluid to expand cracks in rock to release oil or gas from underground reservoirs. These reservoirs are typically found in porous sandstones, limestones, or dolomite rocks. Sometimes the deposit can be found in shale or coal beds. The oil/gas formations can be retrieved from as deep as 1.5 - 6.1 km (5,000-20,000 feet). Sometimes the formation just needs to be tapped and the pressure alone will allow it to shoot to the surface. Other times a conduit needs to be formed to draw the fossil fuels to the surface. The fracture is created when pumping the fracking fluid at sufficient rates to exceed the fracture gradient of the rock. As the fracture grows, permeable material (like sand) is added to the hole to stabilize the well. The fuel can then be drawn upwards through the porous material. Most hydraulic fracturing is performed in vertical wells. But the latest technology allows for horizontal wells also. The lateral drill hole can extend up to nearly 3 km (2 mi) in some cases. Vertical wells usually are only 15-90 meters (50-300 ft) deep. Hydraulic fracturing is employed by 90% of natural gas wells in the United States. The fracturing fluid is a combination of water, chemical additives, and proppants (granular substances such as pellets or sand that help the fluid do its work). In addition there are sometimes gels, foams and compressed gases (i.e., nitrogen or

carbon dioxide) added to the mixture. In addition to the fluids and equipment to propel the fluid, there is transportation and storage of the fluid and the resulting fuel. The Marcellus Shale formation is one of the latest targets for fracking. This formation extending from West Virginia and Ohio eastward through Pennsylvania into New York State has had its share of news worthy stories, from estimated economic impacts and jobs, to taxation, to environmental concerns. Environmental Concerns There are plenty of environmental concerns when it comes to hydraulic fracturing, from contamination of ground water, pollution of the air and global warming impacts, to spills and mishandling of waste in the well location and health effects. While the EPA has been aware of some possible contamination issues, there was doubt among officials (from testimony at Senate Hearing Committees) that the fracking process itself has affected ground water. The EPA studies were criticized for being too narrow in scope, such as concerns about water quality contaminated from transporting fracking fluids, some fish kills and even documented acid burns. Private well owners have complained about contamination. In 2005 hydraulic fracturing was exempted by the U. S. Congress from any regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act! The reports of contamination of water began to increase as fracking heated up.

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One amazing example took place in the town of Dimrock, PA with a report of 13 private wells found to be contaminated with methane. And one of them actually blew up. The local gas company was ordered to compensate the homeowners although they continued to deny responsibility. There have even been reports of radiation in fracking fluids that were released into nearby rivers. Beyond ground water and possible surface pollution, there are the emissions of greenhouse gases which are the leading causes of global warming and air pollution at the surface. The emissions from the natural gas development and production include particulates, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxide, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Other emissions linked to development include methane, ethane and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The VOCs have been implicated in causing a range of health issues - from respiratory illness to neurological problems, birth defects and cancer. Although natural gas burns cleaner than oil or coal and it is supposed to help lessen global warming, an amount of methane is typically released by these wells. And the methane over short time periods is actually worse than coal or oil due to how potent this greenhouse gas is (20-25 times more potent than CO2). The methane gradually breaks down and has a lifetime in the atmosphere of around 8-9 years (CO2 lasts around 100 years). So even if natural gas is burned efficiently, its carbon footprint is still worse than coal or oil for timescales less than 50 years.

Tar Sands The Canadian Tar Sands, the Keystone Pipeline controversy, and the basics of environment preservation are covered here. What Are Tar (Oil) Sands Anyway? These geological features are not the typical fossil fuel deposit that you usually think of. Most are familiar with coal, oil, and gas. Tar sands are a naturally occurring mixture of sand, clay, water, and a dense or viscous form of petroleum. This mixture has the appearance, odor, and color of "tar", hence the common name. These oil sands are found in extremely large amounts in Canada and Venezuela. The tar sands are then mined and processed to extract the oil-rich material and then refined into oil. Extracting the oil is more complex than typical recovery as the process not only requires extraction and separation systems to remove the oil sludge from the clay, sand, and water, but also requires special dilution with lighter hydrocarbons (since so thick) to make it transportable by pipelines. A lot of the world's oil is in the form of tar sands, this is estimated to amount to 2 trillion barrels! However not all of this oil is recoverable. Tar sands are found in many areas of the world (such as the Middle East), however by far the largest deposits are in Alberta Canada and Venezuela. There are even some tar sand deposits in the state of Utah. A Little Industry Background

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At this time oil is not produced from tar sands on a significant commercial level in the United States. Only Canada has a large-scale commercial oil sands industry. The industry, centered in Alberta, produces more than one million barrels of synthetic oil per day, or approximately 40% of Canada's oil production. The output from the Alberta-centered tar sands industry is growing rapidly. Around 20% of U. S. crude oil comes from Canada, with a large amount of this coming from the tar sands. Recently prices for oil have risen to sufficient levels and technologies to extract the oil from sands have improved to the point to make production from oil sands commercially attractive. The oil sands reserves have only recently gotten the headlines due to this combination of oil price and improved technologies. As long as these factors line up in a favorable way for industry we will continue to see oils sands remaining front page news.

trucks carry up to 320 tons of tar sand per load. After the sands are transported to a facility, hot water extraction is used to separate the oil sludge from the sand, water, and minerals. The resulting mixture is fed into an extraction plant where 'agitation' occurs. This releases oil and causes air bubbles that attach to the oil droplets. These droplets that float to the surface are then skimmed off. Further processing leads to synthetic crude oil. Around two tons of oil sands are needed to produce one barrel of oil. After the oil is extracted, the used sand and other material are then returned to the mine, which is eventually reclaimed. Other methods exist beyond strip mining such as: steam injection, solvent injection, and "fire floods" - in which oxygen is injected and part of the resource is burned. Steam injection is the favored method.

One of the latest current projects is the As alluded to earlier getting the oil from the Keystone Pipeline. This pipeline is to raw form to the usable form is no small transport synthetic crude oil from the oil undertaking. There is a lot involved in the sands of northeastern Alberta, Canada to process as will be covered next. several locations in the United States. The locations include refineries in Illinois, Extraction & Processing Overview distribution hubs in Oklahoma and proposed refineries along the Gulf Coast of The oil sands can be extracted using open Texas. Basically there is an operational XL mining at the surface. New methods of the pipeline and possible expansion segments 1990's improved the efficiency of the to the pipeline. mining which reduces the cost. The systems use large hydraulic and electrically The Keystone pipeline has faced lawsuits powered shovels to dig the sands up and from oil refineries, environmental load them into gigantic dump trucks. The organizations, and members of United

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States Congress. The latest clash was between some members of Congress and President Obama over legislation that would put approval of the expansion XL pipeline on the fast track to development. The President pushed back a decision until 2013. Of course environmental organizations have their own concerns and this will be covered in the next section. Environmental Concerns & Conclusions Mining and processing the oil sands wreaks havoc on the environment. The strip mining negatively affects wildlife and ecosystems and leftover by products and pollution from the strip mining can soak into the ground water supply and run off into rivers and streams. There is a large amount of dirty water that is produced from the process; only some can be recycled. Some of the worst impacts are on the air however. Getting the oil from the oil sands with steam injection and refining leads to major global warming impacts. In fact this process leads to two to four times the amount of greenhouse gases per barrel of the end-product of refined oil as that produced when extracting conventional oil. If you include the final numbers, from oil sands extraction to combustion you can see that this is one of the major causes of global warming; the emission is 10 to 45% more greenhouse gases than regular oil! Obviously, as far environmental awareness is concerned, this is not the way to go if we are serious in reducing the causes of global warming. (Sources: ostseis.anl.gov and

wikipedia) If you'd like to learn more please check out my site: SurviveClimateChange I'm a meteorologist with a Masters in Meteorology. Besides weather, I also have a passion for climate change and environmental issues. I hope to share my enthusiasm in my writing on these subjects and offer suggestions on how to live in a more "earth friendly" way. If you have any questions or comments, I can be reached at jon@surviveclimatechange.com:) Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Jon _M_Flatley

The Bottom Line Is Fracking Really Safe?In the last few years, with the increasing demand for unique resources of energy, scientists and big companies are turning their heads and money on shale reserves, sedimentary formations that seem tom hold the future of energy: natural gas. With recent turn of events and with the major networks and independent film makers, they take like on the technology called fracking for oil. Don't be misled, this is not the song. It has been highlighted in a controversial documentary and now a lot of buzz is directed towards this technology. How is it good? What makes it ideal for extraction? The biggest question would have to be: is fracking for oil a safe practice?

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Fracking is a technology that has been around for more than 60 years already and basically, it is a method of extracting natural gas and oil from various cracks or vents deep underground by channeling a reinforced well strategically on the ground, an d pumping in water, chemicals and sand under very high pressure, causing the gases to become released, driving them upwards for extraction. As said, water, sand and chemicals are used. Chemicals are used to prevent corrosion on the well surface, preventing the equipment from getting contaminated. In the last few years, companies implementing this procedure to their extraction plants or oil wells have seen no records of any form of gas emissions and chemical release into the immediate water systems outside the well. There are risks with the implementation of the wells, and that is a fact. The well should be perfectly implemented from every step of the way in order for the gases to prevent from mixing up with clean water but that aspect is not limited only to fracking for oil. The fact is that any methodology that requires digging past the water source is subject to risk if not implemented properly. The technology itself is not the cause why leakage could happen that could eventually contaminate the waters. The process of fracking or hydraulic fracturing has been around for a long time already but it was a used mainly in marginal economies where natural gas is not as profitable but the manner of extracting gas did not cause drastic damage or any form of problems to the

water supply. However, with the increasing demand for natural gas, more and more wells are being made using this technology and because of the demand, the main problem is defective construction. This means that at the end of the day, any structure that has not been made with precision and does not follow standards for creating proper wells will end up contaminating any underground water source in the area. Is it safe? Fracking for oil can be started as a common technology. With anything that requires utilizing natural resources, there will always be risks. Fracking for oil in the Marcellus Shale is becoming an important aspect for the energy industry but it is necessary to be careful and safe with the utilization if chemicals and creation of wells to prevent risks at the end of the day. For more information on Marcellus Shale, you can visit Marcellus Shale Fracking Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Paul _Mike_John

More Fracking Earthquakes New Report and Research on Oil and Gas Fracking from UKOur Think Tank has previously mentioned the challenges with fracking and ground water, and the potential earthquake issues. Most of the problems can be easily mitigated depending on the geological make-up of the regions where such resources are. There was a heavy hitting

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article recently in the UK about fracking stating it "may cause earthquakes" - well like I said, not a revelation here. Still, perhaps we might discuss this for a moment? There was an interesting article recently on the Forbes Blog on June 1, 2011 titled "British Fracking Causes Earthquake - What Now?" which was posted in the energy category "Energy Source - How We Power the World" by Chris Rhodes. In the article Chris makes some great points; "Hydraulic fracturing has made another unwelcome appearance in the media, with reports in the U. K. that the procedure may cause earthquakes. Fracking involves the injection of water containing a surfactant and various other chemicals under high pressure into a source rock e.g. shale, causing the latter to fracture and release natural gas (principally methane). It is hoped that fracking will provide 45% of U. S. gas by 2035, although the jury remains "out" on its safety aspects."

in the past show that, a few larger than small quakes too. We've had some fracking quakes in the US already not major ones, just small stuff and of course, we must use our science to do it right and study the areas we do this very carefully first. I have no doubt that the oil and gas industry is well on top of this issue. Indeed, Chris' comments are correct in citing the public's concern, conspiracy theories, and shades of what will be called; "a cover-up" of information on the subject, and no doubt used by environmentalists as another tool to attack Big Oil. There are risks and rewards in anything we do when it comes to energy, whether for our transportation needs or powering up our civilization

Nuclear has seen recent challenges in the Japanese quake and Tsunami double whammy. Oil has terrorist issues, pipeline problems, and terrorists after refineries, not to mention dealing with less than stellar ethical nations around the world. Natural Gas is not without worry either, for instance Indeed, I think we've all instinctively known the pipeline explosion and fire in the bay all along that Fracking can in some area recently. Giant wind turbines create instances cause Earthquakes merely ultrasound and mess up aviation radars. because it is loosening up rock, most likely Solar Power manufacturing uses an etching not large ones if the industry is careful solution which is 17,000 times worse than where they work and exercises caution, CO2 for the atmosphere. Hydro is which of course is in their best interests challenged by droughts, damns, floods, etc. thus, you can consider it to be the norm, safety first. So, I do not think this will be We are going to have to deal with the cards such a huge issue. we have until the research available helps improve these problems and challenges. We've also known that drilling oil without Please consider all this. putting something back in can be problematic, numerous smaller earthquakes Lance Winslow is the Founder of the Online

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Think Tank, a diverse group of achievers, experts, innovators, entrepreneurs, thinkers, futurists, academics, dreamers, leaders, and general all around brilliant minds. Lance Winslow hopes you've enjoyed today's discussion and topic. http://www. WorldThinkTank.net - Have an important subject to discuss, contact Lance Winslow. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Lance _Winslow

Fracking - Is It Worth Risking Our Water SupplyWater is our most precious resource. Without it, we would cease to exist. Out of all the water on earth, only 2.5% is fresh water and less than 1% is available for your human consumption (since much of it is in glacier form). With the worlds population hitting almost 7 billion in 2011 and our bodies themselves containing 70% water, it would seem that the most critical of all environmental concerns should be to ensure the safety and protection of our most critical and life sustaining resource, WATER. Water is so priceless and unique that its topic has been studied by Japanese scientist Dr. Masaru Emoto who has been researching this new field of science by freezing samples of water that have been exposed to either positive or negative words, emotions and music. Through

photographs, Dr. Emoto has found that water exposed to positive influences produces beautiful, perfectly formed crystals, while water exposed to negativity produces ugly, malformed crystals. Dr. Emoto's study suggested that because humans are primarily composed of water and much of the earths surface is covered in water, the power to change the essence of water means that humans have the power to evoke change on a global or personal scale, by way of water. If these controversial studies are accurate, than is it possible that water is (in some fashion at least), alive? What if we no longer had access to fresh drinking water, what would we do? If this was the case, we would have to use advanced filtering methods to convert salt water into drinking water, but many argue that it would not be the same. If we consider fresh water to be in some way "alive" would the converse be true by saying that filtrated salt water would be considered "dead"? If so, what affect would drinking "dead" water have on our bodies? Would filtrated salt water lose the waters valuable nutrients? There are an exhaustive variety of factors and contaminants that threaten our water supplies and "fracking" is one of them! Since 1947, when the process of "fracking", "hydraulic fracturing" or "hydrofracking was first introduced commercially, (to stimulate gas and oil wells) by companies like Halliburton, it has been used extensively worldwide ever since. The process of fracking sped up the extraction process making both oil and gas

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more readily accessible and profitable. There is a wealth of natural gas trapped underground, but what depths are we willing to go to extract it? Fracking is a process by which sand, water and chemicals are injected into dense rock layers and shale creating cracks that allow natural gas trapped inside to flow to the earths surface. There are a number of environmental and human health concerns associated with "fracking"such as: contamination of ground water, risks to air quality, the risk of gases and hydraulic fracturing chemicals reaching the surface, and the potential for the mishandling of waiste. A number of chemicals identified in fracturing fluid are hazardous chemicals (such as ethylene glycol and toluene which are toxic to humans) that may cause health risks that range from rashes to cancer. Some people living near fracking sites have reported abnormalities in their water (such as dark colored grease, sediment and floating debris) as well as attempting to link their health concerns to tap water that has been contaminated from the fracking process. Although natural gas is known as being a clean burning fuel and according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) generates only about half as much greenhouse gas as coal, Cornel University Ecology and Environmental Biology Professor, Robert Howarth argues that methane which is 20 times more effective at trapping heat than carbon dioxide,can

leak out during the fracturing process, making natural gas leave more of a greenhouse gas footprint on the earth than the traditional offender, coal. Whether you are a proponent for or against fracking, the use of natural gas over coal or believe that fracking can be hazardous to human and animal health, is really irrelevant. What is important is how far are we willing to go to extract the natural gas or oil for human use? Is it worth risking contaminating our water supply? Written by Suzanne Edwards "Making the world greener one reader at a time" Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Suzanne _A_Edwards

Wrapping up...In this report, we've shown you: What Is Fracking And Should We Be Nervous About It Fracking and Tar Sands The Bottom Line Is Fracking Really Safe? More Fracking Earthquakes - New Report and Research on Oil and Gas Fracking from UK Fracking - Is It Worth Risking Our Water Supply On balance, we consider that fracking is too high a risk to take and despite the limitations on the amount of biogas which can currently be generated, based upon

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currently available biomass, and waste production of organic waste materials, However, that does not mean that there is no solution to the current problem of energy needs as biogas can produce much more of our energy needs, and should be seen as being the better option, and it can be made in much larger quantities than is produced today, in the UK. In the rest of this special report we will discuss biogas methane production.

them today from an ever increasing range of biogas plant technology providers... "Prospective AD Plant buyers, particularly in the agricultural sector, but also commercial clients in the growing food waste digestion sector, fear that their project will cost them far too much and run out of their control, with fancy control equipment and over specified and complex systems."

SPECIAL REPORT:

Steve Last has set out to conquer this perception with a unique approach"We tell intelligent clients who dont mind a bit of technical reading, how to operate their biogas plant before we start. If they start out by knowing what they need to do, then remaining in control over how they do it, is much easier. Unlike some other Anaerobic Digestion plant partners and turnkey contractors", Steve Last tells us that all the technical detail is on the table, from the start. That way, the buyer can assess, accept, or reject the technical details from a point of knowledge. Steve Last focuses on the unique approach of providing accessible information first, and if you like it; bringing the client up to speed in the technology, from the start, firstly to give the client the confidence that he will be knowledgeable enough about the product he is buying to remain in firm control of his technical advisors from start to finish , and secondly so that he gets a feel for what operating an

Is It Possible To Produce Biogas, Without Losing Precious Earnings on Process Downtime?According to Steve last, an environmental process engineer and owner of the popular website www.anaerobic-digestion.com, the answer is yes! Many biogas plant operators tell us that a biogas plant is much more like owning a cow than a tractor, and a badly behaved cow at that", Steve tells us. Why most people struggle According to Steve Last , there's a reason why so many people struggle with the idea that if done right an anaerobic digestion plant will deliver fuel bill busting power, despite so much evidence to the contrary, and help being offered to

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AD plant is like, because it isnt like buying a tractor, and if the AD and Biogas industry sells on that proposition, unsatisfied clients may well be the result. To learn more about Steve Lasts solution, and his story, visit http://anaerobic-digestion.com .

What others are saying about Steves IPPTS Associates web siteKT: Great site, well done, lots of good info for anyone looking at Anaerobic Digestion to perform a number of services. I have also studied AD and it is very interesting. Witchaya K: Im come from Thailand and finding the information about anaerobic digestion in the rural village. I'm studying in master degree and making the project about the anaerobic digestion. Thank you. A. G: Biogas production from any viable source is an obvious path in a petro-energy stressed economy. My field of interest is on-site wastewater treatment, given GHG concerns carbon sequestering and energy production potential is subject to scrutiny right now. Comment: Relevant, well presented and thus good. To download Steves free report on how to operate a biogas plant go to, http://anaerobic-digestion.com/downloads/h ow-to-operate-an-anaerobic-digestion-plant its all there! ----------------------------

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