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FRACTURE WATER
RECYCLING
Natural Gas Drilling in Appalachia
•Large Reserves of Natural Gas
•Vertical and Horizonal Drilling
•Fracing Necessary to Release the Gas from the Shale
•Fracing May Require Millions of Gallons of Water per Hole
Problems to Overcome
•Securing the Raw Water
Rivers, Streams, Wells, etc
•Treating Flowback and Production Water
Treatment of the Water Required After Putting It Into
the Ground
Hauling to Approved Sewage Plants
•Overcoming Environmental Concerns
Hauling to Sewage Plants
•Hydrocarbon & Chloride Issues
•Streams can Only Handle So Much Chlorides (already determined
by DEP)
•Hauling and Dumping Costs Are Expensive and Will Continue To
Rise
•Treated Water Often Not Returned to the Source
Overcoming Treatment Problems
•Process Water on Site
•Remove Hydrocarbons and Chloride
•Reuse the Flowback and Production Water
•Deep Well disposal of Salt Brine
•Convert salt to road deicer
How to Achieve These Solutions
•Have The Capability to Process Water with 300,000 TDS
•Have The Capability to Recover Up To 80% of the Fracing water
•TDS Reductions as Low as 500 mg/L (ppm) On Processed (Clean) Water
•Kerfoot Technologies Patented Treatment Process
1) Mobile Systems
2) Fixed Facilities
Equipment & Processes
Frac Water Recycling System
Frac WaterApparatus
Frac WaterApparatus
TreatmentApparatus
Water
Frac-Water Treated Water
To River
Make-up Water
(River)
Formation
Drill holeDrill hole
Horizontal
Fracturing
*
*U.S. Patents 6,913,251; 6,984,329; 7,264,747; 7,326,002; others pending
Oil Separator
Tank
Pump
Nanozox Treatment system
Off Gas Treatment
Filtration
Salt
Removal
Storage
Tank
Baffled
Treatment tank
Alligator Bagor
20,000 gallon tank
tm
Metals
Discharge/Re-injection
Influent
Salt
Frac Water Flow Diagram
*U.S. Patents 6,913,251; 6,984,329; 7,264,747; 7,326,002; others pending
*
Comparative Volume Treatment
Desalination
Water
Volume
TDS: 10,000 45,000 130,000
RO
MD
Frac Water Treatment Train Efficiencies
Treatment Efficiency Limitations
Product separation 99% floating product gallons/day
(15,000)
Alkane/Alkene/VOC 99.9% <100,000 μg/L
Filtration 99% iron <100 mg/L - ppm
Desalination
Membrane Systems 80% 15,000 – 300,000 mg/L TDS
[Output: 80,000 gallons @ 1000 TDS/100,000 gallons]
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time(Days)
Re
turn
Flo
w(G
allo
ns
/Da
y)
Gallons/day-Case 1 Gallons/day-Case 2 TDS-Case 1 TDS-Case 2
25,000
50,000
75,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
To
tal D
isso
lve
d S
olid
s (
TD
S)-
mg
/L
Case-2
Case-1Case-2
Case-1
Nano to
Microbubble
Production
Proposed Structure of Ozone
Circular
(O3)nˉ
Spherical
(O3)nˉ RCOSØ
Where:
R = radius
Ø = angle in 3dimension
n = number of molecules
n = aC
a = Dimension of
molecular diameter vs.
bubble circumference
Nanobubble Structure
5μm
Alkane/Alkene
TPH Treatment
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
0 60 120 180 240
Time
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n
GRO(1500) GRO(6000)
BTEX Treatment
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 60 120 180 240
Time
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n
Xylenes(1500) Xylenes(6000) Benzene(6000) Trimethylbrnzene(1500)_
Control / Ozone Generating Trailer
NANOBUBBLE CHARACTERISTICS
•Low rise rate <.001 m/minute
•Enhanced reactivity >10-8
m-1
s-1
•Negative charge Molecular arrangement
•Long half-life >20 hours
•Low surface tension <.02 g/cm
•High surface/volume ratio >5.0
•Hydrophobicity increased Preference for attacking
hydrophobic molecules
System Performance
TDS Volume
(gallons)
Recovered
Fraction
Recovered
Volume
(gallons)
TDS
First Day 10,900 250,000 .77 192,500 193
Third Day 32,000 225,000 .65 146,250 1200
Fifth Day 60,000 60,000 .55 33,000 1000
535,000 371,750
371,750
535,000
= 70% recovery
192,500 x 193 + 146,250 x 1200 + 33,000 x 1000
371,750
= 660 ppm
•Qualified professionals to aid in site remediation planning.
•Bench-scale tests for treatability questions in in-house laboratory.
•Assistance in set-up, start-up and use of equipment.
•Performance evaluation.
•Trouble-shooting of performance and equipment.
Kerfoot Technologies, Inc.
766-B Falmouth Road . Mashpee. MA 02649
508-539-3002 . Fax 508-539-3566
www.kerfoottech.com
U.S. Patents: #6,436,285; #6,447,676; #6,596,161; # 6,805,798;
#7,264,747; #7,326,002. Others pending.
