Fracturing Water QualityWestern North Dakota Water Resources Opportunities

10 Dec 2009

Mike Eberhard P.E.Technical Manager

Denver, CO

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Water Considerations

Water sources• Well, municipal, river, reused,

etc.

Environmental Impact Costs to acquire and dispose

• All inclusive

Storage and handling• Pits or tanks

• Trucking or pipeline

Regulatory requirements• Federal, State, BLM, etc.

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Water Quality Concerns

Treatment Type• Gelled fluid or water frac

Bacteria, scaling, residual chemicals

Water analysis• TDS, hardness, cations,

anions• Scaling tendencies

Consistency is

imperative

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Water Quality Guidelines

* Limits are interdependent

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Bacteria

Can double in population every 20 min Can cause formation damage and H2S

Significant problem in reused fluids

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Typical Gelled Frac Fluid Chemistry

Base water Temporary clay control Biocide Scale inhibitor Gelling agent pH buffer Crosslinker Surfactant Breaker

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Flowback Water/Produced Brines

Mixing different waters may exaggerate scaling problems

Storage and handling Water treatment

• Filter as required• Bacteria shock then store

Retreat for bacteria on fly• Remove bad actors

(Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr, Fe) • Add scale inhibitors as needed, based on source water

Lab testing• Cores for formation damage• Chemical compatibility

Dilute w/ fresh water to get below limits

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Bakken Water Analysis

Bakken Produced Water – BPW, Referenced Municipal Water - RMW

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Formation Water Scaling Tendencies