ism-in Europe

European History

France

Unable to restore absolute monarchy to France

Political participation in wealthiest and most conservative

Louis XVIII in power-shares power with the legislature Terrible politician who alienated political elite

Pressure from Britain and Russia forced Louis to accept more moderates

By 1818, France has paid off indemnity and foreign troops leave, permitting France to formally join The Concert of Europe

Decade of peace with royalists restoring the Catholic Church to France

Charles XFRANCE

• Takes throne in 1820• Intent on restoring

absolutism • Wants to restore property

to those who lost it during the war

• Laws: censorship-guilty were severely punished

• 1830-royal coup d’etat• Liberals demand a truly

constitutional monarchy-abdicated to Louis Philippe, “bourgeois king”

Belgium, Germany, and

ItalyBelgium: southern counties that

were economically and religiously different from NetherlandsInsurrection in August of 1830, intervened by the Congress System

G.B. and France support Belgium’s want for independence-Louis Philippe sends in troops and Netherlands forced to acknowledge Belgium and give up Antwerp

Constitutional monarchy under the Saxe-Coburg family

Belgium, Germany, and Italy

Italy: Rise in liberalism, call for the birth of a Young Italy Risorgimento-”to rise again” rise of nationalism in France-

grows to 50,000 members Future upheavals in the 1830s and until 1848 politics

were in the hands of conservatives.

Germany: universities places where shifting politics began Wartburg Festival-celebration of Germany, history, life,

and culture. Carlsbad Decrees of 1819-put severe limitations on the

freedom of speech 1832, Hambach Festival-call for national liberalism,

Metternich sent in police to investigate.

The Balkans

Under rule of the Ottoman Turks

Extremely diverse area

Nationalism major threat to the Ottomans-groups formed of educated, privileged people who wanted to improve rights of their people (Serbians, Romanians, and Greeks)

Want to develop their own culture, esp. language

Greek war of Independence: 1821, ended in London, created an autonomous, not independent, Greece. Then in 1830 at the Concert of Europe, Russia and France from independent Greek with constitutional monarchies-Otto of Bavaria became 1st King

Russia

Tsar Nicholas I-crushed the Decemberists uprising in 1825

Insists Russian government be an autocracy-this form of government clashes with Poland’s autonomy, leading to a Revolt in Poland

Nicholas strengthens his rule

Emergence of intelligentsia: a group of well educated liberal reformers in Russia

Romanticism

e A sense of a shared vision among the Romantics.

e Early support of the French Revolution.

e Rise of the individual alienation.

e Dehumanization of industrialization.

Radical poetics / politics an obsessionwith violent change.

A Growing Distrust of Reason

Enlightenment

Romanticism

Early19cSociety is good, curbing

violent impulses!Civilization Corrupts

• The essence of human experience is subjective and emotional.

• Human knowledge is a puny thing compared to other great historical forces.

• Individual rights” are dangerous efforts at selfishness the community is more important.

The Romantic Movement

• Began in the 1790s and peaked in the 1820s.

• Mostly in Northern Europe, especially in Britain and Germany.

• A reaction against classicism.

• The “Romantic Hero:”Greatest example was Lord

Byron

Tremendously popular among the European reading public.

Youth imitated his haughtiness and rebelliousness.

Characteristics of Romanticism

The Engaged & Enraged Artist:The artist apart from society.

The artist as social critic/revolutionary.

The artist as genius.

Wandering Above the Sea

of FogDrag picture to placeholder or click icon to add

Caspar David Friedrich,1818

Characteristics of Romanticism

The Individual/ The Dreamer: Individuals have unique, endless

potential.

Self-realization comes through art Artists are the true philosophers.

The Dreamer Gaspar David Friedrich, 1835

Characteristics of Romanticism

Glorification of Nature: Peaceful, restorative qualities [an

escape from industrialization and the dehumanization it creates].

Awesome, powerful, horrifying aspects of nature. Indifferent to the fate of humans.

Overwhelming power of nature.

The Eruption of Vesuvius - John Martin

Characteristics of Romanticism

Science can be dangerous

The “new technology” is dehumanizing

The romanticizing of country life

Romanticizing the middle ages

Nationalism

The Exotic, the occult, the macabre

Ghosts, fairies, witches, demons.

The shadows of the mind—dreams & madness.

The romantics rejected materialism in pursuit of spiritual self-awareness.

They yearned for the unknown and the unknowable.

Romanticizing country life

John Constable,1826

The Corn Field

Salisbury Cathedral from the MeadowsJohn Constable, 1831

Cloister Cemetery in the SnowCaspar David Friedrich, 1817-1819

Detail of theMusket Bearer

Delacoix, himself

Characteristics of Romanticism

Exoticism: The “other.”

A sense of escape from reality.

A psychological/moral justification of imperialism?

The Bullfight - Francisco Goya

The Great Age of the Novel

Gothic Novel: Jane Eyre - Charlotte Bronte (1847) Wuthering Heights - Emily Bronte (1847)

Historical Novel: Ivanhoe - Sir Walter Scott (1819) Les Miserables - Victor Hugo (1862) The Three Musketeers – Alexander Dumas (1844)

The Great Age of the Novel

Science Fiction Novel: Frankenstein - Mary Shelley (1817) Dracula – Bramm Stoker (1897)

Novel of Purpose: Hugh Trevar - Thomas Holcroft (1794)

Great Britain

Perhaps most liberal, strong middle class with more political rights than anywhere else in Europe

George III and George IV discredited in Europe

Whigs-liberals

Tories conservatives

Great Britain 1815-25

GB is dominated by Tories-passing conservative legislation Corn Laws-prevent the sale of grain (corn) until prices

reached a certain level, high. This kept the price of grain and bread high.

Peterloo massacre-in Manchester, England, 60,000 people there to petition Parliament for political representation and to repeal the corn Laws. Calvary sent in, 11 killed hundreds injured

Catholic Emancipation act- a piece of more Liberal legislation, 1829 Catholics and non-dissenters can participate in Parliament and occupy Public positions

Great Britain

1830-George IV dies, son William IV takes the throne-in Parliament more Whigs elected, example set by France Pass Reform Bill of 1832: increased suffrage,

increased voters by 50%, redistributed electoral districts to reflect population

Factory Acts: 1833, 1842, 1847 limited number of hours that manufacturers could work women and children

Repeal the Corn Laws

Great Britain

Potato Famine

Queen Victoria

Chartism