Franklin Roosevelt and Shadow of War

How the U.S. moved permanently from Isolation to Global Intedependence

Dec. 7, 1941- August 6 and 9,1945

America in the 1930s

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War of the Worlds

•Following WWI, the US rode economic roller coaster. Prosperous roaring 20s followed by worst economic depression ever known.

•US prided itself on independence and isolation

•US fought hard to keep out of the Second World War

•But would enter and develop and USE the most destructive weapon of all time

•WWI made US a global power but WWII would transform nation into a world leader

•When this war began, the US military ranked 17th in the world. By the war’s end, the US had become Superpower with no equal

Germany in a desperate situation. The terms of the Treaty of Versailles cripple the economy and prevent German recovery after the war. This in turn leads to the new, Weimar, government being unable to restore pre-war conditions. Animosity towards those who signed the treaty grows and many German people look for people to blame for the crisis, leading to theories of ‘the stab in the back’. The new government, already under fire, is likely to fail in it’s duty to provide security, prosperity and comfort given the conditions that it has inherited

•Roosevelt unwilling to sacrifice possibility of domestic recovery for the sake of international cooperation

London Conference 1933 (Sec of State Cordell Hull)

Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934

Recognize Soviet Union 1933!

Good Neighbor - renounce (Teddy) Roosevelt Corrollary- formally endorese nonintervention and negotiation (Power to President; Mexico)

*Reciprocal Trade Act 1934 (Hawley Smoot 1930- Power to President; these acts don’t take Congressional power)

Hitler’s Goals: Destroy the Treaty of VersaillesGain ‘Lebensraum’ (living space) in the eastBring all Germans into one ReichMake Germany strong again

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1936 Rome Berlin Axis

1934 Japan terminates Washington Naval Conference

http://www.dself.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/COMMS/ear/hiro1a.jpg 1934 Johnson Debt Default Act

1935 Hitler moves into Rhineland

Storm Cellar Neutrality Overview: Although isolationist feeling was

strong and neutrality legislation supported such sentiments, by 1939 Roosevelt had slowly and skillfully turned America toward an internationalist approach. After Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. finally entered World

War IINye munitions investigation (1934): A Senate committee under Senator Gerald P Nye examined the influence of

economic interests on America’s decision to enter World War I• Concluded that profiteers, “merchants of death,” maneuvered the U.S. into the war to save their investments• Resulted in isolationist sentiment and laws regulating foreign arms and munitions sales

Neutrality Act (1935): Authorized the presidents to declare an embargo of up to 6 months on arms shipments to anycountry where a state of war existed

• Also, he could forbid U.S. citizens from traveling on vessels of such countries except at their own risk• The act did not prohibit the sale of steel, copper, or oil

Neutrality Act (1936): Continued the Neutrality Act of 1935 and added loans and credits to the list of items forbiddento belligerent nations

Neutrality Act (1937): Authorized the president to determine when a state of war existed or a civil war was a threat topeace

• In such cases he could place an embargo on the export of arms, ammunition, and credit• Belligerents could purchase only nonmilitary goods from the U.S. and must pay cash and ship their purchases

themselves (i.e. “Cash and carry”)

Neutrality Act (1939): Repealed the arms embargo for England and France• However, the cash-and-carry provision on all sales of munitions to belligerents was retained• The president could prohibit American ships form entering war zones

Spanish Civil War (1936-1937): The Falangists, under General Francesco Franco, revolted against the existingconstitutional monarchy.

• They received aid from both Hitler and Mussolini against the Loyalists who ultimately lost• Although the U.S., France, and Britain offered no assistance to either side, American volunteers, the Abraham

Lincoln Brigade, assisted the Loyalists

Pablo Picasso’s Guernica 1937

In China. . . In December of 1937, the

Japanese Imperial Army marched into China's capital city of Nanking and proceeded to murder 300,000 out of 600,000 civilians and soldiers in the city. The six weeks of carnage would become known as the Rape of Nanking and represented the single worst atrocity during the World War II era in either the European or Pacific theaters of war.

“Quarantine” speech October 5, 1937: Roosevelt indicated his opposition to the isolationist attitude of the neutrality acts

• He recommended a “quarantine” of aggressors to preserve peace• The speech was also a response to Japan’s aggression against China• Chiefly because of the lack of enthusiasm of Secretary Hull and the British, nothing came directly out

of this proposal. However, it was a significant speech because it displayed Roosevelt’s long-held belief in a system of collective security. Soon afterward, the president requested a billion-dollar appropriation for naval expansion, and then almost at once he asked for even more. Congress obliged, and the defense build-up was under way.

Roosevelt's Quarantine Speech (1937)

It seems to be unfortunately true that the epidemic of world lawlessness is spreading.

When an epidemic of physical disease starts to spread, the community approves and joins in a quarantine of the patients in order to protect the health of the community against the spread of the disease.

War is a contagion, whether it be declared or undeclared. It can engulf states and peoples remote from the original scene of hostilities. . . . We are adopting such measures as will minimize our risk of involvement, but we cannot have complete protection in a world of disorder in which confidence and security have broken down.

If civilization is to survive the principles of the Prince of Peace must be restored. Shattered trust between nations must be revived.

Most important of all, the will for peace on the part of peace-loving nations must express itself to the end that nations that may be tempted to violate their agreements and the rights of others will desist from such a cause. There must be positive endeavors to preserve peace.

America hates war. America hopes for peace. Therefore, America actively engages in the search for peace.

THE SPEECH

“Quarantine” speech October 5, 1937: Roosevelt indicated his opposition to the isolationist attitude of the neutrality acts

• He recommended a “quarantine” of aggressors to preserve peace• The speech was also a response to Japan’s aggression against China

Panay incident (December 12, 1937): Japanese planes bombed the U.S. gunboat Panay and three oil tankers on the Yangtze River in China, killing two Americans. Yielding to American public pressure on the administration, the Japanese agreed to apologize for this “accident.”

Selective Service and Training Act (Burke-Wadworth Act) (1940): Established the first peacetime military draft in America, and required the registration of men between 21 and 35 (later between 18 and 64)

National Defense Advisory Commission (May 1940): Headed by General Motors President William B. Knudsen, this agency was created to obtain materials, manage labor problems, control prices, supervise transportation, and encourage industrial and farm production. In January 1941, it became part of the Office of Production Management

Aid to Britain (September 1940): Two measure were significant• Roosevelt traded 50 U.S. World War I destroyers for 99 year leases on a number of British air and

naval bases in the West Indies and the Atlantic• The Lend-Lease Act (March 1941) authorized the president to lend or lease arms and equipment to

nations whose defense he considered vital to the U.S. The act was designed to help Great Britain, but its provisions were extended to the U.S.S.R. in 1941

Part of NAZI platform Part of NAZI platform was to overturn was to overturn Versailles Treaty.Versailles Treaty.

March 1935 Hitler March 1935 Hitler rearmed Germany rearmed Germany violating the condition violating the condition limiting Germany’s limiting Germany’s Army.Army.

League failed to League failed to respondrespond

Austrian Crisis 1938The Depression has made Austria

weakTaking over Austria will be very popular in

GermanyIt will bring many Germans into the ReichHowever other countries might oppose

Hitler sends troops into Vienna - no one opposes him

October 1935 Italy- Mussolini October 1935 Italy- Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia Attacks Ethiopia

• Tests new chemical weapons on Ethiopian Tests new chemical weapons on Ethiopian populationpopulation

• Easily defeats EthiopiansEasily defeats Ethiopians• Ethiopian ruler Haile Selassie appealed to Ethiopian ruler Haile Selassie appealed to

League of Nations for help League of Nations for help • League condemned attacks but did nothingLeague condemned attacks but did nothing

"It is us today. It will be you tomorrow." Haile Selassie

Czechoslovakia Crisis 1938September 1938 – Hitler September 1938 – Hitler

demanded the Sudetenland from demanded the Sudetenland from Czechsolovakia Czechsolovakia

Czech asked France for helpCzech asked France for helpMunich Conference Sept. 29 1938- Munich Conference Sept. 29 1938-

proposed by Mussolini -Britain, proposed by Mussolini -Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. France, Germany, and Italy. (excluded Soviet Union) This is (excluded Soviet Union) This is called called appeasmentappeasment

Britain and France gave Germany Britain and France gave Germany the Sudetenland if Germany would the Sudetenland if Germany would respect Czech’s new borders. respect Czech’s new borders.

6 months later Hitler took all of 6 months later Hitler took all of CzechCzech

New Player: U.S.S.R.’s Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, set in

motion events designed to cause a famine in the Ukraine (1932-1933) to destroy the people there seeking independence from his rule. As a result, an estimated 7,000,000 persons perished in this farming area, known as the breadbasket of Europe, with the people deprived of the food they had grown with their own hands.

New Player: U.S.S.R.’s Joseph StalinStalin gained no satisfaction from the

League. Instead he saw failuresAbyssiniaSpanish Civil WarGerman rearmament

The Munich AgreementThis agreement made Stalin even more waryStalin was not consulted about the agreementStalin concluded that Britain and France were powerless to stop HitlerOr that they were happy for Hitler to take over Eastern Europe and the USSR

The Next Move

Despite misgivings Stalin was still prepared to talk to Britain and France about an alliance

The three countries met in March 1939Chamberlain (prime minister of England)

was reluctant to commit BritainStalin believed that Britain and France

made things worse by guaranteeing to defend Poland if it were attacked

Chamberlain saw the guarantee as a warning to Hitler

Stalin saw it as support for a potential

A New Twist!Negotiations continued between Britain, France and the USSR throughout Spring and Summer 1939.Stalin, however, was also getting visits from Nazi foreign minister Ribbentrop to discuss a Nazi-Soviet pact

The Deed is Done

On 24 August 1939 Stalin made his decision and signed a pact with GermanyThe world was shocked as two arch enemies promised not to attack each other.Privately they also agreed to divide Poland

It Begins!September 1September 1stst 1939 1939 – Hitler Invades Poland – Hitler Invades Poland

(Blitzkreig= lightening war)(Blitzkreig= lightening war)Sept 3Sept 3rdrd 1939 1939 – Britain and France declare war on – Britain and France declare war on

GermanyGermany

Prelude to the Final Solution

When Hitler seized power in 1933 he used his new powers under the ‘Enabling Law’ to begin his attack on the Jews.

In 1938, the Nazi attack on the Jews changed and became more violent with Himmler launching Kristallnacht on 11th November 1938.

Prelude to the Final Solution

In 1939, Germany invaded Poland which had a much larger population of 3 million Jews.

In 1941, Germany invaded Russia which had a population of 5 million Jews.

Change of Tactics: EinsatzgruppenHimmler sent four specially trained

SS units called “Einsatzgruppen battalions” into German occupied territory and shot at least 1 million Jews.

Victims were taken to deserted areas where they were made to dig their own graves and shot.

When the SS ran out of bullets they sometimes killed their victims using flame throwers.

The Final SolutionIn January 1942, Himmler

decided to change tactics once again and called a special conference at Wannsee.

At this conference it was decided that the existing methods were too inefficient and that a new ‘Final Solution’ was necessary.

Was the Final Solution successful?

The Nazis aimed to kill 11 million Jews at the Wannsee Conference in 1941Today there are only 2000 Jews living in Poland.The Nazis managed to kill at least 6 million Jews.

Men like Schindler helped Jews escape the Final Solution.Not all Jews went quietly into the gas cambers.In 1943, the Warsaw Ghetto, like many others revolted against the Nazis when the Jews realised what was really happening.

Fall of France - Phony Warhttp://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/nazi-germany-conquers-france-10.jpg

Hitler invaded Belgium, Hitler invaded Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.Netherlands.

With everyone’s attention on With everyone’s attention on Hitler’s sweep of these Hitler’s sweep of these nations he sent an even nations he sent an even larger force into France larger force into France through the Ardrennes through the Ardrennes Forest, avoiding the Maginot Forest, avoiding the Maginot Line - a system of Line - a system of fortifications along France’s fortifications along France’s border with Germany. Allied border with Germany. Allied forces and German forces forces and German forces stared at each other. stared at each other. Became known as StizkriegBecame known as Stizkrieg http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/nazi-germany-conquers-france-10.jpg

Fall of France - Phony WarBy June 14 Germans had taken ParisBy June 14 Germans had taken Paris

French surrendered on June 22, French surrendered on June 22, 1940.1940.Germans controlled the North and set Germans controlled the North and set up a puppet government in the south. up a puppet government in the south. ““capital” in Vichy and headed by capital” in Vichy and headed by Marshall PetainMarshall PetainCharles de Gaulle- set up a Charles de Gaulle- set up a government-in-exile in Britain. government-in-exile in Britain. April 9April 9thth 1940 Hitler launched attack 1940 Hitler launched attack on Denmark and Norway.on Denmark and Norway.Hitler turns his attention to Great Hitler turns his attention to Great BritainBritain

Josehine Baker and French Resistence

US Begins Mobilizing for War•FDR wins 1940 Presidential election (3FDR wins 1940 Presidential election (3rdrd term) term)

•Moves towards further intervention in WWII.Moves towards further intervention in WWII.

•Four-Freedoms speech US and Britain stand for Four-Freedoms speech US and Britain stand for

•Freedom of SpeechFreedom of Speech

•Freedom of WorshipFreedom of Worship

•Freedom from WantFreedom from Want

•Freedom from FearFreedom from Fear

• Selective Service and Training Act (Burke-Wadworth Act) (1940): Established the first peacetime military draft in America, and required the registration of men between 21 and 35 (later between 18 and 64)

• National Defense Advisory Commission (May 1940): Headed by General Motors President William B. Knudsen, this agency was created to obtain materials, manage labor problems, control prices, supervise transportation, and encourage industrial and farm production. In January 1941, it became part of the Office of Production Management

• National Defense Research Committee (June 1940): Created to develop scientific research for military purposes

• Worked with military departments, industry, and science

• Was replaced by the Office of Scientific Research and Development in 1941

• Aid to Britain (September 1940): Two measure were significant

• Roosevelt traded 50 U.S. World War I destroyers for 99 year leases on a number of British air and naval bases in the West Indies and the Atlantic

• The Lend-Lease Act (March 1941) authorized the president to lend or lease arms and equipment to nations whose defense he considered vital to the U.S. The act was designed to help Great Britain, but its provisions were extended to the U.S.S.R. in 1941

• US Becomes the Great Arsenal of Democracy. Lends Britain $50 billion

• Lend -lease Act did not make provisions for getting arms to Britain.

• German submarines patrolling the Atlantic Ocean and were sinking British ships

• US response: Roosevelt declared the entire western half of the Atlantic was part of the Western hemisphere and therefore nuetral.

• WWII graves where in Currituck?

• Corolla – no beach access til 9am

• Had to collect bodies and take across sound to

• bury w/ anchor symbol over the grave

Battle of Britain•“Never have so many owed so much to so few”

•Winston Churchill

Chamberlin gone - Churchill is the new prime minister of England

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War preparation viewpoints: Two opposing groups sought to influence Congress and the public• Committee to Defend American by Aiding the Allies: Led by journalist William Allen White, it

advocated intervention in World War II• America First Committee: Established by Charles Lindbergh, Senator Gerald Nye, and former NRA

head Hugh Johnson, it agitated to keep America out of the war

Atlantic Charter (1941): Document issued by Roosevelt and Churchill during their secret meeting near Newfoundland; it proclaimed war aims and common principles. Foundation of the U.N.

The four freedoms (1941): Cited by Roosevelt in a speech to Congress, the four freedoms consisted of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

Undeclared naval war (1941): Four events were significant:• In September, a German U-boat fired on the American destroyer Greer• Roosevelt ordered American ships to fire on German submarines “on sight”• When the Reuben James, an American destroyer, was sunk by Nazi submarines in October, American

sailors died• Congress then ratified a bill allowing merchant vessels to be armed and to sail into belligerent ports

Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941): Japanese assets in the U.S. had been frozen in response to Japanese aggression in Asia

• While negotiations trying to reverse this action were under way, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, killing over 2,000 Americans

• On December 8 the U.S. declared war against Japan and on December 11, against Italy and Germany

The Definition of Insanity is doing The Definition of Insanity is doing the same thing over and over the same thing over and over again and expecting a different again and expecting a different result. result.