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Frederick Mugisha, PhDEvarist Twimukye, PhD
Madina Guloba, MscMwita Rukandema, PhD
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND BENEFIT SHARING PROJECT, NILE BASIN INITIATIVE
Creating and sharing the benefits of cross border trade
Method: Analytical approachV
alue
add
ed, %
wom
en, m
en &
you
th
women
men
traders
farmers
exporte
rs
impo
rters
value
Youth
Methods: DataType and source of data
Primary data collected from farmers, traders, exporters and importers in Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, DRC and Sudan.
Interviews with 160 farmers and fishers, 96 traders, 43 exporters, and 22 importers – with overlaps farmers, trader, exporters, importers and key informants
Published and unpublished documents such as policies, reports etc
Summary of issuesFarm stage
Value addition is considered low at the farm, men get involved for commercial purposes, women for food security
Lack of skills and experience in subsequent stages of the chain confine women at the farm
Trade stageLack of financeLack of time and conflict with domestic dutiesFamily power relations – husband would not allowLack of skills and experience in trade and trade
facilitation
Summary of issues (cont’)Export stage
Same issues as the trade stageImport stage
Women are relatively more but involved in smaller quantities
Women are in it to ensure food security and in turn sell mainly to women vendors
Men sell mainly to factories that sometimes package, process and re-export outside the Nile Basin
General issues that emergeAbsence of value addition at all stages of
the cross border trade chain – except in packaging, sorting
Poor physical infrastructure – e.g. roadsUndeveloped market institutions at
border points need strengthening – relations between and across actors, unhampered and free movement of people, security and cross border telecommunications
Policy and program response to challengesPolicies to mainstream men, women and youth exist, no
implementation strategies though;
Policies and value addition focus on domestic and cross border trade, and not general international trade
Market institutions is viewed as a wider undertaking covering roads, railways and telecommunication
Policies and practices on free movement of people, goods and services have a basis in treaties but not well enforced
What should the Nile Basin Countries do and how?Mainstream women in trade, export and import stages of
the cross border chain, think more than security – invest in Granary for the Nile Basin(GNB) that combines small scale warehousing and low cost credit partnership with non-government organization, civil society and community based organization;
Mainstream men at farmer stage – invest in Basin Appropriate Technology (BAT) that combines farming and post harvest handling techniques partnership with the private sector
Mainstream youth at all stages [farmer, trader, exporter and importer ] – invest in Basin Agricultural Commodity Exchange (BACE) that collect, disseminate information on standards, quantity, quality, grades, prices and other critical information through for example short message technology participating institutions to host the youth
Other actionsAdd value at all stages of the cross border trade chain
Act to improve cooperation between and across actors in the chain
Strengthen market institutions and infrastructureMobilize support (political and financial) for and
upgrade market institutions and infrastructureImprove border policies and practices
dialogue on consequences of unilateral action for food security;
sensitize customs, immigration and security staffsensitize citizens on rights with clear channels for
redress
Investment strategy – mainstream men, women and youth
Val
ue a
dded
, % w
omen
& m
en
women
men
traders
farmers
exporte
rs
impo
rters
value
Youth
BACE
BAT
GNB
Management and coordinationComponent Mainstream Implementer
BACE (Basin Agricultural Commodity Exchange)
Youth Participating Institutions
GNB (granaries for Nile Basin)
Women NGO, CBO, CSO
BAT (Basin Appropriate Technology)
Men Private sector
Coordination & oversight
Responsibility
In country political oversight
National Government (ministry of trade and agriculture)
In country coordination Participating Institution (implementation)
Regional coordination NELCU, ENTRO (country coordination)
Nile Basin wide coordination
Position at Nile secretariat
Few reflections1. Invest in supporting member countries to
implement existing policies and agreed upon practices
2. Focus on the entire chain of cross border trade, take action at specific stage when action is required, and action will be specific to commodities or services
3. In many instances, our actions will not be gender specific but will likely enable women to create and share benefits of cross border trade.
E.g. investment in market institutions, standards and trust, will enable women use developments in ICT, use phones to trade – women in Kenya