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FREE-WORD COMBINATIONS. Definition of a word-group and its basic features Structure of word-groups Meaning of word-groups Motivation in word-groups. Word-Group. the largest two-facet language unit consists of more than one word studied in the syntagmatic level of analysis. Word-Group. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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FREE-WORD COMBINATIONS
Definition of a word-group and its basic features
Structure of word-groups Meaning of word-groups Motivation in word-groups
Word-Group
the largest two-facet language unit
consists of more than one word
studied in the syntagmatic level of analysis
Word-Group
the degree of structural and semantic cohesion may vary
e.g. at least, by means of, take place – semantically and structurally inseparable
e.g. a week ago, kind to people – have greater semantic and structural independence
Free-Word Combination
word-groups that have a greater semantic and structural independence
freely composed by the speaker in his speech according to his purpose
Features of Word-groups
Lexical ValencyGrammatical Valency
Lexical Valency (Collocability)
The ability of a word to appear in various combinations with other words, or lexical contexts
e.g. question – vital/pressing/urgent/etc.,
question at issue, to raise a question, a question on the agenda
Lexical Valency (Collocability)
words habitually collocated in speech make a cliché
e.g. to put forward a question
Lexical Valency (Collocability)
lexical valency of correlated words in different languages is different
e.g. flower цветок
garden flowers садовые цветы
hot-house flowers оранжерейные цветы
pot flowers комнатные цветы
Lexical Valency (Collocability)
different meanings of one and the same word may be revealed through different type of lexical valency
e.g. heavy table, book heavy snow, rain heavy drinker, eater heavy sorrow, sleep heavy industry
Grammatical Valency
The ability of a word to appear in specific grammatical structures, or grammatical contexts
Grammatical Valency
the minimal grammatical context in which the words are used when brought together to form a word-group is called the pattern of the word-group
Grammatical Valency
restricted by the part of speeche.g. e.g. an adjective + noun, infinitive,
prepositional groupa kind man, kind to people, heavy to lift limited by the inner structure of the
languagee.g. to propose a plan – to suggest a plan to propose to do smth -
Grammatical Valency
grammatical valency of correlated words in different languages is different
e.g. enter the room - войти в комнату
Classifications of word-groups
according to the distributionaccording to the head-wordaccording to the syntactic
pattern
Word-groups according to distribution
endocentric – – central member functionally equivalent to the whole word-group
e.g. red flower ( I saw a red flower – I saw a flower)
exocentric – – the distribution of the whole word-group is different from either of its components
e.g. side by side, grow smaller, John runs
Word-groups according Word-groups according to the head wordto the head word
nominal groups
e.g. red flower adjectival groups
e.g. kind to people verbal groups
e.g. to speak well
Word-groups according Word-groups according to the syntactic patternto the syntactic pattern
predicative –
have a syntactic structure similar to that of a sentence
e.g. John went, he works
non-predicative –
do not have a structure similar to a sentence
e.g. red flower, running John
Non-predicative and endocentric word-groups
coordinative – –
elements of a word-group are coordinated with each other
e.g. e.g. day and night, do or die
subordinative – –
one member of a word-group is subordinated to the central element
e.g. e.g. red flower, a man of wisdom
Meaning of Word-Groups
lexical meaningstructural meaning
Lexical meaning the combined lexical meaning of the
component words BUT the meaning of the word-group
predominates over the lexical meanings of its components
e.g. atomic weight, atomic warfare
Lexical meaning polysemantic words are used only in one polysemantic words are used only in one
of their meaningsof their meanings
e.g. man and wife, blind man stylistic reference of a word-group may
be different from that of its components
e.g. old, boy, bags, fun – old boy (дружище), bags of fun
Structural meaning
meaning conveyed by the arrangement of components of a word-group
e.g. school grammar – grammar school
Structural meaning
structural and lexical meanings are interdependent and inseparable
e.g. school children – to school children
all the sun long – all the night long, all the week long
Motivation in Word-groups
lexically motivated - - the combined lexical meaning of a group is deducible from the meanings of its components
lexically non-motivated – – the meaning of the whole is not seen through the meanings of the elements
Motivation in Word-groups
lexically motivated
e.g. red flower
lexically non-motivated
e.g. red tape – ‘official bureaucratic methods’
Motivation in Word-groups
e.g. e.g. apple sauce – ‘a sauce – ‘a sauce made of apples’made of apples’
apple sauce – ‘nonsense’ – ‘nonsense’
Motivation in Word-groups
Non-motivated word-Non-motivated word-groups are called groups are called phraseological units or or idioms