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Moving Freight, Transport and Main Roads, December 2013
Queensland has an extensive freight task driven inter alia by mining, agriculture, building and construction, hospitality and retail, household consumption (food and beverages), accommodation and business services. These types of industries, combined with Queensland’s dispersed settlement pattern, result in various competing freight movement needs and challenges across the state.
In 2010–11, Queensland’s total freight volume, comprising export, import and domestic freight movement, was 871mt.1
Export and import freight
Export and import freight activity is extensive across the state, supported by multiple trading ports (as outlined in Figure 2) which connect industry to international markets.
Generally, Queensland’s production related industries have a strong export focus. In 2012–13, state exports were valued at approximately $46.3 billion; since 2000, exports have, on average, represented 23% of estimated total freight volumes.2
Coal is the most significant export commodity by volume; exports have increased by more than 50% since 2001 and account for more than 80% of all Queensland exports 3 (see Table 1).
Figure 2: Total throughput of trading ports 2012-13
Source: Trade Statistics for Queensland Ports
Table 1 – Queensland international exports 2012–13
Commodity group Tonnes Share %
Coal 179,901,014 84.2
Metalliferous ores and metal scrap
16,327,916 7.6
Food, beverages, tobacco, live animals
3,222,747 1.5
Crude materials - inedible except fuels
1,885,060 0.9
Grains, cereals, and cereal preparations
2,691,308 1.3
Manufactured goods including metals, machinery
1,481,325 0.7
Chemicals and related products
590,642 0.3
Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes
253,311 0.1
Commodities not classified elsewhere
7,389,235 3.5
Total 213,742,558 100
96,540,226 t 85,293,760 t
37,160,869 t 29,041,572 t
17,744,621 t 12,105,805 t
3,269,967 t 1,678,060 t
1,055,608 t 895,037 t 533,331 t 444,413 t 349,710 t 204,800 t -
Hay PointGladstone
BrisbaneWeipa
Abbot PointTownsville
MackayCape Flattery
CairnsKarumba
MourilyanLucinda
Rockhampton (Port Alma)Bundaberg
Skardon River
Freight in Queensland
Source: OESR: Overseas exports by commodity, volume, Queensland Ports Department of Transport and Main Roads: Trade Statistics for Queensland Ports
12
Moving Freight, Transport and Main Roads, December 2013
Agricultural commodities and their derivatives, including livestock, are a further important state export. While comprising only 3% of export volumes in 2012–13 they were valued over $8 billion, which is second only in terms of value to coal exports.4 Despite the volume of agricultural exports being considerably less than minerals, the value of these commodities is significant and is expected to continue to be an important economic driver for regional and rural communities.
Queensland is a significant producer of agricultural commodities. In 2012–13, the gross value of Queensland’s agricultural production was approximately $11.1 billion5 (refer Figure 3).
Containerised freight movements are a notable component of Queensland’s export and import freight task (refer Figure 4). In 2012–13, container trade was approximately 1.14 million Twenty-foot Equivalent Units (TEU).6 Almost 94% (1,069,000 TEU) of import and export containers passed through the Port of Brisbane. Townsville had the next largest share with 4.3% (50,173TEU), with the remaining 2% of container trade handled by Gladstone, Rockhampton and Cairns.7
Queensland’s imports generally include containerised high value manufactured goods. The value of Queensland imports has grown ten fold over the last 25 years from $3.7 billion to almost $42.7 billion in 2012–13.8 For the same period the value of Queensland exports grew five fold from $9 billion to approximately $46.3 billion.9
Figure 3: Gross value of Queensland agricultural production 2012–13
Livestock, $3,978m
Fruit and vegetables, $2,453m
Other, $1,340m
Sugarcane, $1,140m
Cereal grains, $1,099m
Cotton, $633m
Livestock products, $470m
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
TEU
s
Year
Import
Export
Figure 4: Queensland container trade
Source: Trade Statistics for Queensland Ports
Source: Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry: Queensland AgTrends Update April 2013
13
Moving Freight, Transport and Main Roads, December 2013
Based on the typical handling characteristics of commodities, the type of freight moved in Queensland can be broadly categorised as:
• General freight – commodities moved individually and/or in containerised, palletised and/or parcel sized configurations, such as: wholesale and retail products, manufactured goods, food, beverages, personal items, plant and machinery parts, and building products.
• Commodities moved in bulk – single commodity movements in high volume or bulk configuration such as: coal, minerals, bauxite, cement, grain, and sugar.
These categories of freight typically place diverse demands on the freight system. For instance, the movement of general freight in Queensland is outlined in Map 2, page 15, which illustrates:
• Movement to and from international, inter-state, intra-state markets as well as within Queensland urban freight networks.
• Strong north-south flows between the major centres along the coastline and inter-state locations, with some east-west flows supporting mining, agriculture and regional household needs.
• Concentrated movement in south-east Queensland, due to its population, economic activity, and access to processing, value-adding and port export facilities.
• Road transport supports the majority of general freight movement within Queensland.
Freight types
General freight
14
Moving Freight, Transport and Main Roads, December 2013
St George
Charleville
Cunnamulla
Goondiwindi
Roma Miles
Dalby
Toowoomba
WarwickGold Coast
Gympie
Maryborough
Mount IsaCloncurry
Hughenden
Charters Towers
Karumba
Weipa
Cairns
Lucinda
Townsville
Mackay
Port AlmaGladstone
Brisbane
Port of Brisbane
Winton
LongreachBarcaldine Alpha
Emerald Rockhampton
Quilpie
Gold CoastBeaudesert
Ipswich Logan
Brisbane
Source: Department of Transport and Main Roads (2013)
South-east QueenslandSouth-east Queensland
LegendTown
General freight trading port
Rail freight network
Road freight network
General freight
•
Toowoomba
Warwick
Gympie
Bundaberg
General freight includes commodities such as wholesale and retail products, manufactured goods, food, beverages, personal items, machinery and parts, building products, consumer goods, paper and wood, pulp, transport equipment, motor vehicles and business services.
Map 2: General freight movement in Queensland
15
Moving Freight, Transport and Main Roads, December 2013
The major movements of commodities in bulk are illustrated in Map 3, page 17, which shows:
• the movement of commodities to and from international, inter-state and intra-state markets.
• the majority of commodities moved in bulk comprising mining and agricultural exports.
• commodities predominantly moving in a west to east direction to Queensland’s ports.
• rail has a key role in moving commodities in bulk, with its 29% modal share of the overall freight task largely attributed to this type of freight, with coastal shipping also fulfilling a role.
Intrastate modal share and selection
Generally, modal selection is informed by the best match between the characteristics of the freight to be moved (volume, mass and handling requirements) and transport options (cost, speed, service frequency, reliability, availability and flexibility). Existing modal share of Queensland’s total freight task by volume is outlined in Figure 5.
Characteristics of the existing modal share are:
• Road freight comprises various commercial vehicle classes. Figure 6 identifies the freight volume moved and fleet size by commercial vehicle class.
• Rail freight is predominantly attributed to coal exports.
• Coastal shipping primarily comprises inter-regional movements of bauxite, petroleum products and cement.
• Air freight is relatively small in volume. However, it has an important role supporting high value and urgent freight.
Figure 5: Freight movement by mode 2010–11
Source: Centre for Transport Energy and the Environment: Queensland Transport Facts 2013
Figure 6: Freight movement by road vehicles 2010–11
Source: Centre for Transport, Energy and the Environment: Queensland Transport Facts 2013
Road, 599mt, 69%
Rail, 251mt, 29%
Sea, 20mt, 2%
Air, 0.05mt, 0%
0mt
100mt
200mt
300mt
400mt
LCVs Rigid trucks Articulatedtrucks
53mt
294mt 251mt
Frei
ght m
ovem
ent
Commercial vehicle class
16
Moving Freight, Transport and Main Roads, December 2013
Coal Grains and cereals
Petroleum products Metals and minerals
Bauxite Sugar
Cement Meat and livestock
St George
Charleville
Cunnamulla
Goondiwindi
Roma Miles
Dalby
Toowoomba
WarwickGold Coast
Gympie
Maryborough
Mount IsaCloncurry
Hughenden
Charters Towers
Karumba
Weipa
Skardon River
Cape Flattery
Cairns
Mourilyan
Lucinda
Townsville
Abbot Point
MackayHay Point andDalrymple Bay
Port AlmaGladstone
Bundaberg
Brisbane
Port of Brisbane
Winton
LongreachBarcaldine Alpha
Emerald Rockhampton
Quilpie
Gold CoastBeaudesert
Ipswich Logan
Brisbane
Source: Department of Transport and Main Roads
South-east QueenslandSouth-east Queensland
LegendTown
Commodity trading port
Rail freight network
Road freight network
•
Gympie
Toowoomba
Warwick
Map 3: Major Queensland commodities moved in bulk
17