French borrowings

In English

5508 group

The periodization of borrowings

In XII-XV centuries the leader of borrowings is the sphere related to the description of human feelings, because there is an increase of interest to the person. During this period the words related to military and science also were borrowed.

The Norman conquest has found its reflection also in vocabulary related to school training, science and learning.

By the end of XV century the quantity of the words describing the various phenomena of industry, trade, political life appeared.

Means of borrowing

Phonetical borrowings: corps, echelon, brochure, chateau, bureau, ragout, cuisine

Translation loans: literature, empire, government, manœuvre

Semantic borrowings: sky-scrapper

Morthemic borrowings: ignorance, princess, government

Borrowing of French words

• There are the following semantic groups of French borrowings:

• words related to government : empire, state, government;

• words related to military affairs: army, soldier, battle;

• words related to jury: advocate, petition, sentence;

• words related to fashion: luxury, collar;

• words related to jewelry: topaz, pearl ;

• words related to food and cooking: dinner, appetite.

The degree of assimilation of borrowings

• Completely assimilated borrowings

• Partly assimilated borrowings:– Non-assimilated semantically– Non-assimilated grammaticaly– Non-assimilated phonetically

• Non-assimilated (called ‘barbarisms’)

Completely assimilated Completely assimilated borrowingsborrowings

ArmyArmy – arm ( – arm (коренькорень отот фрфр. armée) + y (diminutive . armée) + y (diminutive suffixe)suffixe)SoldierSoldier – sold ( – sold (коренькорень отот фрфр. soldat) + i (?) + er . soldat) + i (?) + er (suffixe)(suffixe)State State – stat (– stat (коренькорень отот фрфр. status) + e (ending). status) + e (ending)Empire Empire – – отот фрфр. empire. empireDinnerDinner – – отот фрфр. dinner. dinnerPetitionPetition – – отот фрфр. pétition. pétitionCollarCollar – col ( – col (коренькорень отот фрфр. col) + lar (suffixe). col) + lar (suffixe)AppetiteAppetite – –отот фрфр. appetite. appetitePearlPearl – – отот фрфр. perles. perlesAdvocate Advocate – ad (prefixe) +voc (– ad (prefixe) +voc (коренькорень отот фрфр. avocat) + . avocat) + ate (Romanic suffixe)ate (Romanic suffixe)BattleBattle – bat ( – bat (коренькорень отот фрфр. bataille) + tle (suf). bataille) + tle (suf)

Semantic groups of the Semantic groups of the partly-assimilated partly-assimilated borrowingsborrowings Words were borrowed from French into Words were borrowed from French into

English after 1650, mainly through the French English after 1650, mainly through the French literature, but they are not as numerous and literature, but they are not as numerous and many of them are not completely assimilated. many of them are not completely assimilated. There are the following semantic groups of There are the following semantic groups of these borrowingsthese borrowings: :

words related to literature and music: words related to literature and music: belle-belle-lettres, brochure, nuancelettres, brochure, nuance; ;

words related to military affairs: words related to military affairs: corps, echelon, corps, echelon, manouvre manouvre

words related to buildings and furniture: words related to buildings and furniture: chateau, chateau, bureau;bureau;

words related to food and cooking: words related to food and cooking: ragout, ragout, cuisine. cuisine.

Partly assimilatedPartly assimilated borrowingsborrowings::

BrochureBrochure – – отот фрфр. brochure. brochureGovernmentGovernment - - отот фрфр. gouvernement. gouvernementTopaz Topaz – – отот фрфр. topaze. topazeBelle-lettresBelle-lettres – – отот фрфр. belle-lettres. belle-lettresNuanceNuance – – отот фрфр. nuance. nuanceEchelonEchelon – – отот фрфр. echelon. echelonManoeuvreManoeuvre – – отот фрфр. manoeuvre. manoeuvreBureau Bureau – – отот фрфр. bureau. bureau

Non-assimilated Non-assimilated phonetically: phonetically:

CorpsCorps – от фр – от фр.. CorpsCorps

Belle-lettresBelle-lettres – – отот фрфр. belle-lettres. belle-lettres

Non-assimilated Non-assimilated semantically: semantically:

RagoutRagout – – отот францфранц ragoût ragoût

CuisineCuisine – – отот фрфр Cuisine Cuisine

Ways of borrowing

• Historical ways

• Psychological factors

• Development of the literature

• Development of science and technology

Historical ways of borrowing

Norman conquests gave to the English language:

• words related to military affairs: army, soldier, battle;

• words related to government : empire, state, government;

• words related to food and cooking: dinner

Psycological Psycological factorsfactorsMany borrowing from French appeared in this Many borrowing from French appeared in this

period because after about 1250 there were period because after about 1250 there were more French speakers who began speaking more French speakers who began speaking

English — remember the loss of Normandy in English — remember the loss of Normandy in 1204. 1204.

words related to government : words related to government : government, state, government, state, empireempire

words related to jury: words related to jury: advocate, petitionadvocate, petition words related to military affairs: words related to military affairs: army, battle, army, battle,

soldiersoldier words related to fashion: words related to fashion: collarcollar,, words related to jewelry: words related to jewelry: topaz, pearltopaz, pearl;; words related to food and cooking: words related to food and cooking: appetiteappetite

The development of the literature

• words related to literature and music: belle-lettres, brochure, nuance;

• words related to military affairs: corps, echelon, manoeuvre;

• words related to buildings and furniture: chateau, bureau;

• words related to food and cooking: ragout, cuisine.

The development of science and technology

This tendency gives berth to neologisms:

• Discotheque (от фр. discothèque)

• Cinematheque (от фр. cinémathèque)

• Government (от фр. gouvernement)

The stylistics and connotation of borrowings.

Words related to government :

• empire - written speech; literary language; conn.-elevated

• state – spoken/written speech; literary language; conn.-neutral;

• government – spoken/written speech; literary language; in the domain of politics; conn.-neutral

Words related to military affairs: army – spoken/written speech; literary language;

conn. - neutral; soldier – spoken/written speech; literary language;

conn.-neutral; battle - written speech; literary language; conn.-

elevated corps - written speech; literary language; conn.-

elevated echelon - written speech; literary language; conn.-

elevated manoeuvre - spoken\ written speech; literary

language; conn.-neutral;

Words related to Words related to jury:jury:

advocateadvocate – – spoken/written spoken/written speech; literary speech; literary language; conn.-language; conn.-neutral;neutral;

petition petition - written - written speech; literary speech; literary language; marked. language; marked.

sentence sentence - written - written speech; literary speech; literary language; conn.-language; conn.-neutralneutral

Words related to fashion:

• luxury - spoken speech; colloquial;

• collar - spoken speech ; colloquial; conn.-neutral

Words related to jewelry:

• topaz - written speech; literary language; conn.-neutral;

• pearl - written speech; literary language; conn.-neutral

Words related to food and cooking: dinner – spoken/written speech; literary

language; conn.-neutral; appetite – spoken/written speech; literary

language; conn.-neutral; ragout - spoken speech; colloquial; conn.-

neutral cuisine - written speech; literary language;

conn.-elevated;

Words related to literature

• belle-lettres - written speech; literary language; language of linguists;conn.-elevated;

• brochure – spoken/written speech; literary language; conn.-neutral;

• nuance – spoken/written speech;colloquial

Words related to buildings and furniture:

chateau – spoken/written speech; literary language; conn.-elevated;

bureau – spoken/written speech; literary language; conn.-neutral;

The Norman Conquest

• court – spoken/written speech; literary language; conn.-neutral;

• nobility - written speech; literary language; conn.-elevated;

• polite society - written speech; literary language; conn.elevated;

• literature – spoken/written speech; literary language; conn.-neutral.

Authors:Authors: The periodization of borrowingsThe periodization of borrowings Ways of borrowingsWays of borrowings

The degree of assimilation of The degree of assimilation of borrowingsborrowings

Semantic groups of French Semantic groups of French borrowingsborrowings

The degree of assimilation of The degree of assimilation of borrowingsborrowings

The stylistics and connotation of The stylistics and connotation of borrowingsborrowings

AAssemblagessemblage and and presentationpresentation Means of borrowingMeans of borrowing

Белова НадеждаБелова Надежда Дацыкова Анна, Белова Дацыкова Анна, Белова

НадеждаНадежда Дацыкова АннаДацыкова Анна

Кудинова НаталияКудинова Наталия

Анофриева ИринаАнофриева Ирина

Быстрова ТатьянаБыстрова Татьяна

Березина НаталияБерезина Наталия Никитченко МаратНикитченко Марат