1

French Road Signs,

Québec: Why is French

spoken in Canada?

2

English Speaking Countries

Fig. 5-1: English is the official language in 42 countries, including some in which it is not the most widely spoken language. It’s also used & understood in many others.

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Some important terms to know:

Language: System of communication thru speech• Literary Tradition: syst. of written communication (documents, novels,

etc.)Official Language: lang. used for a country’s gov’t for laws, reports, etc. The 3 traits that best distinguish cultural values: a. LANGUAGE

b. RELIGION C. ETHNICITY

Add these terms...Vernacular and/or colloquial speech: Every day language– lang. of the “common ppl” NOT standard language EX’s: ain’t y’all

K–1 Engl.: Origin, Diffusion, & Dialects

Where are Eng. Lang. speakers?

English: spoken by 1/2 billion in 57 (10TH ed.) countries --1/3 of the world uses English as its official lang. -More speakers than any except Mandarin in China

Why English diffused: 1st = Brit. Empire took to colonies

-now the official lang. in most of the former British colonies

Explain why we speak Engl. now: Brit. In N. Amer. became dominant power when they defeated the French (migration yrs: 1607 – 1840)

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How the USA diffused Engl.: Thru… *wars (WWI, WWII, etc.) *US is economic power (trade) *globalization of communication systems (TV, music,

internets, satellites, etc.)Engl. is classified as Germanic lang. How did this replaced languages in the British Isles.

Include terms: Angles, Jutes, Saxons, & Vikings: -450 CE: Angles (S. Denmark), Jutes (N. Denmark), &

Saxons (NW Germany) ; about 800 CE Vikings invade--& some stayExplaining the Norman (& when??) influence on English:

1066: Normans invade Brit.; Normans ruled and French (Latin-based) = official lang.

Anglo-Saxon (old English) = Simpler terms: sky, horse, man, woman Norman/French (Latin) = more complex terms:

celestial, equine, masculine, feminine

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Invasions of England 5th–11th centuries

Groups that

brought what

became English to

England included

Jutes, Angles,

Saxons, and

Vikings. The

Normans later

brought French

vocabulary to

English.

NOTE century for

EACH in your pkt

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In which areas of the

British Isles did

these groups

end up?

Angles:

Saxons:

Jutes

SOUNDS of British from BBC:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/recordings/group/ulster-armagh.shtml

Modern Germany:

Denmark and part of today’s

Schleswig-Holstein

was “land of the Angles”

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Dialect: Regional lang. variation; distinctive in vocab., spelling, & pronunciation

Standard lang.: well established, acceptable dialect used in schools, govt., etc.

EX: Upper class Brit. (BRP: Brit. Received Pronunc) **Vernacular & colloquial: everyday, “common” speech. Colloquial relates more to SLANG speechBasics of different, older English dialects: Kentish (SE) Jutes; W. Saxon (SW): Saxons; Mercian (Central): Saxons

Why SE (in Engl.) dialect = "proper" standard Engl.? B/C there = London, upper-class, gov’t., $$, plus Oxford

& Cambridge Univ.’s How it was diffused thru Britain: Invention of PRINTING press allowed for this diffusion

The 3 main English dialects today: Northern, Midland, Southern

Why English is USA’s standard lang.: Brits settled Atlantic Coast in 1600’s & were main immigr. thru

1840

Why is it NOT “official” language? USA doesn’t HAVE an official (legal, by law) language...

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Old & Middle English Dialects

Fig. 5-3: The main dialect regions of Old English before the Norman invasion persisted to some extent in the Middle English dialects thru the 1400’s.

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Why US Engl. changed from Brit Engl: isolation (Atlantic distance)

3 main differ.’s of ways US & Brit Engl.: vocab., pronunciation, & spelling Main reasons the 2 differed right off: Distance, new terms & items in landscape, mix of people

How these affected the new US Engl.:

a) Native Americans: new words: moose, raccoon, chipmunk, hurricane, canoe, squash

b) inventions: new common names: torch/flashlight; lift/elevator; lorry/transfer truck or semi

c) Noah Webster: chose “Amer.” way…didn’t know some…also later T. Roosevelt “simplified” some like “colour”, etc.

Why US/Brit varied from start: Distance meant only letters, documents, etc., to communicate; Also began to have other immigrants in USA

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Why US/Brit varied from start: Distance meant only letters, documents, etc., to communicate; Also began to have other immigrants in USA

The 2 reasons US English is more like 18th cent. English than Brit Eng. is?

A) Standard SE Engl. not set till almost 1800; in US was already changing B) few colonists were upper-class, so didn’t speak standard

Why is big differences (distinctions) in New Engl. accents & Southern accents now:

More distance between N-E & S. (D- D-?); came from different parts of Engl. & from Scotland & Ireland & Wales

Why Mid-Atlant. dialects are very differ. from the Southern & New England: NE = Puritans (mid-class SE English);

Mid-Atlan. = Scots; South. = lower class SE English

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Dialects in the Eastern U.S.

Fig. 5-4: Hans Kurath divided the eastern U.S. into three dialect regions, whose distribution is similar to that of house types (Fig. 4-9).

US immigration and dialects

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Some differences thru US, main dialect differences are seen on East Coast (BUT... Great Lakes: Scandinavia)

Isogloss: word usage boundary: area where a word is used Usually what areas? More rural

EX: pail (NE); bucket (South & Mid-Atl.); brook (NE), run (Mid-At.), branch (S)

EX: dialectal pronunciations: S: ha-af (half); mi-yen (mine); New Eng.: “hot” (heart); “lock” (lark)

Thru West, US standard Eng. comes mainly from… Mid-Atlan. areas

Why? Most western settlers from there

How western mov't. affected spread of dialects: Mid-W & S. of Ohio: VA + Southern N. of Ohio River: Mid-Atlantic; Some New-Engl: Great Lakes

Spread of dialects in US—Notice the “flow” WESTUS = 35x size of England…but has lots less regional dialects

You see MAIN differences where? More similar where?

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US Dialects Maps

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What do you call “soft drinks”??

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Origins of English: Which cultures added MOST to

English Language?

Germanic: Which 3 Germanic + 1 “other” Germanic

group?

French: From What historic

event?

Latin: WHY do you think

this was influential?(was the lang. of which important

force?20

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KEY - 2 (P. 144): Indo-European Language Family Why Engl. is“related” to other lang’s: (FBG)

How languages are “related:”

Language family: collection of lang.’s related thru common ancestor long

before recorded history

EX: English in which? Indo-European (world’s most extensive... over the largest area)

Language branch: collection of languages w/ common ancestor several 1000’s yrs. ago EX: Romance (?) Indo-Iranian Germanic Balto-Slavic

Language group: shared origin, relatively recent past; similar grammar & vocab. EX: W. Germanic (hi & lo) = Engl., Dutch, Flemish

To remember: “fill big glasses” “fat bottomed girls”

Language family spoken by more than any other: Indo-EuropeanHow many people use? Over 3 billion (1st lang. for 2.5 bill.)

has over 100 lang.’s

Indo-Eur. is broken into 8 branches The 4 of these that are spoken by lots of ppl & where these

are found: Indo-Iranian (S. Asia)Romance (SW Euro. & Lat. Amer.)Germanic (NW Eur. & N. Amer.)Balto-Slavic (E. Eur.)

WHAT do you notice about the LAST 3 of these????

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“High” & “low” subgroups & why “hi/lo”? b/c of mountains & lowlands (elevations) Hi-Germanic: standard German Lo Germanic: Dutch, Engl., Flemish…etc.

How English is “classified”Indo-European ...Germanic... W. Low Germanic (F-B-G)

N. Germ. lang.’s spoken in Scandinavia -the 4: Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic -all came from Old Norse (Vikings), spoken in Scandinavia

prior to 1000 CE

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The 4 main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.

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Germanic Branch of Indo-European

Germanicbranch today is divided into N. & W.Germanic groups. English is in the West Germ. grp.

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Indo-Iranian: Of all Indo-Eur., has the most speakers: over 1 billion in more than 100 lang.’s

Eastern group = Indic Western group = Iranian

Indic Group:

India: main lang. is Hindi written w/ a script called

Devanagari

Spoken versions very different, but written is the same for all b/c only until recently (1800-1900’s) few Hindi speakers could read & write

Pakistan: main language: Urdu

Spoken much like Hindi, but written in Arabic b/c most Pakistanis are Muslims & lang. of Qu’ran is Arabic

Both of these (Hindi/Urdu) are based on = HindustaniIndia’s languages are very diverse: over 1 billion ppl & using

lang.’s from 4 different lang. families:1. Indo-European 2. Dravidian 3. Sino-Tibetan 4. Austro-

Asiatic

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South Asian Languages & Language Families

Indo-European is the largest of the four lang.families in India The country of India has 18 official languages.

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Why India has 18 different “official” lang.’s: So many grps., objected to having just 1 (Dravidian closest to #1 )Main lang. of Bangladesh: Bengali

Percentage of Indians speaking Engl.: 1 %

Why sometimes used as a “common” lang.: So many lang., need a main one; also Brit. econ. influence

Iranian Group: Uses Arabic alphabet; Main lang.’s: a) Persian (aka “Farsi”) in Iran b) Pashto (aka Pashtu) (E. Afghan. & W. Pakistan) (the PPL of these areas are called “Pathan” 7th Ed.) c) Kurdish used by the Kurds, located on borders of W- Iran, N-Iraq, & E-Turkey

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Balto-Slavic: Once all one lang.,…now 4 main groups: East West South plus a Baltic group

Main ones = Eastern groups, especially Russian, which is spoken by 80% of Russians & is 1 of the 6 official

langs. of the U.N (United Nations)

Russian gain importance in new areas after 1945 b/c they gained power after WWII….& forced Eastern European countries to learn & use Russian

Is still important in there b/c still used by leaders of former USSR countries for communicating w/ each other & for economic cooperation

In order of importance In this region: 1. Russian 2. Ukrainian 3. Belorussian

Western/Southern Slavic: 3 W. Slavic langs., in order of most spoken = 1) Polish 2) Czech 3) Slovak

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ADD: BALKAN REGION!!!!In order to “balance” using their 2 official lang. in the old

Czechoslovakia, what did TV announcers do? 1st ½ of show used 1 language, then 2nd half of show switched to the other language

2 most important South Slavic lang.’s: Serbo-Croatian Bulgarian

Most differ.’s betwn. these Slavic lang. are SMALL EX: they can understand each other

Regional differ.’s seen in lang. since Bosnia & Croatia broke from Yugoslavia in ‘90’s:

-MUSLIMS in Bosnia brought in Arabic words; -CROATS got rid of Serbian words & took new ones

These lang.’s in the future: Might become more & more different from each other b/c of hostilities betwn. Ethnic

Romance lang.’s, like other lang.’s, didn’t just appear but evolved… Romance from Latin

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France: 3 main dialects: Standard French =_Francien (aka

Parisienne) --the dialect of the South is lang d’oc (from

“Aquitaine”) --the Northern dialect is langue d’oil -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Spanish: Standard SP: Castilian (are few rural dialects) About 90% of speakers of SP & Port. live

outside of Spain & Portugal b/c of colonialism (aka imperialism) Catalan: around Barcelona: was illegal to speak at various times.

a) Spanish is the official lang. of 18 Latin Amer. countries

b) Brazil’s main lang.: Portuguese… & they have 18 times as many speakers of Portuguese than Portugal does!

Brazil ‘s lang. is Portuguese …why?

b/c of the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494); Pope ended argument over who controlled what in

Sp. New World… Western S. Amer. = Spain, East = Portugal

Vulgar Latin:

Spanish & Portuguese differ from French, Italian, etc., b/c Roman soldiers (the “commoners”) went into the outer regions, such as Spain

They spoke a “common” (like “lower-class” ...the vernacular lang.) form of Spanish, known now as “vulgar Latin”

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Map to use w/ P.O.P #25

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2 EXs: of how Old & New Worlds continue to blend and/or evolve languages

a) Books & TV have big influence….changes all the time…technology….memes?

b) Brazil & Portugal standardized Portuguese, & Port. lost some of the ways Portg. spoke & the Brazilians’ version of the language won out

“Creole” or “creolized language”: Mix Indigenous ppl’s lang. + colonists’ lang. EX’s: French Creole (Haiti) Papiemento (Creolized Spanish) Netherlands Antilles (W. Indies) Portguese Creole (Cape Verde Islands…off W. African coast)

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The Romance Branch of Indo-European includes 3 of the world’s 12 most widely spoken languages (Spanish, French, & Portuguese), as well as a number of smaller languages and dialects.

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“Proto-Indo-European”:

The theory that there was once 1 single language for all ppl

Can’t prove it existed b/c was pre-historic Some still think it DID exist b/c of commonalities in

languages & lang. families -Words winter, snow, & ocean possible parts of puzzle

b/c are no similar word for “ocean”…so probably all came from place w/o ocean

BIG Debate about oldest place to trace this language to… Was it the Anatolians or Kurgans?

Kurgans: betwn. Russia & Kazakhstan; about 4300 BCE; militaristic, nomadic warriors

Anatolians: *** This aka as “Renfrew’s theory” Around Turkey; about 6300 BCE; an agricultural society --these 2 are theories about how Indo-European spread

from Asia thru Europe

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Kurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin

Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth N. of the Caspian Sea, about 7,000 yrs ago. (hunter/gatherers)

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Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin

Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.

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Language Families of the World

Fig. 5-11: Distribution of the world’s main language families. Languages with more than 100 million speakers are named.

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K-3: Where are other lang. Families distributed?You DO need to KNOW these!!

Percentage in the World and distributions of languages:

Lang. families where found % of the world speakers

Indo-Europ. All over except Afri./Arabia 50%Sino-Tibetan China & near China 20% Afro-Asiatic Mid-East & N. Afr. 5%Austronesian SE Asia 5%Niger-Congo Sub-Saharan Africa 5%Dravidian India (mid &Southern) 5%

Trace back (classify) the following languages:

Language branches/roots where it’s mostly spoken a) Hindi Indic--Indo-Iranian--Indo-European--Nostratic? India b) Mandarin Sinitic—Sino-Tibetan—Sino-Caucasian China

c) Engl. W.Germ.—Germanic—In-Europ.—Nostratic US/UK

d) Tagalog Austronesian—Austric Philippines

e) Hebrew-Arabic Semitic— Afro-Asiatic—Nostratic Israel Arab. Penin.

f) Swahili Benue—Congo---Niger-Congo E. Africa

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Major Language Families % of World Popula.

The % of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European & Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the

world’s people.

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44

Sino-Tibetan spoken in China

a) Sinitic branch: over a billion spkers.

Largest: Mandarin (2nd largest = Cantonese)

Chinese Uses Ideograms: symbol that = an idea

EX: Slide 31 + 33

b) Austro-Asiatic: SE Asia Lrgest.: Vietnamese

Spoken in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam

Chi/Jap/Kor.: Why 3 are v. different…some similarities:

Japanese: isolated b/c are islands; Japanese uses ideograms--borrowed Chinese writing

Korean: isolated b/c is a peninsula; Korea. is phonetic, like the West

- Korean & Japanese probably Altaic (central Asia)

-A major Austro-Asiatic lang.: Vietnamese; Alphabet devised by Rom. Catholic missionaries--was a Fr. colony

45

Chinese Ideograms

Chinese language ideograms mostly represent concepts rather

than sounds (is not phonetic). The 2 basic characters at the top can be built into more complex words.

46

JapaneseWriting: Ideograms

Writing formborrowed from Chinese…but lang.is probably Altaic like Korean(from where?)

Japanese has 2 writing systems!

47

Korean Writing: phonetic, like Western languages; It does NOT use ideograms like

Chinese & Japanese

48

Afro-Asiatic (aka Semitic-Hamitic): Though small, why is this branch so important?? Used for Holy Texts of 3 MAJOR WORLD

RELIGIONS: Judaism, Christianity, & Islam

The six (6) official languages of the UN:a) Mandarin b) English c) Russiand) Spanish e) French f) Arabic

Altaic: a) Turkey changed from Arabic in ’28 b/c felt would help modernized econ. & culture b) Other countries w/ Altaic lang.’s: Mongolia, Kazakhstan, W. China c) Most Altaic lang. spkers’ Religion: Islam d) Russians forced them to use another alphabet, Cyrillic

Cyrillic Alphabet: Russian, Turkish, & many from former USSR

49

Uralic: 3 MAIN Uralic countries:

Estonia Finland Hungary

These are NOT part of Indo-European family..

They are a small SEPARATE family.

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African Languages:Number of distinct African languages TODAY: about 1,000

WHY so many?? b/c of limited contact, travel, & interaction of numerous culture groups in earlier times…now have a lot of ethnic conflict b/c of ISOLATION.

The MAIN NORTH African lang.: Arabic

Swahili has so much Arabic influence b/c came from

interaction among African groups & Arab traders

One big problem in classifying African Languages:

Oral tradition of lang. (many have no written form) …& only 10 are spoken by large #’s

Hottentot – Lang. of the Khoisan (San Bushmen)

Where it got its name: The lang. sounded like “hottentot” to Europeans b/c of pops & clicks….IS it the most ANCIENT human language form?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c246fZ-7z1w

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Language Families of Africa1,000 or more lang.’sof Africa divided among 5 main lang.families….

including anAustronesian language in Madagascar

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Languages of JUST Nigeria

More than 200 lang.’s are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by pop.). English, considered neutral, is the official language.

54

K- 4: Diversity & Uniformity:

Why people preserve languages:Most spoken Austronesian language:

Malay-Indonesian, Indonesia’s most important lang. (world’s 4th most populous country)

Nigeria’s Lang. problems: -200 lang.’s in small areas

-regional jealousies & tensions;

-lots of cultural diversity = lang. diversity…

-which often = conflict

“Extinct” languages:

Lang.’s once spoken, no longer used in daily conversation; may still be read or studied

(EX’s: Latin, Cornish, Gothic)

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Revived languages: Know what was done to revive the following languages:

By Whom? Why? How?

Hebrew: What? Ancient lang. of the Jews -Whom? Jews…especially by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda -Why? Establishment of Israel encouraged them to

bring it back into daily use…b4 was used for religious services only (pride in new country … 1947 - 48)

-How? Had to “invent” new terms for recent innovations b/c Hebrew had none of these

-------------------------------------------------------------

73: Gaelic: : What? Lang. of Ireland & Scotland before the Brits

-Why? Pride in new country: Revived & used daily when the Republic of Ireland was formed in the early 1900’s…

-How? taught in schools, used as road signs, = official language

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1858 – 1922: Ben Yehuda “Israel must be reborn on its

ancestral land……” A Zionist leader …tying the

national restoration of the Jewish people to that of its language. He and his wife settled in Palestine where they mutually agree to no

longer speak to each other except in Hebrew….then he accepted a

position offered to him at the Alliance Israelite Universelle on

condition that he teaches in Hebrew. …compiled the first,

modern, Hebrew dictionary.” (in late 1800’s…country of Israel

“born” in 1947)

57Celtic knot: suggests eternity & interconnectedness ...One thread woven thru continuously...

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Multilingual states: Why the following are multilingual states…What languages & people… (slides )

-Belgium: Flemish, a Germanic lang. (N. area = Flanders)

…& French (S. areas = Walloons) -Switzerland: In order…German, French, Italian,

Romansh

“Isolated” languages: Lang. not related to other lang.

2 good EX’s of isolated lang.’ s: Basque & Icelandic

Basque: Where? N. Spain, SW France, in N. PyreneesWhat? Lang. there b4 Indo-Euro.…not sure from whereWho? Separate culture, fighting for “full independence”

From where? Not sure…

Icelandic: Where? Iceland What? From Old Norse Who? Viking From where? Scandinavia (Denmark)

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Basque culture in the Pyrenees Mtns. area Mostly in NE Spain, but bit over into SW France. Basque is an isolated language.

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Language Divisions in Belgium: Flanders &

Wallonia… Are tensionsin Belgium between Flemings, in the north whoSpeakFlemish, a Dutch dialect, & Walloons in the south…& speak FrenchFlanders Fields Reading

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Language Areas in Switzerland

Switzerland remains peaceful w/4 official languages & a decentralized government structure.

Google’s Linguistic Diversity Project

http://www.irishcentral.com/news/Irish-language-may-be-saved-by-Googles-Endangered-Language-project---VIDEO-159994965.html

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What is a lingua franca? Lang. used for international communication, espec. for

trade…Was once Latin…then w/ Brit. Empire lingua franca became English…USA continued to encourage this use

What is the main lingua franca in the world today? Engl.How Engl. continues to grow thru expansion diffusion: Expansion diffusion: Spread of a trait thru a snowballing

effect rather than relocation of any people Ways: 1) new words, new spellings, & new pronunciations 2) fusion (joining) of Engl. into other languagesEX: Words from Latino-Amer. (Tex-Mex, various foods,

etc.), Appalachia (“holler”, “a-sittin’ ” etc.), Afr.-Amer. (jazz, gumbo, rap, bling, etc.)

There was a push for Ebonics (Black English); now is seen as a true dialect…not separate lang.

64

Franglais: Mix of French & English; Fr. resist this & had “lang. police” w/ actual laws to

keep it out til 1994) Since 1635, The French Academy (1635) = the supreme

arbiter of the French language

Spanglish? Used by Latino folk; they mix Sp. w/ Engl., using Sp. spellings but very similar English pronunciation (shorts = chores; vacuum cleaner: bacuncliner)

also: Denglish: Mixing English & German words THINK: Why “D” and not “G”?Institute for the German Language is like the Fr. group…

just protects German

Pidgin: A small mix of words from a lingua franca + another lang. in order to have basic communication w/ ppl in another culture group

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NOTES on the French ppl & the French lang. in North America:

a. French Canadians are surrounded by Engl. Speakers in…Quebec, N. of NY, VT., etc.

Word for person who speaks French = a Francophone (Engl. Speaker = Anglophone)b. The Quebecois: The French-Canadian ppl; they are

surrounded by the Engl. & often resent itc. How that is affecting these ppl: Some resist -- &

resent English …this causes tensionsd. SOME there want to secede & create separate

country…but not quite the not majority (it IS close!)NOTE: This is how ethnicity affects changes…On following slide, what effect can you often see RE: the

location of the speakers of the 2 languages?

66

Languages used on the internet (aka WWW)

In 2004

2013

Note the script: Where is this place?Hint: What type of script & what lang. is that??

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French-English Boundary in CanadaThough Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the Québec, where 80% of the ppl.speak French.

69

Internet: Encourages further globalization of English

Fig. 5-1-1: A large proportion of the world’s internet users and hosts are in the developed countries of North America & western Europe.

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Possible FRQ's:• --3 Types of material culture....explain and

give ex's of pop vs. folk for each• --Folk vs. pop culture:  aspects of each w/

examples. (remember chart that compares each?)

• --Language family vs. branch vs. group:  define & give example of each.

• --European lang. groups:  ID + give examples

• --Extinct vs. revived vs. isolated languages:  Explain & give ex's