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THE

FRENCH VERBSARRANGED

ON A NEIF SYSTE3I:

55Y WHICH THE LEARNER IS TAUGHT TO FORMTHE INFLECTIONS OF

ALL THE VERBSIN

THE FRENCH LANGUAGE,

AMOTNTING TO

501L

BY THE AUTHOR OF

THE FRENCH GENDERS TAUGHT IN SIX FABLES.

LONDON

:

J. CHAPPELL, ROYAL EXCHANGE.

J 830.

PREFACE.

Encouraged by the reception of my little

manual of the French Genders (nine thousand co-

pies of which have been sold in eight months) , I

have endeavoured to remove another of the great

impediments to an efficient knowledge of the French

language, by facilitating the acquirement of the

VERBS.

I did not undertake this work, until I had drawn

out an accurate list of all the verbs in the French

lansfuaoie, classed according to their terminations,

and had examined whether, in respect to the divi-

sion of the verbs into conjugations, the arrangement

of the grammars most in use appeared to admit of

improvement. I found, that some of the most

popular French grammarians (of whose general

merits it is scarcely possible to speak too highly)

had classed the conjugations without consideration

either as to the number or regularity of the verbs,

a method which is calculated rather to perplex than

to assist the memory of the young scholar. For

instance, there are but three primitive verbs in

Ui^iirni

IV PREFACE.

enir, viz. tenu', venir, and benir; the first two of

these are merely exceptions to verbs in ir; the last,

viz. benir, is regular; surely the reader need not

be embarrassed with a separate conjugation for two

verbs only.

A regular conjugation is made also of a single

verb and its compounds, viz. faire, which is essen-

tially an irregular verb, and is one of the five

French verbs which depart from that absolute rule,

viz.

Every verb in the French language, except

AVOIR, ETRE, ALLER, DIRE, and FAIRE,* ends Vt

ons, ez, ent, in the three plural persons of the

present indicative, and of the imperative mood.

Another instance is furnished in verbs in tir, a

small number of which are assigned to a distinct

conjugation, when, out of sixty-seven verbs in tir,

all follow the regular rule of verbs in /;•, and make

issant, i, in the participles, except six verbs, with

their compounds.

On the other hand, some grammarians, in order

to diminish the number of the conjugations, have

adopted a system which appears more calculated

to perplex than twenty conjugations could be, if

clearly enumerated. I allude to the union of all

the verbs ending in re, into one conjugation.

* With the Compounds.

PREFACE. V

This plan brings under one head the most dissiiVii-

lar terminations, as oudre, ettr6, aire, oitre, ire,

ompre, &c. How the learner must be bewildered

by numerous exceptions, may be easily seen by the

various terminations to the past participles of verbs

in re ; thus

—

battre, to beat past participle—battu

conduire, to conduct conduit

connoitre, to knovs^ corimi

joindre, to join joint

naitre, to be born ne

mettre, to put niis

nuire, to hurt hiir

paitre, to feed , pti

rire, to laugh ri

The preceding verbs, tTiough a Very siAall pro-

portion of the whole, sbow how' the ilAiemofy ittiiSt

be burthened by an attempt to class verbs in re

under one rule.

In the following pages I have endeavoured to

avoid similar embarrassment to the -etudent, by a

separate exposition of the verbs, according to their

endings, each termination of the regular verbs being

preserved absolutely distinct from the rest. First,

all the verbs in er are treated of; then, all those in

ir ; and so of the remaining regular verbs. But,

a2

VI PREFACE.

in spite of every exertion to spare labour to the

scholar, there remain a small number of irregular

verbs which cannot be classed: these must be

learned separately ; though, as the irregularity is

found in a few tenses only, the difficulty cannot be

disheartening. My chief aim, in this attempt, has

been to simplify, as far as was possible, the arrange-

ment of the conjugations, and to impress clearly

the relative importance of each. I particularly

recommend learners to make themselves well ac-

quainted w^ith the table of invariable terminations,

and to copy out and recite frequently the first two

conjugations, viz. of verbs ending in er, and ir.

When these are learned perfectly, the certainty -of

knowing, and of being able to employ with facility,

sixteen parts out of seventeen of all the French

verbs, will cheer the scholar through the difficulties

of the remaining portion of the task.

W. R. GooDLUCK, Jun.

London y May, 1827.

CONTENTS.

Page

Preface iii

The accidents of a verb 9

Voice 9

Mood, Tense, Number, Person 10

The number of the French verbs 11

The auxiUary verb, Avoir 12

The auxihary verb, Eire 15

The classification of the 5011 French verbs.

.

18

First conjugation in er 19

Of reflected verbs 26

Exemplar of a reflected verb 27

Exceptions of the first conjugation in er . . .

.

31

Observations on Piier, Recouvrer, and Tisser 33

Observations on verbs in ger, cer, and 7/er .

.

33

Observation on the dipthong oi 34

Second conjugation in fr 35

Exceptions of the Second conjugation in ir.. 37

Six verbs in tir, w^ith a sentence to fix them in

memory 37

Four verbs in frir and vrir 40

Two verbs in enir 41

Eleven verbs in tr 43

VIU CONTENTS.

Third conjugation in olr 47

A sentence fixing the seven regular verbs in

olr 47

Exceptions of the third conjugation in oir . . 50

Fourth conjugation in dre 56

Exceptions of the fourth conjugation 57

Verbs in iudre 57

Verbs in oudre 59

The verbs prendre, ardre, sourdre 60

Fifth conjugation in oitre -.

.

62

Sixth conjugation in uire 64

Irregular verbs, amounting to 114 66

Of passive verbs 77

Table of invariable terminations 78

INTRODUCTION,

A Verb is that part of speech which expresses either

the EXISTENCE, A( TioN, Or SITUATION of a siiljstautive,

as I live, I icalk, I stand.

The accidents, or grammatical appertinents of a verb,are five : li'r. voice, mood, tense, number, and per-son.

1. OF THE VOICE.

The voice of a verb shows whether the nominative acts

or is acted upon.

When the nominative acts, the verb expressing theaction is in the active voice ; as 1 strike, he binds, theykill.

When the nominative is acted upon, the verb is in thepassive voice; as 1 was struck, he was bound, they werekilled.

Verbs which are neither active nor passive, where the

nominative neither acts nor is acted upon, are called

neuter; as, I wait, I remain, 1 recline, I expect, I pos-sess.

Note—^ome jjrammarians most erroneously declare thoseverbs to be neuter, the action of whicli will not pass to someobject;,and because they cannot say, 1 run it, J walk it,

aflirm that the intransitives run, walk, leap, fli/, &.c. arenot active verbs, thus embarrassing' learners, by makiii!*'

trramniatical rules oppose the evidence of their senses.

According^ to their sjstera, I possess would be an activeverb, as we can s;iy, /possess it ; but, as there is no action,it is clearly neuter: when we wish to express action, we u.se

the active verb to possess oneself of ; /possessed myselfof it.

10 French Verbs.

2. OF THE MOOD.

The mnod of a verb signifies the manner in which tlie

action of the verb is spoken of. If we speak in anindefinite manner, we use the the infinitire mood; as, to

come, to go, to write : if we simply indicate or declare,

we use the indicative mood ; as, he came, they went, they

have written- if we speak in a commanding manner,we use the imperative mood; as, come, go, write: whena verb is subjoined to another in a conditional manner,we use the subjunctive mood ; as, I will watch, that youmay sleep ; I will send paper, that you may write.

3. OF THE TENSE.

As the moods express the manner, the tenses of a

verb mark the time of the actioa, whether it be past,

present, future, or conditional.

4. OF NUMBER.

English and French verbs have two numbers, the

singular and plural ; when the nominative expresses

but one person or thing, the verb is singular; when the

nominative expresses more than one, or when a verb has

several nominatives, it is put in the plural.

.5. OF PERSON.

There are three persons in each number.

Sing. Plural.

1. I Je We, Nons.2. Thou, Tu. Ye, you, Vous.

3. He, she. II, elie. They, lis, elles.

The first person is employed when the person who is

speaking or writing is the nominative of the verb; as,

/love, we love.

The second person is employed when the person

spoken to or written to is the nominative of the verb ; as,

thou lovest, ye or you love.

The third person is employed when a person or thing

French Verbs. 1

1

spoken ofov written o/'isthe nominative of tl>e verb; as,

/ie loves, she loves, they love.

iV^ofe— All nouns are of the third person ; the first and secondpersons of verbs are employed only when the pronounsI, thou, ice, ye, OT you, are "employed or understood; anyother nominative requires the third person.

In varying the moods, tenses, persons, &c. of a verb,

the greniiis of the French language differs materially

from that of the English. An English regular verbadmits of no more than six changes in the word itself,

as, love, lorest, loveth, loves, loved, lovedst, lovijtg. Theother necessary variations are made by prefixing to the

verb the auxiliaries, do, may, can, might, shall, will,

would, could, should.

The French have no similar words, and supply the

necessary changes by the inflections of the verb itself.

A French regular verb admits of 35 changes, as, aimer,aimant, aime, aime, aimes, aimons, aimez, aimeut,

aimois, aimoit, ainiions, aimiez, aimoient, aimai, aimas,aima, aimames, aimates, aimercnt, aimerai, aimeras,aimera, aimerons, aimerez, aimeront, aimerois, aimeroit,

ainierions, aimeriez, aimeroient, aimasse, aimasses,aimat, aimassicins, aimassiez, aimassent.

The learner will particularly observe, that the pre-

cedinff remarks apply to the simple tenses only: in the

compound tenses the French employ the auxiliary verbsTo HAVE and to be in a manner very similar to that in

which they are employed in our own language.

OF THE NUMBER OF THE FRENCH VERBS,AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION.

The French language contains 5011 verbs: they all,

without exception, end either in R or in re in the infi-

nitive mood.As the French verbs do not all form their inflections

or changes in the same manner, it is necessary to separatethem into classes or conjugations.

Th? word conjugalioji is derived from a Latin word,signifying a yoking or joining together; a conjugationof verbs is a joining together, or union of all the verbsthat form their inflections in the same manner.

THE AUXILIARY VERBS.

AVOIR, TO HAVE: AND ETRE, TO BE.

The learner must remember, that a most intimate

Icnowledge of these two verbs, in all their inflexions andcombinations, is an indispensable preliminary to the

acauisition of all the other verbs. They are called aux-iliaries, because they help to form the compound tenses

of every other verb; they are used in French ia a mannernearly similar to that in which we employ them in

English. Avoir should be written and recited, and trans-

lated from French to English, and back again, several

times, previous to any attempt to learn ctre, or the twoverbs will not be kept distinct in the mind, because the

compound tenses of etre are formed by the help of avoir.

AVOIR, TO HAVE.

i'AKTICIPLES.

Present Tense, ayant havingPast Tense, eu, hadCompound of the Past, ayant eu, having had

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present Tense, avoir, to havePast Tense, avoir eu, to have had

INDICATIVE .MOOD.

Present Tense.

j'ai,* I have nous avous we havetil as, thou hast vous avez, Vou haveila, he has, ils ont, they have

The e in je is rnt off before a vowel.

French Verbs. 13

j' avols,

til avois,

il aroit,

.)ens,

tu ens,

il eut,

j'aurai,

til auras,

il aura,

Impetfect Tense.

I hadthou liadst

he had

nous avions, we hadvous aviez you hadils avoient tliey had

Perfect or Past Tense.

I hadthou hadsthe had

nous eunies,

vous eutes,

ils L'urent,

Future Tense.

I shall have, or 1

will havethou shalt have,&c.he shall have

nous auronsvous aurez,

ils auront

we hadyou hadthey had

we shall haveyou shall havethey shall have

tu aurois,

il auroit,

Conditional Tense.

I would, should,or could have

thou wouldst havehe would have

nous aurions, we would havevous auriez, you would haveils auroient they would have

The Compound Tenses are formed by adding the pastparticiple eu, had, to the simple tenses, exactly as weform the same tenses in English.

Compound oj" the Present Tense.

y ai eu,

tu as eu,

il a eu.

I have hadthou hast hadhe has had

nousavonseu, we have hadvousavez eu, you had hadils out eu, they have had

Compound of the Imperfect Tense.

y avois eu, I had hadtu avois eu thou hadst hadil avoit eu, he had had

nousavionseu, we had hadvous aviez eu, you had hadils avoient eu, they had liad

Compound of the Perfect or Past Tense.

J eus eu,

tu eus eu,

il eut eu.

I had hadthou hadst hadhe had had

nouseumeseu, we had hadvous eutes eu you had hadils eurent eu, "they had had

Compound of the Future Tense.

J aurai eu,

tu auras eu,

il aura eu,

1 shall have hadthou wdt hiive hadhe will have had

nous aurons eu, we shall have hadvous aurez eu, you will have hadils auront cu, thcv will have had

14 French Ferbs.

Compoicnd q^f the Conditional Tense,

j' aurois eu, I \-ouUl, should, orcould have had

til aurois eu, thou woulds havehad

il auroit eu, he would have had

nous aurions eu, we would harehad

vous auriez eu, you would havehad

ils auroient eu, thev would havehad

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

aie,

"qu'il ait

have thoulet him have •qu'ils aient,

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense,

ayons, let us haveayez, havgye

let them have

quej'aie, that I may haveque ta aies, that thou raayst

havequ' il ait, that he may have

que nous ayons, that wemayhaveque vous ayez, that you may

havequ' ils aient, that they may

have

Perfect or Past Tense.

quej'eusse, that 1 might haveque tu eusses, that thou mightst

havequ' il eiit, that he mig'ht have

que nous eus- that we mightsions, have

que vous eus. that you mightsiez, have

qu' ils eussent, that they mighthave

Compound of the Present Tense.

quej'aieeu, that I may havehad

que tu aies eu, that thou maysthave had

qn' il «it eu, that he may havehad

que nous aj'ons that we mayeu, have had

que vous ayez that you mayeu, have had

qu' ils aient eu, that they mayhave had

Compound oj" the Perfect Tense.

que j ' eusseeu,that I might havehad

que tu eusses that thou mightsteu, have had

qu' il eut eu, that he niieht havehad

que nous eus- that we mightsions eu, have had

que vous eus- that you mightsiez eu, have had

qu' ils eussent that they mighteu, have liad

The e in the word rjiie, is cut off liefore the vowel i.

French Verbs. 15

AUXILIARY VERB—ETRE, TO BE.

Present Tense,Pant Tense,Compound of Ike Past,

PARTICIPLES.

eUnt,ete,

ayant etc,

Present Tense,Past Tense,

INFINITIVE MOOU.

Ltre,

avoir Ote

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

being;

beeuhavmsir been

to beto liave beea

je suis,

tu es

il est

j' etois,

tu etois,

il etoit,

je fus,

tu fus,

il fut,

je serai,

tu seras,

il sera,

tu seroi8,

il !><-roit.

I amthnn art

he is

nous sommes, we arevous etes, you areil.s sonr, they are

Imperjict Tense.

I wasthou wasthe was

nous Ftions, we are

vous eticz, you wereils etoient, {liey were

Perfect or Past Tense.

I wasthou wasthe was

nous fumes,vous futes,

ils furent,

Future Tense-

I .shall be or I will

bethou slialt be, &c.he sliall be

nous serousvous serez,

ils serout.

Conditional Tense.

I should, would,c<)uhl,ormi'xht be

thou wouldst behe would be

nous senons,vous seriez,

ils .seroient,

we wereyou werethey were

we shall beyou shall bethey shall be

we slioubl beyou should !»•

they would ba

The Compound Tenses are formed by the aid of the

simple tenses oi atvir, to which is added the participle

4t4, been, as in English.

Compound of t lie Present T'ense.

j" ai et6,

tu a.") et6,

il » ttte,

I have beenthou hast beenlie hat been

nous avons ete, we have beenvousavez tte, you have beeniN out etO, they have been

16 French Verbs.

Compound of the ImpeTfect Tense.

y avois fete, I hru) been nous avions ete, we had beentu avois ete, thou hadst been vous aviez ete, you had beenil avoit ete, he had been ils avoient ete, they had beeo

Compound oj" the Perfect or Past Tense.

nous eurnes ete, we had beenvous eutes ete, you had beenils eurent ete, they had been

j' eus ete, I had beentu eus ete, thou hadst beenil eut ete, he had been

Compound of the Future Tense,

y aurai ete,

tu auras ete,

il aura ete,

1 shall have beenthou wilt havebeen

he will have been

nous aurons ete, we shall havebeen

vous aurez ete, you will havebeen

ils auront ete, they will havebeen

Compound oj" the Conditional Tense.

j'auraisete, I should, would,could, or mighthave been

tu aurois ete, thou wouldst havebeen

il auroit etc, he would havebeen

nous aurions ete,we should havebeen

vous auriez ete, you would havebeen

ils auroieut ete, they wouldhave beeu

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

soyons. let us besois. be thou soyez. be ye

qu' il soit, let him be qu' ils soient, let them be

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense,

que je sois, that I may beque tu sois, that thou maystbequ' il soit, that he may be

que nous soyons, that we may beque vous soyez, that you maybequ' ils soient, that theymaybe

Perfect or Past Tense.

que je fusse, that I might be,

or that I wasque tu fusses, that thou mii^htst

be, or that thouwast

qu' il fOt, that he might be,

that he was

que |ious fus- that we might besions, that we were

que vous fus- that you might besiez, that you were

qu' ils fu8sent,that theyraight bethat they were

Fr&nch Verbs. 17

Compound of the Present Tense.

quej'aieete, that I may havebeen

que tu aies ete.that tliou niaystliave beeu

qu' il ait ete, that he may havebeeu

que Hous ayous, that we mayete, have been

quevousayez, that you mayete, have been

qu' lis aient ete, they may havebeeu

Compound of the Perfect Tense,

que j' eusse

ete,

that I mi^ht have que nous ens-

sions ete,

que vous eus-

siez ete,

qu' ils eussentete,

that vve mighthave beeu

that you miglithave beeu

that they mightliave been

been, or that I

had beenque tu eusses that tliou miulitst

^tfe, have beeu, &c.qu' il eut etc, that he might

have beeu

N. B. The Scholar must be absolutely perfect in

these two auxiliary verbs, before he proceeds to the regu-lar conjugations.

B 2

18 French Verbs.

OF THE DIVISION OF THE VERBS INTO

CONJUGATIONS.

I HAVE classed the 5011 verbs of the French

Language in the following manner, by the termina-

tion of the infinitive Mood.No. of Verbs

4304

407

43

102

13

26

114

2

First Conjugation, endinsc in er. . .

.

Second Conjugation, ending in ir.

.

Third Conjugation, ending in oir.

.

Fourth Conjugation, ending in dre

Fifth Conjugation, ending in oitre

Sixth Conjugation, ending in nire .

Irregular verbs of various other endings

The two auxiharies, avoir and etre .

.

5011

French Verbs. 19

EXEMPLAR OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION.

Containing 4304 V'erbs, ending in er.

Termination of the Infinitive Mood, er.

Termination of the Present Participle, ant.

Termination of the Past Participle, c.

DEMANDER, TO ASK.

PAKTICIPLES.

Present Tense, demamlant, askin?;:

Past Tense, deniamle, askeil

Compound of the Past, ayant ilemande, having- asked

Present Tense,Past Tense,

INFINITIVE JIOOD.

demander,avoir deiuande,

to askto have asked

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

je demande, I ask,

tu deraandes, thou askest,

il demande, he asks,

nous demandons, we ask,

vous deniandez, you ask,

ils deniaudeut,* they ask.

I do ask,

thou dost ask,

he does ask,

we do ask,

you do ask,

tliey do ask.

or I am askingthou art askinghe is asking'

we are askingyou are askingtliey are asking

Imperfect Tense.

jederaindois,+ I was asking, or1 asked

tu dcmaudois, thou wast asking-,

il demandoit, be was asking

nous deman- we were askingdions,

vous deuian- you were askingdiez,

ils demandoi. tliey were askingent,

' Remember that ENT, at tlie end of the third person plural, never

sounds in any tense.

+ See the observation at page 34, on the dipihong oi.

20 French Verbs.—\sl Conjugation.

Perfect or Past Tense.

je deiuandai, I askedtil demandas, thou askedst

il deraanda, he asked

uous demandames, we askedvous deniandutes, you askedils deniauderent, tliey asked

Future Tense.

je demanderai, I v/ill ask, or I

shall asktu demauderas, thou wilt ask,

thou shall askil deiiiaudera, he will ask, he

shall ask

nous deman- we will ask, wederoHs shall ask

vous deman- you will ask, youderez, shall ask

ils demander. they will ask,theyont, shall ask

Cohditiohal Tense.

je demander-ois,*

I would ask, or I

ahall ask, of I

could asktu demander- thou wouldst ask

ois, &c.

nous demaude- we would askrions,

vous demande you would askriez,

ils demande- they would aski"oient,il deraanderoit, he would ask

Compound of the Present Tense

y ai demande, I have asked, orI have beenaskin,?

tu as demande, thou hast asked,&c.

il a dem.auds, he had asked

nous avons de- we have askedmande,

vous avez de- you have askedmand^,

ils out deman- they have askedde,

Compound of the Imperfect Tense.

j' avois deman- 1 had asked, or I

d^, had been asking-tu avois deman-thou hadst asked

de, &c.il avoit deman- he had askedde,

nous avions de- we have askedmande,

vous aviez de- yon have askedmande,

ils ont deman- they have askedde,

Compound of the Past Tense.

y eus deman- I had askedde,

tu eus deman- thou hadst askedde,

il eut deman- he had askedde

nous eumes de- we had askedmande,

vous elites de- you had askedmande,

ils eurent de- they had askedmande,

' Sec the observation at pag-c 31, on the dipthong oi.

French Verbs.— \st Conjugation. 21

Compound o^f the Future Tense.

j'aurai deman- I shall have askedde,

tu auras deman-thoii shall havede, asked

il aura demau- he shall havede, asked

nous aurons de- we shall havemande, asked

vous aurez de- you shall havemande, " asked

ils auront de- they shall havemande, asked

Compound of the Conditional Tense.

nous aurions de- we would havej' aurois demau-lshould,orwouldde, have asked

tu aurois denian-thou wouldstde, have asked

ilauroit demau- he wovild havede,

mande,vous auriez de-

niande,ils auroieut de-

maude,asked

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

demaudo, ask thou<iu' il demande, let him ask

demandons,demande/,,qu' ils deman-

dent.

askedyou would have

askedthey would have

asked

let us askask yelet them ask

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

()ue je deman- that I may askde,

que tu deman- tliat thou mayst.!es, ask

«iu' il deman- that he may askde,

that we may ask

that you may ask

q\ie nous de-mandions,

([ue vous de-mandiez,

qu' ils deman- that they may askdent.

Perfect or Past Tense.

queje deman- that I mislit ask,<lasse, or that I asked

que tu deman- that thou raightst(lasses, ask, 6i.r..

qu' il deman. that he might askdat,

qiu' nous de- that we mightmaudassions, ask

que vous de. that j'oii niishtmandissiez, ask

qu' ils deman. that they mightdassent, ask

Compound of the Present Tense.

quej'aiede. that I may havemande, asked

que tu aies de. that thou maystmande, have asked

qu' il ait de- that he may havemande, asked

que nous avons that we may havedemande, asked

que vous ayez thatyou mayhavedemande, asked

qu' ils aient that they maydemande, have asked

22 French Verbs— 1st Conjugation.

Compoufirl of the Perfect Tense.

quej'eusse de- that I might havemanrle,

que tu ensses

(leniande,

qu' il eut de-

mande,

askedthat tliou miglitst

have askedthat he mighthave asked

que nons eus- that we niiglit

sioiis demande, have askedque vous eus- tliat you might

siez demande, liave askedqu' ils eussent that they mightdemande, have asked

REMARKS UPON THE FIRST CONJUGATION.

Of the 4304 verb* ending in er, all are regular, exceptaller, to go; and two or three single tenses in other

verbs, as puer, &c. explained at page 33. The learner,

therefore, having learned demandkk, perfectly, can haveno difficulty in declining anyotlier verb in er, by changingthe terminations exactly as they are changed in the worddemander.

After having recited and copied out demander, several

times; the scholar ought to practise himself in forming

the tenses of other verbs in er.

Take, for instance, the verbs parler, to speal<, porter,

to carry, aiiner, to love, chanter, to sing.

Remember that the changes are made only in the final

letters, er, and that the radical Letters, as pari, in parler,

port, in porter, aim, in aimer, and chant, in chanter,

like demand in demander, always remain the same.

Termination of the Present Participle, ant. presentPAKTiciPiES. demandant, asking, parlant, speaking,

portant, carrying, aimant, loving, chantant, singing.

Termination of the Past Participle, e. Past Partici-ples, demande, asked, parte, spoken, porti, carried,

aimd, loved, chante , sung.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Termination of the Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.12 3 12 3

. e es e ons ez ent

Ftench Verbs.— \st CoHJngution. 23

je deiuande, parte, porte, ainre, chantetu deinandes paries, portes, airaes, chantesil deniande, parle. porte. aime, chantenous dernandons, parldiis, portons, airaons, chantonsvous demandez, parle/. portez. aimez, chantonslis demandeut, parleiit, portent, aiineiit. cliantent

Termination of the Imperfect Tense.

Siiitrular. Plural.12 3 12ois ois oit ious iez

3

oient

Note.—Remember that the Imperfect Tense of every\'erb in the language ends in a similar way.

je demandois,fu demandois,il demandoit,nous deraandions,vous deraandiez,lis demandoient,

parlois,

parlois,

parloit,

parlions,

parliez,

parloient,

portois,

portois,

pnrtolt,

portions,

portiez,

portoienc

aimois,

a imo is,

aimoit,ainiions,

aimiez.

chantoisclmntoischantoischantionschantiez.

aimoient, chautoient

Termiyiation of the Perfect or Past Tense.

Singular. Plural.12 3 12 3

as a ames ates erentai as a

je deraandai, parlai, portai,

lu demandas, parlas, portas,

il demaiida, parla, porta,

nous deinandames, parlilmeii, portames,vous demandates, parlites, portates,

ils demanderent, parlerent, porttrent

aimai, chantiii

aima.s, chantasaima, chantaairaames, chantaraesaimates, chantiites

aimerent, cUaaterent

Termination of the Future Tense.

Sini^ular. Plural.

1

rai

3

ra

1

roQS

3

ront

Note.—The future tense of EVERY verb in the languageends in a similar manner.

je demanderai, parlerai, porterai, airaerai, chanteraitu deniandcras, parleras, porteras, aimeras, chanterasil demandera, parlera, portera, aitnera, chaiitera

nous demanderons, parlcnms, porterons, aitaerons, clianterons

vous deniandcrez, jjarlerez, porterez, airaerez, chauterezill deutiiadttrout, parleront porteront aimeiout, I'Imntcront

24 French Verbs.— \st Conjugation^.

Termination of the Conditional Tense.

Sina;ular. Plural.12 3 12 3

rois rois loit rioas riez roient

Note.—The conditional tense of every verb in the lan-

guage ends in a similar manner.

je dernanderois, parlerois, porterois, aimerois, chanterois

tu dernanderois, parlerois, porterois, aimerois, chanterois

il denianderoit, parleroit, porteroit, aimeroit, chanteroit

nous deraanderions, parlerions, porterions, airaerions, chanterions

vous demanderiez, parleriez, porteriez, ainieriez, rhanteriez,

ils denianderoient, parleroient, porteroient,airaeroient, chanteroient

With the compound tenses the learner can have nodifficulty, as he has only to repeat the tenses oi avoir

with the past participle of the verb ; as

—

J' ai demande, j' ai parle, j' ai porte, j'ai aime, j' ai

chante, j' avois demande, j' eus parle, j* aurai porte,

j' aurois aime, j' aurois chante, &c. &c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Termination of the Imperative Mood.

Sing-ular. Plural.

2 3 12 3

e e ons ez ent

Note—The three persons plural of the imperative moodof EVERY verb in the language end in a similar manner.

demande, parle. porte. aime, chante

qu' il demande. parle. porte. aime. chante

demandons. parlous, portons, aimons, chantons.

demandez. parlez, portez, aimez, chantez

qu'ils demandent. parlent. portent. aiment. chantent

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Termination of the Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.12 3 12 3

e es e ions iez ent

Note.—That, except etre and avoir, every verb in the

language ends in a similar "manner in the present tense of

the subjunctive.

French Verbs.— \st Conjugation. 25

que je demande,que tu demandes,qu' il demande,que iiousdemaudionsque vousdemaudiez,qu' ils demaudeiit,

parle,

paries,

parle,

parlions,

parliez,

parlent,

porte,

portes,

porte,

portions,

portiez,

portent.

aimes,ainie,

aime,aimions,ainiiez,

aimeut,

rhanteeliantes

cliante

chanlionschant iez

chantint

Termination of the Past or Perfect Tense.

Singular.

1 -2

asse asses

que je demandasse,que tu deniandasses,

qu' il demandat,

at

Plural.

1 2

assions assiez

3

assent

parlasse, portasse, aimasse, chantasse

parlasses, portasses, ainiasses, chantassesparlat, portat, ainiiit, chautat

que nous ilemandassionsparlassionsportassionsainiassionsdiantassions

que vous demandassiez, parlassiez, portassiez,airaassiez, chantasiez

qu' ils dcniandassent, parlassent,port{issent,aimassent,chantassent

The compound tenses of the subjunctive are formedwith the tenses oi avoir and the past participle; as

—

yiie j' aie demande, que j' aie parlo, que j' eusse porte,

que j' eusse aime, que j' eusse chantc, &c.

26

OF REFLECTED VERBS.

A reflected verb is a verb the action of which is re-

flected on the nominative case instead of passing; to ano-ther object. Verbs of this kind answer to the middlevoice of the Greeks, and are frequently used in Englishwith myself, thyself, &c., added to them; as

—

I perjure myselfthou perjurest thyself

he perjures himself

we perjure ourselves

you perjure yourselves

they perjure themselves

The French also use au additional pronoun in verbsof this kind; but they place it immediately before theverb, instead of immediately after it, as we do.

The principle is precisely similar in both languages ;

the only difference in practice is, that the genius of the

English language requires the pronoun to follow the

verb, and that of the French requires it to precede it.

If the French followed our system, thej' would say

—

I perjure myself.

thou perjurest thyself,

he perjures himself,

we perjure ourselves,

you perjure yourselves,

they perjure themselves, ils parjurent se

Instead of which they say

—

je parjure metu parjures te

il parjure se

nous parjurons nousvous parjurez reus

je me parjure

tu te parjure

il se parjure

nous nous parjuronsVDUS vous parjurez

ils se parjurent

using exactly the same words in a different order.

French Verbs.— \st Conjugation. 27

EXEMPLAR OF A REFLECTED VERB.

Every reflected verb follows its proper conjugation:by comparing se morjuar with dematider, the learuer will

perceive that the only diiference is in the prefixed pro-

noun.

SE MOQUER, TO LAUGH AT.

P.\RTICIPLES.

Present Tense, se moquant, laughing- at

fast Tease, luociue, laughetl at'

Compound of the Past Tense, s' etant moque, haviuij laughed at

Note. Let the learner take particular notice that re-

flected verbs, in French, form the compound tenses bythe help of the auxiliary etre, and never with avoir:

therefore we say, s'etant luoque, having laughed at ; andnot s'ayant moque.

Present Tense,Past Tense,

je nie moquetu tc inoques

il se moque

je me moquoistu te mo()uois

il as moquoit

je me mnquaitu te nioqua*il it iiiiiqua

INFINITIVE MOOD.

se moquer,s' etre moque,

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

1 laugh at, &c.

to laugh at

to have laughed at

nous nous moquonsvous vous mcxjuezils se moqueat

Imperfect Tense.

I was laughing at, &c.

nous nous moquionsvous vous nioquezlis se inoquoieut

Perfect or Past Tense.

I laughed at.

nous nous moquamesvous vous mo()uatcii>

\\i se iuo(iui:rt;nt

28 French Verbs.— \st Coyijiigation.

Future Tense.

I shall laugh at, &c.

,je me moqueraitu te raociueras

il se moquera

je me moqueroistu te moqueroisil se moqueroit

nous nous moqueronsvousvous moquerezils se moqueront

Conditional Tense.

1 should lauijh at, &c.

nous nous moquerionsvous vous moqueriezils se moqueroient

The compound tenses are merely the simple tenses ofetre, with the past participle.

Compound of the Present Tense.

I have laughed at, 8cc.

je me suis moquetu 'V es moqueil "s' est moque

nous nous somraes moquesvous vous etes moquesils se sont moques

Compound of the Imperfect.

1 had laughed at, &c.

je 'm' etois moquetu t' etois moqueil "s" etoit moque

nous nous etions moquesvous vous etiez moquesils s' etoient moques

Compound of the Imperfect Tense.

I had laughed at, &c.

je me fus moquetu te fus moqueil se fut moque

nous nous fumes moquesvous vous futes moquesil se furent moques

Compound of the Future Tense.

I shall have laughed at, &c.

je me serai moquetu te seras moqueil se sera moque

nous nous serons moquesvous vous serez moquesils se serout moques

Compound of the Conditional Tense.

I should have laughed at, 8cc.

je me serois moquetu te serois moqueil se seroit moque

nous nous senons moquesvous vous seriez moquesils se seroieut moques

• The e in vac, te, »e, is cut off before the vowel.

Freiich Verbs.— 1st Conjugation. 29

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Imoqiions nous, let us laugh atmoijiii'Z vous lau!"h at

<(u' ils se mo- let "them laughqueut,

Observe, that ia tbe second person singular, and first

and second persons plural of the imperative of reflectedverbs, the French place the pronoun after the verb, as wedo; moque toi, laugh thou; leve toi, rise thou; levezTouSj rise ye, 8i,c.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense-

That I may laugh at, See.

queje me moque I que nous nous moquions '

que tu te moque I que vous vous moquiezqu' il St moque

| qu' ils se moqueut

Perfect or Past Tense.

That I might laugh at, &.c.

queje me moquasseque tu te mo()uas,ses

qu' il be moquut

que nous nous moquassioiisque vous vous moqua.ssiez

qu' ils se moquasseut

Compound of the Present Tense.

That I may have laughed at, &c.

queje me sois moqueque tu te sois moquequ' il ne soit moque

que nous nous soyons moquesque vous vious soyez iiioques

qu' ils se soieut moques

Compound of the Past Tense.

That 1 might have laughed at, &c.

queje mefusse moqueque tu te fus.scs moquequ' il se fut moque

/ que nous nous fussions moquesque vous vous fussie/. moquesqu' ils se fussent mocjues

The learner must take particular notice, that when thenominative case of any verb in a compound tense is pas-sive, the past participle must agree with that nomiuativcin number and gender. Thus, iu the active

—

30 French Verbs.— 1st Conjugation.

il a porte, lie has carried

elle a porte, she has carried

les hommes ont porte, men have carried

les femmes oat porte, women have carried

porte is not liable to change.

But in the passive

—

il a cte portee, he has been carried

elle a ete portee, she has been carried

les hommes ont ete portes, the men have been carried

les femmes ont ete portees, the women have been carried

porte is liable to change according to the number andgender of its nominative case.

Reflected verbs follow the same rule, except in somecases. Therefore, in the verb se moquer, and other si-

milar verbs, when the nominative is feminine, the parti-

ciple must take the final e feminine ; thus, she hadlaughed at me, elle se fut moquee de moi; my sisters

had laughed at their aunt, mes soeurs se furent moqueesde leur tante.

Of the 4304 verbs in e?-, 183 are reflected; but manyof the others admit of being conjugated reflectively, with

the prefixed pronoun, as

—

laver, to wash se laver, to wash oneself

euferrer, to run through s' enferrer, to run oneself

throughcnfermer, to shut up s' enfermer, to shut oneself up

Sometimes a verb conjugated reflectively assumes a

different signification, as

—

couper, to cut se couper, to equivocate

porter, to carry se porter, to be, in respect to

health ; as, se porter bien, to bewell in health

passer, to pass se passer, to dispense with—to

do without

31

EXCEPTIONS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION.

The uniformity of the verbs in er ougrht to t^ive c:reat

encouragement to the learner, who, when he has madehimself well acquainted with demander and two excep-

tions, knows six-sevenths of all the verbs, viz. 4304 out

of 5011.

The /«'o verbs in er, which do not make their inflec-

tions regularly like demander, are

—

aller, to go ; andENVoYER, to send.

FIRST EXCEPTION.

Aller, to go ; allant, going : alle, gone.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

All the tenses of this mood are regular, like demander,except ihe present, J'uture, &xi.A conditional.

Present Tense.

nous aliens, %ve govous allez, you tjo

ils vont, they go

je vais, I fro

tu vas, thou gfoest

il rn, he ^oes

Tiie imperfect, j'allois, and the perfect, j' allal, are

regular.

Future Tense.

y irai, I shall or will go I nous irons, we shall gotu iras, thou shalt go vous irez, you shall goil ira, he shall go ( ils iront, they shall go

Conditional Tense.

j' irois, I would gotu irois, il iroit, nous irions, vous iriez, ils iroient

The compound tenses are formed with ctre : je siiis

alle, nous sommes alles, ellc sera allcc, elles scront

allees.

32 French Verbs.— \st Conjugation.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

va vas, go thoii

qii' il ailie, let him goallons, let us goallez, go ye

qu' ils aillent

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

The only irregular tense in this mood is the present.

Present Tense.

quej'ai7/e, that I may goque tu allies, that thou mayst goqu' il aille, that he may go

que nous allions, that we may goque vous alliez, that you may goqu ils ailleut, tliattheymaygo

The irregular parts of each tense are shown by the

italics.

The reflected verb, s' en aller, to go away, is conju-

gated like aller, with the prefixed pronoun and the par-

ticiple eu- asje m' en vais, tu t' en vas, il s' en va, nousnous en allons, vous vous en allez, ils s' en vont, &c.

SECOND EXCEPTION.

Envoyer, to send ; envoyant, sending : envoye, sent.

This verb is irregular only in the future and condi-

tional of the indicative mood.

Future Tense.

Notj' envoyerai, butj'enverrai, if would send I nous enverrons, we will sendtu enverras, thou shalt send I vous enverrez, you shall seudil enverra, he shall send

|ils enverront, they shall send

Conditional Tense.

Not j' envoyerois, butj'enverrois, 1 would send

tu enverrois, thou wouldst send

il enverroit, he would send

nous enverrions, we should sendvous enverriez, you would sendils enverroient, they would seud

Renvoyer, to send back, varies in the same manner :

je renverrai, je renverrois.

French Verbs.— \st Conjugation. 33

Observations on Puer, Recouvrer, and Tisser.

Pucr, to stink, in the present tense of the indicative,is sometimes written, by corruption, je pus, tu pus,il put ; instead of je pue, tu pues, il pue.

Recouvrer, to recover, sometimes makes recouvert, iathe past participle, instead of recouvre.

Tisser, tn weave, makes, in its past participle, ^w.tw,woven. Tissu is borrowed from the obsolete verb tistre,to weave.The five foregoing verbs of the first conjugation may

be fixed in the mind by the following sentence :—

f^elui qui ne va pas dans le droit chemin, un jugc-ment severe sur son Tissu de mauvaises actions l'enVERRA dans uns abyme puant de soufre d'ou personnene sera recouvert.

Observations on Verbs in ger, cer, and yer.

In those parts of verbs in ger, where an a or an owould follow the ^>-, an e must be inserted, to preservethe soft sound of the i^. Thus, in the present tense of7>ia>i<^er, to eat, we must not say nous mangons, butnous mangeons; and, in the present participle, we mustsay mangeant, and not mangant.

For the same reason, verbs in cer take a cedilla (amark used only under the letter c, thus 9) when a or ofollow the c, which shows that the c is to be soundedsoft, like an s: thus, in commencer, to begin we mustwrite nous commen9ons, je commen<;ai, tu commen9as,il comraen^a, &c.

Verbs in i/er change the y into i before e, e«, cut, andt; as in employer, to employ, j' emploie, tu emploies,il emploie, nous employons, vous employez, ilsemploient,j' emploirai, j' emploirois, &c. &c.

Observations on the Dipthong oi.

Imperfect and Conditional Tenses of the Indicative.

34 French Verbs.— \st Conjugation.

The observation on the dipthong oi, though it appliesequally to every conjugation, had better be learned in

this place.

Every verb in the French language makes the imper-fect and conditional tenses of the indicative mood to endas follows:

Siugular

Plural

^ 1st person2nd-3rd-

ois

ois

oit

ions

iez

oient

In these endings, the dipthong oi sounds ai, for whichreason Voltaire attempted to introduce the custom ofspelling the imperfect and conditional tenses with ai

instead of oi. Many writers have adopted this system.Lest the learner should be embarrassed when he meets,in some modern author, with a verb spelled in this way,he bad better copy out a few tenses spelled in that man-ner, e. g.

y avois,,

tu avats,

tu avais,nous avions,

vous aviez,

ils avaienC

j' auxais,tu aura^s,il aurdf'f

,

nous aurions,

vous aurifz,

ils auroieat,

etais,

elais,

eta it,

etions,

etiez,

«tatent

Imperfect Teiisc.

demanda/s,demandais,demaiidaii,demandions,demand iez,

demandazent,

svxais,

serais,

serait,

serious,

seriez,

seraient,

Conditional Tense.

deraanderni*,demandernts,deraanderni/,demanderioiis,demandericz,deraanderaient.

me moqua/s,te raoqueais,se moquerati,nous uioquionsvous moquiezse moqaient

me maquerftts,te moqueroitse moqueroitnous moquerionsvous moqueriez,se nioquerotent

End of the First Conjugation, which contains 4304verbs ending in er.

35

EXEMPLAR OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION.

Containing the 407 Verbs, ending in ir.

Termination of the Infinitive Mood, ir.

Termination of the Present Participle, issanl.

Termination of the Past Participle, /.

DIVERTIR, TO DIVERT.

Present Tense,Past Tense,Compound of the Past,

PARTICIPLES.

divertissant,

diverti,

ayant diverti,

INFINITIVE Moot).

divertir,

avoir diverti,

divertingdivertedhaving- diverted

Present Tense, divertir, to divertPast Tense, avoir diverti, to liave diverted

It will be unnecessary to swell these pages with theEnglish of each verb at full length, as the learner caneasily make the same change for each tense in the verbto divert, as he had already done in the verb to ask.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

je divertis

tu divertis

il divertit.

je divertissois

tu divertissois

il divertissoit

je divertis

tu divertis

il divertit

je diTcrtirai

tu diverti ras

il divertir*

nous divertissionsvous divertissez

ils divertissent

Impetfect Tense.

Incus divertissions

vous divertissiez

ils divertissoient

Perfect or Past Tetise.

nous dlverttniMvous divertites

ils divertireut

Future Tense.

nous divertironsvous divertirezils divertiront

36 French Verbs.—2nd Conjugation.

je divertirois

til (livtrtiiois

il divertiroit

Conditional Tense.

nous divertirionsvous divertiriez

ils divertiroient

Coynpound Tenses.

Of the Present,Of the Imperfect,Of the Past,Of the Future,Of the Conditional,

j' ai divertij' avois divertij' eus diverti

.i' aiirai divertij' aurois diverti

divertis

fill' il divertisse

IMPEIfATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

divertissons

divertissez

quilsdivertissent

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

fjiie je divertisse<|iie til divertisses

i|ir il divertisse

f|ue je divertisse

(|iie tu divertissest|ir il divertit

Present Tense.

que nous divertissions

que vous divertissiez

qu' ils divertissent

Perfect or Past Tense.

que nous divertissions

que vous divertissiez

qu' ils divertissent

Compound Tenses.

Of the Present,Of the Perfect,

que j' aie diverti

que j' eusse diverti

When the learner has written and recited divertir till

he is quite perfect in it, let him conjugate^w/r, to finish,

punir, to punish, ejnbellir, to embellish, and nourrir, to

nourish :

—

e. g.

je divertis,

je divertissois,

je diverti rai

je divertisse

divertissant,

diverti,

finis, pimis, erabellis, nourrisfinissois, punissois, embellissois, nourrissois

finirai, punirai, erabellirai, nourrirai

finisse, punisse, erabellisse. uourisse

finissant, punissant. embellissant, nourrissant

fini. puni, embelli, iiourri

37

EXCEPTIONS OF THE SECOND CONJU-

GATION.

There are twenty-three irregular verbs in ir, with their

compounds, which are conjugated differently from di-

vertir. That the learner may fix these exceptions easily

in the memory, I have divided them into four classes,

according to their endings. They are as follows :

—

6 Verbs ending in tir, and 12 compounds.4 frir and vrir, 6 compounds.2 enir, 28 compounds.

11 ir, 25 compounds.

23 simple verbs, and 71 compounds.

FIRST CLASS OF EXCEPTIONS.

Six Verbs in tir, and twelve Compounds.

The six verbs in tir, which depart from the general

rule of issant, i, in the participles, are

—

Present Participles. Past Participles.

to lie

to set outto repentto feel, to smellto go out

These five are declined alike, se repentir taking a

double pronoun as a reflected verb.—These five verbs in

tir may be remembered as exceptions, by committing to

memory the following sentence:—Je sens que vous vousrepentirez d'avoir menti quand vous serez sorti ct parti

d'ici en consequence.

6 vetir, vctant, vetu, to dollie

1 inentir, mentant, menti,2 partir,3 se repentir,4 sentir.

l>artant,

se repentant,sentant.

parti,

repenti,

senti.

5 sortir, sortant. sorti,

38 French Verbs.—^d Conjugatimi.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense, je meuts, tu nients, il ment, nousmentons, vouse mentez, ils menteiit, je pars, je me re-

pens, je sens, je sors.

hnperfect Tense, je mentois, je partois, je me repen-tois, je sentois, je sortois.

Perfect, or Past Tense, je mentis^ je partis, je me re-

pentis, je sentis, je sortis.

. Future Tense, je mentirai, je partirai, je me repen-

tirai, je sentirai, je sortirai.

Conditional Tense, je mentirois, je partirois, je merepentirois, je sentirois, je sortirois.

Observe, that partir and sortir form tlieir compoundtenses with ^tre; as does se repentir, of course; mentir

and sentir take avoir; j'ai mentis, je suis parti, je raesuis

repenti, j' ai senti, je suis sorti.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

ment!', qu' il mente, mentons, mentez, qu'ils mententpars, parte, partons, partez, ]>artent

repens-toiyse repente, repentons nous, repentez vous,se rej)entent

sens, sente, sentons, sentez, sentent

sors, sorte, sortons, sortez, sortent

SUBJUNCTIVE IMOOD.

Present Tense, que je mente, que je parte, que je merepente, que je sente, que je sorte.

Perfect Tense, que je mentisse, que je partisse, queje me rcpentisse, qne je sentisse, que je sortisse.

All compound verbs are, with very few exceptions,

declined in the same manner as their primitives; thus,

dementir follows mentir, consentir and pressentir follow

sentii .

Observe, that rcpartir, to set out again, and dcpnrtir,

to depart, are declined like partir; put reportir anddcpartir, to divide, are regular, and make repartissant,

departissant.

Also, rcssortir, to go out again, follows sortir ; but

ressortir, to be under the jurisdiction of, and belong to,

is regular, and makes ressortissant, ressorti.

39

VETIR, TO CLOTHE.

Vetant, clothing, vetu, vetue, clothed.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present, je v^ts, tu vets, il v6t, uous vutons, vous, ve-

tez, ils vetent.

Imperfect, je vetois, tu vetois, &c.

Perfect or Past, je vetis, tu vetis, il vetit, nous v6-

times, vous vetites, ils vetirent.

Future, je vetirai. Conditional, je vetirois.

Compound Tenses,]' ai vetu, j'avois vetu, j'eus v^tu,

j'aurai vetu, j'aurois vetu.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

V^ts, qu'il vete, vC'tons, vetez, qu'ils vetent.

SIBJUKCTIVE MOOD.

Present, que je vete, que tu vetes, &c.

Perfect or Past, que je vetisse, que tu vetisses, qu'il

vt'tit, que nous vCtissions, &c.

Compound Tenses, que j'aie vetu, que j'eusse Vetu.

There are five Verbs compounded from vctir:

Ddvetir, to divest, to strip, to undress.

Reietir, to dress in robes of office or dignity, and

hence, to invest with an office or dignity.

Survetir, a vestry term, to put on a surplice or robe

over the dress.

These three are declined like vetir.

Investir, to invest,

Travestir, to burlesque, to disguise, to travesty,

are regular verbs, and make their Participles in issant,

i ; remember this by the words, a font invested toith a

di~fnit;i is regularly travestied.

40 I

SECOND CLASS OF EXCEPTIONS.

Four Verbs infrir and vrir, and six compounds.

There are eleven French Verbs ending mfrir, and vrir,

ten of which form the second class of exceptions to

Verbs in ir: the eleventh Verb is regular.

These ten are

—

couvrir, to cover, with two compounds, dccoucrir, recoii-

vrir :

offrir, to offer, with two compounds, mesojfrir, roffrir

:

ouvrir, to open, with two compounds, entroiivrir, ruuvrir :

souffrir, to suffer: which are all declined alike, in thefollowing manner

:

Ouvrir, to open; ouvrant, opening ; ouvert, opened.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Presetif, j'ouvre, tu ouvres, il ouvre, nous ouvrons,vous ouvrez, ils ouvrent.

Imperfect, j'ouvrois, tu ouvrois, &c.

Perfect or Past, j'ouvris, tu ouvris, &c.

Future, j'ouvrirai. Conditional, j'ouvrirois.

Compound Tenses, j'ai ouvert j'avois ouvert, j'eus

ouvert, j'aurai ouvert, j'aurois ouvert

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Ouvre, qu'il ouvre, ouvrons, ouvrez, qu'ils ouvrent.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present, que j'ouvre, que tu ouvres, &c.

Perfect, que j' ouvrisse, que tu ouvrisses, qu'il ouvrit,

&c.

Compound Tenses, que j'aie ouvert, que j'eusse ouvert.

In the passive voice, the Past Participle takes an e in

the feminine, as usual. La fenetre est ouverte, les fenetres

sont ouvertes.

French Verbs.—2rf Conjugation. 41

The eleventh Verb, which most of the grammarianshave omitted to notice, appaturir, to impoverish, is

regular, like divcrtir, and makes appauvrissant, impover-

ishing, appauvri, impoverished.

THIRD CLASS OF EXCEPTIONS.

Two Verbs in enir, and twenty-eight compounds.

There are three French Verbs ending in e?ur, with

their compounds, viz.

Benir, to bless, which, with its compound, rebenir, is

regular, and makes bcnissant, beni.

Xote. Speaking of consecrated bread and water, wemust say, du pain benit, de I'eau benite.

The two Verbs which form the third class of excep-

tions to Verbs in 2r,are words of very extensive use, viz.

venir, to come, with eighteen compounds :

tenir, to hold, with ten compounds;

both declined alike, venir, with etre, and tenir, with

avoir.

A'cHir, to come; vetiant, comiiif;; venu,/em. veiiiic, come.

Tenir, to hold ; tenant, holding ; tenu,/effi. tenue, held.

je viens

tu viens

il vient

je venois

tu venous

il TL-noit

jc Tins

tu viu»

il Tint

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

je tii'us 1nous venons

tu tiensI

vous vencz

il tient Iils viennent

Imperfect Tense.

je tenois i nous venions

tu tenois vous veniez

il tenoit I ils venoient

Perfect or Past Tense.

ji; tins

tu tins

il liiil

nous vmmesvous vintes

ils vinrcnt

nous tenonsvous tenez

ils tiennent

nous tcnionsvous teniez

ils tenoient

nous tinmesvous tintes

ils tinrtuf

42 French Verbs—26? Conjugation.

Future Tense.

je viendraitu viendras

il viendra

je tiendrai

tu tiendras

il tiendi-a

nous viendrons uous tiendrousvovs vienrtrez vous tiendrez

ils vieudi'ont ils tieudront

Conditional Tense.

jeviendrois jetiendroistu viendrois tu tieudrois

il viendroit il tieudroit

nous viendrions nous tiendrions

vous vieudriez vous tiendrionsils vieudioient ils tiendroient

Compound Tenses.

Of the Present—je suis venu, tu es venu, il est venu, elle eat

venue, aous sonimes venus, vous etes venus, ils sont venus, elles sontvenues: j'ai tenu, tu as tenu, il a tenu, elle a tenu, nous avous tenu,

vousavez tenu, ils ont tenu, elles ont tenu.

Of the Imperfect—j' etois venu, j'avois tenu.

Of the Perfect—je fus venu, j'eus tenu.

Of the Future—je serai venu, j' aural tenu.

Of the Conditional—je .serois venu, j' aurois tenu.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

viens

qu' il Viennavenonsvenez

qu' ils viennent

tiens

qn' il tiennetenonstenez

qu' ils tiennent

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

quejevieune queje tienne

que tu viennes que tu tiennes

qu' il vienne qu'Jl tienne

que nous veuions que uous tenionsque vous veniez que vous teniez

qu' ils viennent qu' ils tiennent

Perfect or Past Tense.

queje vinsse queje tinsse

que tu vinsses que tu tinsses

qu' il vint qu' il tint

que nous vins- que nous tinssions

sions

que vous vins- que vous tinssiez

siez

qu' ils vinssent qu' ils tinssent

Compound Tenses—queje sols venu, que je fusse venu, que j' aie

ttnu, que j" eusse tenu.

43

FOURTH CLASS OF EXCEPTIONS.

Eleven Verbs in ir, and twenty-five compounds.

These eleven Verbs are

—

Present Participle. Past Participle

bouillir. bouillant, bouilli, to boil

courir. courant, couru, to runcueiilir. cueilbint,- cueilli to gfather

ilormir, dormant, dormi to sleep

Jaitlir, faillant failli, to fail

fair. fuyant, fui, to fly

mourir, mourant, morl, to die

ouir. oni. to hear

querir. to fetch

sail/ir. saillant, t" project

servir, servant, servi, to serve

COURIR, CUEILLIR, FUIR, MOURIR.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Je coHrs

u courstl courtlaous couronsvous courezils courent

Present Tense.

cueille

cueilles

cueille

cueillonscueille/

cueilleut

fuis

fiiis

fuit

fuyonsfiiyez

fuient

meursmeursnieurtmouronsmourezmeurent

je courois

je courustu courusil courutnous courflmesvous courfites

ils courureut

Imperfect Tense.

cueiUois fuyois

Perfect or Past Tense.

cueillis

cueitlis

cueillit

cueillimescueillites

cueillircut

fuis

fuis

fuit

fuiines

fuites

fuirent

uiourois, &c.

mourusmourusmourutmourumcsmourutisniiiurureut

Future Tense.

cucillcrai fuirui mourrai, &c.

44 French Verbs.—2(1 Conjugation.

je courrois

Conditional Tense,

cueillerois fuirois mourrois, &c.

Compound Tenses—j' ai couru, j' ai cueilli, j' ai fui, je suismort,elle est morte, &c.

cours cueille

qu'il courecouronscourez

qu'ilscourent

cueille

ciieillons

cueillez

cueillent

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

fuis

fuie

fuyonsfuyezfuient

meursmeurtmouronsmourevsmeurent

qucje coure

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense,

cueille fuie meure, &c.

Perfect or Past Tense.

que je courusse cueillisse fuisse mourusse, &c.

Compound Tenses—quej' aie couru, que j' eusse couru, que j'aiecueilli, quej' eusse cueilli, quej' aie fui, quej'eusse fui, que je sola

mort, que je fosse mort, &c.

Bouillir is used actively in one phrase onlj', viz. boull-

lir du lait a quelqu'im, to make much of one, to do anyone a pleasure; also, in an unfavourable sense, to treat

like a child, to mock. We do not say bouillir de I'eau,

to boil water, but faire bouillir de I'eau; fair bouillir a

demi, to parboil. As a Neuter Verb, it is used in the

third person only ; I'eau bout, les choux bouillent,

bouillir, bouillant. bouilli, je bous, tu bous, il bout,nous bouillons, je bouillois, je bouillis, je bouillirai, je

bouillirois, bous, qu'il bouille, que je bouille, que je

bouillisse.

Dormir, and sernr, with their compounds, are declined

like sentir, except asservir, which is regular, and makesasservissant. Ouir, to hear, is used only in the infini-

tive: ouir, in the perfect; j'ouis, I heard, il ouit, heheard, in the perfect of the subjunctive; que j'ouisse,

that I might hear; and in the compound tenses, j'ai

oui, j'ayoit oui, j'eus oui, &c.

French Verbs.—2d Conjugation. 45

Faillir is used iu the perfect and compound tenses

on\y. Perfect—^je faillis, tu t'aillis, il faillit, nous failliraes,

vous faillites, ils faillirent, j' ai failli, j'avois failli, j'eus

failli, &c.

Querir is used in the infinitive only ; aller me querii-

men valet, go and fetch my valet. Acqucrir, requerir,

&c. are declined thus :

Acqucrir. to acquire; acquerant, acquiring; acquis,

acquired.

Indicative, Present—^j'acquiers, tu acquiers, il acquiert,

nous acquerons, vous acquerez, ils acquierent. Imper-

fect—^j'acquerois, &c. Perfect—j'acquis. &c. Future

—j'acquerrai, (Sue. Conditional—^j'acquerrois, &o. Im-perative—acquiers, qu' ii acquiere, &c. Subjunctive,

Present—que j'acquiere, &c. Perfect—que j'acquissc.

Compound Tenses with avoir—que j'aie acquis, &c.

Saillir, to project, to jut out, is used in the third per-

son only; cette corniche saille trop, that cornice is tooprominent. Tressaillir, to start, and assaillir, to assail,

are declined thus;

Tressaillir, tressaillant, tressailli.

Indicative, Present—je tressaille, &c. Imperfect—je

tressaillois, &c. Perfect—^je tressaillis, &c. Future—^je

tressaillirai, &c. Conditional—je trcssaillirois, &c.

Subjunctive Present—que je tressaille, &c. Perfect—que je tressaillisse, &c. The Compound Tenses, withavoir.

Note. Tressaillir has no imperative. Imperative ofassaillir—assaille, qu'il assaille, &c. Some grammari-ans think that the future and conditional may be spelled,

j'assaillerai, je tressaillerai, j'assailkrais, je tressail-

krois.

Observations on Ferir, Fleurir, Gerir, Hair, and Issir.

Ferir, to strike, is used in one phrase only, viz. sans

coup ferir, without striking a blow, without any risk.

Fleurir, in its common signification of to blossom, to

put forth flowers, is regular, and makes JleurissanI

,

Jleuri: but when it is used figuratively, it is irregular in

o 4

46 French Verbs.—2cJ Conjugation.

the present participle, and tbe imperfectof the indicative,

which are then Jlorissant, je Jorissois. Thus we say,

vn empire Jiorissant , a prosperous empire : une cinnee

Jlorissante, a flourishing army : les beaux arts Jiorissoient

alors, the fine arts were successfully cultivated at that

period

.

Gesir, to lie, is used but in a few phrases : ci git, here

lies, is a common form of commencing an epitaph: ci git

ma feymne, here lies my wife. The French sometimesuse il git, nous ^isoits, ils gisent, il gisoit, ils gisoient,

gisant.

Hair, to hate, is regular, and makes, ka'issant, Ita'i.

Only, observe, that the three /singular persons of the

]>resent indicative are pronounced in one syllable, je

hais, tu hais, il bait; as is the second person singular of

the imperative, hais. Every other pf;rt is regular, andtakes the diaeresis("j over the the letter i, which separates

it from the a, and shews that it is to be pronounced ha-ir,

ha-issant, ha-issois, ha-irai, &c.

Issir, to issue from, to be descended from, is used onlyin the participles, viz. issu, y(;?«/?«'we issue; as, les rois

dont il est issu,\.\\e. kings from whom he is descended.

The present participle, issant, is used as a term ofheraldry, and sgnifics rising out, naissant.

End of the Second Conjugation, which contains the

407 verbs in ir.

47

EXEMPLAR OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.

There are. 43 French verbs ending in oir, withoutreckoning avoir, which has been given in its place as anauxiliary. Of these 43 verbs, 7 only are regular, viz.

—

Present Participle. Past Participle.

appercevoir,pPPercevant, apper?u,* to perceive

concevoir,

decevoir,

devoir,

perceioir,

recevoir,

redevoir.

concevantdecevant,

devant,

percevant,

recevant,

redevaut,

lon^u,di'(;u,

dii,

pcr^u,

re9uredu,

to conceive

to deceive

to oweto collect duesand taxes

to receive

to owe, still to

remain in debt

These seven may be fixed in the memory by the follow-

ing sentence:—A man collected ta.xes (^/jercero/;) in ourstreet vesterday, and received frececoirj whatever duties

I owed (^f/eco/r^ : he was an impostor; conceive Tco^fce-

voirj my vexation, when I perceived (^s' appercevoirj

that I was deceived fdecevoirJ,f and that 1 still re-

mained in debt fredevoir.

J

These seven verbs are declined thus

—

Termination of the Infinitive Mood, oir.

Termination of the Present Participle, evant.

Termination of the Past Participle, u.

RECEVOIR, TO RECEIVE. DEVOIR, TO OWE.

P.\RTICIPLES.

Present Tense, rerevant, receivingdevant, owing

Past Tense, Te9U received/ifl, owed

Compciundof the Past Tense, ayant ro^n, liaving receivedayant dfi, liaving owed

• The c takes the cedilla to preserve the soft sound of the ce in

cevoir. Pronounce sppersu, consii, deiru, Jto.

t lusttad of di'ccvoir, theFremli now gvueially use t romper.

48 French Verbs.—3<i Conjugation.

Present Tense,

Past Tense,

INFINITIVE MOOD.

recevoir,

devoir,

avoir reju,

avoir du,

INDICATIVE MOOD.

to receive

to oweto have received

to have ov?ed

J e recois

tu rejois

il re5oit

je recevois

tu recevois

il recevoit

Present Tense.

je (lois

tu dois

il doit

nous recevonsvous recevezils rejoivent

Imperfect Tense.

nous devonsvous devezils doivent

je devoistu devoisil devoit

nous recevions nous devionsvous receviez vous deviezils recevoient ils devoiont

je refus*tu regusil regut

je recevrai

tu recevras

il rerevroit

Perfect or Past Tense.

je dustu dusil dut

nous resumes nous dumesvous refutes vous dutesils re(;urent ils durent

Future Tense.

je devraitu devrasil devroit

nous recevrons nous devronsvous recevrez vous devrezils reoevront ils devront

,ie recevrois

tu recevrois

il recevroit

Conditional Tense.

je devrois

tu devrois

il devroit

nous recevrions nous devnonsvous recevriez vous devriezils recevroient ils devroient

Of tke Present,Of tlie Imperfect,Of the Perfect,Of the Future,Of tlie Conditional,

Compound Tenses.

j'ai regu,

j'avois regu,j' eus regu,j' aurai regu,j' aurois regu,

j' ai duJ'avois duJ' eus duj' aurai duj' aurois du

rejois

qu' il resolve

IMPERATIVE MOOD,

dois

fju' il doirerecevonsrecevez

qu' ils regoivent

devonsdevezdoivent

'Remember that, thouerh before w, the c keeps the soft sound of #.

Pronounce, resus, resut, resumes, resutes, resurent.

French Verbs.—3d Conjugation. 49

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

que je re^oive

que tu re9oivcs

qu' il resolve

queje re^nsse,

que tu re^usses

qu' il reyut

que je doiveque tu doivesqu' il doive

que nous rece- que nous devious

vionsque vous rcce- que vous deviez

viez

qu" ils re5oivent qu' ils doivent

Perfect or Past Tense.

queje dusseque tu dussesqu' il dut

que nous recus. que nous dussions

siousque vous recus- que vous dussiez

siez

qu' ils re^ussent qu' ils dussent

Of the Present

Of the Perfect,

Compound Tenses.

que j' ale re^u,

que j' eusse reru,

que j' aie du

que j ' eusse du

Jppnroir, to he evulentYn law termj, is used only in

the indnitive, and third person singular of the indicative

;

il appert par uu tel acte, it appears by such an act, &c.

Choir, to fall, chu, fallen.

Udchoir, to decay, dechu, decayed.

Echoir, to expire, to lapse, echu, expired.

Rechoir, to relapse, rechu, relapsed.

Chaloir, to care for.

Comparoir, to appear in a court of justice.

Se condouloir, to condole with

.

Douloir, to grieve.

Ramentevoir, to speak of again,

Souloir, to be wont, to use.

Mouvoir, to move, mu.

Emouvoir, to stir up, to move, emu.

Demouvoir, to make a person desist.

Promouvoir, to promote.

These fifteen verbs are very rarely used except in the

infinitive, and the past participles, given above.

50

EXCEPTIONS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.

S' ASSEOIR, TO SIT DOWN.

S* asseyant, sitting down, assis, assise.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

je m' assieds

tu t' assieds

il s' assied

j« m asseyois

jet' asseyois

il s' asseyoit

je to' assis

tu t' assis

il s' assit

nous nous asseyonsvous vous asseyez

ils s' asseyent

Imperfect Tense.

nous nous asseyions

vous vous asseyiez

ils s' asseyoient

Perfect or Past Tense.

nous nous assimesvous vous aesites

ils s' assirent

Future Tense-

nous nous assierons, or nous nousasseyerons

vous vous assierez, or vous vousasseyerez

ils s'assieront, or asseyeront

Conditional Tense.

nous nous assierions, or nous nousasseyerions

vous vous assieriez, or vous vousassayeriez

ils s' assieroient, or ils s'asseye-

roient

Compound Tenses—je me suis assis, jem' etois assis, je me fus

assis, je me serai assis, je me serois assis.

J e m' assierai , or j e m' asseyeraitu t' assieras, or tu t' asseyeras

il s' assiera, or il s' asseyera

je m' assierois, or je m' asseyerois

tu t' assierois. or tu t' assayerois

il s' assieroit, or tu s' asseyeroit

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

assieds toi,

qu' il s' asseye

que je m' asseyeque tu t' asseyes

qu" il s' asseye

asseyons nousasseyez vonsqu' lis s' asseyent

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense,

que nous nous asseyions

que vous vous asseyiez

qu' ils b' asseyent

French Verbs.—3rf Conjugation. 51

Perfect or Past Tense.

que.) em' assisse

que tu f assisses

qu' il s' assit

que nous nous assissions

que vous vous assissiez

qu' ils s' assissent

Compound Tenses—que je me sois assis, que je me fussc assis.

Asseoir, to set down, is declined in tlie same mannerwith a sinjrle pronoun; j'ai assis I'enfant sur une chaise,

I set the child upon a chair.

Rasseoir, to settle, is used only in the infinitive and

the compound tenses; le cafe est hien rassis, the coffee

is quite settled.

Falloir to be necessary, is used only in the third per-

son singular, as a verb impersonal, as follows

—

il faut it is necessary

il falloit it was necessary

il fallut it was necessary

il faudra, it will be necessary

il faudroit, it would be necessary

qu'il faille, that it may be necessary

qu'il fallut, that it might be necessary

il a fallu, it has been necessary

il avoit fallu, it had been necessary

il eut fallii, il aura fallu, il auroit fallu, &c.

Phuioir, to rain, pleuvant, raining, plu, rained, is used

only in the third person singular,

il pleut, it rains

il pleuvoit, it was raining

il pint, it rained

il pleuvra, it will rain

il pleuvroit, it would rain

il a plu, it has rained

and the rest of the compound tenses, with avoir.

qu'il pleuve, that it m ay rain

qu'il pliit, that it might rain

Racotr, to get again, to have again, is used only in

the infinitive ; ravoir mes biens, to have my property

again.

52 French Verbs,—3rf Conjugation.

Pouvoir, to be able ; pourvoir, to provide ; savoir, toknow ; and sursenir, to supersede ; are thus declined

—

pouvoir, pourvoir. savoir, surseoirpouvant, pourvoyant. saehaiit, sursoyantP". pourvu", su, sursisavoir pu, avoir pourvu. avoir su, avoir sursisayant pu, ayant pourvu, ayant su, ayant sursis

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

je puis,* pourvois, sais, sursoistu peux; pourvois, sais, sursoisil pent. pourvoit, sait. sursoitnous jiouvons, pourvoyons, savous, sursoyons.vous pouvez, pourvoyez, savez, sursoyez

sursoientils peuvent pourvofent, savent,

Imperfect Tense.

je pouvois. pouvoyois, savois, sursoyoistu pouvois, pouvoyois savois, sursoyoisil pouvoit, pourvoyoit, savoit, sursoyoit*'nous pouvions. pourroyions savions, sursoyoionsvous pouviez. pourvoyiez, saviez, sursoyoiezils pouvoient, pourvoyoient. savoient, sursoyoient

Perfect or Past Tense.

je pus, pourvus. sus, Bursis

tu pus, pourvus. sus. sursis

il put, pourvut. sut, sursit,

nous pilraes, pourvuraes, sumes, sursimesvous piitcs, pourvutes. sdtes. sursites

ils parent, pourvurent, surent, sursirent

. Future Tense.

jepourrai, pourvoirai, saurai, surseoirai,

tu pourras, pourvoiras. sauras. surseoira*

il pourra. pourvoira, saura. surseoira

nous pourrons, pourvoirons, saurons. surseoirons

vous pourrez, pourvoirez. saurez. surseoircz

ils pourrout, pourvoiront, sauront, surseoiront

Conditional Tense.

je pourrois, pouvoirois, saurois, surseoirois, &c.with the regular terminations of every conditional.

• Or je peux.

French Verbs.—3d Conjugation. 53

Compoufid Tenses.

j'ai pu, I liave been aV>le; j'ai pourvu, I have provided; j'ai su, 1

have known; j'ai siirsis, 1 have superseded ; and the other tenseswith avoir, in the usual manner-

IMPERATIVE IMOOD.

pouvoir hasj pourvois, sache,

no impera- \. qu'il pourvoie, saclie,

live mood. J pourvoyons sachons,pourvoyez, sachez,

qu'ilspourvoient, sachent,

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

sursois

sursoie

sursoyonssursoyezsursoient

que je puisse, pourvoie. sache. sursoieque tu puisses, pourvoies saches. sursoiesqu' il puisse, pourvoie sache, sursoieciue nous puissions. pourvoyions. sachions, sursoyionsque vous puissiez. pourvoyiez, sachiez, sursoyiezqu' ils puisseut, pounoient. sachent. sursoient

«Perfect or Past Tense.

quejepusse. pourvusse. susse, jursisse,que tu pusses, pourvusses, susses. sursissesqu' il put, pourvut. sut, sursitque nous pusslons, pourvussions sussions, sursissionsque vous pussiez, pourvoyiez, sussiez, sursissiezqu' ils pussent, pourvussent sussent, sursisseut.

Compound Tenses—que j'ai pu, pourvu, su, sursis, &c.

Seoir, to become, to suit, to sit becomingly upon aperson, is used only in the following person.

—

il sied, it is becoming. Plural, ils sicent.

il seyoit, it was becoming. PL, ils seyoient.

il siera, it will be becoming. PL, ils sieront.

il sieroit, it would be becoming. PL, ils sieroient.

qu'il siee, that it may be becoming.

This verb has no compound tenses.

Valoir, to be worth; voir, to sec ; and vouloir, to bewilling, are thus declined:

—

valoir. voir. vouloirvalant, voyant, voulantvalu. vu, voul uavoir valu, avoir vu. avoir vouluavaut vahi, ayant vu iyant voulu

54 French Verbs,—3(/ Conju!>-ation.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

veuxveuxveut,voulonsvoulez,

veulent

voulois

vouloisvouloitvoulionsvouliezvouloient

voulu.s

voiilus

vottlut

voulOmesvoulutesvoulurent

Future Tense,

je vaudrai, verrai, voudrai, &c.witli the regTilar terminations of every future.

Conditional Tense.

je vaudrois, verrois, voudrois, &cwith the regular terminations of every conditional.

Compound Tenses—J' ai vaUi,j'ai vu,j' ai voulu,&c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

je vaux, vois,

tu vaux,il vaut,nuus valons,

vous valez,

ils valent,

vois,

voit,

voyons,voyez,voient,

Imperfect

je valois,

tu valois,

il valoit,

nous valions,

vous valiez,

ils valoient

voyois,voyois,voyoit,

voyions,voyiez,voyoient

Perfect or Pai

je valus, vis,

tu valus,

il valut,

vis,

vit.

nous vairimes,

vous valfltes,

ils valurent,

vimes,vites,

virent.

vaux. VOIS, the only

qu' il vaille voie. sou uvalons. voyons.valez. voyez, veuillez

qu' ils vaillent, voient

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

que je vaille. voie, veuille

que tu vailles, voies. veuille

qu' il vaille, voie. veuille

que nous valions, voyions, vouhonsque vous valiez. voyiez. vouliez

qu" ils vaillent, voient, veuillent

French Verbs.—3d Conjugation. 55

Perfect or Past Tense.

que je valiisse,

que tu valusses,

qu' il valflt,

que nous valussions,

visse,

visses,

vit,

vissions,

voulussevoulussesvouliit

voulussionsque vous valussiez,

qu' ils ralusseut

vissiez

vissent,

voulussiezvoulussent

Compound Tenses—quej' aievalu, que j' aievu, quej' aie voulu,&c.

The compounds of valoir follow the primitive verb,

except that prevaloir makes prevale, and not prevaille,

in the present subjunctive. The compounds of voir fol-

low the simple verb, except pourvoir, which has been al-

ready given, and preioir, which follows pourvoir, andmakes prevoirai, prevoirois, in the future and conditional,

and not preverrui, preierrois.

The auxiliary verb, avoir, has been already learned in

its place : remember, that when avoir is preceded by the

adverb y, t/iere, it takes the meaning of etre, and be-

comes a verb impersonal, as

II y a, there is; y a-t-il ? is there ; il y avoit, there

was; y avoit-il? was there ? il y eut, there was; y eut-

il ? was there ? il y aura, there will be ; il y auroit,

there would be : qu' il y ait, that there may be; qu' il y

eut, that there might be.

End of Third Conjugation, which contains the

43 verbs in oir.

56

EXEMPLAR OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION.

Containing 102 Verbs, ending in dre.

Termination of tbe Infinitive Mood, dre.

Termination of the Present Participle, dant.

Termination of the Past Participle, du.

VENDRE, TO SELL.

PARTICIPLES.

Present Tense, vendant, sellingPast Tense, vendu, soldCompound of the Past, ayant vendu, having sold

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present Tense, vendre, to sell

Past Tense, avoir vendu to have sold

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

je vendstu vendsil vend

nous vendonsvous vendezlis vendent

Imperfect Tense.

je vendois, with the regular terminations of the imperfect.

je Tendistu vendisjl vendit

Perfect or Past Tense.

nous vendimesvous venditesils vendirent

Future Tense.

je vcndrai, with the regular terminations.

Conditional Tense.

je vendrois, with the regular terminations.

French Verbs.—Ath Conjugation. 57

Compound Tenses.

Of the Present,Of the Imperfect,Of the Perfect,Of the Future,Of the Conditional,

j' ai veudiij' avois venduj' eus venduy aurai veuduj' aurois vendu

vendsqu' il vende

que je vende,que tu vendes,qu' il vende,

IMPERATIVE MOOD.vendonsvendez

qu' ils vendent

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

que nous vendionsque vous vendiezqu' ils vendent

Perfect or Past Tense.

que je vendisse que nous vendissions

que tu vendisses que vous vendissiez

qu' il vcndit qu' ils vendissent

Compound Tenses—que j' aie vendu, que j' eusse vendu.

EXCEPTIONS OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION.

All verbs in dre are regular, and make dant, du, ia tbe

participles, except

—

1. Those which end \a indre.

2. Those which end in nudre.

3. Tbe verbs prendre, ardre, and sourdre.

FIRST CLASS OF EXCEPTIONS.

Verbs in indre.

There are thirty-two verbs in aindre, eindre, and ohi-

dre, which are all declined alike, as follows :

—

craindre,craip;uaiit,

craint,

avoir craint

avant craint

to fear

fearinif

feared

to have feared

liaviuLT feared

joindre,joi^naut,joint,

avoir joint,

.lyaut joint,

to joinjoiningjoinedto have joinedhavinjj joined

58 Ffench Verbs.—Mh Conjugation.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

je crains joius

tu crains joins

il craint joint

noQs craignons joignonsvous craignez joignezils craignent joignent

Imperfect Tense.

je craignois, joignois, with the regular terminations of the imperfect.

Perfect or Past Tense,

je craignis

tu craignis

il craignit

joignisjoignisjoignit

nous craignimcs joignimesvous craignites joignites

ils craiguirent joignirent

Future Tense.

je craindrai joindrai, &c.

Conditional Tense.

je craindrois, joindrois, &c.

Compound Tenises~y aicraint,j' ai joint, j' avois craint, j' avois

joint, &c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

crains

qu' il craigne

joins

qu' il joigne

craignons joignonscraignez .loignez

qu' ils craignent qu' ils joignent

que J e craigneque tu craignes

qu' il craigne

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

joigne.loignes

joigne

que nous craignions joignionsque vous craigniez joigniez

qu' ils craignent joiguent

Perfect or Past Tense.

que je craignisse joignisse

que tu craignisses joignisses

qu' il craignit joignit

que nous craignis- joignission»sions

que vous craignis- joignissiez

siez

qu' ilscraignissent joignisseiit

Compound Teiises—que j' aie craint, que j' eusse craint, &c.

French Verbs.—4f/! Conjugation. .59

SECOND CLASS OF EXCEPTIONS.

\'erbs in oudre.

These are three verbs, aud their compounds, viz. ;—

Soudre, to solve, not declinable.

Coudre, to sew.

Moudre, to grind.

Soudre is now obsolete ; instead of it we must employresomlre: absoudre is declined ditferently from resou-

dre, and dissoudre is declined like absoudre.

Abhoudre, to absolve ; absolvant, absolving; absous,

absolved.

Resoudre, to dissolve, solve, and resolve ; resolvant,

resolving, &c.; resolu, resolved; aud sometimes resous,

resolved.

Co'JDKE, to sew; cousant, sewing; cousu, sewed.

Moudre, to grind ; moulant, grinding ; moulu, ground.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

y absous, resous, couds. moudstu absous, resous. couds. nioudsil absoiit, resout. coud. moudliuus absolvons, resolvoBS, cousons. raoulons

vous absolvez, resolvez. cousez. moulezlis absolveut, resolvent, cousent. moulent

j' absolvois,

Imperfect Tense.

resolvois, cousois, moulois, &c.

Perfect or Past Tense.

Absoudre has no je resolus, cousis, moulusperfect tense. tu resolus, cousis, moulus

il resolut, cousit, inoulut

nous resoliinries, cousinies, luouluuie*vous resoliites, cousites, moulfltes

ils resolureut, cousiront moulurcnt

e2

00 French Verbs.—Ath Conjugation.

y absoudrai,

j' absomlrois,

Future Tense.

resoudrai, coudrai,

Conditional Tense.

resoudrois, coudrois,

The Compound tenses are formed with avoir.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

SUBJDNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

quej' absolve, resolve, rouse.

Perfect or Past Tense.

Absoudre que je resolusse, cousisse,

has no que tu resolu.sses, cousisses,

perfect qu' il resolut, cousit,

tense. que nous resolussions consissions

que vous resolussiez cousissiez,

qu' lis resolussent, cousissent,

Compound tenses with avoir.

moudrai, &c.

nioudrois, fscc.

absous. resous, couds, moudsqu' '1 absolve. resolve, couse. moule

absolvous. rtsolvons, cousous, nioulousabsolvez. rcsolvez, cousez. nioulez

qu' i Is absolvent, resolvent, consent, niouleut

moule, &c.

nioulu.sse

nioiilusses

mouliitmoulussionsmoulussieznioulussent

THIRD CL.\SS OF EXCEFflONS.

The Verbs prendre, urdre, nonrdre.

Ardre, to burn, is obsolete : but the French sometimessay, la gorge m' arde, my thront burns; quelejeu Saint

Anloine les arde , may Saint Anthony's fire burn them;which is equivalent to our expression, " plague on 'em."

Soiirdre, to spring, to flow, to gush ont, is used only in

the infinitive and the third persons of the indicative; as,

il sourd, it flows; ils sourdent, they flow.

Prendre, to take, with its compounds, apprendre,

comprendVe, &c. is of very great importance, and mustbe learned quite perfectly.

French Verbs.—Ath Conjugation. 61

Prendre, to take;prenant, taking ; pris, taken ; avoir

pris, ayant pris.

je prends,nous prenons,

je prenois,

nous prenions,

je pris,

nous primes,

je prendrai,

nous preudrons.

je prendrois,

nous pretidrions

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

tu prends,vous prenez.

Imperfect Tense.

tu prenois,

vous preniez,

Perfect or Past Tense.

tu pris,

vous prites,

Future Tense.

tu prendras,vous prendrez.

Conditional Tense.

tu prendrois,

vous preudriez,

il prendils prenneut

il prenoitils prenoient

il prit

ils prirent

il prendrails prendront

il prendroitils pendroieut

Compound Tenses—j' ai pris, j' avois pris, j' eus pris, &c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

prenons,

que je prenne,

que nous prenions,

prends,prenez,

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense,

que tu prcnnes,que vous preniez.

qu' il prenne,

qu' ils prenneut

qu' il prennequ' ils prenneut

que je prisse,

que nous prissons

qu' il prit

qu' ils prissent

Perfect or Past Tense.

que tu prisses,

que vous prissiez.

Compound Tenses—que j' aie pris, que j' eusse pris.

Observe tbat, in prendre and its compounds, the n

is doubled before e, ev, ent not sounded, as prenne, pren-

iies, prennent.

End of the Fourth Conjugation, -wbich contains the

102 verbs in dre.

E 3

62

EXEMPLAR OF THE FIFTH CONJUGATION.

Containing the 13 verbs ending in nitre.

Termination of the Infinitive Mood, oiire.

Termination of the Present Participle, oissnnt.

Termination of the Past Participle, u.

All the verbs of this conjugation are declined alike,

in the following manner.

Observe, that the dipthong oi is pronounced ai, in

every verb of this conjugation, except croitre, to grow,,

and its compounds.

. CONNOITRE, TO KNOW.

PARTICIPLES.

Present Teitse, connoissant,

Pant Tense, connu,

Compound of the Past, ayant connu,

Present Tense,Past Tense,

INFINITIVE MOOD.

conuoitre,

avoir connu

knowingknownhaving known

to knowto have known

je connoistu connois,

il connoit

je connoissois

tu connoissois

il connoissoit

je connustu connusil connut

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

nous connoissonsvous connoissezils connoissent

Imperfect Tense.

nous connoissionsvous counoissiez

ils connoissoient

Future Tense-

nous connumesvous eonnutesils connurent

French Verbs.—Mh Conjugation. Go

je counoitrai

tu counoitrasil conuoitra

je counoitroistu connoitrois

il counoitroit

Future Tense.

nous connoitronsvous couuoitrezilsj couiioitront

Conditional Tense.

nous connoifrionsvous fonnoitrif

z

ils conuoitroient

Compound Tenses—j' ai connu, j' avois connu, &c.

counoisqu' il connoisse

IMPERATIVE MOOO.

connoissousconiioissez

qu' ils eonnoissent

que je connoisse

que tu conuoisses

qu' il uounoisse

que je connusseque tu coiuiusses

qu' il lonnut

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

que nous connoissioasque vous connoissiez

qu' ils eonnoissent

Perfect or Past Tense.

que nous connussionsque vous conuussiezqu' ils counusseut

Compound Tenses—riuej' aie connu, que j' eusse connu.

End of the Fifth Conjugation, which contains the

13 verbs in oitre.

eA.

64

EXEMPLAR OF THE SIXTH CONJUGATION.

Containing 26 Verbs, ending in uire.

Termination of the Infinitive mood, uire.

Termination of the Present Participle, uisant.

Termination of the Past Participle, uit.

CONDUIRE, TO CONDUCT.

PAUTICIPLES.

Present Tense, conduisant, conductin;?

Past Tense. conduit, couducted

Compound of Ihc Past, ayant conduit, having- conducted

Present Tense,Past Tense,

INFINITIVE MOOD.

conduire, to conductavoir conduit, to have conducted

je conduistu conduisil conduit

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

nous conduisonsvous conduiseiils conduiseul

Imperfect Tense.

je conduisois

tu conduisois

il conduisoit

je conduisis

tu conduisisil conduisit

je conduiraitu conduirasil conduira

nous conduisiousvous conduisiez

ils conduisoieut

Perfect or Past Tense.

nous conduisimesvous conduisites

ils conduisirent

Future Tense.

nous conduironsvous conduirezils conduiront

French Verhs.—^th Conjugation. 05

Conditional Tense.

jc conduirois ^

li\ oonduiroisil Gonduiroit

, nous conduirionsvous conduiriezlis conduiroient

Compound Tenses—j' nie conduit., j' avois couduis, Stc.

conduisqu' il couduise

que je conduiseque tu conduises

qu' il conduise

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

conduisensconduisezqu' ils conduiscnt

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

I

que nous conduisionsque vous comluisiez

qu' ils couduisent

que nous conduisissions

que vous conduisissiez

qu' ils conduisissent

Perfect or Past Tense.

que je conduisisse

que tu conduisisses

qu' il couduisit

Compound Tenses—que j' aie conduit, que j' eusse conduit.

Observe, that luire, to sliine, with reluire, and nuire to

hurt, omit the t at the end of the past participle, and

make l/n, relui, nui. Bruire is used in speaking of the

roaring of the sea and wind. The French employ the

participle and the third persons of the imperfect tense

Only ; these arc, brin/nnt, briii/oit, brni/oient.

End of the Sixth Conjugation, which contains the

2C verbs in uire.

66

IRREGULAR VERBS OF VARIOUS TERMI-

NATIONS, AMOUNTING TO 114.

The SIX preceding conjugations contain «// the verbs

of the French Language, except about thirty irregular

verbs, which must of necessity be learned separately.

The compounds of these verbs make iqi the number 114;

but the simple verbs only need be learned, as the com-

pounds are of course declined in the same manner. As

the irregularity falls only upon a few of the tenses, the

learner will not find much difficulty in acquiring these

verbs.

BATTRE, to beat; BOIRE, to drink; OONCLURE,to conclude; CROIRE, to believe ; DIRE, to say.

PARTICIPLES.

Present Tense—battant, ieatinp ; buvant, drinkini/ ; concluant,

concluding; croyant, believinc/ ; disuni, saying.

Past Tense—battu, beaten; bu, dru7ik ; conclu, concluded;

cru, believed ; dit, said.

Compound of the Past—ayant battu, bu, conclu, cru, dit.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present Tense—battre, to beat; boire, to drink; conclure, to

C07iclude; croire, to believe; dire, to say.

Past Tense—AVOW battu, bu, conclu, cru, dit.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

je bats,

tu bats,

11 bat,

nous battons,

vous battez,

ilsbattcnt,

bois, ronclus, crois, dis

bois. conclus, crois, dis

boit. conclut. croit, dit

buvons, concluons, croyous, disons

buvez, roncluez, croyez, ditea

boivent, conclueiit, croyent, disent

Irregular Verbs. <37

Imperfect Tense.

jebattois, liuvois, couclnoi<!, croyois,

with the iuvaiiuble ttrraiuations of the imperfect.

Perfect or Past Tense.

(\isois, Sec.

je battis, bus. couclus, ITU8, dis

tu battis, bus. conchis, crus, (lis

il battit, but. couchit. <rat, dit

nous battimes, bCinies, conoliimes, orrtiues. dimesvous battites, butis, ronch'ites, trrttes. dites

ils battirent, burent. foiiclurent, crureut, dirent

Future Tense.

je battrai, boirai, conclurai, croirai,

with the invariable terminations of the future.

Conditional Tense.

dirai, &c.

je battrois, boirois, concUirois, croirois,

w itli the invariable terminations of the conditional.

(lirois, 4tc.

Compound Tenses—j' ai battu; j' ai bu, j' ai conclu, &c.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.bat.s, bois, roni'lus, crois, dis

M"' il batte. boive, conclue croie. disc

battoiis, buvons, conduons, croyons, disons

battez, buvez, conrluez, croyez, dites

qu' ilsbattent. boivent, conchient, rroient, disent

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

que jc batte,

que tu battes,

qu' il batte,

<|ue nous battions,

que vous battiez,

qu' ils battent.

boive,

boi ves,

1)oive,

buvions,buviez,boivent,

conc'lue,

conchies,

conclue,coiulu'i'ons

ronchaez,conchient.

croie,

croies,

croie,

oroyioiis,

croyiez,

croieut,

dise

dise»

dise

disiong

disiea

diseut

Perfect., or Past Tense.

conclusse rruspe, disse

couclusses, crusses, di.sses

conclut, cn'it, dit

conclussioBS, crussions, disssions

couclussiez, crussiez, dissiez

conclussent, crussent, dis.'sent

busse,

busses,

but.

que je battisse,

que tu battisses

qu' il battit,

que noun batnssions, bussions,

que vous battissiez, bu-ssiez,

cju' ils baltisscflt, bussent.

Compound Tense—f)ue j' aic and que j' eusse battu, bu, conclu,

cru, dit.

Battri: li.'is nine compounds : abattrc, combattre, <S:c.

all tkclii»e<} like the simple verb.

68 Irregular Verbs.

BoiRE has one compouad : reboire.

CoNCLURE: exclnre, to exclude, is declined like con-clure. Intrure, to intrude, and reclure to sliut up, are

used chiefly in the infinitive and compound tenses.

Obserye, that exclnre makes the past participle exclu,or exclus, for the masculine, and exclue or excluse for

the feminine : intrure makes intrnse ; reclure makes re-

clus, recluse. Hence a nun is called une recluse.

Croire has two compounds, accroire and decroire.

Accroirs is used only in the infinitive, with the wordfaire before it, and requires particular attention. Fuirecroire means to make a person believe a thing that is

either true or false, as it may happen ; hwt faire accroire

means to make a person believe that which is false ; to

impose. S' en faire accroire, means to be self-conceited,

to be arrogant. Decroire, to disbelieve, is used only in

familiar conversation.

Dire has eight compounds, one of which, redire, to

say again, is declined exactly like the simple verb; butthe others make isez, instead of ites, in the second per-son plural of the present indicative and in the imperativemood ; as vous contredisez, you contradict, and not

Tous contredites. Observe, that in maudire, to curse,

the s is doubled when it is followed by any other letters,

as maudissant, maudissois, &c. Conjire, to pickle, is

declined like dire ; circoncire, to circumcise, and sufSre

to suffice, follow the same verb, except in the past ])ar-

ticiple, circoncis, circumcised; feyn. cironcise, and suffi,

sufficed, without feminine.

ECRIRE. to write; FAIRE, to do, to make: LIRE, to

read ; METTRE, to put ; NAITRE, to be born.

PARTICIPLES.

Present Tense—ecrivant, writing; faisant, doing or making ;

I'lsant, reading ; raettiut, putting ; iia.issant, being born.

Past Tense—ecrit, written; fait, done or made; lu, read;mis, put; ne, born.

Compound of the Past—ayant §crit; ayant fait; ayaut lu;ayant misj etant' n6.

* Naitre is flecliued with etre in the compound tenses.

Irreffular Verbs. fiO

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present Tense—ecrire, fo write; faire, ia do or make; lire, to

read; mettre, to piU; naitre, to be born.

Past Tense—avoir ecrit, fait, lu, mis, ctre ne.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

y tfris, fais; lis, mets, nais

tu ecris, fais, lis, mets, nais

il ecrit, fait, ht, met, nait

nous ecrivons, faisons, lisons, mettons, naissons

vous ecrivez, faites, lisez, mettt'z, tiaissez

ilsecrivent, font lisent, metteut, naissent

Imperjert Tense.

j'ecrivois, faisois, lijois, raettois, naissois, &c.

Perfect or Past Tense,

j" ecrivis, fis. lus, mis, naquis

tu ecrivis, fis, lus. mis, naqiiis

il ecrivit. fit. lut, mit, nuquit

nous ecrivimes, fimes, lumes, mimes, naquimesvous ecrivites, files, Ifites, mites naquites

lis ecrivirent, fireut, lurent,

Future T,

mirent,

mse.

naquirent

j' ecrirai, ferai, lirai, mettrai. naitrai, Sic.

with the invariable terminations of the future.

Conditional Tense.

j'ecrirois, . ferois, lirois, mettrois, naitrois, &c.

with the invariable terminations of the conditional.

Compound Tenses.

y ai ecrit, fait, lu, mis, je suis ne

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

ecris, fais, lis, mets, nais

qu' il ecrive, fasse, lise, niette, naisse

ecrivons, faisons, lisons, mettons, naissons

ecrivez, faites, li.sez, mettez, nais.sez

qu" ils ecrivent fassent li.«cnt, raettenl, naissent

70 Irregular Verbs.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

que j' ecTive,

que tu ecrives,

qu' il ecrive,

que nous ecrivions,

que vous ecriviez,

qu' ils ecrivent,

fasse,

fisses,

fasse,

fassions,

fassiez,

fasseiit,

lise,

lises,

lise,

lisions,

lisiez,

lisent,

mette,mettes,mette,mettions,mettiez,mettent,

naisse

naisses

naisse

naissions

naissiez

naissent

naquissenaquissesnaquitnaquissionsnaquissiezuaquissent

Perfect or Past Tense.

que j' ecrivisse, fisse, lusse, inisse,

que tu ecrivisses, fisses, lusses, misses,qu' 11 ecrivit, fit, liit, misse,

que nous ecrivissions, fissions, lussions, missions,que vous ecrivissiez, fissiez, lussiez, missiez,

qu' ils ecrlvissent, fissent, lussent, missent.

Compound Tenses—que j' aie, quej' eusse ecrit, fait, lu, mis,

que je sois, que je fusse ne.

EcRiRE, has eight compounds; faikk has eleven; all

declined like the primitive verbs. Forfaire, to forfeit, is

used only in the infinitive and compound tenses.

Lire: relire, to read again; elire, to elect; re-elire,

to elect again, are declined like lire: prelire, to read

over previously, is used chiefly iu the infinitive.

Mettre, has twelve compounds, all declined like the

simple verb.

NaItre, has two compounds, declined like the simple

verb.

PAITRE, to graze; REPAITRE to bait, or take foodon a journey; PLAIRE, to please; RIRE, to laugh;ROMPRE, to break.

PARTICIPLES.

Present Tense—paissant, ^roriH^ ; repaissant,iaih';;(;;plaisant,

pleasing; riant, laughing; vom\nnt, breaking.

Past Tense—pu, (no feminine) grazed; repu, baited; plu,

pleased; t\, laughed ; Tompu, broken.

Compound of the Past—ayant pu, repu, plu, ri, rorapu.

Irregular Verbs. 71

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present Tense—paitre, to graze; repaitre, to bait; plaire, to

please ; rire, to lavgk ; rompre, to break.

Past Tense—avoir pu, repu, plu, ri, rompu.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

je pais,

tu pais,

il pait,

nous paissons,

vous paissez,

ils paissent,

je paissois, .., , ^ , ,

with the invariable teriniuations of the imperfect.

repais, plais, ris, rompsrepais, plais, ris. rompsrepait, plait, rit, romptrepaissons, plaisons, rions, romponsrepaissez, plaisez. riez, rompi'Zrepaissent, plaisent, rient, rompeiit

ImpeTfect Tense.

repaissois, plaisois. riois, rorapois, &c.

Perject or Past Tense.

paitre has no jerepus, plus,

lierfftt: in- tu repus, plus,

steadof it, the il reput, plut,

French say nous repiimes, pliimes,

jejis paitre, vous reputes, plutes,

ils repurent, plurent,

Future Tense.

jepaitrai, repaitrai, plairai,

with the invariable terminations of the futur

ris, ronipisris, romp is

rit. rorapitrimes. rorapimesrites. rompitesrirent. ronipirent

rirai. romprai, &c.

Conditional Tense.

je paitrois, repaitrai, plairois, rirois,

w ith the invariable terminations &f the conditional.

Compound Tenses—j' ai pu, repu, plu, Stc.

romprois, &c.

IMPERATIVE :M00D.

pai.<!,

qu' il paisse,

])aissons,

paissez

repais,

repaisse,

repaissons,

repaissez.

qu' lUpaissent, repaissent.

plais. ris, rompsplaise. rie. ronipeplaisons, rions. romponsplaisez. riez, rompezplaisent. rient, ronipent

72 Irregular Verbs.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

fjueje paisse, repaisse, plaise, rie, rompe, &c.with the invariable terminatidus of the present subjunctive

Perfect or Past Tense.

paitre has no queje repusse, plusse, risse, rompisseperfect sub- que tu repasses, plusses, risses, rompissesjuuctive: in qu' il reput, plut, rit, rompitstead of it, que nous repussions,plussions, rissions, rorapissions

que je fisse que vous repussiez, plussiez, rissiez, rompissiezpaitre. qu' ils repussent, plussent, rissent, rompissent

Compound Tenses—que j' aie, que j' eusse, pu, repu, plu, ri,

rompu.

Paitre: this verb has two compounds ; first, repaitre,

which I have given at full length, because it has tvvo

tenses which paitre has not, viz. perfect indicative andperfect subjunctive. Second, forpaitre, a hunting term,

which means to wander from the covert.

Plaire has two compounds, complaire and deplaire,

they both follow the simple verb. Taire, to conceal, is

declined like plaire: se taire, Io be silent, of course re-

quires etre in the compound tenses. In familiar conver-sation, it answers to the English, to hold one's tongue:

taisez-vous, hold your tongue.

RiRE has one compound, sourire, to smile, whichfollows the simple verb.

RoMi'RE has three compounds; corrompre, interrom-

pre, and derompre, which follow the simple verb. De-rompre is a term of falconry, and expresses the act of a

falcon or hawk striking down its prey. Derompre is

also used by paper makers, to express the act of cutting-

up rags : derompre le chiffon, to cut up rags or linen.

Irregular Verbs. 73

SUWRE, to follow; TRAIRE, to milk; VAINCRE,to conquer ; VIVRE, to lire.

PARTICIPLES.

Present Tense—suivant, following ; trayant, milking; vain,

quant, conquering ; vivant, living.

Past Tense—sui\\, followed ; trait, milked; vaincu, conquered;virii, lived.

Compound of the Past—ayant suivi, trait, vaincu, vecu.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present Tense—suivre, to follow ; traire, to milk ; vaincre, toconquer ; vivre, to live.

Past Tense—avoir suivi, trait, vaincu, vecu.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

je suis

tu suis,

il suit,

nous snirons,

vous suivez,

ils suivent,

trais,

trais,

trait,

trayons,trayez,

traient,

vaincs, vis

vaincs, visvainc. vit

vainquons, vivotwvainquez, vivezvainquent. vivent

Imper/ect Tense.

je suivois, trayois, vainquoia,

tbe invariable terminations of the imperfect.

Perfect or Past Tense.

vivois, Sec. with

je suivis,

tu suivis,

il suivit,

Traire is de-

fective in -

this tense.

vainquis,vainquis,vaitiquit.

' vecusvecusvecut ^

nous suivimes,

vous suivites,

ils suivirent.

vainciuimes,vainquites,vainquireut,

vecumesvecutesvecureat

Future Tense.

je suivrai. trairai. vaincrai. virrai, iccwiththe invariable terminations of the future.

Conditional Tense.

je suivrois, trairois, vaincrois, vivrois, &c.with the invariable terminations of the conditional.

Compound Tentes—j" ai suivi, trait, vaincu, v^u

74 Irrefftdar Verbs.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

suis, trais, vaincs, vis

qu' il suive, traie, vainque, vive

suivons, trayons, vainquons, vivonssiiivez trayez, vainquez, vivez

qu' ils suivent, traleut, vainquent, vivent

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Presen t Tense.

que je suive, traie, vainque, vive, Sec. with

the invariable terminations of the present subjunctive.

Perject or Past Tenae.

que je suivisse, Traire lias vainquisse, vecusse

que tu suivisse, no perfect vainquisses, vecusses

qu' il suivit, subjunctive vainquit, vecutque nous suivissions, vainquissions, vecussions

que vous suivissiez, vainquissiez, vecussiez

qu' ils suivissent, vainquissent, vecussent

Compound Tenses—que j'aieand j'eussesuivi, trait, vaiucu, vecu.

SuivRE has three compounds, which all follow the

simple verb : s'ensuivre, to result, to follow, is used only

in the third persons.

Traire, means to draw, when it is compounded, and

has seven compounds : attraire, to draw, to attract, andabstraire, to draw from, to abstract, are but seldom

used ; instead of them, attirer and falre abstraction are

employed.

Vaincre has one compound, convaincre, which follows

the simple verb.

ViVREhas two compounds, revivre andsurvivre, which

are declined like the simple verb.

The following defective verbs complete the enumera-

tion of the irregular verbs:—Br AIRE, to bray, is used only in the infinitive and

the third persons, present tense : il brait, he brays : ils

braient, they bray.

Clorre, to close, and its four compounds, are used

only in the infinitive, the three persons of the present

Irregular yerbs. JS

indicative, the future and conditional, and the compoundtenses, as follow :

Clorrk, to close, to shut: clorre 1' ceil, to close the

eyes, to sleep; clorre le bee, to stop one's mouth, to

pose, te puzzle.

Declorre, to open, to put down a feuce; il a ete con-

damne a declorre son champ, he has been condemned to

pull down the enclosure of his field.

EcLOKRE, to be hatched, to come out, to blow ia

flower; faire eclorre des oiseaux, to hatch birds; le

soleil fait eclorre les fleurs, the sun causes the flowers to

blow.

Enciorre, to enclose; enclorre un champ, to enclose

a field.

FoRCLORRE is a law term, signifying, to debar a per-son from doing a certain act, because the time appointedis gone by : in meaning, forclorre is equivalent to ourforeclose, which is derived from it.

PARTICIPLES PAST.

clos, fem. close, closeddeclos, fem. declose unclosed, openedeclos, fem. eclose hatchedenclos, fem. enclose enclosedforclos, fem. forclose foreclosed

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense,

je clos, I close, tu clos, thou closest, il clot, he closet

no plural.

Future Tense—je clorrai, I will close

Conditional Tenxe—je tlorrois, I should close

Compound Tenses—j" ai clos, j'avois clos, ice.

Frire, to fry, borrows the verb faire in those tenses

where it is defective; decline it thus:

—

Frire, to fry; faisant frire, frying; frit, fried.

Indicative, Present—je fris, tu fris, il frit, nous fal-

sons frire, vous faites frire, ils font frire. Imperfect—je

faisoii frire. Perfect—jo fi» frire. Fnltire—je frirni.

76 Irregular Verbs.

Conditional^^ frirois. Compound Tenses—j' ai frit,

j' avois frit, j' eus frit, &c.

Imperative Mood—fris, fry thou; qu' il fasse frire, let

bim fry: faisons frire, faites frire, qu' ils fassent frire.

Subjunctive Blood, Present—que je fasse frire. Per-

fect—que je tisse frire.

Recourre, to rescue, is become obsolete. It can be

used only in the infinitive, recourre; the perfect, je re-

courus, and in the compound tenses, j' ai recouru,

j' avois recouru, &c.Tjstre, to weave, is become obsolete : tissu, woven.

The past participle of this verb is borrowed by the verb

tisser, of the first conjugation. Vide p. 33, 1. 8.

End of the Irregular Verbs.

n

OF THE PASSIVE VOICE.*

The French form the passive voice of verbs exactly

as we do in English, with the verb to Be joined to the

past participle. But observe (as is explained at page 30,)'

that the participle, which never changes in the active

voice, must, in the passive, agree in gender and numberwith the nominative case. For the masculine singularthe past participle remains unchanged, as portc. Forthe iMASCULi.NE PLURAL an 5 is added, as portia. Forthe FFMiN'i.\E SINGULAR an e final is added, as jwrtee.

For the femini.ve plukal es is added, as pnrlees.

To form any passive verb, therefore, the learner has

only to decline c/re, lo be, regularly through, from be-

ginning to end, adding to it the past participle of the

verbi and, at the same time, making that participle agree

with the nominative case in number, case, and gender;

e. g.—je suis portc; or, if a female speaks, je suis portce.

tu es porte, or portee.

il est porte, or elle est portee.

nous sommesportes, or portees.

vous ^tes portes, or portees.

ils sont portes, or elles sont portees.

And the same with the other teases.

• Vide page 0, respecting Voice.

78

A TABLE OF THE INVARIABLE TERMINA-

TIONS OF ALL THE FRENCH VERBS.

PARTICIPLES

The Present Participle always ends in ANT.

The Past Participle is variable.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.—The three persons singular of this

tense are variable ; the plural persons invariably end in

DNS, EZ, ENT, cxcept in the vcrbs avoir, etre,faire, uller.

and dire.

Imperfect Tense.—In every French verb the imperfect

tense ends in ois, ois, oit, ions, iez, oient.

Perfect or Past Tense.—The three persons singular of

this tense are variable ; the plural persons always end in

MES, tes, rent.

Future Tense.—This tense always ends ia RAI, HAS,

RA, RONS, REZ, RONT.

Conditional Tense. This tense always ends in

ROIS, ROIS, ROIT, RIONS, RIEZ, ROIENT.Respecting this tense and the imperfect, see the note onthe dipthong oi, at page 34.

IMPERATIVE BIOOD.

The singular persons are variable; the plural persons

always end in ONS, ez, ent.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.—This tense always ends in e, es, e,

IONS, iEZ, ENT, except in the verbs avoir and itre.

Invariable Terminaliuns. 79

Perfect or Past Tense.—This tense ahvaj'S ends in SSE,

SSES, T, SSION&, SIEZ, SSF.N T. /

Of tliose tenses whioli never vary in termination, as

the imperfect, future, &c. I have frequently inserted only

the first person singular, from which tl»e learner can of

himself easily form the rest of the tense, hy subjoining

the invariable terminations. For instance, at page 43 :

from the fust person singular of the imperfect, je courois,

the scholar, knowing that the imperfect tense of every

verb in the French language ends in ois, ois, oit, for the

three persons singular; and la ions, iez, oient, for the

three persons plural, could not possibly hesitate in

forming the tense je courois, tu courois, il courolt, nous

courions, vous couriez, ils couroient. The same obser-

vation applies to yc courrai, je cuillerois, que je coure,

que je meure, and to the unvarying tenses of any other

verb.

R. Rirhard", Printer, 4R, Crooked Lane.

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A NEW FRENCH PRONOUNCING GRAMMAR;Or, The Art of acquiring the French Language with the

most perfect Accent and Pronunciation without the

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thei/ are 'pronounced.

THE

FRENCH GENDERS,TAUGHT IN

SIX FABLES;BEING A PLAIN AND EASY

ART OF MEMORY,BY WHICH THE GENDEKS OF

15,548 FRENCH NOUNSMAY BE LEARNED IN A FEW IIOUUS.

BY W. R. GOODLU C K, Jun.

TWENTIETH EDITZOSJ.

KEVISED AND COURECTED.

Hcntron

:

J. CHAPPELL, ROYAL EXCHANGE.

183J.

PUEFACETO THE SEVENTEENTH EDITION.

In prepariHg for the Press the Seventeenth

Edition of this Work, I avail myself irilh great

pleasure of the opportrinity of eccpressing mythanks for the signal support ivith which it has

been honored, both by teachers and the public in

general ; sixteen editions having been sold in lit-

tle more than Two Years. Causes, ivith ivhich it

is iinneeessary to trouble the Public, have kept the

" French Genders" and " French Verbs" out ofprint for several months. I more particularly

regret this circumstance on account of the incon-

venience which has arisen to the proprietors of the

numerous schools in which they are used.

As I have now transferred both of these Publi-

cations, together ivith the "Help to French,"to Mr. Chappell, 98, Royal Exchange, London,

a bookseller tvhose care and punctuality are well

known, there is no danger of the recurrence ofany similar delay in future.

IV. R. GOODLUCK, Junr.

\Q Februarv, 1830,

PREFACE.

In the publication of this work, which was

\-umposed chiefly for the use of my own schohirs,

1 am influenced by a thorough conviction and

experience of its utility.

Its object is to remove the greatest obstacle to

the acquirement of the French language ; by fix-

ing indelibly in the memory, the Genders of the

French nouns; without a perfect knowledge of

which, it is im[>ossible to speak that language

with even tolerable propriety.

French is now learned by almost every class

of the British youth, and its importance is duly

appreciated. It is a species of universal passport,

a general medium of communication on the con-

tinent. In the foreign tour and the domestic

circle, in war and in commerce, this language is

of incalculable value. In the counting-house

and the camp, in the splendid assembly aiul in

the distant port, those who can write and sjjeak

French possess a decided advantage over those

who cannot.*

* Smollett (George II. chap. XI.) relates, that in the

night which preccfUid tlic battle on the hoiglits ofAbraham

,

General Wolfe and his army, who were sailing down the

dvcrSt. Lawrence in tlie dark, were saved from defeat by

A 2

IV PREFACE.

I am persuaded, therefore, that this little book

will prove generally acceptable; as, b)' a very

plain and easy method, it leads the learner over

the most difficult step to this useful and elegant

acquirement.

The most striking difference between the

English and French languages consists in the

genders of their nouns. In Englisk, we call a

male by the masculine term, he ; a female, by

the feminine term, she; and any thing inanimate

by the neuter term, it. The French likewise

call a male he, and a female she, as we do; but,

by a fault in the genius of their language, they

have no neuter, but call every inanimate thing

either he, or she, making it masculine or femi-

nine; and hence arises the difficulty. A child,

learning French, can see no reason why a chair or

a table should be called she, or why a hinge or

a nail should be called he; these things are nei-

ther males nor females, and it therefore appears

strange to the learner that they should be classed

as masculines and feminines : hut they are so

the readiness of an English officer, who replied so skil-

fully to the challenges of the French sentinels, that they

mistook our troops for a French detachment, and suffered

theiD to pass. The historian remarks, that the conse-

quence of discovery at that moment would have been the

total destruction of the army. Here, then, we see that a

British army was preserved,, a glorious victory gained,

and (Quebec and all Canada secured to England, because

an Englishman had learned French well.

PKEFACE. V

classed, and must be learned correctly. To ac-

con)plisli this is a very g-re.at dilliculty to all ]>er-

sons learning French ; it is extremely trouble-

some to pupils even of the quickest talents and

most retentive memory, who learn from the

French grammars now in use. Though some of

them are extremely well-arranged for grammati-

cal instruction in other respects, in regard to the

genders they are entirely destitute of any con-

trivance to assist the memory; while the almost

endless lists of rules and exceptions are fit only

to harass and discourage learners of even the

readiest abilities. So impracticable are these

rules, that I have known masters to recommend

their pupils to go completely through the French

dictionary, and copy out all the nouns, prefixing

the gender to each ; a labour of weeks ; and I

much question whether a twentieth part of them

would by that method be fixed in the mind, un-

less the copying was many times rei)eated : and,

even afterall that trouble and consumption of time,

the pupil, being without any certain rules, would

seldom feel an absolute confidence in the cor-

rectness of his memory.

To obviate the necessity of this disheartening

labour on the one hand, or recurrence to a con-

fused labyrinth of insufficient rules on the other,

the learner is here furnished with a plain "AnxOP MiiMORV," from which I am convinced that

a3

VI PREFACE.

the genders of all tlie French nouns may be

learned in a few hours ; and learned so as never

to be forgotten. I feel the more confident onthis point, as a French teacher of great experi-

ence, who has taught French in England during

the last 42 years, and to whom I explained ray

plan, assured me that many natives of France

would derive great benefit from this book in

fixing the genders in the memory. I offer it,

therefore, to the public in general, and to teach-

ers in particular, with a certainty that it will

fully answer the purpose desired; and, by putting

within the reach of all, what has hitherto been

scarcely attainable by any, it will be found

equally beneficial to the teacher, the pupil, and

the adult.

Knowledge and learning cannot be acquired

without exertion : those who aspire to possess

these distinctions must prove by industry and

perseverance that they deserve them: but muchmay be done to assist the memory by art and

method: and it is the duty of every teacher to

render the path of improvement as smooth as

possible.

W. 11. GooDLucK, Jun.

June 8th, 1826.

INTRODUCTION.

The system by -wlncli the genders of the

French nouns may be most readily and firmly

fixed in the memory, begins by classing them

by their final syllables. Thus, there are 643

nouns ending in cr, which are all masculine

except two: there are 144 ending in oir, all

masculine without a single exception : 70 in

al, 24 in ais, and 83 in ard, all masculine with-

out exception : and 305 in et, all masculine

except one word. Therefore, if these six

endings can be fixed in the memory, as mascu-

lines, the learner Avill knoAv the genders of 1,269

nouns.

But the difficulty is to remember long lists

of terminations, and to fix in the mind the gen-

der of each. There are many grammars Avhere

whole pages are filled with terminations and

exceptions; but they contain nothing to assist

the memory ; no clue by wliich the ending

is connected to its own ])articular gender.

Those who learn from these books, may per-

haps remember that all nouns ending in ais

are of the same gender; but, there being no

guide or catchword to assign ais to the mascu-lines, they must be continually in doubt.

My plan to help the memory is this : I have

iiitioduccd the masculine endings into three

rallies, the actors in which fables arc inascu-

8 GENDERS OF

line ; every noun in these three fables is mas-culine ; and no nouns are admitted into thembut such as give the rules. Thus, the endingsmentioned above are given in the first fourlines of the first fable, wliich ji pupil can easilylearn in half an hour, and will thus acquire thegenders of five thousand seven hundred andforty French nouns.

Le Cheval et le Sanglier.

Un sangUer, fier de son ponvoir,Prenant lefrais dans un bosquet,Uencontra, un beau soir,

Par hazard, un bidet.

Here the Avord cheval will fix the nouns in al

;

sanglier, those in er; and so of the rest. Hav-ing learned these fables by heart, perfectly,

which, as there are only three in number, maybe accomplished in a very few honrs, the pupil,

when he meets with a noun ending like anyone of those nouns given in the fables, will

easily ascertain the gender by recurring to theguiding word: for instance, if he wants to usea word ending in ais, or in ard, he Avill immedi-ately call to mind the word frais or hazard,and, remembering that those nouns occur in thefable with masculine actors, viz., a tvild boar, ahorse, and a man, he will decide at once andwith confidence tliat ais and ard are masculineterminations, and that the word he wants to useis masculine. The feminine endings, being inlro-

FRENCH NOUNS. 9

(luced in three fables, having a female speakerin each of tliem, and every noun in them femi-

nine, will be fixed in the memory in the samemanner. The exceptions, which are not verynumerous, must be learned by heart. Thepupil must remember that the nouns onlygive the rule ; they are printed in italics to bemore easily observed : but, of course, a personlearning French cannot be so ignorant of gram-mar as to find any difficulty in distinguishing the

substantives from the other parts of speech.

In the perusal of these fables I trust that the

reader will remember, that, as the plan requireda certain number of endings to be introducedwith connection in a fable, all the masculinesbeing in one place, and all the feniinines in

another, there could be little choice as to wordsand phrases. This ought to disarm all criticism

against the construction of the lines and sen-

tences.

For the peculiarity and oddity of some of the

lines, 1 shall make no apology, as the practice

of Von Feinagle in his admirable " Art of

Memory," and the experience of all who haveformed systems to aid the memory, agree in

proving that eccentric, quaint, or, as they maybe cfilled, out of the icaj/ expressions, are muchmore easily fixed in the recollection than senten-

ces unmarked by any peculiarity.

FIRST MASCL'LINE FABLE :

Which gives the Gender of 5740 Nouns.

Le Ciieval et t,e Sanglieu.

l;n sangUer, (1) fier de son pouvnir, (2)

Prenant \e frais (3) dans un hosqnet, (4)

Rencontra, un beau soir,

Par hazard, (5) un bidet.

" Ho! }naraud," (6) dit-il, enfurieiuv, (7)" Qui te rend si audacieux?

Que fais-tu ici, malotrti?" (8)" Oh rien!" (9) " Rien, dis-tu!

Je suis le roi (10) et le maitre (11) ici, Pardi

!

De Juin (12) a Mai, (13) de Mercredi a

Mardi; (14)

Et si, dfes V instant, (15) sans dire mot, (IG)

Tu ne tournes pas le dos, (17)

i'rt// (18) je te mangerai comme un gigot.''

Le cheval, (19) en ce cas, (20)

Retourna sur ses pas

;

Vite, comme de lait (21) ou de vin, (22) uu

ocean (23)

(^oule dans teslomac (24) d'un gourmand : (25)

A.ussi vite qu'un oiseau (26) ou le vent. (27)

Notre clievalj enfuribund, (28)

Pour se venger de cet affront, (^29)

12 GENDERS OF

A Vhomme (30) s'adressa,

Et son antagoniste (31)'Iui nomma.

"Oui," dit riiomme, " mais un mord, (32)

un licou (33)

II faut te mettre sur le ecu."

II n'aime point le licou

;

Et il croit que le frein (34)

N'a pas le bon gout (35)

De Yherbage (36) ou du grain. (57)

N^anmoins il part, et dans le viandis (38)

II trouve son ennemi.

Plein de courage et dejiel, (39)

Comme Vedair, (40) feu (41) du ciel,

lis s'^lancent sur le tyran

;

Et le chasseur (42) mort I'etend.

Le cheval le remercie,

Avec beaucoup d^esprit: (43)

"Et maintenant que j'ai mon hut, (44)

Adieu !" dit-il ; mais I'honime I'arrfite d'un refns!

(45)" Non! non! raon pauvre fou,

J'ai besoin (46) de vous,"

Dit le chasseur; et puis

II I'entraine au logis.

Ainsi Vorgueil (47) et I'outrage

Furent punis dans le sanglier:

Et le cheval par un dur esclavage,

Paya cher le plaisir (48) de s'6tre venge.

FRENCH NOUNS. 13

NOTES TO THE FIRST MASCULINEFABLE.

1. SangUer. Tliere are 643 noiins ending in

er, all masculine except la mer, the sea, and unacuillei*, a spoon. I recommend those learners,

who are advanced beyond childhood, to fix all

exceptions in the memory, by forming- them into

short sentences, after the manner of Feinagle,

in his "Art of Memory," For instance, theymight sa.\',the man who attempts to learn loithont

method, is like one ri'ho tries to empty the seawith a spoon: vider la nier avec une cuiller.

After which it is scarcely possible that the wordsmer and cuiller could enter the mind, withoutbeing remembered as exceptions.

2. Pouvoir. There are 144 words in oir all

masculine.

3. Frais. 24 in ais all masculine.

4. Bosquet. 303 French nouns end in ct:

the only one feminine is une for6t, a forest.

5. Hazard. 83 in urd are all masculine.

6. Maraud. 22 ending in aud, all mascu-line.

7. FurieuA'. The learner will observe that

tliis adjective is here used as a substantive.

—

French adjectives are very frequently made sub-

stantives. There are fifty nouns in <'//.?', all

masculine.

8. Malotru. There are 49 nouns in n, of

wliich gill, birdlime, tribu, a tribe, and vertu

K

14 GENDERS OF

virtue, are feminine. Bru, a daughter-in-law, is

feminine of course. Words which are mascu-

lines or feminines absolute, as designating males

and females, it is not necessary to except parti-

cularly, as their gender must be immediately

obvious.

9. Rien. 78 i" ^^h all masculine.

10. Roi. Of 24 in oi, loi and foi, law and

faith, are the only feminines, except parol, a wall,

which is chiefly used in the plural, parois.

11. Ma'itre. 3 in o<<re, masculine.

12. Juin. 1 in uin, masculine.

13. Mai. 17 in «J, all masculine.

14. Mardi. There are 98 nouns in i; of

which the feminines are merci, mercy, fourmi,

an ant, and I'apres midi, the afternoon.

15. Instant. 123 in ant, many of which are

participles converted into substantives, are all

masculines.

16. Mot. Of 102 in ot, the only feminine

is la dot, the marriage portion.

17. I^os. 12 in OS, all masculine.

18. Fat. 128 in at, all masculine.

19. Cheval. 69 in «7, all masculine.

20. Cas. 68 in as, all masculine.

21. Lait. 15 in ««7, all masculine.

22. Vin. Of 239 in in, fin, the end, is the

only exception, with catin, a feminine absolute.

23. Ocean. 95 in an, all masculine.

24. Estomac. 21 in ac, all masculine.

25. Gourmand. 13 in and, all masculine.

26. Oiseau. Of 226 nouns in au, peau, the

sldn, and eau, water, are the only feminines : re-

member these tv.o exceptions by this sentence ;

in Spain skins are used to carry water.

FRENCH NOUNS. 15

27. Vent. Of 710 nouns in rut, gent, a'

nation, and dent, a tooth, are the only feniinines:

with jument, a mare, of course,

28. Furihond. 10 in and, all masculine.

29. Affront. 6 in ont, all masciiUne.

30. Homme. There sre 13 in omme, of

which BOiume, a sum, gomme, gum, and porame,

an apple, are feminine. Somme, a sleep or nap,

is masculine : vide page 54 line 3.

31. Antagoniste. Of 151 in iste, piste, a foot-

step, batiste, cambric, liste, a list, and baliste,

an immense Roman cross-bow, are feminine.

32. Mord. 13 in ord, all masculine.

33. Licou. 41 in on, all masculine.

34. Frein. 9 in cin, all masculine.

35. Gout. 23 in ont, all masculine.

3G. Herbage. There are 374 nouns in age,

of which the following are feminine: rage, male-

rage, rage, image, an image, page, a page of a

book, cage, a cage, nage, the act of sailing, am-bages, doubtful expressions, plage,the sea shore,

and passeragc and saxifrage, the names of plants.

The two last are seldom used.

37. Grain. Of 06 in ain, la main, the hand,

is feminine ; it takes its gender from the Latin

manus.38. Viandls. Of 127 in ^S souris, a mouse,

vis, a screw, brcbis, a sheep, (leur de lis, a lily,

and chauve-souris, a bat, arc feminine; as are

Iris and Themis, of course, as females,

39. Fiel. 45 in el, all masculine.

40. Eclair. 17 in ««>, all masculine, except

la chair, the flesh, which is derived from, and

follows the Latin caro, carnis.

41. Feu. 30 in eu, all masculine.

n 2

16 GENDERS OF

42. Chasseur. As words of this ending occur

very frequently, the learner must he quite per-

fect in this note. There are 1234 words in

etir, all masculine hut (>7 ; hut, though the ex-

ceptions ai"e so numerous, they may be learned

in two tiiinutes. Remember that, ed'cept eight,

all the masculine nouns in eiir designate menin their actions or trade, and are derived fromverbs, or Latin nouns in or, as parleur, jaseur,

acteur, lecteur, &c. The eight masculines in

enr, which do not designate men, are equa-

teur, labeur, heur, luck, and its compounds,bonheur, malheur, with honneur, deshonneur,

and pleurs, tears. Therefore, whenever the

learner meets with a word in enr, which ex-

presses a living creature, he must rememberit is masculine: and if it does not express a

living creature, it is feminine, if it he not one

of the eight masculines mentioned above. The67 feminines in eur express properties and qua-

lities, as laideur, ugliness, hauteur, height,

rongeur, redness, 8cc. Let the learner copy out

this note three or four times, that he may retain

and understand it thoroughly: it is of great con-

sequence, as the termination eur occurs so very

frequently.

43. Esprit. 44 in it, all masculine.

44. But. 22 in nt, all masculine.

45. Refus. 34 in us, all masculine.

46. Besoin. 15 in oin, all masculine. Thereader will observe, that I could not well in-

clude oin in the rule of in, ait in the rule of it,

&c. as, though the gender and two final letters

are the same, the pronunciation is so different,

FRENCH NOUNS. 17

that the memory wouhl not easily refer hesoin

to vin, or lait to esprit.

47. Orgueil. 17 in cU, all masculine.

48. Plaisir. 17 in "*» all masculine.

The learner will observe, that though, in

these fables, a termination is sometimes rejjeated,

yet none are to be found hut such as give the

rule; therefore, the repetition will help, rather

than confuse the memory: thus, for a word

in ot or age, if mot and herbage do not instantly

occur to tiie mind as the guiding word, gigot anil

courage very probably may : and so of the rest.

s J

18 GENDERS OF

SECOND MASCULINE FABLE:

Which gives the Gender of 1470 Noims.

Les deux Militaires et l'Ours.

Diiuxfils (1) de Mars, (2) frais et gaillai'ds,

Pour voyager prirent leur depart; (3)

Et firent entr'eux le marche (4)

De mutucllement s'assister.

Au d^clin du ;o?<r, (5)

lis entendent un grand bruit; (6)

Et, en Imrlant, un ours (7)

D'un bois (8) sortit.

11 vient droit Jl nos militaires ; (9)

Us ne peuvent fuir, et que faire?

Un d'eux, Idger et dispos,

Laisse son conipagnon (10) seul;

Et, s'elan^ant d'un saut, (11)

Grimpe sur un tilleul. (12)

L'autre, qui toujours le rusbif {\^) ainia,

Et qui buvait comme un Czar, (14) ou un

Bacha, (15)

Et qui ^tait aussi gras et gros

Qu'un nioine, (16) ou qw'un popjilo, (17)

Dans un sillon (18) s'etendit,

Tout de son long; (19) et le mort (20) contrefit.

FRENCH NOUNS. 19

L'ours s'approcbe en coiirrou.v ; (21)Mais il manque son coup; (22)Car, en lui flairant le corps, (23)II prend uotre homme pour un mort.

Et, corame aux cadavres (24) il ne touche pas,

Grognant coninie un clogue, (25) il s"en va.

Le inatamnre (26) de Wirbre (27) descendit,

Et demanda ce que l'ours avait dit

;

'• Car, du haut," dit-il, " j'ai observ^,

Que de pres il semblait te parler.''

" Oui ! il m'a uverti," lui dit-il,

" Que celui, qui deserte son ami

Dans le temps (28) du peril, (29)N'est digne que de mepris.''

20 GENDERS OF

NOTES TO THE Sl^COND MASCULINEFABLE.

1. Flls. There are 6 nouns in ils, all mascu-line.

2. Mars. 7 in cirs, all masculine.

[\. Depart. Of 24 in art, hart, a halter,

part, a part, and its compounds quotepart and

plupart are the only feminines.

4. Marchc. The learner must take particular

notice, that nouns ending in e with the acute

accent, are to be divided into tico classes: viz.

1st, those which end in t^, as bonte, beaut^,

&c. ; and 2d, those where the final ^ is preceded

by some other letter than t, as marche, cure,

abbe, c&U, &c. It is only -with the latter class

we have to do in this place, as t^ is a feminine

ending-, and is noticed in note 20 of the first fe-

minine fable, at the word beaute.

Remember, therefore, that every one of the

354 words ending in ^ with the acute accent,

not immediately preceded by t, is masculine, ex-

cept these four feminines, piti^, pity, moiti^,

moiety, amiti6, friendship, and inimitie, hatred;

which may be fixed in this sentence—c'est grand

pitie quand un horame change Vamitie qu'il

avait pour sa moitie en inimitie.

5. Jour. Of 28 in o?<r and 6 in nr, all are

masculine except cour, a court, and its com-

pounds, and tour, a tower, a castle at chess :

tour, a turn, a trick, a turner's tool, is mascu-

line: vide page 54.

FRENCH NOUNS. 21

6. Bruit. Of 15 in itit, miit, night, is the

only feminine: 7H/;n<?7, midnight, is masculine.

7- Ours. There are 11 in ours, all mascu-line. S sounds in un ours.

8. Bois. Of 20 in ois, the only feminine is

fois, a time : as three times, four times, &c.9. Militaire. There are 198 words in aire.

They are all masculine, except 11 names of

plants, as zedoaire, &c. and affaire, husiness,

aire, a floor, glaire, the white of an egg, paire,

a pair, gramraaire, grammar, chaire, a pulpit,

jugulaire, the jugular vein, haire, and statuaire.

10. Compagnon. As ahout one-ninth part of

the French substantives end in on, the learner

must be very exact in their genders. Theyare subdivided into four classes, nouns in ion

and aison, Avhich belong to the feminines, and

illon and on, which belong to the masculines.

—

For illon, see note 18 of this fable. Of those

which end in oi {^without being in ion, aison, and

illon), there are 405. These are all masculine,

except four designations of women, as laideron,

&c. and the following 14, which I have formedinto a sentence, to help the memory. Cet homme,e\\ pamoisnn, qu'on entraine en ;j/v'50» avec des

mandissons, a commis une trahison : car on I'en-

voya pour acheter du ble dans la inoisson, pour

en fournir lifoison toute la garnison; mais sui-

vant sa^rt^oM, il d^pensa tout en hoisson et chan-

sons. II a vendu sa toison pour sa ran^ou.

Cette le<,on doit Ctre sa guirison. The excep-

tions in 071 are in italics.

11. Saut. 14 in ant, all masculine.

12. Tilleul. 10 in etd, all masculine.

22 GENDERS OF

13. Roshif. Roast-beef. The French also

say un rosbif d'agneau, a roasted quarter of

lamb. There are 47 in if, all masculine.

14. Czar. 9 in ar, all masculine.

15. Bacha. The 65 nouns in a are all words

adopted from other languages : they are all mas-

culine, except, s^pia, bandora, talpa, falaca,

vinula, ara, and ])olenta.

16. Mohie. Of 12 in oine, all are masculine,

except the names of plants and stones.

17. Popido. Of 43 in 0, mostly borrowed

from the Italian, the only exception is virago,

which is feminine, of course, as denoting a fe-

male.

18. Sillon. 44 in Won, all masculine without

exception : vide page 21, note 10.

19. Lo7ig, 2 in otig, both masculine.

20. 3fo7t here means a dead man. La mort,

death, is the only feminine of 21 in ort.

21 . Courromv. Of 9 in ou.v, toux, a cough,

is the only feminine.

22. Coup. 5 in oup, all masculines.

23. Corps. 2 in orps, both masculine.

24. Cadavres. 2 in owre, both masculine.

25. Dogue. Of26inoo-Ke, the only femi-

nines are drogue, ^glogue, vogue, synagogue,

and pirogue, a canoe.

26. Mutamore. Of 19 in arc, mandragore,

m^'taphore, aurore, and pdcore, are feminine.

27. Arhre. 3 in arbre, all masculine.

28. Temps. 8 in emps, all masculine.

29. Phil. 52 in tV, all masculine without

exception.

FRENCH NOrXS. 23

THIRD MASCULINE FABLE:

IVIilch gives the Cender of 694 Noiois.

L'AviDE (1) tromp^ et puni.

A un Arahe, (2) esclave (3) ll Rome, (4) on avait

dit

Que, dans un chiotaphe, (5) il y avait un tresor:

(6)

Vers le minuit, il s'y introduit,

Croyant y gagner un kilogramme (7) d'or.

Uu sac de cuir (8) pesant il y trouva.

Que tout joyeux il emporta:

Mais il trouva du mecompte (9) quand il I'exa-

rainait

;

Car, au lieu de I'or qu'il attendait,

II n\v trouve que nomhre (10) de Lares (11) de

plomh (12)

Et de cuivre, (13) auxquels les prfitres de RomeDes dieux des atres (14) donnaient \cnom. (15)

Ije.s parens (16) du di'fnnt, (17) iniornu's du sa-

crilege,

Entrainorent Ic coupahle (]S) devant le siege (19)

24 GENDERS OP

Du consul (20) de Rome, des juges (21) un

prodig-e ; (22)

Qui dit, " \ebien-itre (23) dn public (24) exige

Que ce vol (25) d'iconoclaste (2G) soit puni;

Et que iJingt (27) coups de baton soient le prLv

(28)^ ^

D'avoir m^prise I'asile (29) des morts,

Et les emblemes(30) des dieux que Rome adore.''

Par le travail (31) du ministre (32) et du disciple

(33) du droit,

Le hclitre (/34) souffre avec stoicisme (35) le

chatiment de son exploit: (36)

Et a ses compagnons dit de sangfroid, (37)

"i]/<?.'?s/r<?.'?/(3S)avant de couriraucun risque^{3d)

sacliez pourquoi I"

FRENCH NOUNS. 25

NOTES TO THE THIRD MASCULINE

FABLE.

1. Avide. There are 38 nouns in j(^<? : thefeminines are ride, a wrinkle, bride, a bridle,

i^uide, a rein, with egide, pyraniide, cantharide,

heraorroides, and cycloide.

2. Arube. Of 12 in abn, all are masculinebut Souabe, Suabia, and syllabe, a syllable:

by a singularity, the compounds of syllabe, as

monosyllabe. &c. are masculine.

3. Esclave. Of 19 in rtue, the feminines are

cave, a cellar, rave, a radish, with octave, bave,entraves, and (^'paves, strayed animals.

4. Rome. 27 in ome, all masculine.5. Chiotaphe, Of 31 in aphe, all are mas-

culine except ^pigraphe, epitaphe, orthographe.6. Tresor. 12 in o;*, all masculine.

7. Kilogramme, there are 19 nouns in

(iinme : of v.hich all that do not end in grammeare feminine, as are anagramme, and epigramrae.

8. Ciiir. 1 in nir, masculine.

9. Mecnmpte. 7 in ompte, 2 in omtc, all

masculine.

10. Nombre. 9 in ombre, all masculine ex-cept ombre, shade.

11. Lares. The Lares were, among the Ho-mans, household gods, or gods of the fireside;

whfM-f! small metal images of them, a few ii\ches

c

26 GENDERS OF

long, were placed. They were so called fromLar, home. Of 19 nouns in arc, the feniinines

are cithare, tare, fanfare, and tiare.

12. Plornh. 4 in omb, all masculine.

12. Cuivre. Of 8 in iiu-e, livre, a poundweight, also a piece of money, is the only femi-

nine: livre, a book, is masculine: vide page 50.

14. yltre. 20 in aire, and G in artre, all

masculine, but finatre, bad silk, chartre, martre,

and dartre,

15. Nom. 7 ill om, all masculine.

16. Parens. 11 in ens, all masculine.

17- Defunt. 3 in nnt, all masculine.

18. Coiipahle. 20 in able, all masculine ex-

cept fable, table, and etable.

19. Siege. 12 in ege, all masc. but allege.

20. Consul. 8 in 7il, all masculine.

21. Juge. 10 in uge, all masculine.

22. Prodige. Of 15 in ige, tige, the bodyof a tree, and volige, a thin board, are feminine.

23. Bien-ctre. Of 36 in ctre, gu6tre, a

gaiter, and fenfetre, a window, are the only fe-

niinines.

24. Public. 10 in ic, all masculine.

25. I^ol. 19 in nl, all masculine.

26. Iconoclaste, from two Greek words, sig-

nifies a breaker and despiser of sacred imag-es.

Of 10 in aste, and 6 in astre, all are masculine,

except caste, a tribe, and haste, a dart, whichfollows the Latin hasta, a javelin.

27. Vingt. I in int. Le vingt de se mois.

28. Pria?. Of 1 1 in ?>,perdrix, a partridge,

is the only feminine.

29. Jsilc. I have taken a license to call a

FRENCH NOUNS. 2/

cenotaph '^ asilc nes mm'ts :" but it means an

empty tomb. Of 26 in He, the feminines are

pile, vigile, ilc, bile, file, huile, tuile, and their

compounds. The learner must distinguish Hefrom ille, which belongs to the feminines.

30. Emblhnt^. Of 36 in em^, br6me, cr6me,

and trirfime are feminine, and a sequence at

piquet, as la septifeme. AVhen part or share is

spoken of, the numerals become nouns masculine,

as, un douzit-me, a twelfth part.

31. Travail. 24 in ail, all masculine.

32. Ministrc. 5 in istrc, all masculine, as

are 6 in astre, 4 in nstre, and 7 i" estre, except

orchestra. Bistre, a paint, is doubtful.

33. Disciple. 4 in iple, all masculine.

34. Bi'Utre. Of 19 in itre, vitre, a window,dpitre, mitre, litre, and huitre, are feminine.

35. Stoicisme. 110 in «««?, all masculine.

36. E.vploit. 10 in oi7, all masculine.

37 Sangfroid. 2 in oid, and 2 in oids, all

masculine.

38. Messires. 20 in ire, all masculine ex-

cept cire, satire, mire, ire, and H(?gire.

39. Risque. 6 in isque, all masculine ex-

cept bisque, an advantage, and brisque, a gameat cards.

The i)upil, having learned the three preceding

fables by heart, and read the notes with atten-

tion, will know the genders of 7904 masculine

nouns. I will add two easy rules, which give

3/7 more, and there will then remain only a few

masculines in e mnte, which, by those who wish

to be very exact, may be learnt separately.

c2

28 GENDERS OF

RULE I.

There are 310 nouns which end with aCONSONANT, and are of terminations different

from all those given in the six fables. These310 nouns are all masculine, except faim, hun-ger, paix, peace, chaux, lime, clef, a key,mceurs, manners, soif, thirst, croix, a cross,

noix, a nut, poix, pitch, voix, the voice, andLa Toussaint, All Saints' day. Remember,therefore, that the guide to this rule is tlie final

letter being a consonant.

RULE II.

There are Qi^ nouns of which the last vowel

that sounds is a Y : these are all masculine,

except a few words seldom used, viz. hydre,

clepsydre, idylle, sibylle, hymne,* a Christian

hymn, lymphe, lymph, crypte, lyre, martyre,

a female martyr, analyse, and amethyste. Addto these exceptions myrrhe, myrrh, which is also

feminine.

* Note that hymne, a hymn, when used in speaking of

a religions song of the ancients is masculine : but whenit is used to designate a religious song of Christians, it is

feminine.

FRENCH NOUNS, 29

Masculine Words in e Mttte, not comprehended

in the preceding Rules.

Un vestibule, a ball

Un scrupule, a doubtUn pendule, a pendulumLe crepuscule, twilight

Un globule, a small globe

Le Sucre, sugar

Un microscope,a microscope

Un telescope, a telescope

Un soliloque, a soliloquy

Un divorce, a divorce

Un orme, an elmUn poste, a post

Un pouce, a thumbUn tube, a tube

Le coude, the elbowLe rouge, rougeLc comble, the height

Un ongle, a nail or clawUn insecte, an insect

Un dialecte, a dialect

Un spectre, a spectre

Un remede, a remedyUn cedre, a cedar

Un siecle, an age

Le r^gne, the reign

Un signe, a sign

Un labyrinthe, a labyrinth

Un philtre, a potion

Un chitrrc, a cipher

Un trone, a throne

Un code, a codeLe pcriode, the height

Un carosse, a carriage

Un poeme, a poemUn cofFre, a trunk

Le linge, linen

Le bronze, bronzeUn vignoble, a vineyard

Un cloitre, a monastery

Un sabre, a sabre

Un candclabre, a chandelier

Le sacre, the consecration

Un acte, an act

Un pacte, a compactLediaphragme,thediaphragmUn aigle, an eagle

Le vinaigre, vinegar

Un glaive, a swordL'ambre, amberLe blame, reproof

Un drame, a play

Le camphre, camphorUn cancre, a crab

Le change, changeL^n melange, a medleyUn angle, an angle

Le manque, wantLe chanvre, hempUn vacarme, an uproar

Vn charme, a charmUn cigarre, a cigar

Un masque, a maskUn casque, a helmet

Un asthme, an asthmaUn saule, a willow

Un aune, an aider-tree

Un royaume, a kingdomLe baume, balmUn psaumc, a psalmL'axe, the axis

Le luxe, luxuryUn buste, a bust

Un muscle, a muscle

Vn volume, a volumeUn rliume, a cold

Le rostumc, dress

Lc cuke, worship

Un turaulte, a tumult

3 c

30 GENDERS OF

These 78 nouns, with all those (31) ending in

aclc, asme, tiple, oxe, and ordre, complete the

enumeration of the masculines, which amount to

8415, including 182 designations of men, ending

in e mute, as apotre, an apostle, oncle, an uncle,

and the like, which it was entirely unnecessary

to mention, as respecting their gender there can

he no doubt.

END OF THE MASCULINE.

FRENCH NOUNS. 31

FIKST FEMININE FABLE :

Wkich gives the Gender of 4059 Nouns.

L'Attente de^ue.

Une jeune^//e (1) avait une donzaine (2)De belles tasses (3) de porcelaine,

Avec des coupes, (4) etdes petites cruches, (5)Des ventouses (6) et d'autres franfreluclies,

Que sur sa tete (7) ^ la ventc, (8)Portaitla jolie debitante. (9)" Je les vendrai," dit-elle en reverie, (10)"Et une chance (II) ?i la loterie

Puis j'acheterais

Avec la monnoie. (12)

Et de certitude {\3) certaine, grande/or/H/i6'(14)

je gagnerai

;

Parceque la dernifere lune je I'ai rfiv^:

Et riche alors, et bien raise,

J'aurai une mo7it)'e{\5)comme une marquise. (\6)Done j'irai a la danse ; (17)Ettous nie feront la reverence. (18)'Quelle <at7^e/'(19)dira.t-on. 'quelle heaute r{2Q)Et puis on me priera si danser."'

Pleine de la vanite

Dp octte fau6Be id<e, (21)

32 eBNDERS OF

Elle secoua la tete; et tout h, Vheure (22)

Arriva une terrible mesuventure: (23)

Cette sccousse (24) detruisit la b^elle creation (25)

I)e son imagination :

Sa marcliandise est cassee il sa vue ; (26^

Et, dans une minute, (27) voilii sa richesse (28)

perdue.

FRENCH NOUNS. 33

NOTES TO THE FIRST FEMININEFABLE.

1. Fille. There are 102 nouns m ille, all

feminine except vaudeville, codille, calville,niille,

codicille, quadrille, spadille, and trille.

2. Donzaine. 47 in able, all feminine ex-

cej)t Le Maine, a province of France, domaine,a domain, and capitaine, a masculine absolute.

3. Tasse. 48 in asse, all feminine but Par-nasse.

4. Coupes. 13 in oupe, all feminine exceptgroupe.

ii. Criichc. IG in uche, and 10 in ondie, all

feminine except baudruche, a technical word,j)iedouche, a pedestal, and two nouns denotingmen.

0. Ventouse. 15 in onsc, all feminine.

7. Tite. Of 30 nouns in e^e, all are femi-

nine, except 6 comi)ounds, coupe-tfite, &c. andthe names of men, as prophete.

8. Vente. 35 in elite, all feminine except le

trente, the 30tli day of the month.9. Dihitante. 49 in ante, all feminine ex-

cept 3 names of men, rossinante, a mean horse,

and adiante.

10. Reverie. There are 715 nouns in ie, all

feminine, except g^nie, genius,two names of men,one word from the Greek, perihelie, parapluie,

])avie, and Le Messie, the Messiah: incendle

is doubtful.

34 GFNDERS OF

11. Chance. 164 m ance, all feminine but

ranee i Du lard qui sent le ranee, bacon that

smells rusty.

12. Monnnie. 14 in oie, all feminine except

le foie, the liver,

13. Certitude. 47 in ude, all feminine ex-

cept prelude. Most of these follow the gender

of the Latin, being derived from nouns in ndo.

14. Fortune. 23 in nne, all feminine.

15. Montre. 8 in outre, all feminine except

le pour et le contre, pro and con.

16. Marquise. 49 in ise, all feminine.

17. Danse. T \n anse , n\\ itunmnQ

.

18. Reverence. 134 in encc, all feminine but

le silence, silence.

19. Taille, '/O'ln aille, all feminine

20. Reaute, There are 512 nouns ending

in ie : they occur very frequently, and are all

feminine except a few, viz. 6t^, the summer,traite, a treaty velout^, velvet lace, pfitd, a pie,

cote, a side, le benedicit^, a prayer, and a small

number of names of men derived from participles,

as d^put(5, revoke, 8cc.

21. Idee. There are 271 nouns in ^<?, all

feminine except musee, a museum, troph^e, and

a few words derived from the Greek, as Hy-men^e, coryphee, scarabde, &c., which are very

rarely used.

22. Hi^ure. 11 in e?«T, all feminine.

23. Mesaventure. Of 305 nouns in iire, all

are feminine except augure, parjure, and mur-

mure, with Tellure, a kind of metal first madein France about 1760.

24. Secousse. 12 in onsse, all feminine.

FREXCn NOUNS. 35

25. Creatio}i. Particular attention must be

paid to nouns in ?o», which amount to 1173.

They are all feminine except eight designations of

males, and pion, a pawn at chess, sepfentrion,

the north, croupion, the rump, scorpion, a scor-

pion, withfanion, camion, scion, bastion, gabion,

gallon, talion, million, billion, trillion, lampion,

and brimborions.

26. Vue. 44 in iie, all feminine.

27. Minute. 13 in nte, and )4 in ovtc, all

feminine but parachute, and doute, doubt.

28. Richesse. 90 in esse, all feminine with-

out exception.

36 GENDERS OF

SECOND FEMININE FABLE,

Which gives the Ocndcr of 1452 Nonna.

La Jolie Julienne, la TuLirE,

ET LA Rose.Julienne, (1) la rosirre, (2) reine, (3) tie laffite,

Avec sa conrotine (4) siir la tSte,

De sa conduits (5) sans tacke, (6) digne ricotn-

pense, {7)

Courait dans les allies s't^chappaiit de la danse.

D'une nnde (8) pure elle arrose

Sa favorite, (9) sa chfere I'ose. (10)

La tuUpe, (11) de la rose voisine,

A lajawiisse (12) de jalousie faisant Isimine, (13)

Var pique (14) dit fl notre heroine,

" Fourquo], 3fademoiselle, (15) de grace,

Faut il que je cfede la place (16)

A cette roHg-eaude, (17) cette idole, (18)

Dont tu sembles ^trefoUe ? (19)

Pourquoi, sans 7'ime, (20) ni raison, (21)

Perdrais-je a la comparaison ?

Dans ta robe (22) en guirlunde (23) tu la places

;

Ou dans tes houcles (24) tu I'enlaces.

N'ai-je pas une e.vcuse (25) d'etre en colere, (26)

De te voir avec ma rivaJe, (27) cette nabote; (28)

Et qu'a moi toujours on preffere

Cette pimbcche, (29) cette sotte?" (30)

FRBKtH NOUKS. 37

•' Ne sois point en peine,"

Reprit la vierge (31 ) reine :

" Ne le prends pas en grippe, (32)Jalouse tulipe

!

Dans la gelee, je te couvris de tiatte ; (33)Mais tu I'oublies, ingrate ! (34)Neanmoins, sans adulation,

Tu merites notre admiration:

Mais souviens-toi que la beaute exterieure

Cedera toujours aux beautes interieures."

S8 GENDEKS Of

NOTES TO THESECOND FEMININE FABLE.

1. Jidienne. There are 12 nouns in enne,

all feminine.

2. Rosiere. Of 297 nouns ending in iere,

all are feminine, except cimetifere. Words endings

in fere are classed separately. At Salenci, in

France, a young woman is annually chosen

"queen of the rose,'' La Rosiere. This honour

is conferred for supereminent virtue and correct-

ness of demeanour. The queen is crowned with

a garland of roses on the 8th of June. Madamede Genlis has written a little play, in which this

pleasing and honourable ceremony is admirably

described; it is called La Rosiere de Salenci.

3. Reine. 12 in eiue, all feminine.

4. Couronne. 30 in onne, all feminine, ex-

cept personne, nobody : personne, a person, is

feminine.

5. Conduite. 12 in uite, all feminine.

6. Tache. Of 30 nouns in ache, the only

masculines are gamaches, gaiters, panache, a

plume, relache, relaxation, and three or four

names of men, as bravache, a bully, &c.

7. Recompense. 8 in eiise, all feminine.

8. Onde. Of 14 in onde, the only masculine

is monde, the world.

9. Favorite. Of 48 in ite, all are feminine,

except the names of men, as satellite, Areopa-

gite, &c., and merite, demerite, gite, site, and

rite.

10. Rose. 15 in ose, all feminine.

FRKNCIl NOUNS. 3d

11. Tulipe. Of 12 in j/je, the only mascu-

lines are participe and principe.

12. Jaimisse. 14 in isse, all feminine.

13. Mine. 157 in ine, all feminine, except

le platine, platina.

14. Pique. There are 116 nouns \n ique.

The masculine exceptions are 26 designations

of men, as ecclesiastique, laique, Sec, with por-

tique, a portico, pique, at cards, topique, tro-

pique, cantique, distique, eraetique, narcotique,

and viatique.

15. Mademoiselle. Of 123 in elle, the only

masculines are libelle, a libel, vermicelle, vermi-

celli, isabelle, a colour, and violoucelle, a vio-

loncello. Les fiddles, true believers, is masc.

16. Place. 27 in ace, all feminine, except

espace, a space.

17- Roiigeaiale. 19 in aiide, all feminine.

18. Idole. Of 70 in olc, all are feminine,

except symbole, mole, a dyke, monopole, a mo-nopoly, pole, role, protocole, and capitole.

19. Folic. 12 in olle, all feminine.

20. Rime. 28 in ime, all feminine, except

regime, crime, centime, and dime, a tithable

district; but dime, tithe, is feminine.

21. Raison. 41 in aison, all feminine, with-

out exception.

22. Robe. 7 i" ohe and ohbe, all feminine,

but lobe and globe.

23. Guirlande. Of 37 in ande, the only

masculine is le multiplicande.

24. Boiccle. 3 in oncle, all feminine.

25. E.vcusc. 1 1 in use, all feminine.

26. ('olere. Of the 73 nouns in ere, the

i> 2

40 6BNDBRS OF

masculine exceptions are 7 designations of men,with visceres, mystere, ministere, cautere, adul-

tere, ulcere, cratere, caractere, hemisphere,

monastere, and a few words of very rare occur-

rence.

27. Rivale. Of 50 in ale, and 12 in idle,

all are feminine but scandale, intervalle, ovale,

petale, and the compounds of balle.

28. Nabote. 47 in ote, all feminine except

the names of men, antidote, and vote.

29. Pimheche. 47 in ecAe, all feminine, but

pr6che, a sermon.

30. Sottc. 37 in otte, all feminine but tire-

botte, a boot-jack.

11 in erge, all feminine but31. Vierge.

cierg'e,

32.

33.

a taper.

Grippe.

Natte.

34. Ingrate

4 in ippe, all feminine.

11 in atte, all feminine.

, 35 in ate, all feminine, except

the names of men, with automate, an automaton,

Euphrate, the Euphrates, and stigmate, which

is used only when speaking of the marks of our

Saviour's wounds.

FRENCH NOUNS 41

THIRD FEMININE FABLE,

Which gives the Geiider of 1406 Nouns.

La ViLliAGEOISE ET LA BeLETTE.

Une villugeoise, (I) ii, force (2) d'attrcipes, (3)

Trouva enfin dans sa trappe, (4)

Une irapudente belette, (5)

Qui mangeait en goinfrade (6) ses poulettes.

En phrase (7) adroite, la caj^tive (8) dit,

" O heWe paysarnie ! (9) epargne ma vie:

Me tuei' serait grande injustice; (10)

Car des vermines je suis la destructrice,

Et de tes ;;(y»/(^s (11) la sanvcgarde (12) et la

protectrice."

"Quelle t;er'^o^«e.''' (13) dit lafille: "quelle his-

toire! (14)

Je mourrais de horde (15) d'etre si niaise,

Que de me laisser croire

De telles fadaises! (16)

Aux poules confiees a ma charge (17) tu fais la

guerre, (18)

Aussi sur que pleines de scve, (19)

Nourries de la bone (20) de la terre,

Les branches (21) d'une citrouille (22) «tu d'une

gadele (23) s'el^vent.

I) 3

42 SENDERS OF

Si tu n'eusses pas use defeitites, (24)

Je ne t'aurais point punie;

Mais je n'ecoute plus tes plaintes, (25)

A cause (26) de ton hypocrisie.

Tu n'apportes dans ma cabane (27) que plaies

(28) et bosses; (29)

Et, aussi sur que j'espfere aller h mes noces, (30)

Trompeuse ,{3\)tu raourras !" et puis, sur la tfite,

Notre hegueule, (32) avec une w.aiUoche, (33)

assomma la b6te.

FRENCH NOUNS. 43

NOTES TO THE

THIRD FEMININE FABLE.

1. yUlageoise. There are 17 nouns in oise,

and 2 in olsse, all feminine.

2. Force. 7 i" orce, all feminine but di-

vorce.

3. Attrape. 14 in ape, all feminine butPape, and satrape, masculines absolute.

4. Truppe. 8 in appe, all feminine.

5. Belefte. Of 276 in ette, the only mascu-lines are amulette, sqnelette, and three compoundwords, as porte-mouchettes, a snuffer-tray. Thelearner will observe, that words compounded ofa verb and a substantive, are masculine, eventhough the noun be feminine, as porte-Iettre,

tire-balle, casse-noisette. &c.6. Goinfrade. Of 139 nouns in ade, stade,

jade, and grade, are the only masculines.

7. Phrase. Of 23 in use, vase, a vase, gym-nase, Pegase, and Caucase, are the only masc.

8. Captive. Of 43 in ivc, all are femininebut convive, a male guest : but we say, II faut 6tre

sur le qui vive, we must be on the alert.

9. Pai/sanne. 13 in anne, all feminine.

10. Injustice. There are 142 in ice. Themasculine exceptions are rather numerous, butmay be easily fixed. Remember that, except1 1 , all the feminines in ice designate women.These 1 1 feminines are malice, niilice, dtiices,

notice, police, lice, avarice, ^pice, justice, injus-

D 4

44 GENDERS OF

tice, and premices. Therefore, except these

1 I , when the learner meets with a noun in ice,

that does not name a female, he will know it to

be masculine.

11. Poule. 13 in oide, all feminine but

moule, a model.

12. Saiwegarde. 37 in arde, all feminine

but pericarde.

13. Vergogne. 14 in ogne, all feminine but

Bourgogne, Burgundy, where vin is ixnderstood.

14. Hlstolre. There are 80 words in oire.

This is the most diflBcult ending in the language,

as there are nearly as many masculines as femi-

nines. The learner must remember, that all

places in which any persons assemble, are mas-

culine ; as refectoire, a refectory ; all law and

church terras are masculine ; as offertoire, the

oflFertory, petitoire, an action at law; and the

remaining masculines in oire must be committed

to memory; boire, ivoire, vomitoire, deboire,

genitoires, purgatoire, territoire, and machica-

toire.

15. Honte. 12 in onte, all feminine, but

conte, a story.

16. Fadaise. 15 in wis/?, all feminine, except

malaise, mesaise.

17. Charge. 8 in arge, all feminine: but

we say, le large, the offing.

18. Guerre. Of 12 in erre, the masculines

are cimeterre, verre, parterre, and tonnerre.

19. Seve. 12 in eve, all feminine, but rfeve

and elfeve. Elfeve is both masculine and feminine.

20 Boue. 23 in one, all feminine.

21. Branches 14 in nnche, all feminine,

FRENCH NOUNS. 45

but Dinianche and mancbe, a handle: manche is

feminine when it means a sleeve.

22. Citrouille. 18 in oui/lc, all feminine.

23. Gadl'le. Of 19 in cle, the masculinesare zfele, modfele, parallele, a comparison, andinfidfele.

24. Fcintes. 12 in ehite, all feminine.

25. Pluhites. 6 in a'mte, all feminine.

26. Cause. 3 in mtse, 3 in ausse, all feminine.

27. Cahane. Of 50 nouns in ane, .all are

feminine, but ane, an ass, crane, the skull, manes,ghosts, organe, filigrane, arcane, and plane, aplane-tree.

28. Plaie. 49 in aie, all feminine, withoutexception.

29. Bosse. Of 12 in osse, the only mascu-lines are carosse and colosse.

30. Noces. 7 ill oce, all feminine but negoceand sacerdoce.

31. Trompeuse. There are 263 nouns in

euse, all feminine, without exception : they al-

most all designate females.

32. Begueide. 10 in eide, all feminine.

33. MaiUoche. I'here are 30 nouns in oche,all feminine, but proche, reproche, coche, medi-anoche, and loche, a loach.

The pupil, having learned thus far, f/ill havefixed in the memory the genders of 6917 femi-nine nouns. There remain about 210 more,which 1 could not introduce : many of these are

designations of females; as une dagorne, a shrew,d5

46 6BNDERS OF

veuve, a widow, ferame, a woman, sage-femme,

a midwife, and the like, the gender of which is

instantly obvious. The rest are added in the

following list:

—

Feminine Words in e mute, not comprehended in

the jireceding Rules.

Une lieue, a league Une bague, a ring

Une queue, a tail Uue eclipse, an eclipse

Une meute, a pack of hounds Une toufFe, a tuft

Une preuve, a proof Une huppe, a tuft

Une ceuvre, a deed Une perruque, a perukeUne manoeuvre, a manoeuvre La lutte, wrestling

Une fievre, a fever Une liutte, a hut

Une levre, a lip Une fugue, a fugue

Une bible, a bible Une couple, a couple

Une fibre, a fibre Une source, a source

Une affiche, a placard Une bourse, a purse

Une corniche, a cornice La bourbe, mudUne miche, a roll La fourbe, deceit

Une niche, a niche Les annonces, the bannsDes bribes, scraps La provende, provender

Des besides, spectacles Une legende, a legend

Une ferme, a farm Une amende, a fine

Une citerne, a cistern La tempe, a temple

Une lanterne, a lantern Une larme, a tear

Une caserne, barracks Une alarnie, an alarm

La gouverne, direction Les amies, weaponsUne giljerne, a cartridge-box Une harpe, a harp

Une serpe, a bill-book Une carpe, a carp

Unecontroverse,acontroversyUne remarque, a remarkLa perte, loss Une barque, a bark

L'alei te, alarm L'ainc, the soul

Une decouverte, a discovery Une cellule, a cell

Des conserves, preserves La cuticule, the cuticle

Des verves, whims La mule, the Pope's slipper

Une drachme, a dram Une pilule, a pill

Une cataracte, a cataract Une virgule, a commaL'epacte, the epact Une peninsule, a peninsula

Une montagne, a mountain Une pendule, a clock

Le campagne, the country La Sauge, sage

Une ch&taigne, a chestnut L'ebenc, ebony

FRENCH NOUNS. 47

La vergne, a sliip's yardUnc vague, a waveUne aile, a wingUne (lefaitc, a defeat

Une retraite, a retreat

Les Alpes, the Alps

Une jupe, a petticoat

La fresqiie, fresco

Une horloge, a clock

Une loge, a lodge

La ponipe, pompLa moelle, marrowUne tourte, a fruit pie

La fange, dirt

La frange, fringe

Une grange, a barnUne orange, an crangc

Une sc^ne, a scene

Une bibliotbeque, a library

Une valve, a valve

La leprc, leprosy

Les v^pres, vespers

Une guepe, a waspUne goutte, a dropUne boite, a boxLa pointe, the point

Une bonibe, a bombUne colouibe, a doveUne tombe, a monumentLa peste, a plague

Une veste, a waistcoat

Les cendres, ashes

Une reponse, an answerUne farce, a farce

Les louanges, praises

These nouns, with all those \n (se, arte, ourde,

and ampe, 28 in number, added to some female

designations, and a few words seldom used, com-

])lete the feminine list, which amounts to 7133.

This number, added to the masculines, 8415,

will give the total amount of the French nouns,

l.>,,')48; a calculation which, I believe, agrees

as nearly as possible witli those made by the

French grammarians.

As soon as tlie learner has committed the six

fables to memory, he ought to exercise himself

in the nppUcation of them. This may be done

by liis teacher taking a dictionary, and calling the

nouns, while the pupil, as each word is called,

refers it in his memory to the guiding word in the

fable, and answers as to the gender. A very

little practice will enable him to refer in a mo-ment to a word in the fables that ends like the

word he wants to know the gender of. For in-

48 GENDERS OF

Stance, suppose the word asked be haleiiie, the

breath, his memory will refer it to reine, or

peine, and, as these words occur in the fable

about the qaeen of the rose, a female, he will

know a1, once that haleine is feminine.

Gibier, game, he would refer to sangUer

;

metal, to cheval; enfance and esperance, to

chance; gravite to beaute ; fente to attente

;

carquois, to bois ; and so of the rest.

The following list comprehends all those nouns

which the French make masculine in one signi-

fication, and feminine in the other. I should re-

commend students who have made some progress

in the language, to copy them all three or four

times, as the surest method of impressing themon the memory :

—

IJne aide, help

Un aide, an assistant, as aide-de-camp

Un aigle, an eagle

L'aigle Imperiale, a standard, /em.

L'aise, comfort, eascj/f^m.

Le malaise, discomfort

Un aune, an alder-tree

Une aune, an ell measure

Un barbe, a Barbary horse

Une barbe, a beard

Un barde, a bard, a poet

La barde, a slice of bacon roasted with a fowl

Un Basque, a Biscayan

Une basque, a skirt

Un berce, a bird

Une berce, a plant

Un braque, a setting dog

FRENCH NOUNb. 49

l^es braques, /6'/u. the claws of shell-fish

Uii c^pre, a privateer

line capre, a caper

Le caraque, cocoa

Une caraque, a carrack, a kind of ship

Le carpe, the wrist

Une carpe, a carp

Un cartouche, an ornament in designings

Une cartouche, a cartridge

Le Champagne, a French wineLa Champagne, a province of FranceUn coche, a waggon, a passage-boat

Une coche, an old sow, a notchLe conretable,the Lord High Constable of FrancsLa connetable, his lady

Un couple, a man and his wife

Une couple, a pair, a brace

Le clir^me, or cr6me, consecrated oil

Le cr^me de tarte, a drugLa cr^me, creamUn critique, a critic

Une critique, a criticism

Une dame, a lady

Le dame dame, a sort of cheese

Le, double, a duplicate, twice the value

La double, the second stomach of a ruminatinjf

animal

Un enseigne, an ensign, an officer

Une enseigne, a flag, a token

Un exemple, an example, a precedent

Une exemple, a writing copy, apattern

Le faux, falsehood

La faux, a scythe

Le fin, the main point

La fin, the end

50 6ENDBRS OF

Le follicule, the gall bladder

LafoUicule, the seed-vessel in plants

Un forfet, a gimlet

Une for^t, a forest

Un foudre, a tun-vessel, a wine-butt

Un foudre de guerre, a thunderbolt of war, a

great warrior

Une foudre, a thunderbolt

La foudre de Dieu, the wrath of GodUn fourbe, a swindler

La fourbe, knavery, deceit

Un garde, a guardsmanUne garde, a defence

Le grefFe, a register

La greflfe, a graft

Les gueules, gules, in heraldry, mas.

La gueule, the jaws of a beast

Un guide, a guide

Une guide, a rein

Le haute-paye, a soldier in extra pay

La haute-paye, extra pay

Un heliotrope, a sun-flower

Une heliotrope, a spotted precious stone

Un hymne, a chant of the ancients

Une hymne, a Christian hymnUn iris, a rainbow

Une iris, the circle round the pupil of the eye

Les larves, mas. evil spirits

Jia larve, a worm or grub

Une ligne, a line

Un interligne, a space between lines

Un litre, a measure for liquids

Une litre, mourning hangings used in churches

Un livre, a book

Une livre, a pound weight, a piece of money

FRENCH SOVNS. 51

Un manche, a lumdleUne manche, a sleeve, the straits of DoverUn manoeuvre, a bricklayers m^nUne manoeuvre, a manoeuvreUn martyre, a martyrdomUne martyre, a female martyrUn matamore, a boaster

Une matamore, a slave-prison

Un memoire, a bill, a memoir, a memorandumLa memoire, the memoryUn mire, a boar five years old

Une mire, an aim, the button at tlie muzzle of a

gun to take aim byUn mode, a mood, accident

La mode, fashion, customUn mole, a pier, a mole, a dykeUne mole, a tympany, a false idea

La mort, death

Un mort, a corpse, a dead manUn moufle, a pulley, a set of pulleys

Une moufle, a mitten

Un moule, a model, a pattern, an exampleUne moule, a muscle, a shell fish

L^n mousse, a ship hoyLa mousse, moss, froth

Un novice, a novice, a cabin-boy

Une novice, a female preparing to take the veil,

a nun expectant

Une nuit, a night

Une malenuit, a restless night

liC niinuit, midnight

]je grand ouivre, the philosopher's stone

I'll rpiivre, a literary workIi«'s hors dVpuvre, vuis. small ragouts, side disliei

Uiip oMivre, an action, a work, a deed

52 GENDERS OF

Un ombre, a sort of fish like the salmonL'ombre, mas., a game at cards

Une ombre, a shadow, a ghostLes ombres, mas., is applied to uninvited visitors

introduced to a feast in ancient Home, bythe invited guests

Un orgue, an organLes org\ies,fem., a pair of organsL'orge,/(?m., barley

L'orgemonde, peeled barley

Un page, a page, an attendant, a shij) boy

Une page, a page in a bookUn paillasse, a theatrical clownUne paillasse, a mattress

Un palme, a measure of length

Une palme, an advantage

Un panache, a plumeUne panache, a pea-henUn pantomime, a pantomime player

Une pantomime, a pantomimeUn parallele, a comparisonUne parallele, a parallel line

Le passe passe, juggling

Une passe, a pass in fencing, a hen-sparrowUn pendule, a pendulumUne pendule, a clock

Le periode, the height

La periode, an epoch, a period

Personne, mas., nobodyUne personne, a person

Un pique, a spade, at cards

Un pique nique, a pic nic, a party where each

contributes prvisions

Une pique, a spear, a quarrel

FRENCH NOUNS. 53

Un pivoine, a kind of snipe, a gnat-snapper

La pivoine, peony, a plant

Un plane, a plane-tree

Une plane, a plane, a carpenter's tool

Le platine, platina, a metal

La platina, the plate to which a watch movementis fastened, a copper-plate

Un plinthe, a squared body of soldiers

Une plinthe, a plinth, in architecture

U'^n pocle, a stove, a coffin pall

Une poele, a frying-pan

Un Polacre, a Polish gentleman

Une polacre, a polacca, a vessel in common use

in the MediterraneanLe ponte punto, one who gamblesLa ponte, the laying of eggs

Un poste, a station, a situation, office

La jioste, the post-office, tlie mail, travelling post

Le pourpre, purple, the purples, or spotted fever

La pourpre, used figuratively for the power anddignity of a king, pope, cardinal, &c.

Un pretexte, a j)retence, a pretext

La pretexte, an ancient Roman dress

Un piipille, a male pupil

Une pupille, the apple of the eye, a female pupil

Un regale, an organ pipe

La regale, the holding a vacant bishopric

Le relache, relaxation

Une relaclie, tlie touching at a sea-port

Un remise, a glass coachUne remise, a coaeh-house

Le serpentaire, a coni-tellation

La serpentaire, draggon-wortLe sinoplo, vert in heraldry, a chalk

La sinople, anemone, a flower

54 FRENCH NOUN'S,

Le solde, payment, balance of an account

La solde, the pay of a soldier

Un somme, a sleep, a nap

Une somme, a sum of money, a load

Un souris, a smile

Une souris, a mouseUne syllabe, a syllable

Un monosyllabe, a monosyllable

Un poly syllabe, a polysyllable

La terre, the earth

La terre a terre, short leaps of a horse

Le rezterre, a surface even with the ground

La tete, the head

Un tete-a-t6te, a tete-a-tete

Un torse, a torso, a mutilated statue

Une torse, a turner's tool

Un tour, a turn, trick, lathe

Une tour, a tower, rook at chess

Un triomphe, a triumph, victory

Une triomphe, a trump card, a game at cards

Un trompette, a trumpeter

Une trompette, a trumpet

Le vague, empty space

La vague, a wave

Un vase, a vase

La vase, slime, mudUn vis-Jl-vis, a carriage

Une vis, a screw

Un voile, a veil, a cover

Une voile, a sail

R. Richards, Printer, 39, Clement'i Laae.

4<'ih^

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