French View American Presidencyby Dominique Thisse

These times of presidential elections give me the occasion of expresssmg a few ideas about the American presiden­ cy that to* shape little by little ta my head since I arrived in this country. Observed from overseas, the rites of the American presidential pre-election times almost look like a mysterious liturgy, with the campaigning of tte candidates, the ballet of the primaries, then the huge leas! of the conventions. Most often foreigners don't understand. The ideas expressed thereafter have been deliberately placed in a cultural perspective. They are those of a French national, educated within a very dif­ ferent poli tical system. and who sud­ denly landed on this country as on the planet Mars and discovered with

astonishment what American politics are.

Tne history of French polite is that of a constant centralization process that culminated in the French Revolu­ tion, was consolidated by Napoleon and has never loosened up since then. To give a concrete example, it is not un­ common that a water supply work in a small Alpine town be decided by the central government. Also, the govern­ ment decided to switch dramatically to nuclear energy without asking anybody's opinion. So. imagine toe astonishment of a poor French citizen dropped over America, and who discovered by reading the Arizona Republic that the American federal government bad to fight not only against Congress, but also against small Arizona communities to get all

the permissions necessary for making major national decisions.

The reader of this article most not forget that overseas, the American presidency is usually associated with a feeltag of immense power. This Is true if one considers the at state, the amount of money involved, the mlttary forces controlled. So. when I arrived here, my miod was shocked. How could such a powerful presidency be so weak? Very quickly. I understood that it was not weak, but Just "not too strong" as the American people wants it to be. 1 understood that presidential power ex­ isted only within strict constitutional limits best summarized as the checks and balances systems, and that the prerogatives of tue states also limited the field of the executive. Poor un­ fortunate executive power, squeezed

between Congress and the states! Washington definitely was sot Paris, and Prescott was not Epmal.

But my mind was still shocked. I still thought and still think that something was wrong with the presidency. It just did not work and is not working any better now. The presi­ dent cannot succeed in applying deci­ sions of national interest such as an energy program, and the international political influence of the U.S.A. is not improving. CM course, everyone or almost thinks that Jimmy Carter does not attain flyback status for the re­ quirements of the position. Should a stronger president be elected, things would most certainly ran better. But it is also obvious that the recent evolution of the American presidency since

Continued on Page 7

American Graduate School of International Management

Vol. 9 No. 11 April 4,1980

Tennis Champs Slam AwaybyGaetanLion

The Spring 1980 Tennis Tournament, which took place March 21-23, will be remembered as the best one that ever took place on the Thunderbird Campus. It looked more like the N.C.A.A. finals than the usual business grad school hackers contest. To illustrate the dif­ ference in caliber from previous semesters, Colorado teaching pro and fall semester champ Duke Budlong almost lost in the first round. He again had a close match in the second round and finally stumbled against fren­ chman Danny Wachtel in a captivating semi-final. Duke was-serving bullets but Danny matched his power and with accurate groundstrokes was able to control Duke's serve and volley game. Danny won 7-5,5*3 after 2 hours of ex­ cellent tennis.

Chris Koruga showed his potential as he played a nearly perfect match in the quarter-finals, outpowering french teaching pro Alain Mayerhoeffer. Alain could stay even on groundstrokes but he was powerless against Chris's big serve and volley game. In the semis Chris did

not slow down but his opponent John Moncure, endowed with the legs of Flash Gordon, could return anything that Chris did not bounce out of the court. Consequently, Chris had to work very hard in order to beat John 7-6,6-3.

Cbnploi Clrlt Uriiji

Africa To Host Olympicsby Niels Marquardt

The deadlock over the 1986 Olympic Games has been broken with the accep­ tance of the AGSIM Thunderbird Cam­ pus as the alternate site. The substitute games are scheduled to take place Saturday afternoon, April 26, on the Quad, with the competing teams to be composed of AGSIM students represen­ ting the countries of their choice.

The surprise announcement of this dramatic turn of events came after weeks of secret negotiations between the non-aligned Club Council and the Africa Club, which is to organize the Olympiad with ASLC financial support Lavish praise has come in from all quarters for the idea of a third-world host as a means of defusing the bipolar political implications of the troubled games, and all campus clubs are reportedly eager to field teams.

In addition, an urgent appeal has been issued to all autonomous Thunder- bird students to organize eight-person teams under the flag of their choice, be it that of France, Afghanistan, the PLO. or wherever. The teams must each nave a minimum of two women. The organizing committee is hoping for a maximum number of participants, and the sign-up will take place the week after Easter.

In many ways this year's Games will represent a radical break from the

past, both in composition and in spirit. Traditional events like sprints, balance beam and high dive are being replaced by such ribald activities as three- legged races, tug o* war, inner tube races and a human wheelbarrow. And whereas previous games have featured strict controls on chemical substance intake by the contestants, the T-Bird Olympics will actually encourage both participants and spectators to partake heavily of the free beer and soda to be offered. Past experience has shown beer to actually improve performances of this nature!

April 26 has been designated "Africa Day" and thus the Olympics are but one aspect. Participants and spectators will have the opportunity to try to dunk their favorite professors into a bib of icy-cool water at the Dunking Booth, a thrill for which a nominal fee will be charged. At the conclusion of the games the AGSIM dining hall will cater the awards ban­ quet, picnic-style around the pool. As night falls, the auditorium will open for the screening of the humorous West African film "XALA". Finally, those still standing are invited to Africa Night at the Pub, which will feature African music, dancing and edibles.

The International Olympic Commit­ tee, in citing reasons for having chosen the little-known campus, appeared im-

ContinuedonPage2

The final was extraordinary. Chris, who played on the West Coast pro cir­ cuit for two years and Danny, who played one season on a french pro satellite circuit, both played tennis that directly reflected their excellent ex­ perience in the sport. In the first set Danny could not miss and broke Chris's serve. When you know that Chris is 6'4" and that his serve travels well over 100 mph, Danny's task seemed impossible, but Daonv, woa the first set 6-S. The se­ cond set was as close as possible but this time Chris's serve gunned through Danny's defense and Chris pulled it out and won the second set 7-6. The third set was all Chris's as Danny's legs collaps­ ed after four and a half hours of com­ petitive tennis on the same day. Chris finally won with pme scores of 3-6.7-6. and 6-0.

Ho Point/Ccuatirpeiitt

Carter Does It Again

President Carter's new anti-inflation program (18.7% last week* is like try­ ing to put out a fire by pouring oil on it. His tax on oil imports is meant to add 10 cents to the cost of gas at the pumps. That must be added to the already ris­ ing costs that derive from administra­ tion deregulation of domestic oil. And, both these measures increase the pressure on inflation, which add to the cost of imported oil in the first place. The spiral continues.

The President keeps blaming the in­ flation rate on the price of oil which is being imported. If oil prices alone could explain inflation, then Japan would not have one-fourth of the U.S.'s inflation rate while she uses twice the imported oil than the U.S. When he attacks spen­ ding, Carter does it by making gas more expensive, which will increase the perception of spending, even if spending falls off. Doesn't be deserve somexind of reverse Nobel Prize for economic incomprehension? To in­ crease productivity, be taxes business expenses more punitively with Us limit on credit

Carter's politically-motivated budget-cut proposal -15 billion- would only decrease the inflation rate by a mere .01% The Plan, which by and large exempts the military, is submit­ ted to the Congress only to be riddled by lobbyist and special groups. The out-

Continued on Page«

THE SECOND ANNUAL GREATER THUNDERBIRD INTER­

NATIONAL GOLF AND TENNIS CLASSIC

Sip up today at the ASLC office

EVERYBODY WINS!!!

Bizarre Bazaar

Hey people. Read this. This is something to which you could give and from which you might benefit, THE BIZARRE BAZAAR..... April 18. Fri­ day. Action starts at 8 a.m. Proceeds from the Bazaar go to our student Emergency Loan Fund fELF). ELF was established in May 1977 with an in­ itial contribution from the ASLC. Other funds have come from private dona­ tions and our Bizarre Bazaars. We earned SS1 in our April 1919 Bazaar and $728 in the October 1979 Bazaar. Our revolving fund currently totals $2,528. We have made 2W emergency loans totaling $10,910. The ELF loans are no-interest loans (for emergency needs) that are to be repaid to X days.

How can you help? Give us your throwaways. Your junk will be another's treasure. Donations will be gratefully accepted at the Financial Aids Office (or in any of the strategically-placed red barrels mark­ ed "Rummage Bin"). We also need sales assistance. Please sign up at the Financial Aids Office. What we need most of all are CUSTOM­ ERS! !! ....April 18th on the lawn in front of the Financial Aids Office. One more note: There will be FREE BEER.

A reminder to AGSIM students from the Career Services Center that com­ pany files and the following Job-related tapes are available at the library to help you. There are many evening and weekend hours when the library is open and 'Career Services is not when these sources might be especially helpful. World Trade* U.S. jobs dark & Arizona Bank Import/Export Presentation The Campus Interviews 1-2-3 Caterpillar: Marketing Careers Product-Support Marketing Careers with Caterpillar MBA Career/Finance Careers-General Mills International Harvester

2- DAS TOR-April 4,1980

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Gulick to Speak At French Colloquium

Dean Robert L. Gulick, Jr. is scheduled to speak at a Col­ loquium of French professors and representatives of business on April 11. 1980, at the University of Southern California. The event is under the patronage of the Cultural Counselor of the French Em­ bassy and of the Delegate of Quebec and is sponsored by the North American Commis­ sion of the International Federation of French Pro­ fessors.

He will speak about American Graduate School's

tripartite curriculum. A panel of businessmen including representatives of the French- American Chamber of Com­ merce, the National Bank of Paris, and various French enterprises will follow.

Dean Gulick has recently accepted an invitation to become an Associate Member of the International Associa­ tion of University Presidents, an organization whose pur­ pose it is to promote world peace through higher educa­ tion.

More AfricaContinued from Page l

pressed by the exquisite facilities, including a fully- intact Olympic Village, semi- Olympic swimming pool, manicured lawns and adja­ cent international airfield.

The organizing committee, co-chaired by Sal Pappalardo and Niels Marquardt. consists of Jim Anderson. publici­

ty/advertising; Tom Malone. Dunking Booth/entertain­ ment; Charlotte Gregory, pro­ ps/equipment; and Sal. decorations/theme. The various events will be planned and administered by the in- dividual clubs and co­ ordinated by the committee. All persons interested in help­ ing in any way are asked to contact the appropriate per­ son or volunteer through the various clubs.

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See Arizona SightsClimate, copper, cattle and

cotton are the four "CV* of Arizona. Here in the Valley of the sun all are evident except copper. Come see how copper was and is mined. Join one or both of the two Friends of Tbunderbird tour offerings.

During Easter weekend, AprU 4- , the largest open pit mine in the world, the old Lavender Pit at Bisbee will be visited. On the Semester Break Grand Canyon Tour, May 17-28. the copper ghost town of Old Jerome. toe gold panning area of Lynx Lake aad the working Inspiration Copper mine at Globe will pro­ vide contrasting studies.

Studies may sign up for either or both tours by making the appropriate deposit in the A.S.L.C. Office. Twenty-five dollars down on the ninety dollar Easter weekend is re­ quired by 4:00 p.m. Friday. April 18th is the deadline for reservations on the Semester Break Grand Canyon Tour. In

You are a fluke of the universe;

You have no right to be here.Go placidly among the noise

and waste and remember what comfort there may be in owning a piece thereof.

Avoid quiet and passive per­ sons unless you are in need of sleep. Rotate your tires.

Speak glowingly of those greater than yourself, and heed well their advice, even though they be turkeys.

Know what to kiss and when.

Consider that two wrongs never make a right, but that three do.

Whenever possible, put peo­ ple on hold.

Be comforted Oat in the face of all aridity and disillu­ sionment and despite the changing fortunes of time, mere is always a big future in computer maintenance.

You are a fluke of the universe.

You have no right to be here.Whether you hear it or not,

the universe is laughing behind your back.

Remember the Puebto.Strive at all tunes to bend.

order to keep the costs down the group wffll be camping most nights and preparing most of their own meals; thus the cost estimate is $390 for eleven days.

Whether you visit the "roar- Ing, violent town; the wickedest dty to America" which was Jerome in northern Arizona or the slightly newer turn-of-the-centary copper town of Bisbee (which was not without its scandal) you will want to try your hand at photographing the (paint ar­ chitecture. In Jerome there is the Power Box church which is built from discarded dynamite boxes. In Bisbee a tour map leads you to nearly two dozen historic buildings including the Copper Queen hotel.

Both communities mined over a billion dollars worth of copper before their demise. In Bisbee you'll not only view the * open pit mine but be able to go into one of the underground

Deterioratafold, spindle, and mutilate.

If you need help, call the FBI.

Exercise caution in your daily affairs, especially with those persons closest to you: that lemon on your left, for in­ stance.

Be assured Oat a walk through OK ocean of souls would scarcely get your feet wet

Fall not in love, therefore; it will not stick to your face.

Gracefully surrender the things of youth: birds, dean an-, tuna. Taiwan.

And let not the sands of time get in your lunch.

Hire people with looks.And for a good time, call 606-

4311.Ask for Candy.Take heart in the deepening

gloom, that your dog is finally getting enough cheese.

And reflect mat whatever misfortune may be your lot, it could only be worse in Milwaukee.

Therefore, make peace with your god, whatever you con­ ceive him to be:

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tunnels of another mine.In many cases the amount of

gold and silver found along with the copper paid for the mine's overhead expenses. Some samples may be found, others are for sale.

Lynx Creek which feeds the lake by the same name near where we'll be camping on the last night of the Semester Break tour delivered over $2 million dollars in gold along an 18-mile stretch after its discovery in 1863 by the Walker Expedition. Even to­ day there are a few private mining claims along the creek. Yon may want to try your hand at the activity or fish on the lake or just hike aad enjoy the beautiful scenery.

Whatever your pleasure: rockhunting,borsebackriding, fishing, photography, zoology, archaeology, even plain old sightseeing and sleeping you'll find an outlet on either or both tours; so sign up today!

Hairy thunderer, or cosmic

With all its hopes, dreams, promises and urbal renewal, the world continues to deteriorate.

Give up....You are a fluke of the

universe;You have no right to be here.Whether you can bear it or

not, the universe is laughing behind your back.

Author Unknown

MelancholyWho weeps for the stars so lonely in the night

thewarmth of the sunlight with her outstretched

who seeks everlasting lovewho is lonelywho is afraidI am, sweet one, lam.Come borne to me, for I amyours.

DarienneGranvilleMassey

theOn behalf of the 1980

Thunderblrd International Road Race Committee, I want to th»"fc all officials, dub representatives, and runners for their participation last Saturday. Without your con­ tribution the road race would not have been a success.

I would also like to take this opportunity to thank the com­ mittee members - Rebecca Carroll, Cindi Cielle, Jesse Erickson, Dieter Hees, Trina Ladhoff, Gaetan Lion, Mark Moran, Robin Pegue, and Dominique Thisse - for all their hours and effort they put into preparing mis event It was a real pleasure for me to work with such a cooperative and enthusiastic group of peo- pte.

; ManfredKohrs Race Director

AprfU, tWO OASTOft 3

AGSIM No Longer the Only Fish in the PondFor about 30 years, AGSIM

was the only school in the na­ tion to offer a Masters of Inter­ national Management. However, Columbia and the University of South Carolina both now have graduate pro­ grams in the field of interna­ tional business, and Baylor University in Texas offers an IOM. To get an MJM from Baylor, for example, one most complete 60 credit hours of study, and this does not in­ clude pre-requisites.

What's the point of all this? AGSIM is still the name school

in its field, but as these other MIM and similar programs

.become established AGSIM will no longer have its "uni­ queness" to rely upon. Within a few years, if not already, AGSIM will have to compete with these other programs directly, and we don't fed that a 48 credit hour program is equal to the task. At the very least, there should be certain pre-requisite courses mat wouldn't count towards die degree

Think, for example, of the

dent who waives no courses at all (certainty not an unheard of situation*. During bis (her) first semester bell (shell) take, say, 6 credits of language, one l.S. course, and three "baby" business courses. In his second semester the student will take 6 credits of language once again, another l.S. course, still two more "baby" business courses, and one 400 level business course. If that student Qnisbes in the sum­ mer (a short semester) bell take three credits of language.

, THIS >«NP«k£T f ROM THE PlfKCHEMT CENTER. iff RCAUUUM6- - IT ~ 681 JOB OFTCItS, PC* TV7

For the Budget MindedThere have been concerns

expressed throughout this semester over the allocation and use of A.S.L.C. and Club Council funds. Some have noted that perhaps too much has been devoted to parties and entertainment and not enough towards things cultural such as films, ex­ hibits, sneakers, etc.

The following budget schedules are reproduced in order that the reader may see exactly how ctodent fees are being spent. The A.S.L.C. treasurer, Christian Charette.

Ode To Fat Legs

Alas, to mis life I was born, from the maternal womb I was shorn,flPQCT *nff VFftflfitfi ADQ JMUnfrP"*

ness of my youth bate parted long since upon a different route.

I an a beanstalk, an thin and bare, my bones now covered by but skin and hair.

But woe is me,

and Club Council president, Susan Soskin, have com­ mented that because parties are the most visible form of expenditures, many students forget that the majority of funds go toward services such as the Fortune, weekend films, and Das Tor.

One might also note that, within the Club Council budget, most of the campus- wide cultural events-like the Asian and Arabic nights-are funded from this source. Also of student benefit are smaller funds maintained for special purposes like tbe Emergency Loan Fund, the upcoming Work! Affairs Conference (for Oct. 1980), and tbe Orientation and Graduation committees. If (mere are) any questions or suggestions regarding funds allocations, all are welcomed to come by tbe A.S.L.C. and Onb council offices anytime.

AAL.C.1980 SPRING BUDGET

REVENUES

Student Activity Fees (950 at $15) * 14^50 Pin BaD Machines 1800

Off ice Expenses 1,400 T-Bird International 1,300 Secretary's Salary 1,100 Officer's Reimbursementuoo Talent Show 500 Orientation Committee 375 Trip to National Students Conference 350 World Affairs Conference 300 Emergency Loan Fund 250 Graduation Committee 150 T-Bird Road Race 150 Placement Committee 125 AGSIM Olympics 150

18,700

Surplus $830Club Council Allocations

Spring »

CLUB: AVIS

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Ob to have pmmp tegs, muscular and stout; to stand for hours with nary a doubt of tbe power and strength, tbe endurance to last, upon legs so fashioned as a schooner's mast

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GERMAN-IRISH $600 ARABIC 270 FRENCH-PORTUGUESE «0 SPANISH 301 AFRICA 110 TEXAS ITS ASIAN 130 ISLANDERS 75 EASTEUROPEAN 75 MARKETING 60 TOASTMASTER 40 SKI , 20 CLUB COUNCIL CON­ TINGENCY M4

FortuneBudget 3,000 dub Council *.W SpeakersCommittee 2,400 FQm Committee 2,000 Das Tor Budget (14 issues) L550

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one I.S. course, and only two more 400 or 500 level business courses. This means that such a student would have com­ pleted only three business courses beyond the 300 level! Granted, this is an extreme case, but quite a few students do approximate it fairly close­ ly. A four semester program is in order, particulariy for a program such as ours mat en­ compasses (to AGSIM's credit) three different subject areas.

These words are in noway intended to denigrate the

education offered by AGSIM. However, "uniuueness" wiFJ not be as much of aa asset for us in the future as it has been in tbe past We cannot rest on our past laurels: tbe com- petmre situation is changing and we must change to meet the challenge. We urge tbe school's administrators to consider making tbe MIM a four semester pfo^nuo* or else to establish certain coarse pre-requisites to? entry into toe pft)gmD.

Checkout Proceduresl.Room Checkouts will be

tbe week of 12 May, I960 - 18 May, 1980 Moo. thru Fri. 9:00 a.m. - 12:00; 1:00 p.m. -5:00 p.m. Sat. 8:00 a.m. - 12:00; 1 :00 p.m - 5:00 p.m. Sun. 8:30 - 2:00 p.m.

Tbe last day for checkout will be Sunday, 18 May, 1980. There will be a charge of $15.00 a day for any student not returning to campus the following semester who re­ mains past a ae.

2. ROOM CHECKOUTS ARE NEEDED FOR THE FOLLOWING:

a. A continuing student changing rooms for the follow­ ing semester. A continuing student MAY STORE in his/her NEW ROOM at no charge, but there will be a $3.00 a day charge if the stu­ dent stays during the break. (The charge is $5.00 a day for married couples.)

A continuing student MAY NOT STORE OR STAY in the OLD ROOM. If the new room cannot be moved into, you must store in Student Storage.

b. Any graduating student or student who is moving off campus for tbe following semester MUST MAKE AN APPOINTMENT FOR A ROOM CHECKOUT.

3. A ROOM CHECKOUT ENTAILS THE FOLLOW­ ING:

a. A clean and empty room. Oeaning supplies may be ob­ tained bom Hounffc

REQUIRED. Tbe Housing Of­ fice wul be taking appoint­ ments from 5 - 9 May, 1980, for checkouts during the week of 12 May. I960. You may forfeit your $50.00 bousing deposit if your room is not checked out and you WILL NOT be check­ ed out without an appoint­ ment.

You must allow is minutes before and 15 minutes after tbe appointment time. If the CTigtfcsst persoc iamore than 15 minutes late, call the Hous­ ing Office, 7132. NO APPOINTMENT NO CHECKOUT NO REFUND

c. You must be leaving tbe room after the checkout Tbe key is to be turned in to the checkout person. NO ONE MAY REMAIN IN THE ROOM AFTER FT HAS BEEN CHECKED OUT.

These checkout procedures sbould help to make a smoother transition for all in­ volved. Please post this notice so that you will have a reminder of these procedures when checkout time arrives.Thank You!

Yon sbould make ar-aoo de^n toe

room early in the week as the cleaning supplies are harder to get later to tbe week.

b. AN APPOINTMENT TIME FOR CHECKOUT IS

SUMMERRETURNINGFALL

On Aprfl 25.1980, mere will be «*g» up tar those •imtfiifo skipping tbe Summer Semester and Ruining for FaD 80 term.

AD paperworkdeposits most be on fOe no later than Aprfl 18,1980.

Tbe hours soc sign op are from 9:00-1:00 and 2:08-4:39.

If yon have any quest tern regsnttng tins, caO or stop by tbc Housing Office._____

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«6oom and Bust"Department of Defense An­nual Report, Fiscal Year 1981Harold Brows, Secretary ofDefense.Department of Defense,Januarys, I960

The United States may buy Itself two things with its $1 trillion defense budget of 1 981 to 1985. Tbe first is an economic decline of the sort that comes about once or twice in a century. The second is a nuclear war.

This country is in the early years not, despite the new shine of tbe Carter Doctrine, at the very beginning of the most expensive military boom in history. In the process, the distinction between tbe military and the nonmUitary modes of the American economy is being suppressed. So is the distinction between nuclear and nonnuclear war. The continuum of money and destruction is being projected, through investment in Military research and development, into tbe far future

The expansion to military science and technology is the most ominous component of a defense budget that is dense

future wars. Tbe new defense boom has been welcomed in the US Congress, for example as a response to recent events in Southwest Asia and elsewhere, but its main focus. instead, is on nuclear conflict

The greatest increase in any major category within the 1981 budget is for "research, development, test and evalua­ tion." or "RDTE." Spending on strategic and other nuclear weapons increases particular­ ly fast, as does futuristic research at the "leading edge" of military technology' With tbe money it spends to buy and keep scientists and engineers, tbe Defense Department is designing the weapons of ten and twenty years from now. With its research boom, it is defining a revised American doctrine of science-intensive war.

This effort is not new, and it is scheduled to persist for the balance of the five-year defense plan. Tbe proportion of defense spending devoted to research and tbe procurement of new weapons has increased steadily since 1976. This con­ stitutes, as the Report shows, tbe first sustained boom in US military investment invest­ ment in Southeast Asia aside—since 1960-1963.

The RDTE budget for 1981 is $16 5 billion. Tbe MX missile tbe race track of Ozyman- dias that Herbert Scovffle described in tbe previous issue of 7»e New York Review - is its most expensive item. Tbe MX is allocated $1.5 billion in research money: this is more than tbe combined RD budgets for tbe Department of Labor, the Department of Education, tbe Department of Transportation, tbe En­ vironmental Protection Agen­ cy, tbe Federal Drug Ad­ ministration, and tbe Center for Disease Control; over 140 percent of tbe RD budget of die National Science Founda­ tion.

This allocation for tbe MX is only part of a build-up in research on nuclear, an- Unuclear, and post-nuclear weapons systems. The "science and technology" pro­ grams ( "advanced research," "technology opportunities," and so forth) receives special commendation from Defense

Secretary Brown, who presid­ ed as Director of Defense Research and Engineering in 1961-1965 over Ox first great boom in strategic research, and is now concerned to "overcome the effects of reduced funding during tbe 1965-75 period." It is as though the years of obscurity, of the bargain basement, low technology Vietnam war were over; as though military scientists can now step out in­ to the clear light of particle beams, space optics, and blue- green lasers.

The military doctrine that Brown outlines is suited to the epoch of innovative war. He returns again and again to concepts of flexibility, prece- sion, "selective and measured" attack and calibrated retaliation. Even tbe hopes and dreams of Rus­ sian leaders are measured; to the calibration of retaliation is added a calculus of values, in which the utility of certain "political control targets" ex­ ceeds that of, let us say, the entire city of Gorky, with missile sightings adjusted ac­ cordingly. Is there to be a fur­ ther role for social scientists and moral philosophers in the teams of savants who are nourished by Sea Launched Ballistic Missiles?

The notion of "flexibility" is a leading piety of American strategic doctrine Nor is there anything new about the idea of a "continuum" of nuclear weapons. But it is elevated by Brown into the writing on the wall of future destruction, from bazookas to particle weapons. "A con­ tinuum of deterrence," an "unbroken continuum" from "conventional to inter­ continental forces" the word occurs five times in a brief discussion of so-called "theater" nuclear weapons, for use within one region such as Europe. At one extreme is tbe American first strike. "Even supposing a US first strike," Brown muses at one point in tbe report, tbe Rus­ sians would have many sur­ viving weapons.

This exercise in the use of tbe conditional is not likely to reassure those, such as tbe authors of tbe most recent SIPRI World Armaments and DisarmaiKot Yearbook, who see in tbe MX missile system and in the latest antisub­ marine technologies a refine­ ment of tbe U.S. ability to strike first at its enemies. Next in tbe continuum come tbe varieties of intercontinen­ tal retaliation dictated by the doctrine of "countervailing" force. Here again tbe em­ phasis is on precision, on choosing frequently among military and political targets, on "retaining an assured destruction capability" for the weeks of burning cities, social destruction, and ionizing radiation which would follow a limited "exchange".

From here to the long-range "theater" nuclear weapons such as tbe Pershing II and cruise missiles which will be able to strike from Western Europe into tbe Soviet Union is a mere nudge along Brown's continuum. Thence to the array of "battlefield" and other nuclear warheads, of which tbe United States main- tarns some 7,000 in Europe alone, and "many thousands more" elsewhere. "Conven- tiooal" weapons, too, are to be found in the rainbow of modern war, often, indeed launched from "dual pur­

pose" nuclear or nonnuclear artillery', missiles, planes, and ships. At the end of the con- tinuum, chemical weapons, of which tbe "deterrent stockpile" is to be maintained in 1981, which feature ("lethal chemical munitions con­ cepts"? in Ox Army's 1981 research budget, and for which "a facility that will have tbe capability to build binary chemical bombs, warheads and projectiles is being designed."

What is most remarkable about tbe doctrine of the con­ tinuum from non-nuclear to nuclear conflict is the cool and precise rhetoric in which it is described. Brown notes that "we have no more illusions than our predecessors that a nuclear war could be closely and surgically controlled." But the Report returns obsessively to tbe promise of such illusions: to "increased NATO options for restrained and controlled nuclear responses," to the "effec­ tiveness and versatility*' of nuclear-armed destroyers in the Indian Ocean.

This is the canalization of the nuclear epoch. We no longer find the pious disclaimers, the epithets <"of course, terrible") which earlier defense secretaries once appended to tbe words describing nuclear war. Nor are there frequent references to "the limited utility of nuclear weapons" (Donald Rumsfield in the last Republican Defense Budget). The phrase "total war" is us­ ed casually in a discussion of defense spending. The un­ thinkable is being thought, ig­ nored, presumed upon.

The Report puts forward three sorts of arguments in favor of increased defense spending. Tbe first, and most familiar, suggests tbat because the Soviet Union is spending much more than tbe United States on its military effort tbe United States must now rearm. The Report is full of speculation on Russian in­ tentions: tbe fact that their forces in Eastern Europe are "much too offensively oriented," and that their posi­ tions in the Far East are "ap­ parently designed for offen­ sive operations"; their curious propensity to "take more seriously than we have done, at least in our public discourse, the possibility tbat a nuclear war might actually be fought." But the argument relies in general upon the sim­ ple reiteration of relative ex­ penditures.

Tbe shortcomings of such comparisons are well-known, as tbe Report itself comes close to acknowledging. They are selective, in that they sometimes measure the Soviet Union against the United States and sometimes NATO against tbe Warsaw Treaty Organization. They pass light­ ly over the proportion of Rus­ sian military efforts which is directed not against NATO but against China. They move even more expeditiously past tbe sharp qualitative ad­ vantages enjoyed by the US, such as tbe "rather startling asymmetries" which SIPRI directs in US and Russian strategic submarines.

Tbe comparisons of dollar costs are even more misleading. They are measured, the Report ex­ plains, "by what it would cost to buy Soviet programs (including personnel} in tbe US economy." Estimates are

thus arrived for such quan­ tities as "Soviet resources devoted to RDT & E." One has only to imagine the reverse exercise to see the tenuousness of such calcula­ tions. A Russian "estimate" of American military researcb would startto be sure, with tbe published budget figure of $16.5 billion. To this it would add tbe $1.3 billion which tbe Department of Energy will spend on nuclear weapons and other defense research, and a sizable part of NASA's $5.6 billion RD budget. The Rus­ sian economists next need to calculate what portion of RD spending by American business supports tbe military- effort, notably in two in­ dustries, aircraft and com­ munications equipment, which are called by the government "defense product industries."

At tins point, they might decide what it would cost "to buy" this science and technology in the Soviet Union to reproduce tbe utility of Hewlett-Packard's basic research, or of such military contractors as Penn State University. Do they multiply by two? Or three? Or is Pom Stale unmiroducibie'' All that remains for our diligent academicians is to head, charts in band, for tbe Armed Services Committees of Mr. Smimov and Mr. Ustinov and the other titans of the Soviet Union's military-industrial complex.

This exercise is not frivolous. Some such sequence may indeed have helped to determine tbe present arms race. We can assume that tbe Soviet Union reacted to tbe American Military buildup of the late 1960s an effort directed in large part at Southeast Asia by investing in military researcb. The weapons that the Russians are building now are the products of that research. Tbe Americans in tarn react by in­ creasing their own research, which wiQ produce tbe arms race of the early 1990s; such are the dynamics of com­ parative weaponry.

The second argument in favor of tbe military boom suggests that the "growth in international turbulence" in Afghanistan. Africa, the Caribbean, Thailand and elsewhere makes such an ef­ fort essential. One may ques­ tion whether the times are, in­ deed, notably turbulent There are relatively few wars under­ way, and revolution is distinc­ tly on tbe retreat It is even more questionable whether acquiring tbe capacity to con­ struct particle beam weapons in the 1990s is likely to reduce turbulence in tbe Third World in 1980. One of tbe major new projects, tbe CX airlift plane, is recommended for "con- tmgenoes outside of Europe," yet it is some years from being deployed. The strategy of knowledge-intensive war sug­ gests that the United States will look for precistoo and measured reponses in its worldwide military efforts: in other words, the use of tac- ticalnuclear weapons. Is this what the Carter Doctrine re­ quires? Is this what Congress is buying with its bucks?

Brown's report meanwhile, demonstrates a far more muscular attitude to US Military intervention outside Europe than has been seen for some years. "Our defense establishment could be faced with an almost unprecedented number of demands," Brown

writes. We are not far from Henry Kissinger's recent thoughts, when after consider­ ing whether US troops w«id be welcome to Oman he saM:

"The immediate crisis shouldn't deflect us from other areas of potential danger. The situation In Turkey requires our urgent attention Thailand could be a dangerous situa­ tion. Morocco remains under attack from adversaries arm­ ed >oviet weapons. Cen­ tral rica is in turaoil. We may ytt be needed m Southern Africa."

Tbe third argument is the murkiest. It suggest that "perceptual problems'* are critical, that the United States must increase its military spending lest it "lose.not from war. but from changes in perceptions about tbe balance of nuclear power." Even those who accept this argument I do not should ask themselves whether the United States is buying the right power and the right perceptions with its new defense dollars. Must it sefl tbe far future with biuegreen lasers? Is tbe Brown Doctrine of science-intensive war tbe best standard under which to fight the battle of perceptions? It' should be added that tbe Report's calculus of "percep­ tual" costs and benefits is bizarre. Thus we team tbat "tbe aura of great US military power" is "a legacy of Work! War II, Korea, tbe Cuban missile crisis, and even (op to a point) Southeast Asia...." that "the mining of Haiphong Harbor demonstrated the deterrent effect of mines..."

The Brown position is based on a view of tbe American economy and American socie­ ty as organized around knowledge and science. Tbe Report contrasts the ''manpower-intensive Soviet economy" with the "more capital-intensive and

Continued on pageC

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But Where Were the Police This Time?April 4.1960—DAS TOK —5

indebted to Mske Kgart and his group of students who taught the audience fluent German (well, all the impor tant words at least i in less than fifteen minutes, m flying colors to boot And there was still a drop of country roman ticism in us all as we swooned to Jim Traner's melodic irn personation of Paul Simon and Kenny Logging

Later. Mark Silverman. the debonaire recruiter, describ ed what our facilities are real ly like: " .when 1 hit the swimming pool. 1 learned how

to walk on it " He inspectedMjmr of our brightest can­ didates such as Gregory Dayton, immaculate in Hughes's Carnaval suit. An­ nette Kemick. looking very nurdish. Cathy Hennmgton. the campy one. Dan Wagster. desperate for a job despite for­ ty previous interviews. Emily Hallert. showing her stuff uhat a voice' . and Brooks

Tigner and Eric Nielsen try­ ing their best to sing on key But who was the real sensa­ tion'1 Mark Moran with the

Continued on Page 8

byGaetanLionOn March 29th. lit by a

beautiful full moon. Jeff Flon- sker showed fellow feline Nelli Long what AGSIM is all about Whether Jeff is disguised as a mythical Thunderbird. like last spring, or a giant fly or a house cat. he always comes through just fine* And Nelli was so eager to learn about AGSIM that it took Jeff four hours to satisfy her curiosity

Our entrepeneunal spirit was encouraged by Clay Con­ rad and Scott Renner as they showed how easy it was to make wine Like a fine vin­ tage, their acts age very well Our campus-wide values were thoroughly described when humanitarian and philan­ thropic Tern Frosim was trounced by Judith Scoles in a colorful inter­ viewing scene Later Terry- learned the hard way what kind of impact the Wall Street Journal has on the world as a dozen characters including Mary Doan. Robert Babson. Ladan Javid. Hans Destree and Kadrey Britain, among others, paraded around look­ ing like they were right out of the book, "Dress for Success." They set the record straight and showed us w-hat it is all about: MONEY

Nevertheless, everyone is

3*.

SCHOOL |iLUNCH MENUli

WE extend all due con­ gratulations to those involved in the production of last week's talent show: Duke Budlong. Molly Wright. Rustem Ramaden. Nellie Long. Jeff Plonsker, the stage hands, and those of the ASLC. Maintenance, and administra­ tion who helped to muster all forces into a fine night of entertainment Let's see it again in the fall.

Oh. and special thanks to those individuals in the rear bleachers who con­ tributed their exuberant praises" during the Peach Boys act. We salute your cultural (and alcoholic) sen­ sitivities. Next time, do us all a favor: stay home and watch t.v. Roller Derby

6—DAS TOU—April 4,1980

Memorial Blood Drive

Goody Badom who passec away on January 29, 1980 at Good Samaritan Hospital was given 32 plats of blood Airing Us bospitalization. A replace­ ment Wood bank drive Is scheduled for April 17th in the T.V. lounge by the Post Office. Friends and fellow students wishing to donate blood in Goody's name to be sent to Good Samaritan, please sign op be sending your nnre to: Jim Koox, Blood Bank Chair­ man, Box 73, Mary Satre, Co- Chairman, Box 477, or Cam- pas Health Center, Box 776.

• More BustContinued from Page 4

than that allocated to one Navy aircraft). The military has conventionally assumed that because it can afford the most elaborately redundant controls, and because its operations are isolated from the messiness of real life clinics and sewage tunnels, it is thereby free from such tribulations. Even this may no longer be the case.

There is a related and deeper contradiction in the no­ tion of knowledge-intensive war. The United States is practicing a variety of "la guerre savante," the stylized struggle which has dominated European wars since the six­ teenth century. But as Fer- nand Braudei snows in his new Les 'Temps du Monde, such struggle is only possible when It is practiced by both sides at once: the veterans of Flanders campaigns who brought their (earned battle formations to Oran in the 1590s and to Brazil in the 1630s found opponents woo were playing in a dif­ ferent game.

The United States cannot ex­ pect that the Soviet Union will continue to Join in its high science game, as tab game becomes ever more idiosyn­ cratic and ever more in­ dulgent. The American military Is chroming those weapons systems which are, la Robert Oppenheimer's phrase, "Technically sweet." Bat tUs sweetness seems in­ creasingly determined by the most introspective of scien­ tific camves. Are me random dashes and dummy missiles of the MX "sweet" to Russian probability theorists and com* outer scientists? The aims race implicit in the new military boom requires the most precise coordination of

as the United States and the Soviet Union move together toward the MX. to "in­

vulnerable" missfles for the Russians, pressure on SALT, new missile defenses, pressure on the ABM Treaty, laser weapons, more pressure to abrogate the ABM Treaty, warfare in space.

The epigraph to Brown's Report is a remark made by Abraham Lincoln, in 1861: "I think the necessity of being ready increases look to it." That America's leaders should choose, now, to evoke the last war fought in this country is itself awesome. The insignia to the Defense Budget should be not what Lincoln said on the eve of the Civil War, but rather what be said at its end: "It is sure that I have not controlled events, even's have controlled me."

That last, striking con- technologicai.y advanced American economy." The ob­ vious strategy, thus, is to lead from strength or from com­ parative advantage; to prepare to fight an automated and innovative war. This choice has the further ad­ vantage of appealing to the ap­ parent preferences of the Con­ gress for hardware and for clean wars.

Yet even on these terms, the strategy is perilous. The Report is full of allusions to "problems with material readiness, in part because of the advanced equipment com­ ing into the forces " We team in passing, of production pro­ blems in constructing nuclear attack submarines, of 'shore processing software, com­ puter loading and array reliability problems" with Navy sensor systems; that the Air Force finds it difficult to maintain "their increasingly complex equipment," given "maintenance backlogs" and "increases In our accident rates"; that the Army's "telephone switches in Europe are obsolete, require con­ tinuous costly maintenance, and often break down," and will be replaced by German digital switches.

We are not far from the more familiar problems of the civilian economy: from sub­ way systems whose sensors break down, and hospitals in which electronic hardware surpasses medical software, from the mftfr>ifftyfyf> pro- btems of DC 10s (the Federal Aviation Administration's budget for civilian RD is less tradiction of the doctrine has to do with its economic costs. These, too, are determined by the technology-Intensive character of the projected boom. Yet they have been to an extraordinary extent forgotten in discussions of the Defense Budget Just as it is assumed that investment hi lasers will somehow en­ courage the loyal Pathans, that the incantation of numbers (4 percent real growth in defense spending) is itself useful, so too are the economic consequences of the boom Ignored.

If you hove any comments, criticisms or observa­ tions on how your activities fee is spent, we would like to hear about it. Just fill in. tear out and return this coupon to the ASLC office.I would prefer:

More Films QYIS DNO More Speakers QYfS QNO MoreParites QiriS QUO

I am happy with the present allocation of funds:OTIS QNO

Additional Comments:————————————:__

The Budget was greeted with »nHm«fo«ifl- "Defense Stocks Lead Market Up," and a survey of business opinion in the ITjff Street Joanna/to the effect that "we're to a war economy." There seemed nothing, as in 1850 sod 19S6. that could so fortify business confidence as a vigorous defense effort. The recession of 1980, it seemed, was "postponed." Yet this op­ timism is founded on a pro­ found misunderstanding of the changes mat have taken place hi the American economy since 1970. and thus of the like­ ly benefits of the defense boom.

Even the most rosy expecta­ tion does not deny that military spending will stimulate inflation. Previous arms booms began in years of moderate price increases (consumer prices increased l percent in 1950 and 2.9 percent in 1966); inflation in recent months has reached an annual rate of 16 percent. This tendency is likely to be ex­ acerbated because many engineers, skilled workers, and high technology com­ ponents are in short supply; the chairman of General Dynamics (the contractor for the Navy's troublesome at­ tack submarines) looks for­ ward to "some type of priority system" favoring defense con­ tractors.

It is much less likely that the boom will provide extensive new emp'oyment for American workers. In the first place, the character of defense spending is, following Brown's dictum and the ex­ igencies of the times, increas­ ingly capital-intensive. If a billion dollars in the 1960s could procure a sizable arsenal of General Motors rifles for Vietnam, it will not now pay General Dynamics for a single Trident sub­ marine. Secondly, by cutting into other government pro­ grams, military spending may jeopardize the most precarious of existing jobs.

One mysterious aspect of the economic crisis of the 1970s in the United States is the extent to which employ­ ment has continued to In­ crease. This ism part because ffianufactuiiag industry here — far more than in France or West Germany — has main- tamed jobs. But it is also became empioyiDent hi social and public services, par- bcularty health services, has multiplied. Thus of the 9 mflbon jobs created to the US economy from 1973 to 1971, one half were in services and state and local government (a fur­ ther quarter were In retafl trade). These jobs, often tem­ porary or pan-time, are peculiarly at risk in a reces­ sion; it is worth recalling that the last great surge In service

States was in me late 1928s, and was brought to an end by the Depression. Will the over­ paid aeronautical engineers of 1981 spend their disposable in­ come on nursing borne ser­ vices? Or will the Carter ad­ ministration, "«**<ng govern­ ment civilian programs to limit inflation and balance the budget, begin a new crisis of layoffs in social services?

There is one problem of OK US economy which the military boom may be ex­ pected to alleviate. This is the decline in rates of growth of labor productivity In the 1970s, with an actual reduction in 1974 and 1979. It seems likely that shifts in the economy away from the production of goods for military comnrnp- tion and toward the produc­ tion of social services nave

reduced growth to productivi­ ty. Many industries mat are <frpffMf»nt on defense enjoy high levels and Ugh rates of growth of productivity. They buy components, tetei mediate inputs, from other equally vigorous sectors The service Industries, by contrast, tend to buy paper, construction, other services. Yet even here the stimulus of procurement may be limited. Perhaps modern defense contractors behave, economically speaking like business services or technology consultants.

US military expenditures started to increase in the mid 1970s. Military contracts for goods and services - what the Defense Department comp­ troller caus "procurement," which includes pending for maintenance goods and for foreign military sates - in­ creased from $45.8 billion in 1976 to $55.6 bulion in 1977 and $69.0 billion in 1979. Yet this boomlet has done little for pro­ ductivity growth. The Soviet economy, of course, is a poor example of the economic benefits of militarization. The Defense Department Report is generous with its estimates of Soviet economic growth in the 1980s. How can an elemental enemy be at the same time a pitiful and impoverished giant? Recent figures show, however, that the Soviet economy grew w 1S7S at z per­ cent as against a planned 4.3 percent, and industrial pro­ ductivity 2.4 percent against 4.7 percent, with productivity in agriculture and transport falling

What, in these cir­ cumstances, are we to make of the military-induced boom to "business confidence"? It is perhaps the most ominous of the ghoulish economic indica­ tions of the past several weeks, not only for what it reveals about me perversity of capitalist economies. Business optimism, now. Is evidence of a keening desire by American industry to return to the old economic and technological patterns of the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. Tn economic changes of the period since 1970 have amounted to a vast, if tmititotidM and perhaps un­ wanted, tnmsloiiu*lhm of the American economy toward the provision of social secuity. There has even, within this metamorphosis, been some conversion of scientific and technical efforts toward secular society; some social innovation. Now, every in­ stinct of the American political economy seems to be crying retreat, to be crying

If one considers one history of the American economy in the twentieth century, it seems possible that military Industries have ftim'ttnoed as i "leading sector" - in the economist Joseph Scnumpeter's sense of a domi-

toog expansion of the 1940s to the 1970s. One does not have to believe in specific explana­ tions of economic cycles such as Koodrabeff s to see that modern economic jj»u*Uj is characterized by long periods of expansion, more or less associated with a given "locus" of innovation. Such periods include, for the world economy, 1848 to 1873 and 1895 to 1920, as well as the post- World War II boom that ended in the early 1970s.

There has been no un­ disputed leader during the US expansion of the postwar years. Instead, some theorists of economic cycles point to an assortment of leading in­ dustries, including elec­ tronics, consumer electrical

goods, and air travel. What seems possible is that the military industries tbemseives nave constituted such a focus. They do not func­ tion as a stogie or multiple m- dustrial sector, as did the railroads and the automobile and electricity businesses in earlier booms, but rather as a duster of industries joined by a common objective and a common customer. Tber rote in the wartime and postwar American expansion would certainly fit Schumpeter's criterion for the longest waves of the economic cycles as breaking up oW and creating new positions of power, civilizations, valuations, beliefs aad policies"; as well as creating new ways of organizing scientific research and innovation.

If this speculation is plausi­ ble, what we should have seen in the 1970s was the elabora­ tion and decline of military in­ novation in the United States. This obsolescence is what Mary Kaldor calls "baroque technology" Is it to be glimps­ ed within the optimism of Harold Brown's knowledge- intensive budget? Will the $200 million to be spent on Very High Speed Integrated Cir­ cuits produce some pate Imita­ tion of the past triumphs of military electronics and its civilian spin-off? Is the MX the residual monstrosity of the long expansion led by the military, and does it portend the decline not of the auto- industrial but of the military- industrial age, the Edsel and the Vega writ as large as the deserts of Utah?

The defense boom and the business confidence it inspires are from this perspective deeply disturbing. They sug­ gest an inslliK'ilvt retuin to the industrial and fctattiflc culture of an obsolete expan­ sion, the power of what Veblen, writing of the British railroad industry in the 1890s, called "the inertia of use and wont." Such a revei siuu can only make the long cyclical decline of military industries more painful and more

The United States m 1970- after the first decline in military spending for Vietnam — consecrated a fifth of its engineers, a fourth of its physicists, a fifth of its

halfof its aeronautical engineers to defense-related employ- meat. Estimates in the RumsfeM defense budget sag- gut that the proportion did mrt f «n «frtr*"g thf RfpfffrHcin defense recession, and may nave increased iiuct. At the trough of the recession hi

States devoted 9 percent of its national research and development effort to defense, as compared to 7 percent in West Germany, 19 percent in France, and 4 percent hi Japan. An economy hi the throes of decline cannot afford to low this portion of its knowledge, of its education system, of its future to old in-

-There is now. as not often in

the world since Nagasaki, the intuitive possibility of nuclear war. There is also the possibility pf a remilitarized world economy which wfll make mis prospect more im­ minent, year after year, as the research boom becomes a boom in procurement, in strategic doctrine and in military culture. Very little is more important, in the spring of 1980, than to act against the one and against the other.

Reprinted from The New York Review of Books. AprflS, I960 issue. Copyright I960 - Nyrev, Inc.

M TM*IM MM to M Mrtn't net

Racing Results Are InApril 4,1980—MS TOR—7

byOtrtcPhilroore The Tnundertnrd Interna­

tional Road Race, held on March 29th on a gorgeous spr­ ing day, went very smooth!}' thanks to the efforts of Man- fred Kohrs, Jesse Erickson and Mark Moran.

Out of a field of 152 runners.

• More FrenchContinued from Page 1

Watergate did not help. I would like to add another ex­ planation, very rarely men­ tioned to this country. The ta- adaptability of American in­ stitutions as they are working now to the new requirements of the American presidential rote. For me, there is a crisis of the American presidency, due both to a misconception by the American people of bow it should work, and to the gap between 200 year old institu­ tions and changing times.

The function certainly depends a lot on the personali­ ty of the holder. Throughout the course of American history, it has been submitted to fluctuations: almost dic­ tatorial under Lincoln, weaker between Woodrow Wilson and F.D. Roosevelt, "imperial" since then if we believe some people Since the institutions tend naturally to put a burden of paralyzing limitations on the charge, only strong per­ sonalities are able to impose their will on Congress and on the people. F.D. Roosevelt did, Nixon did (God forgive me), Carter did not. Someone suggested that the quality of the government in this coun­ try is a bit of a gamble because it depends almost en­ tirely on one man's value as a statesman. I think this is a pretty good analogy.

From the previous remark, one could infer that America will be saved if the next presi­ dent turns to be a real man. I am afraid this is not entirely true. Jimmy Carter's poor performance is not only due to his own deficiencies: He in­ herited a function that has been stbmtftfd to an un­favorable evolution. Americans seem to have had enough of a series of presidents whose authority did not stop increasing and that ted to a new style of presidency, a more secret and solitary one. If we remain within short time limits, the movement was originated by Kennedy. Johnson was much more tactful with Congress, though be made the major decision of escalating the Viet­ nam war. Nixon was probably the most seclusive. Then came Watergate... Surely there was a bone of contention between the American people and its presidents. Nixon was not forgiven his mistake (even if other major issues on political morality were at stake in Watergate).

The major drawback of the Watergate scandal was the association of a powerful presidency with the concep­ tion of a misuse of power. I remember reading in Toe- quevilk a description of bow the federal government was formed out of local govern­ ments, and with great reluc­ tance. (A first constitution was even written, that was in­ applicable because the ex­ ecutive was so weak.) So, I understand very well now a

basic feeling in the American mentality that a strong government is inconsistent with the freedom of in­ dividuals. For an American, the best way of preventing the abuse of power is ts sake !t as weak as possible. This feeling of defiance toward the presidency cyclically recurs in American history. After Watergate, America was cer­ tainly longing for a better con­ trolled presidency, and was ready to listen to those who would tell her about the bad guys in Washington. Was Jim­ my Carter not elected partly because be succeeded in per­ suading his electors that he would not exceed his prerogatives?

Unfortunately,! have a feel­ ing that Americans are wrong in the way they view the perfect president today, and that the American electoral system as well as the working of the constitution no longer fit the role of the president. The constitution was written and the electoral system designed in a time when the American nation had no enemies but In­ dians, and when the problems of the community were sim­ ple. The presidency could af­ ford to be weak as it had to resolve few and relatively easy problems. This is no longer true

The presidency can no more perform the functions that are imposed on It Tocqueville says that in America, the har­ mony between the executive and the legislative power is not indispensable: the presi­ dent cannot overthrow Con­ gress, Congress cannot over­ throw the president. The result is that when both sides disagree, everything is block­ ed. This system was perfect in the time of Jackson, but it may have tragic conse­ quences nowadays. The American system of govern­ ment is not adapted to situa­ tions of crisis: Lincoln had to have special powers voted by Congress to be able to handle the situation during the war of Secession. F.D. Roosevelt and Truman were rather on the authoritative side of the managerial grid. In our times of permanent crisis, the presidency is far too weak. Political issues, whether na­ tional or international, involve so many problems that every presidential decision has to barm a fraction of the elec­ torate, and if this fraction lob­

bies through Congress or any other means, the president becomes impotent. Jimmy Carter had his project on the Panama treaty blocked for one year, without even men­ tioning his energy program a keystone to his economic policy that was shattered into pieces by Congress (I am not questioning here the ap­ propriateness of his energy program. I am not even con­ sidering if this program was necessary. I am just stating that the elected president's most important program could not pass through Con­ gress without being radically altered).

Also, I think that Americans have a wrong conception of presidential power. When an organization is menaced, it can protect itself only by giv­ ing more prerogatives to its leaders so that they can take the appropriate measures. The New Deal probably saved America from ruin and social disaster tna«fc« to the deter­ mination of one man and of his policy. Perhaps Americans confuse efficiency and cmmrti attmi Concentrated authority may be a path to ex­ cessive personal power. Effi­ ciency means an improved ability to make quick deci­ sions. For mis purpose, one could advocate a limitation of the spoils system, which would allow more continuity In the administration; a better defined hierarchy that would stop power plays (do you remember when everyone was wondering who directed the American foreign policy, of Mr. Brejinski, Mr. Vance, or even Mr. Andrew Young?)

Efficiency also means a greater independance of the presidency from Congress and electors. Congress looks like a chicken running around with its bead cut off these days. It exceeds its mission of control when it systematically destroys presidential projects under the influence of lobby­ ing groups. On the other hand, no long-range policies and no unpopular but vital measures can be taken when presiden­ tial elections are held every four years, with the first year in office spent getting used to the Job and the last one in pleasing electors for the next election. A longer but not renewable mandate would be perhaps a solution. Otherwise, what Tocqueville calls the

Fred PederzoUi won in* 5 k C3.1 milet event in a record- breaking time of 15 minutes 48 seconds, almost two minutes faster than last year's winning time. Chris Michels came is second in 16 mm K sec. and Tom Muelltog. the first T-btrd. came in third in an excellent time of 17 rain. 43 sec. Tom bad a busy morning as be ran the 15 k race afterwards. After the two races were over he still did not look like he had broken into a sweat What planet is he from?

The second T-bird was Tom Malone. finishing in 19 mm 34 sec. third Jaime Ayasti in 20:12, not bad for a soccer player; 4th Warren Solocheck in 20:19; 5th Paul Meyer in 20:49; 6th Doug Amidon in 21:43; 7th Robert Shaw in 22:59, pretty good for a tennis player, and a bit later Eugene LaveUein26:58.

A T-bird won the women's division. It was Judith Scolcs running in 21:55. Other women T-bird finishers were Emily Rainy, running in 26:12 and company: Sue Flury. (runn­ ing for the school newspaper > came in at 29 min. 51 sec., and partners Shannon Greene and Julie Van Buren, both running in 30:48.

In the IS k. (93 miles) Kyte Saisryer, last year's winner, proved once more to be un­ touchable as he crossed the finish line in a time of 48 min. 4

tyranny of majority" might prove to be true.

As a European who is par­ ticularly aware of the im­ portance of a strong and well governed America for the free world, I am a little scared. For me, the problem of the American presidency is main­ ly a constitutional one. But the Constitution is something sacred, which probably no one American would dare change. Nor would Americans be will­ ing to modify their political system, even slightly. But I do think there is no other means for this country to meet the difficulties of the future. I think that minor changes such as those mentioned previously could improve things im­ mensely. Until recently, a lot of Americans have been ignor­ ing what was going on overseas. But foreigners, especially Europeans, keep a very dose eye on the evolution of this country. This article is a view of the future of the U.S. through one of these eyes.

sec Slightly off bis 47:15 record, be plans to come back to win the event three years is a row and shoot for an incredi­ ble 46 min. record. Second was Tim Peterson in 48:57 and third was Phillipp Nielsen in 49:31.

Coming in 19th in a field of over 200 runners was the first T-bird. the flying Frenchman Domimque Thisse. finishing in 58 min. 14 sec. The second one was his running buddy. Gaetan Lion, finishing in 61 min. 24 sec. Gaetan bad a rough day and he felt that if it was not for Carrol, Saarry. Lynda. Manfred and David cheering him on. he would have never made it. In 3rd place for the T-birds was John Janelli. the Italian stud finishing in 63:21. In 4th place was Asle Soberg, the Norwegian, finishing in 63:22; 5th Dan Hammang in $4:20. his best race ever: 6th Jon Dohlen in 66:48. pretty good for someone who died on St. Patrick's Day. In 7th place the bionic man, Tom Muelling. in 66:58; 8th Jan Scnutterl, the flying Dutchman, in 68:04; 9th Mike Taricano in 68:12. a good performance considering be decided to sign up ten minutes before the start, and 10th Greg Wallace coming in at 71:36

Giber T-oira finishers in­ cluded Steve Collins. John Douglas. Frank Corbishley, Mark Treadway. Arman Mohseni. and Brian Althaver. the man with the Mercunan wings. Has be landed yet?

The women's division was won by Susan Smith (known as "Gigi" to close friends* coming in at 69 min. 57 sec. T- bird finishers included Marta Archer 88:20, Pat Byrne at 89:17 and Cynthis Cielle at 91 min 31 sec.

The runners express their appreciation to the fifty helpers, those human markers guiding the contestants along the right track. All those smiles really helped daring the course and at the finishing line.

The spring 1980 will be remembered as the semester where T-bird became phys-ed. majors since we never bad so many excellent basketball players, tennis buffs and run­ ners. But we are not Just jocks, we can also stag and dance as the Talent Show pro­ ved the evening of the same day.

What else could you want from big American business?

mean business. and wetf like yours!"

To: Al AGSHI Students and FacultyNo Service-Charge Checking Accounts

til 6p.m. daily Member FOIC

THUNDERBIRD BANK29th & Bell Rd., Phoenix

57th Ave. & Gtenn Drive, Gtendateand 19th Ave. & Dunlap, Phoenix

Tel 242-1111

8— DAS TOR — April 4, I960

Critic's CornerMICHAEL VOR1S

MOVIE: SERIAL (Rated R> Cbristown Theatre.

The modem world is a crazy place (especially in San Fran­ cisco) according to this new comedy movie. The film leaves barely a stone unturn­ ed : Orgy clubs. Oriental cults, not tubs, organic food, I'm O.K.-Yoti're O.K. and plain loose morals. Martin Mull, in his first big starring role, plays a somewhat normal man who finds these things messing up his life. After a few half-hearted attempts to conform, he decides to revolt. Moll plays the part somewhat Jike his character in the old Firewood Tonight Show, throwing sly verbal barbs at his fellow players. He does it well, so why stop a good thing. When he must play it straight and serious, he does equally well; really a fine per­ formance. The other cast members, including Tuesday Weld, Sally Kellerrnan, Christopher Lee, Billy Macy and Tom Smothers, also put in good performances.

This light-hearted picture is not a film with as much message as the creators may have hoped, and many of the trendy idea* ft makes fan of have been run over the coals a few too many times. All in all though the film is quite good and has some very memorable scenes: Mull tip toeing his way across an orgy looking for the girl be came with; a gay motorcycle gang terrorizing the Oriental cult to the sound of the old song "Born to be Wild", performed by Steppenwolf. This movie is definitely a cure for the midterm bluesLIVE MUSIC: This column is another in m\ scries of looks at some of the most popular rocJc acts that play at Phoenix clubs

LJory McDonald Band. This group has gained a lot of atten­ tion with the release of their song, "Something for Nothing" on the Arizona Song Collection album. Llory McDonald is definitely a talent. She sings like a female Bob Seger or Steve Tyler. and is definitely not your everyday female lead vocalist. While she excels, her band is almost

More CarterContinued from Page l

come will convince anyone who pays for it that everyone else is profiting from it. There is no uniform way of stopping inflation but by an instant freeze. That affects everyone. It hurts too, but not selective- ly. not randomly: automatically. It sets hard rules, but rules that everyone can understand. It is only then, that a profound economic plan, aimed at higher productivity, could be launched. So obvious is the solution, if only as a first step to more structural changes, that Carter's multiple and preserve half-alternatives can be understood only in electoral terms. If be did know what the situation demands, be would have to swallow his own earlier words but be has done that on many occasions; remember when be would not negotiate before the hostages were released? But. what hinders Carter, is the fear that he might yield an electoral point to Sen. Edward Ken­ nedy, who rightly called for the freeze in New Hampshire.

embarrassingly inept. They deserve a passing grade only when their individual efforts are hidden in a total wall of sound. (Llory, dump those suckers!). Their song reper­ toire mostly includes 1960's tunes from the Rolling Stones, Beatles and the Kinks, as well as a few of their own slightly catchy tunes. They are worth a listen just to see a girl singer who definitely is worthy of fame outside the Phoenix area.

J.N. 2310 is still the pushy New Yorker at heart, though he's hoping to become a California type: witness the lovely blond LC 711 who, if engaged, still has the rackey.

EMN 2317 has struck out all over campus this week. Better luck next time, but maybe the problem is in your designer jeans?

PHN 2317 wUl receive the spark plug award of the week. Keep it up it's the bestest yet.

MikeEgart.RB 42 and BB 411: hottest

thing in town. He saw the private showing and she wanted to make the column.

DC 712 and BM 2117: next hottest thing in town. She lost something of sentimental value, too. But BM, was it worth the ad?

GP 257 is rumored to be nearly as high as his kite most of the time. Need confirmation on this one. however.

PB 45 no longer able to rule with a plaster fist, now wonders if he knows the rules at all. Nothing like a quick switch.

D.H. 1410 had an amazing experience on Wednesday a! 11:52 A.M.: his eyes focused lor the first time this semester.

ASJ 1615 got a long phone call from BRUCE. So how is He? and how is She?

PB 620 has been practicing her calling habits recently, in­ cluding special work on graceful introductions and pleasant insistance.

MK 1620 has a new girlfriend closer to his own size, but he still totes a gun. What next?

KS 3024 wishes he could use chopsticks: MS 3021 is up to his old tricks and yes, LS 308. a red skirt is too wild to wear to an interview with Twentieth Century Fox.

What does TMI stand for TJT 314? Nonetheless. JT 3115 will work for a bank if it kills him. Self-employed SGRWW 3222, despite tremendous bar­ riers, has been circulating photographs for blackmail and other purposes, also slides. Has one of himself wearing fruit on his head. Is there more to come?

SG 1313: is be really a 'maniac*?

LM144 simply did nothing of note this week.

SK 162S swears she will never swim in the ocean again: to many scary things in it, but JEL1919 was light and airy all week, as usual. K-ML 1916 is still laughing, and JMcN went to Mexico and disappeared. The interna­ tionally known skier, SA 34 has now degenerated to wat­ ching TV at all costs is that the best you can do, SA?

HK182 writes to Bobby Vin- ton regularly. Can it be true love this time around? Is turkey still on the menu? GL 1823 seen holding hands with SW. And was that you in a dress last week, BMSJr?

Gossip, Rumors, Lies & Chit-ChatPlease try a new shade of blush!

PM 207 is the mysterious noodle slurper. Just remember, it's aU in the eyes. JS 3014 is bucking the system again. Can you do that at AGSIM?

Rumor has it that Bill Voris, proverbial tanman, owns the Quik Tanning Center Fran­ chise over on 19th Ave. and is donating all profits to build an Olympic sized pool over near the magnificent Jacuzzis in the courtyard of the new classrooms- -building-to-be. Thanks!

KAH 147 must think this is bcwl camp since when did gang bo mean anything here? But at the same time, SH 14 has not been seen since he sug­ gested in public and officially that ASLC stop funding alcohol at campus parties. Maybe EHH 14. who is finally graduating and plans to return to West Point, could tell us something about that

In the meantime, HV 3211 chases parked cars and drives bis own to 7-11. How decadent! Is LRW 3317 getting any more sleep lately' Hard to te!l. Isn't it, EG may be third semester, but she still uses notes, especially with tne four from Caracas. CG 138 continues to be a potential hostage for a well-known Iranian who wat­ ches TV. And tell us. CH 1319. does spreading the word quoting Jonathon Livingston Seagull really work?

LJ 1610: isn't it time for another haircut? Your ears are so sexy! It is also distrac­ ting to REMcM 2113, who is in secret training to become a CPA. Also to HM 2121, for whom meek is not tne word.

LL1910 is organizing a book burning charade for non- rowdy students. Time and place will be announced, wear gasmasks.

RL 1914 was seen in Place­ ment 25 times last week. His suit is wearing thin in the elbows.

YK 1622 still has humor dry as a bone. He also thinks all Americans are crazy wild and weird. That's okay, because SP 2425 checks 'em out in the cafeteria regularly, and not just there, either. Results: JC 721 and AH Ml both prove Spanish eyes are smiling. Result: LD 99 with DD1013: is that a blue funk or a blue haze down under? And what about the rest? CD 919 still thinks football is just Freudian role play. So what else do you know? Did DdeK buy a new Tshirt or did someone wash it for him? We would like to know if KO 241 can do a two step yet. By tne way, in case you were wonder­ ing, rumor has it that JM 2119 is into German screws. Is this possible?

YO 2416 finally got a license: INNOCENT BYSTANDERS. PEDESTRIANS, AND T- BffiDS WATCH OUT! FAT

ALBERT II STRIKES AGAIN!

EM 2013 finds that those trips to the psychologist really help. Meed feedback on this one.

BTO 2413: is your repertoire always so limited or when will you ever learn...something new, Mr. Bojangles. Try War­ saw Waliy's for some helpful hints.

JC 820 is writing his thesis in the pub. Illustrations are graphic.

Tell us, AD 103. is the Ayatollab really your uncle, or just a close relative? Remember. BE 1023 is mak­ ing a real effort.

JP 2517: ESCAPEE, SQUINT'S ZOO. RUMORED TO BE IN VICINITY. HARMLESS.

AR 2713 has the walk down, but can be pass? TF 1211 has been recruiting at Greenway High, blowing 'em away with tales of HIM and a big pink Cadillac. RGR 2625 says, "I'm easy." But does he take his hat off? SS 2919: Thanks for retur­ ning the RED SOX. Please coordinate your wardrobe bet­ ter in the future. Radical chic takes work, even if Uie sixties ARE over.

DM 224: speed freak of the week. Chased the Boggs Ex­ press down the fast track. In training for next Fun Run.

ED 922 is incognito. Avoiding border patrol with strategic diplomacy and tact. What is in those cigars???? J- HD is covering up a lot of hickies lately. What's your secret?

Le 1024 still hasn't thawed out. SR 2615 tripped into swim­ ming pool. Guitar got wet Still sounds same. Thank goodness no footage taken. What ever happened to Thunder Turkey and the Big D??

HP 2523 left his beret a la maison to hide out in Glen- dale. Such mystique and flair and elan!! AR 2614 was seen last week. D(DD)S 2916 was last seen heading to Nogales with the Frito Bandlto. DSR 2715 is debating: Indigestion or Pepto Bismol? JPP 2521 still thinks he's in Montreal. This is glorious Gtendate. PBF 1110: Does your mother really buy your clothes for you? And is MKF 112 still talking about nothing? And is it true that 3412 PKZ is really an ex-river rat? SFS 2924: yes. But was she elected? CSY 349: nominated for most unrelen­ ting romantic on campus.

That's all in the mystique, be sap.

WS 2923: Did that tan come from Wisconsin, or does it ran in the shower? EXW 3312 has the best tan on campus, but is it for real? And can you tell us, BGW 3310, wffl there really be a banquet???

Last but not least: The Graduates Saga.

Announcements: T & SB are expecting baby Mortimer.

More PoliceCoatteMd from page*

longest pair of legs on cam­ pus, despite their hirsute con­ dition.

As the evening wore on, the Peach Boys did it again and thrilled the crowd with their smooth harmonies. If ttey are here again in the fall, ttey might use Mutsumi SH*«M to add a little spice to their repertoire.

And who could forget John Hill and AlPomerantz in their superb renditions of classic Jazz? A truly professional duo.

Toward midnight, toe crowd started to get restless and cold. It took the Kings of the Blues to shake and wake up the audience with their in­ credible performance: ex­ cellent guitarists and one of tne best harmonica players in tne West. The group included Victor the Greek, Boogie Woogie Bruce Wilcox, Weird Steve, Rocking Mark Shemesh, Fingers Josh, and Drumming Michael. For­ tunately, they were easy, and granted the crowd's shouts for an encore. The Kings of toe Blues set up the campus for a long night of dancing and merry-making - witness tne East and West apartment par­ ties and the long-tasting ,F- donn boedown. It was an evening that will be remembered for many nights hence.

FLY-BACKwon

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