Freshwater Food Web

Terrestrial (land) Food Web

Terrestrial (land) and Freshwater Food Web

Marine (ocean) Food Web

Two sources of energy for Food Webs

Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sunChemosynthesis uses chemical energy from volcanic vents

Biomass is the mass of living things at each trophic level needed to support the individuals at the level above them in the pyramid. The greatest mass is always at the bottom

A pyramid of numbers shows how many individuals are needed at each level to support the level above. The greatest numbers are always at the bottom

The greatest amount of energy is always at the bottom and starts with the sun or with chemicals in hydrothermal vents. 10% of the energy from one level passes on to the next level. Not much energy left at the top—not many organisms can be there.

Plants will compete for light and bacteria will compete for chemicals.Limiting factors are biotic and abiotic factors that organisms have to compete for.

Remember that Noble Gasses are in group 8A and don’t react.Remember that H is a non-metal.

Metals: lose valence electrons, are malleable and ductile, conduct electricity and have metallic luster.

Nonmetals: gain valence electrons, are brittle, and do not conduct electricity.

Velocity is speed in a direction

Acceleration is changing speed or velocity. (faster, slower, or direction)

Always read the labels on your graphs!

Unbalanced forces cause movement. Balanced forces mean no movement.

By increasing the distance something is moved, simple machines reduce the force needed to move them. The long string on a pulley increases the distance.

Wheel and inclined plane make the job of lowering material much easier.

A long lever makes it easier to life a heavier load.

Work is done when something is moved

Potential and Kinetic Energy

Milkyway Galaxy with Sun

Red Away

Blue toward

RedBlue

Convection currents in the mantle drive the plates Hotter is on the leftBrighter is on the top

Hurricanes form over warm ocean water

Sun

RedBlue

HotCool

Bright

Dim

Spiral galaxy

Volcanoes, mid-ocean ridges, rift valley

Folded mountains, thrust fault, trenches, volcanoes

Major Earthquakes

Earthquakes can occur along any boundary—both recent tsunamis were caused by convergent boundary quakes

H = high pressure (fair)L = low pressure (clouds/rain)

Winds generally blow from west to east Half circles and cones point where the front is going

The amount of sunlight is always the same at the equator-equal day/night & no seasons

Summer SolsticeJune 21 or 22

Vernal = Spring

Autumn =Fall

Valence Level

Energy Levels

Lithium has 1 valence electron• in group 1: highly reactive metal• will lose the outside electron when bonding• 2 electrons in the first energy level are stable when the valence electron is gone

Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus and have all the mass. Together they are the atomic mass number.At. Mass – atomic #= neutrons MAN

Electrons have almost no mass, are in energy levels, but move all the time, so we say they are in the electron cloud. Low energy electrons are in level 1.

The identity of an atom is determined by the number of protons in the nucleus—that is the atomic number.

Beryllium has one more proton than Lithium—it is a different element. 1 more proton means 1 more electron also. APE•2 valence electrons•In group 2: very reactive•Will lose both outside electrons when bonding•2 electrons in the first energy level are stable when the valence electrons are gone.

Na—Sodium

•Will lose 1 valence electron when bonding•In group 1: highly reactive metal•8 electrons in the second energy level is stable when the valence electron is gone

Na-Mass 23

Add p & n for mass

23 – 11 = 12

F—Flourine •Has 7 valence electrons•Will gain 1 electron when bonding—non-metal to metal•Could share 1 electron when bonding with another non-metal•8 valence electrons is the most stable valence

7 + 1 = 8 valence

Topographic Maps show changes in elevation

Contour lines are connected points of equal elevationContour interval is the change in elevation between the lines

Global Positioning System: Uses information relayed to satellites to identify locations on Earth and changes to locations on Earth.

Satellite images and topographic maps can show changes in north and east directions on Earth, as well as changes in elevation.