Freud. Eugenics. Immigration

Science to the Aid of Racism and Gender Difference.

Immigration in the U.S.

Ideas and attitudes.

IMPORTANT-STYLESINARTStyleisdifferentthancontent,whichreferstothemeaningofthework.Stylereferstohowtheworkismade,maybewhenitwasmade,whatitlookslike,brushwork,andillusion.Herearesomestyles:Classical–GreeceandRome–idealized,mostlyhumanfigureRenaissance–RevivalofClassicalTradiNon.idealized,smoothbrushwork,linearperspecNve,Idealizedillusionofrealworld.LinearperspecNve.Baroque–dramaNclightanddark,emoNonal,extensionofRenaissancestyle.Realism--Modernist—focusonrealsubjects(asopposedtomythologicalorreligious)andfocusontherealityofthe2dimensionalsurface.ImpressionismandExpressionism--Modernist–loosebrushwork,expressiveuseofcolor,abstracNonofform.lightandemoNon.Therearemanystylesinart.Thesearejustafew.

ClassicalRenaissanceExpressionist

FREUDANDPSYCHOANALYSISSigmundFreudisthoughtofasthefatherofpsychology.HeandCharlesDarwinproducedideasintheearly20thCenturythatchangedthewaywethinkabouthumanbeings.Darwin,whendevelopingclassificaNonsofspecies,acknowledgedthathumanswerenotuniqueorspecialintheworldofanimals,thatweevolvedfromprimates.Then,FreudsuggestedthatthebasisofourmentalprocessingwasbasedonanimalinsNncts.OursuccessascivilizedbeingslayinnegoNaNngbetweenouranimalselvesandcivilizedselves.Itiswithinthiscontextweseethediscussionsofsexualfeelings,or‘libido’whichFreudreferredtoasbiologicalurges.

MaxErnst,TheRobbingoftheBride,1940.Maledesiresublimated.

FREUDANDPSYCHOANALYSISThe‘libido’isoaenlinkedtoeroNcism,andFreudwrotemostlyaboutmen,asamanitwashismainsourceofexperience.Forthemostpartthelibidoisseenasamalefeature.ToFreud,sublimaNonwasonewayhumansdivertourbiologicalsexualurges.SublimaNon—diverNngurgestoother,moreacceptableformsofbehavior—likeart.Itiswithinthiscontextweseethediscussionsofsexualfeelings,or‘libido’whichFreudreferredtoasbiologicalurges. PhallicsymbolsinaSurrealistpainNngby

SalvadorDali,TheMetamorphosisofNarcissus,1937.Maledesiresublimated.

FREUDANDPSYCHOANALYSISFreud'stheoryaboutbiologicaldriveswasbasedonthepercepNonsofboysandgirlsabouttheirbodies.Forhim,theacquisiNonofagenderidenNtywasatotallypsychologicalprocess,inwhichchildrenarebornpsychosexuallyneutralthenlearntoidenNfywiththeirsamesexparent.ThisisthefundamentalpremiseoftheOedipusandElectraComplex(basedonGreekmyths).ThesetheorieshavebeencriNcizedbecauseoftheirfoundaNoninaconceptFreuddevelopedknownas“penisenvy.”Regardless,thetheoriessupportedagtudestowardwomenthatconfirmedalreadyexisNngstereotypes.

ReneMagrihe,TheLovers,1928

FREUDANDPSYCHOANALYSISSimilarlytoearlysexologists,Freudbelievedthatwomenweresexuallypassive,engaginginsexonlytohavechildren.Hebelievedfemaleswouldalwaysseektogainapenis,whichtheythoughttheylost,(penisenvy)soallwomenwerecondemnedtohavingunderdevelopedsuperegos.Thisimpliedthatwomenwillalwaysbemorallyinferiortomen.Hewrotethatinmenaloneis“thesexuallife…accessibletoinvesNgaNon,whereasinthewomanitisveiledinimpenetrabledarkness,partlyinconsequenceofculturalstunNngandpartlyonaccountoftheconvenNonalreNcenceanddishonestyofwomen”(Freud,1905).

FemaleHysteria,denoteswomenastheweakersex.

FREUDANDPSYCHOANALYSISHysteriaisatermusedtomeanungovernableemoNonalexcess.ThewordoriginatesfromtheGreekword,uterus.Originallymeaninganinabilitytobreath.However,linkingthemtothe‘uterus’suggestthedisorderisfoundonlyinwomen.Hysteriawasthoughttomanifestinwomenwiththesesymptoms;anxiety,shortnessofbreath,fainNng,insomnia,irritability,nervousness,aswellassexuallyforwardbehavior.

Dr.Jean-MarNnCharcotdemonstraNngfemalehysteriapaNent,1887.BydesignaNnghysteriaamedicalcondiNon,ideaswere‘legiNmized’byscience.

HYSTERIAANDPOLITICSFreudbelievedHysteriawasanemoNonalafflicNon.Therecommendedtreatmentinpsychoanalysiswas:marryingandhavingbabiestoregainthe‘lost’phallus.CecilyDevereuxnotesinherarNcle,“Hysteria,Feminism,andGenderRevisited:TheCaseoftheSecondWave”2016,thatthiscementstheideaofwomanaschildbeareranddenoteswomenwhodon’tconformtothesenorms,aswrongordefecNve.ItisinteresNngthatthesedefiniNonsoffemininityandmotherhoodcameatthesameNmewomenwerefighNngformorerightsandalargerroleinsociety.

HysteriawasoaenusedasapoliNcaltoolinthemediatoimpedewomen’srightsmovementsandinvalidatetheirargumentsanddesireforeequalrights.

EUGENICSANDPSUDOSCIENCEEugenicsisthesetofbeliefsandpracNcesaimingatimprovingthegeneNcqualityofthehumanpopulaNon.WhileweareawareofthewaytheNazi’sinGermanyusedEugenicstojusNfyeliminaNonofmanypeople,itwasalsopracNcedintheUnitedStatesyearsbefore.Inthelate19thandearly20thcenturyEugenicswasthoughtofasamethodofpreservingandimprovingdominantgroupsinthepopulaNon.ItisnowgenerallyassociatedwithracistandnaNvistnoNonsasareacNontoimmigraNon.

RootedinthebiologicaldeterministideasofSirFrancisGaltonwhoconcludedthatsocialposiNonwasduetosuperiorgeneNcmakeup,selecNvebreedingwasthoughttodirectposiNveevoluNon.

EUGENICSANDIMMIGRATIONBy1910,therewasalargenetworkofscienNsts,reformers,andprofessionalsengagedinnaNonaleugenicsprojectsandacNvelypromoNngeugeniclegislaNon.TheAmericanBreeder’sAssociaNonwasthefirsteugenicbodyintheU.S.,establishedin1906.TheABAwasformedspecificallyto"invesNgateandreportonheredityinthehumanrace,andemphasizethevalueofsuperiorbloodandthemenacetosocietyofinferiorblood."

U.S.eugenicsposteradvocaNngfortheremovalofgeneNc"defecNves"suchastheinsane,"feeble-minded"andcriminals,andsupporNngtheselecNvebreedingof"highgrade”individuals,c.1926

EUGENICSANDIMMIGRATIONEugenicsledtothingslike:1.DeterminingFitvs.unfitIndividuals2.ForcedsterilizaNon3.BirthControl4.BeherBabyContests5.Euthanasiaprograms6.ImmigraNonrestricNonsTheysupportedthegeneEcsuperiorityofNordic,GermanicandAnglo-Saxonpeople;supportedstrictimmigraEonandanE-miscegenaEonlaws;supportedforciblesterilizaEonofthepoor,disabledand‘immoral”.

AnexampleofthekindsofstaNsNcs?usedtosupportEugenicsandanNimmigraNonagtudes.TheUSeugenicsmovementbegantolosepowerinthe1940’sandwascompletelydiscreditedaaerthehorrorsofNaziGermany.

IMMIGRATION“TherewasaNmeinAmericawhentheIrishwerecharacterizedasapes,Italiansasstreetfilth,andChineseasparasiNclocusts.Today,thesegroupsarekeyNlesintheAmericanmosaic,buttheirarrivalwasiniNallymetwithfearandopposiNon.Newspapersandmagazinecartoonsfromtheturnofthe20thcenturyillustratethesesenNments.”BrianResnick,fromtheAtlanNc,2011

PoliNcalposterprotesNnganN-immigraNonpolicies.And,amagazineillustraNonforan

AnNChineseWall,

TheChineseExpulsionActof1882restrictedChineseabilitytoentertheU.S.andin1896anAtlanNcauthorcalledimmigrants,“ahopelessburden”thatwoulddilutetheindustriousnessofthenaNon.”TheImmigraEonActof1917barredanenNrerangeofindividualsincluding:theilliterate,thefeeblemindedandhomosexuals.

IMMIGRATIONFEARAmericatookinmorethan30millionimmigrantsduringtheAgeofMassMigraNon(1850-1913),aperiodwhenthecountryhadopenborders.By1910,22percentoftheU.S.laborforce–and38percentofworkersinnon-southernciNes–wasforeign-born(comparedwith17percenttoday).SomeAmericansbelievedthatnewarrivalswouldneverfitintoAmericansociety.In1924,Congresssetastrictquotaof150,000immigrantarrivalsperyear,withmoreslotsallocatedtoimmigrantsfromnorthernandwesternEuropeancountriesthanthosefromsouthernandeasternEurope.WhileanN-immigrantagtudesabounded,immigrantscontributedgreatlytoAmericaneconomy.

LewisHine,MechanicworkingonSteamPump,1920Recently,SanfordEconomists(RanAbramitzkyandhiscolleagues)haveresearchedthisNmeperiodofU.S.ImmigraNontobeherunderstandtheposiNveeconomiceffectsofimmigraNon.

IMMIGRATIONANDARTAshcanSchool—inspiredbythepainterRobertHenri,TheAshcanSchoolwasagroupofNewYorkCitybasedarNstsknownforitsgrihyurbansubjectmaher,darkpaleheandgesturalbrushwork.TheirsubjectmaherwasrevoluNonaryinAmericaattheNme.NotinterestedineliNstsubjectsorModernistabstracNon,theAshcanSchoolbelievedintheworthinessofimmigrantsandworking-classlife.TheirintenNonwastoemphasizethetruthandvalidityofdirectexperience.ThisresultedinpainNngsthatportrayedasenseofliveliness,oftheworkingpeopleofNYCandthereleasefromtheneedtocreatebeautyfromtheextraordinary.

GeorgeBellows,TheCliffDwellers,1913ApainEngofthecrowdedenergyofanimmigrantneighborhood,LowerEastSide,ManhaUan.

IMMIGRATIONANDARTGeorgeBellowswasamemberoftheAshcanSchool.HemadehislivingasaportraitpainterbuthisgreatestfamecamewithhisboxingpainNngs.BellowsahendedboxingmatchesinaneighborhoodbarthatassumedtheguiseofanathleNcclubtosponsorboxingmatches.BoxingwasillegalatthisNme.DepicNngtherawviolenceofthesport,Bellowsalsosawboxingasametaphorfortheviolentimmediacyofurbanlife.

GeorgeBellows,BothMembersofThisClub,1909Theboxingringwasoneofthefewareasavailableforadvancementforblackathletesinthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury.BellowsrarelydepictedblackpeopleinhispainNngs.ThisonewasoriginallyNtled,ANiggerandaWhiteMan.

IMMIGRATIONANDARTHerearesomemoreAshcanSchoolpainNngs.RobertHenri,TheFailureofSylvester,1914

JohnSloan,WomenDryingtheirHair,1912JohnSloan,SixO’Clock,1912

THEGREATMIGRATIONAaertheCivilWar,manyoftheAfricanAmericanswhohadbeenenslavedandlivingintheSouth,strivingforpoliNcal,economicandculturalequality,movednorth.ManyofthesepeoplemovedtoHarlem,NYC.Originally,aneighborhoodforthewhitemiddleclass,bytheearly20thcenturyHarlemwashometoagrowing‘Negro’middleclass.AcknowledgingthecontribuNonsofAfricanAmericanstoAmericanculturebecameapointofreference.TheexplosionofculturechangedthewaytheworldviewedAfricanAmericans.

JacobLawrence,fromtheGreatMigraNonseries,1940

JACOBLAWRENCEJacobLawrenceasanAfricanAmericanarNstknownforhisportrayalofAfrican-Americanlife.Hisseries,TheGreatMigraEon,depicted60scenesrelatedtothemigraNonofblackSouthernerstotheNorththatbeganaround1915.Lawrencereferredtohisstyleas‘dynamicCubism’buthisworkismorecloselyNedtocolorsandstylesoftheHarlemRenaissance.

JacobLawrence,fromtheGreatMigraNonSeries,1940’s

HARLEMRENAISSANCETheHarlemRenaissanceisthenamegiventoasocialandarNsNcexplosioncenteredaroundtheHarlemneighborhoodinNewYorkCityintheearly20thCentury.ConsideredagoldenageinAfricanAmericanculture,arNsts,writersandmusicians,likeLangstonHughes,LouisArmstrong,PaulRobeson,JosephineBaker,AaronDouglaswerepartofthemovement.AaronDouglaspioneeredtheAfrican-Americanmodernistmovementbycombiningcontemporaryartstyles,especiallyCubism,withAfricanhistoryandtradiNon.

AaronDouglas,AspectsofNegroLife:SongoftheTowers,1934SilhoueUesofAfricanAmericansfindtheirwayinanewworld.

AARONDOUGLASDouglascreatedillustraNons,painNngsandmuralsrelatedtothehistoryofthenegroinAmerica.Learning

AaronDouglas,AspectsofNegroLife:SlaverythroughReconstrucEon,1934

HisworkcreatesalinkbetweenAfricanAmericansandtheirAfricanancestrythroughvisualelementsthatarerootedinAfricanart,andthusgivetheAfrican-Americanexperienceavoiceinart.

IMPORTANTIhopewhenyouLookatthelecturethisweekyoucanseesomestereotypesandagtudesaboutwomen,peopleofcolorandimmigrantsthatwearesNlldealingwithtoday.Theseagtudes,basedonfear,showupinpoliNcs,art,themediaandentertainment.LearningtoseehowvisualimageryandrhetoricservesthoseinposiNonsofpowermayhelpusdigabitdeeperintomeanings.NextweekwemoveintothePostWWIIeraandaNmereferredtoasPost-Modernism.

ManythingschangewiththeCivilRightsMovementofthe1950sand60s,theFeministMovementandWarProtestsofthe1970s.Imagesarenotneutral.OneslikethischangedmindsandlawsinAmerica.