University of the Philippines Manila

College of Arts and Sciences

Ang Aking PAMANA sa Inyo: A Case Study on the Effectiveness of PAMANA program as

an Empowerment tool in Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya, Catanauan, Quezon Province

Fritz Paolo V. Casama

2013-20448

I have adhered to University policy regarding academic honesty in completing this assignment

Submitted to Professor Josefina Tayag of the Department of Social Sciences in partial fulfillment

of the degree requirements for Bachelor of Arts in Political Science 2nd Semester 2017

APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the course requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts Major in

Political Science, this seminar paper entitled Ang Aking PAMANA sa Inyo: A Case Study on

the Effectiveness of PAMANA program as an Empowerment tool in Barangay Tagbacan

Ilaya, Catanauan, Quezon Province prepared and presented by Fritz Paolo V. Casama to the

Political Science Program under the Department of Social Sciences of the College of Arts and

Sciences – University of the Philippines Manila.

This undergraduate thesis has been examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval

by:

_________________________________

Professor Josefina Tayag

Thesis Adviser

University of the Philippines Manila

Wherefore, this undergraduate thesis is hereby accepted and approved by:

___________________________________ ___________________________________

Professor Jerome A. Ong Dr. Leonardo Estacio, PhD

Chairman – Department of Social Sciences Dean – College of Arts and Sciences

University of the Philippines Manila University of the Philippines Manila

Acknowledgement

First of all, I would like to thank God for helping me get through the difficult times while

I was doing my thesis.

I would also like to thank my adviser, Professor Josefina Tayag, for her expert advice and

encouragement throughout this very challenging research. This would have been impossible to

accomplish without her help.

I also wanted to thank Ms. Ella Oplas, my practicum adviser for giving her insights and

suggestions in finalizing my thesis. She assisted me in finding a community to conduct my study.

I would also want to thank the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process for

supporting my study and giving me aid in my data gathering.

I wanted to express my deepest gratitude to all participants who cooperated with me

throughout the study. I dedicate this research to them and wish that it would contribute to their

situation.

Lastly, I would like to thank my family and friends for their extraordinary support in this

thesis process. When I was struggling, they never failed to comfort and encourage me to believe

that I can get this done.

Abstract

The PAMANA program, as a complementary tract to the peace process in the Philippines, aims to

provide peace and development projects to conflict-affected and conflict-vulnerable areas. One of

its objectives is to build resilient communities by providing empowering activities and

mechanisms for the beneficiaries. The study wanted to assess and analyze the experiences of the

beneficiaries with the PAMANA program as an empowerment tool. Empowerment is multi-

dimensional social process that helps people gain control over their own lives. The study was

guided by the theory that empowerment is achieved if opportunity and power presents itself to the

people. To integrate the literature and theories provided, the research adopted the case study

method focusing on the experiences of the beneficiaries gathered through in-depth interviews and

observation. Key informant interviews and secondary data were used in the process of

triangulation, which tests the validity and reliability of data collected. The data showed that the

PAMANA program was an effective empowerment tool because of its emphasis on the

beneficiaries’ role in its implementation. The PAMANA program succeeded in the area of

Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya because of the combination of its empowering activities and the good

and well-integrated working relations between the beneficiaries and the implementers. The culture

of “bayanihan” in the barangay further strengthened the bond among the beneficiaries and

implementers. Although it was a success, the problem of sustainability of projects and lack of long-

term program was raised.

Keywords: PAMANA program, Empowerment, Peace and Development, Beneficiaries

Table of Contents

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………1

Main Research Question………………………………………………………………..…3

General Objective………………………………………………………………….……...3

Specific Objectives………………………………………………………………...……...3

Purpose of the Study…………………………………………………………….………...4

Scopes and Limitations….…………………………………………………….….…….....4

Theoretical Framework……………………………...………………………….................5

Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………………............8

Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………………......9

Review of Related Literature………………………………………………….…….......12

Research Methodology…………………………………………………….…………....27

Barangay Profile: Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya……………………………….…………….......33

PAMANA Program…………………………………………………………………………….37

Objectives of PAMANA program….……………………………………………………39

PAMANA Results Framework………………………………………………………….39

Pillars of PAMANA Program…………………………………………………………...41

Program Management and Coordinating Mechanisms (Beneficiaries) …………………42

Impediment and Promotion of Empowerment ………………………………….42

Improvement of Economic Conditions ……………………………………...….44

Data Presentation...………………………………………………………………………...…...46

Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………….52

Summary……………………………………………………………………………………...…56

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………57

Recommendation…………………………………………………………………………...…...59

References ………………………………………………………………………………………60

Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………….…..62

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Introduction

One of the most pressing issues that the Aquino and Duterte Administration is facing is the

issue of peace between the government and the so called ‘enemies of the state’ or the rebels who

are against the government. The P.noy Aquino administration focused on the passing of the

Bangsamoro Basic Law with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) which could have

produced promising results if Mar Roxas continued the works of Aquino (Basman, T. & Rood, S.,

2016). Although the efforts of Aquino to achieve peace with the MILF remains uncertain and

unaccomplished, he did recognize the problems of the conflict-affected areas which are always

affected by the war between the government and the rebels. One of his efforts to alleviate the

situation in these areas is the formulation of the PAMANA program.

The PAMANA or the Payapa at Masaganang Pamayanan is the P.noy Aquino

administration’s convergence program which provides development interventions to isolated,

hard-to-reach and conflict-affected communities, ensuring that the government is taking action to

provide their needs. This served as a complementary track to peace negotiations through forging

strategic partnerships with national government agencies in implementing coherent efforts to

deliver goods and services and address regional development challenges. The PAMANA adopted

the conflict-sensitive and peace-promoting initiatives to prevent recurrence of conflicts in the area

specified. (PAMANA.net)

Although the PAMANA program in theory provided a sophisticated design to implement

its projects, the application of the program itself should be evaluated and assessed to understand

what really is happening on the ground. For instance, according to Katribu National Secretariat

Jessie Barcelon (2017), the PAMANA served as a way of pacifying the stakeholders as the military

uses it to get into the community to look for NPAs and rebels. According to Kakai Tolentino of

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Katribu National (2017), her relatives who encountered the PAMANA program did not really

solve their problems in their area as the primary needs are still not addressed. As Professor Dennis

Quilala (2017) stated, these areas show different realities that cannot be addressed as a whole

unless local peace negotiations are considered and achieved. Thus, this case study will provide an

example of assessing the effects of the PAMANA program and how this empower people to take

part in achieving peace in their areas and at the same time, and enrich their capabilities to do their

part in improving their livelihood and quality of life.

The indigenous people are currently facing conflicts and problems which persist because

of the government's negligence according to them (KATRIBU reports, 2016). The militarization

of schools and large scale mining are the main issues that exacerbates the living conditions of the

IPs. On the other hand, the previous administration was ineffective according to the Mamanwas of

Surigao Del Norte. Together with my orgmates, the researcher was able to interview members

from a tribe who faced the aforementioned issues today because of the Pambansang Lakbayan

2016 which is a collective movement of the national minorities to appeal to the Filipinos the issues

and struggle that they are currently experiencing. These issues are the same issues historically

during the Cory Aquino's administration.

On November 13, 2015, the Mamanwas evacuated their lands since they had been caught

in the crossfire between the military forces and communist rebels. According to Roel Catoto of

MindaNews (2015), 211 Mamanwas were afraid of going home even if the firefights were

occurring far from their places. The government according to them, refused to recognize them as

“bakwits” and thus, limited help were provided. On the other hand, a multi-sectoral group called

Surigao Cares delivered sacks of relief goods to the evacuees to help them get back on their feet.

Earlier in the same year, they also faced mining firms by barricading in front of the milling plants

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of Greenstone Resources Corporation. They invoked the Memorandum of Agreement with the

firm in 2002 to “negotiate the terms and conditions for the exploration of natural resources in the

areas for the purpose of ensuring, ecological, environmental protection and the conservative

measures, pursuant to national and customary laws” which entitles them under Section 7-b of the

Indigenous People’s Rights Act of 1997. This is only one of many cases which are happening in

the present.

Main Research Question

How do the beneficiaries and volunteers in Barangay Tagbacan Ilagaya assess PAMANA

program as a political empowerment tool?

Tentative Answer

Theoretically, the PAMANA program was able to empower to a certain degree the

beneficiaries by defining their roles in implementing peace and development programs and at the

same time, the local government units were empowered as well in bringing the projects the

beneficiaries needed. The challenge lies on whether the projects needed by the beneficiaries and

stakeholders were actually being provided or not and whether they were sustainable.

General Objective:

To analyze the beneficiaries and volunteers’ assessment of PAMANA program as a

political empowerment tool

Specific Objectives:

1. To give a background on what is a peace and development program and what is the current

situation of the people on the ground

2. To describe the peace and development framework of PAMANA and the ideology behind it.

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3. To analyze the processes and mechanisms of the PAMANA program that empower the

beneficiaries and the local government units

4. To explore the manner of implementing the PAMANA program as an empowerment tool

5. To examine the problems in PAMANA program that impede empowerment as well as those

operations that promote empowerment

6. To conceptualize the results of PAMANA program as an empowerment tool from the

perspective of the beneficiaries and local government units.

7. To give recommendations in improving PAMANA implementation as an empowerment tool

in building resilient communities

Purpose of the Study

The research aims to examine and analyze the experiences and assessment of the

beneficiaries and local government units in regard with the PAMANA program in building

resilient communities and empowering the stakeholders and implementers. This also aims to

describe the ideological framework behind PAMANA and conceptualize the roles and

relationships of the beneficiaries with the implementers. The researcher also intends to contribute

to the literature for proper and appropriate strategies in implementing government programs as

well as to recommend in improving PAMANA implementation and an approach regarding

empowering the people to facilitate the programs’ implementation.

Scopes and Limitation

The research will focus on the empowerment activities of PAMANA program and its

implementation. It will also take into account the ideological framework of PAMANA program

and its objectives. It will serve as an evaluation of the results of the program in Barangay Tagbacan

Ilaya and consider their perceptions and experiences in the program implementation. Other

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information related to the PAMANA program will be used as a secondary data. The study will not

intend to generalize as it will focus only on one barangay. It will serve as an evaluation of the

participants regarding their experiences with the PAMANA program as an empowerment tool.

Theoretical Framework

The New Public Administration theory emerged during the late 1960s by Dwight Waldo

and will be the theoretical framework to be tested in this paper. It was during the Great Wars and

the agencies in charge of alleviating human suffering such as UNO, WHO and UNICEF had

failed to accomplish their tasks because of ineffective and inefficient systems in various

countries. It was believed that these inefficiencies keep the public administration as maintainer of

the status-quo which protects the interest of the elite classes. While the Old Public

Administration focuses on the “administration, principles and procedures”, the New Public

Administration concentrates on the “public, values and philosophy”. The New Public

Administration has several important aspects:

1. Change – it is change-oriented rather than maintenance to respond to the various socio-

eco-political changes occurring in the society.

2. Relevance – it acknowledges the differences of problems among each society. It

considers only the country-specific, area-specific, culture-specific, ethno-centric changes,

or only the socially relevant changes. People must know that changes are relevant for the

needs of other people.

3. Equity, Fairness, and Justice – it finds social equity a vehicle to development. Public

administration then, must represent and serve the marginalized and underprivileged

sections of society. It should redress the grievances of the minorities and thus, must

promote harmony and integration in the society

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4. Values – it gives emphasis on the values and philosophy of the state. It rejects the idea of

the public administration being value-neutral. It stresses central role of the personal and

organizational values or ethics and personal commitment of administrators towards the

goals.

5. Client-oriented – it welcomes the idea of a positive, proactive and responsible

administrators which adopts the point of view of the government and the citizens as well.

If they fail to improve the quality of life of the stakeholders, that means that they failed

and no rationality or efficiency can override their ineffectiveness.

The manifestation of New Public Administration in the Philippines is significant in analyzing

the dynamic relationship between the government and the beneficiaries which gives light to the

undertakings considered in formulating peace and development projects.

Empowerment Theory

For this study, the researcher adopts the theory of structural empowerment by Rosabeth

Moss Kanter (1977). According to her, implementers become empowered when their work

environments provide them access to information, resources, support and the opportunity to learn

and develop. The structural component of the working environments deeply affects the

implementers’ attitude and behaviors towards program implementation. Kanter (1977) believed

that structural supports cause individuals to show different behaviors.

There are two structural components that empower people. One is opportunity.

Opportunity refers to growth, mobility and the chance to increase knowledge and skills. The

second component is the structure of power. The structure of power enables people to access and

utilize resources, information and support from the organization to accomplish a job.

Opportunity and power provides implementers capabilities to maximize resources, disseminate

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information, and mobilize their organization. Erickson et al. (2003) operationalizes this theory by

suggesting that the process of empowerment will occur if the organization sincerely engages

people and progressively responds to this engagement with mutual interest and intention to

promote growth.” He further added that this process develops over time as people tend to hold

greater control over their lives and become more active in the decision-making. Kluska et al.

(2004) stated that this feeling of empowerment is characterized by competence, autonomy, job

meaningfulness, and the ability to impact society.

Batson (2004) and Porter-O’Grady, Hawkins & Parker, 1997) provided that in adherence

to empowerment, there are four guiding concepts to achieve a successful shared governance

structures.

1. Equity – this refers to the integration of roles to achieve common goals and willingness

of each member to contribute collectively toward a common goal

2. Ownership – this refers to the individual’s recognition of the connection between his/her

individual job performance and the success of the organization.

3. Partnership – this refers to the development of relationships to promote mutual respect,

enhanced communication and collaboration to achieve organizational objectives

4. Accountability – this refers to the willingness to invest in decision making and sharing of

responsibility for individual and collective outcomes

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Conceptual Framework

By having a good and well-integrated relationship between the government, and

beneficiaries, the implementation of PAMANA program would run smoothly and effectively

which would empower the community to act independently and responsibly on how they would

be able to improve their well-being in the social, political and economic aspect, provided that, the

people in the community are organized, educated, and informed and the local government and

implementers are accountable and transparent especially in the procurement of funds. This would

lead to social (cohesive and collaborative community), political (increased participation, voting

behavior, representation, influence on political decision-making and process), and economic

(improved livelihood and sustainable agricultural activities) empowerment.

Contributing factors:

A good working and well-

integrated relationship

between the government,

and beneficiaries (defining

roles in program

implementation, building

trust among the parties

involved, understanding

the situation of the

beneficiaries and taking

into consideration the

demands and needs of the

people for development)

Outcomes:

The beneficiaries would be

empowered politically by

virtue of increased

participation and voting

behavior, representation,

influence on decision-making

in program implementation;

economically by virtue of

improved livelihood and

agricultural activities for the

farmers; socially by virtue of

cohesive and collaborative

community aiming to develop

Desired Effect:

PAMANA program would be

effective as an empowerment

tool for the beneficiaries

Under the circumstance that:

The people are organized and informed.

The local government and implementers are accountable and

transparent especially in the transferring of funds.

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Definition of Key Terms and Analytical Frameworks

1. PAMANA program: embodied in the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) for 2011-

2016, is the national government’s peace and development program that extends

development interventions to isolated, hard-to-reach, and conflict-affected communities,

ensuring that they are not left behind. (PAMANA Guidebook, 2016)

2. Government: the governing body of a nation, state, or community who enforce laws and

implement policies (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)

3. Local Government Units: institutional units whose fiscal, legislative and executive

authority extends over the smallest geographical areas distinguished for administrative

and political purposes. (OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms, 2001)

4. Effective: producing a decided, decisive, or desired effect (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)

5. Empowerment: a multi-dimensional social process that helps people gain control over

their own lives. (Page & Czuba, 1999)

6. A good working and well-integrated relationship among the government, and

beneficiaries: means defining roles in program implementation, building trust among the

parties involved, understanding the situation of the beneficiaries and taking into

consideration the demands and needs of the people for development

7. Community Driven Development: an approach that gives control over planning

decisions and investment resources for local development projects to community groups

World Bank)

8. Bayanihan – refers to the spirit of community unity, work, and cooperation to achieve a

particular goal (themixedculture.com)

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9. Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process (OPAPP): the office

mandated to oversee, coordinate, and integrate the implementation of the comprehensive

peace process (archive. peace.gov.ph).

10. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD): the primary government

agency mandated to develop, implement, and coordinate social protection and poverty-

reduction solutions for and with the poor, vulnerable, and disadvantaged.

(http://www.gov.ph/section/department-of-social-welfare-and-development/)

11. Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan – Comprehensive Integrated Delivery of Social

Service (KALAHI-CIDSS) - a community-driven development project implemented by

the Department of Social Welfare and Development. (www.mcap.ph/kalahi-project)

12. Barangay Local Government Units – barangay level of Local government units (Local

Government Code of 1991)

13. Municipal Local Government Units – municipal level of Local government units (Local

government code of 1991)

Synthesis

The importance of the theories provided is to adopt lenses and perspectives that will

guide the researcher in examining the underlying principles and factors influencing the parties

involved. These will help the researcher understand the way government and beneficiaries work

together to implement the program and fully equip the beneficiaries and implementers.

The New Public Administration theory would aid the researcher to understand the

formulation of PAMANA program and its ideology. As the PAMANA provides its objectives,

values, and approaches, the theory seeks the question how these are actually practiced and

applied during the implementation. Does it really concern the public interest (beneficiaries)? The

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PAMANA program, in theory, follows the New Public Administration model as it upholds the

values needed in order to provide peace and development benefits.

On the other hand, Kanter’s theory of structural empowerment would guide the

researcher to analyze the mechanisms and operations provided by the PAMANA program to

empower the beneficiaries and the community to implement its projects.

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Review of Related Literature

This literature review covers the significant elements of the research that will aid in

analyzing the data that will be gathered. Human rights will be highlighted to pave the way in

understanding people’s conceptualizations and experiences as some of them continue to suffer

from poverty. The relationship of culture and development in theory will be discussed to

emphasize the importance of their way of life in introducing community development programs

like the PAMANA. PAMANA program and the Mindanao 2020 will also be introduced as

sources on how the government theorize their approach in solving the problems of the society

especially the marginalized sector like the indigenous people. The case studies of Sierra Lone

and Mozambique are two examples of explaining the dynamics on how a government implement

their peace and development programs.

Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) acknowledges the “inherent dignity

and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family as the foundation of

freedom, justice and peace in the world.” The indigenous people have managed to voice out their

right to self-determination. According to the Charter of the United Nations and the International

Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and

Cultural Rights, right to self-determination means a right that freely allows a group of people to

determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural

development” According to Richard Falk (n.d.), “the tragedies of Chechenia and Kashmir,, as

well as the plight of many indigenous peoples, underscore the suffering that arises from denials

of self-determination which arise in setting where satisfaction would entail territorial

dismemberment.” These tragedies concerns cultural and religious differences that bolstered

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insurgencies. This highlighted the importance of right to self-determination. The indigenous

people needed an integrated approach from the government to advance their right to self-

determination and acknowledge their distinct cultural identities, languages, and connections with

traditional lands. Anaya (2010) said that “Self-determination in the development process is a

matter of basic human dignity” which coincides with the Universal Declaration of Human

Rights.

In order to address the human rights issues of the indigenous people, an approach is

needed in order to consider factors crucial in scrutinizing human interactions. The human rights

based approach deals with the freedoms and entitlements of the IPs that should be protected and

promoted by the government. It pertains to the relationship between the claimholders and duty

bearers who are interacting on the basis of human rights and are also obliged to recognize and

practice human rights activities and principles (Diokno, 2009). This will integrate human rights

as a standard of complying with one’s duty. In this case, the IPs are engaged with difficult

challenges and their character as a marginalized character needs to be guided and prioritized to

embody the principles of human rights. In the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues of United

Nations (2010), James Anaya of UN Special Rapporteur said that “the violations of indigenous

peoples are deep, systemic and widespread” as they are continually deprived of fundamental

freedoms and development because of “mega-projects” which persistently ignored indigenous

people’s rights and the government’s major setbacks in providing social services in terms of

education, health, and justice.

The indigenous people’s rights would present a good example of a community who

continue to struggle because they themselves are beneficiaries of the PAMANA program. The

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essence of its discussion supplements the importance of providing a peace and development

program to the people who experience conflict and underdevelopment.

Culture and Development

Since the indigenous people are diverse in nature, their culture has a major impact on

how they perceive and act. Thus, there is a need to discuss the relationship of culture and

development. According to the UN, culture has become an interesting factor to hose analyzing

development. The development that is pointed out here is the sustainable human development in

which intersects with the cultural sphere. Culture itself is a complex issue which may have

impacts to its inclusion into the development policies proposed by the government. According to

Anna Geli, culture is an all-encompassing word that its meaning is usually taken for granted by

the people. It is theoretically lacking in definition and interpreted differently and that is why the

problem of what is included and what is excluded arise. Mondicault (1982) defined “culture as

that which offers the context, values, subjectivity, attitudes and skills on which the development

process must take place.” This definition includes the complementary nature of cultures, their

dynamism and the generation of culture identities which are not mutually exclusive. It is not a

static set of values and practices but a constant recreated concept of the people.

Development must be broad and holistic which must incorporate the concept of cultural

development. The potential of cultural wealth provides vision of wealth to communities which

are always seen as poor from the international cooperation perspective. In line with this,

cooperation is also a factor in cultural approach to society’s problems.

“Culture: a Bridge to Development” by Director General of UNESCO, Irina Bokova

proposed initiatives to promote innovative and creative approaches which will lead to sustainable

social, economic, and human development. These developments will give way to job-creation

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opportunities, social cohesion, education and mutual understanding that will bring new

opportunities for international cooperation.

Schech and Haggis (2000) formulated a critical introduction on culture and development

and how they relate. They suggested that a “temporal and place-specific cultural analysis is both

a useful and necessary to understand the interplay of processes of globalization and development.

They emphasized that its assimilation into different cultures which articulates varying meanings

is important to understand how the processes work. Their conclusion supports the idea that

place-based experiences inform a more inclusive development. Furthermore, they insist the

readers “to recontextualize development debates, acknowledge the complexities of diverse group

of people who in turn make meaning of both development and globalization to produce results

that are marked by difference and hybridity.” Using this as a reference to understanding the

relationship of culture and development. The researcher wants to know how does the government

evaluate the people involved and their culture and area and how they construct their frameworks

and approaches in delivering development projects. Given the information provided, the

component that the researcher want to examine is the significance of culture in development and

the considerations and procedures orchestrated by the government to approach the indigenous

people.

The relevance of this discussion calls for an integration and contextualization of a policy

that the government wish to provide to those people who need help in their areas. It reminds the

government that culture is related to development and in order to give an effective program, the

government must take into consideration the situation, background, and the way of living of the

people in the area.

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Mindanao 2020

Before the PAMANA program, the government had introduced a peace and development

framework which aims to lead a long, productive and happy lives to the Mindanao society. Its

aims include promotion of “definite and lasting peace with all combatants and private armies

demobilized and rendered non-existent within a gunless Mindanao society” (Mindanao 2020, p.

85), offer good health services, sufficient education and social cohesion manifested through easy

access to social services like health care systems and education, respect Mindanawons’ personal

and communal dignity by acknowledgement of their cultural and equal rights and recognize and

uphold cultural diversity in Mindanao. It is also designed to create “a unified, dynamic, and

sustainable Mindanao economy that is technology enabled, characterized by synergy and

complementation among its various economic centers and true to its appellation as food basket in

the country and the Asia-Pacific region” (Mindanao 2020, p. 85). In sum, this framework desires

Mindano in 2030 as a place where Mindanawons, collectively and individually, can sustain

development pursuant to good living and working conditions which in turn attracts visitors and

investors in large numbers from the rest of the country and the world.

The framework consists of guiding principles, strategies and initiatives which will

efficiently boost the program in attaining its goals and objectives. First, it focuses on key

strategic economic drivers which will deliver high, inclusive, and sustainable growth in the

Mindanao economy. Second, it formulates area development plans based on watersheds,

riverbasins and other ecosystems as units of planning which will utilize the use of natural

resources for hosting investments. Third, it addresses gaps and weaknesses in the value chain

which will reduce costs, diffusing market concentration, improving producer prices, linking

lagging areas to growth centers and broadening the rural economy. Fourth, it pursues massive

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enterprise development in support with government and non-government sectors. Fifth, broaden

and deepen the agriculture/agribusiness to promote greater diversity and increased value-adding

in the range of agricultural and fishery products produced in Mindanao. Sixth, it promotes a

vibrant services sector via trade, tourism and ICT-based services to generate jobs and drivers for

inclusive growth. Seventh, it widens the industries of Mindanao to increase efficiency in the

production. Lastly, it pursues win-win approaches towards ecological integrity and economic

development which is both environmentally-friendly and sustainable. Looking at this peace and

development project, The researcher want to answer the question why the people or the

stakeholders continue to experience poverty and conflicts in their area.

Figure 1. The Mindanao Problem (Mindanao 2020 Peace and Development Framework Plan)

2011-2030

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Figure 1 shows the roots of the problem in Mindanao that is injustice. It portrays the

connections of each conflict such as social exclusion and marginalization, land and natural

resources dispossession, ineffective/imposed institutions of governance, law enforcement and

service delivery, extreme poverty, deprivation of basic amenities and perceived suppression of

Islamic practices, traditional customs and indigenous institutions. It also includes the effects of

several factors relevant in dealing with these problems such as local election disputes,

competition for scarce resources and opportunities, declaration of all-out war against MILF, clan

war, inter-tribal and inter-ethnic conflicts and the proliferation of armed groups/militarization.

Given the concept of culture, development, human rights and the ideology and

framework behind the Mindanao 2020, the relationship of the beneficiaries and the government

needs emphasis. The principles behind PAMANA highlighted the role of the beneficiaries in the

program. The challenge arises in the implementation of the projects and how the government

will be able to empower the people in various communities to cooperate since they continue to

struggle and remain poor. The problem also arises to how the people in the government behave

and how the existing institutions shape their interaction with the beneficiaries. The government

needs to review the existing laws that are in place in order to resolve the problem arising from

their relationship with the people in conflict-affected areas. The problems may arise on the actual

implementation of the PAMANA program because of the government who has the resources and

the institutions to provide services is not integrated and immersed to the people’s needs and

wants

Peace and Development: The Case of Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone was one of the poorest country in the world which pushed the United

Nations to focus development discourses and assistance. They have a worsening economy as

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well as widening social inequalities among other countries. According to this study, the country

has been at the bottom of the Human Development index and more than half of the people suffer

in poverty from 2008 to 2010 (Human Development Report, 2010). The predicaments were

exacerbated by long civil war between the rebel Revolutionary United Front and the government

that ravaged the whole country because of its conflict over corrupt mining resources and illegal

diamond sales. Due to little revenue, the government failed to alleviate poverty and provide

minimum social services. This is further exacerbated by the increased diamond earnings from

$24 million to $141 million because of the Kimberly certification process. The government only

earned $3.7 million just 3 per cent of the total export value. Local miners are cheaply paid and

the foreign mine owners took over the elites. The United Nations offered aid and assistance to

the country but it failed because of its hubris to understand and contextualize local peace in the

country (Duffield, 2001; Richmond, 2005 as stated in Pemunta, 2012). They underestimated the

impacts of indigenous cultural institutions, norms, values, and specific historical configurations

of individual conflicts in post-conflict transformation, whereas, local influences can seriously

affect the prospect of peacebuilding initiatives. A manifestation of this is highlighted through the

partnership of local NGOs with foreign NGOs which hindered the convergence of concepts and

programmatic approaches that eventually led to narrow and ineffective service deliveries. Forbes

Ann Armbreccht studied the issues observing the degrading “local-ness” of the NGOs. She said

that “[...] the label of “local” may often have as much to do with how much power any given

individual or party has as it does with the fact that any particular group has a more privileged

relationship to a particular place” (Forbes, 1999, p. 324).

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This paper by Ngambouk Pemunta (2012) argued that aid without the necessary local

institutional structure for effective coordination and stringent aid conditionality has stifled

sustainable socio-economic development initiatives. As the findings provided:

The international community’s narrow definition and support for liberal peace, in tandem

with the overarching neoliberal economic paradigm and failure to embrace an inclusivist

approach to peacebuilding, has further stonewalled effective reconstruction, growth and

development (Pemunta, 2012)

This explained power relations among the members of the society and how every

decision made affects each member. The importance of effective coordination and good

relationship among the members is valued by the study in terms of implementing peace and

development projects. The government needs to be fully equipped and at the same time prepared

for challenges brought by external pressures such as globalization and neoliberalization since

these have managed to influence state affairs and movements. Furthermore, they need to attend

the needs of the people by integrating and understanding the people mindsets. As Pemunta urged,

“To foster development from below, development actors need to “wear native spectacles” –

prioritize what communities need, coordinate their activities and avoid “development as

dependence”. This calls for self-reflexivity among local and international development actors in

Sierra Leone.”

Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment (PCIA) in Community Development: A Case Study

from Mozambique

The PAMANA program has undergone an interdepartmental monitor and evaluation to

assess whether its objectives were obtained or not and to evaluate the performance of the

implementers in bringing peace and developmental projects. The importance of having an

assessment is highlighted in the case study conducted in Mozambique. A case study from

Mozambique (2010) was conducted to examine the quality of development works with the use of

21 | P a g e

the Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment in Community Development. According to Lisa

Bornstein (2010), the author of the said study, “PCIA functioned well as a tool for situational

analysis, richly documenting sources of conflicts, competing claims over resources, and rights,

and problematic policies on the part of development organizations, government and private

actors.”

According to this case-study, there is a potential for a peace and development program to

exacerbate tensions between two parties in conflict-prone environments. Thus, even during the

post-war situations, the conflicts between the two can lead to new tensions which can also turn to

more violent behavior. As stated by Klingbiel (2001), this concern in conducting development

programs in conflict-affected areas must consider systematically “the peace and conflict aspects

of existing international aid programmes and projects.” Sustainable peace can be attained if new

forms of intervention will be formulated. Galtung (1975) added that neither the “absence of

peace nor the absence of structural inequalities” means sustainable peace. Sustainable peace is

complex and there are several aspects that need to be considered such as the cultural and social

impacts of the conflict. In the case of Mozambique, the PCIA served as monitoring and

evaluation system that entails “assessing the peace-building environment (situation analysis and

trends), identifying the conflict parties and peace-builders (stakeholder analysis), defining

objectives and activities (project design and planning), and placing these elements in a project

planning and monitoring evaluation framework).” Here, the PCIA is an inclusive approach that

gives emphasis not only in the situation and trends of a conflict-prone environment but also the

stakeholders’ experiences. The research findings show that “post-war reconstruction and

development processes left some critical areas of conflict unaddressed while exacerbating

tensions in other areas.” These tensions are widely associated with access to and control over

22 | P a g e

resources and legal rights and governance. This proves that despite the peace and development

program projects, sustainable peace is not acquired. The people recounted the uneven and

divisive effects of the developmental projects concerning their resources and legal rights.

Bornstein (2010) concluded that PCIA has significant contributions in improving

developmental practice. It can enhance “mutual learning” between professionals and other

project stakeholders. This means that in bringing developmental projects to conflict-prone

environments, it is important for the parties involved to adopt each other’s perspectives in order

to formulate coherent projects. As Bornstein (2010) stated:

“In looking at the outcomes of the project itself, PCIA feeds into wider

processes of professionals becoming more reflective and self-aware. In looking

at the wider environment, and collecting input from diverse sources, it is part of

learning to listen, attending to the unexpected and reacting with sensitivity to

diverse perceptions and understandings. It takes the development worker and

manager out of the ‘project box’ to examine, seriously, overall project or

programme impact on long-term development prospects.”

Measurement of Community Empowerment

The health promotion policies is usually delivered efficiently by different community

empowerment approaches but these approaches remain to be unclear and open to disputes.

Empowerment is a “principal theory in community psychology and it is a key concept for

communities aiming to achieve a better quality of life (Kasmel, A. & Andersen, T., 2011).

Zimmerman (1995), in his Empowerment Theory, Research and Application, viewed

empowerment as a complex issue which has three levels: individual, organizational, or

community. These three are not mutually exclusive thus, they are interlinked in order to clarify

the existing empowerment phenomenon among these three. The community is empowered if the

members of the community is empowered as well. Community empowerment can be viewed as a

process or as an outcome. By process, it means that empowerment allows the community to

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assume power to act, decide and participate in changing their lives. This promotes “the

participation of the people, organizations and communities for increased individual and

community control, political efficacy, improved quality of life and social justice” (Kasmel, A. &

Andersen, T., 2011). As an outcome, it manifests as the learned ability of the members of the

community to decide and voice out their suggestions and opinions on how to improve their lives.

This calls for the operationalization of the empowerment to enable the community

members to initiate and sustain activities that will improve their quality life. Laverack and

Wallerstein (n.d.) designed the Organizational Domains of Community Empowerment which

describes the factors and domains that will describe the level of community empowerment

There are several authors who elaborated the organizational domains that will evaluate

and operationalize the level of empowerment.

The table above provided several authors with different contributions in measuring

empowerment. Several factors, according to these authors, should be taken into account before

evaluating whether the people are empowered or not. Laverack (1999) in his work “Addressing

the contradiction between discourse and practice in health promotion”, believes that

24 | P a g e

participation, leadership, problem assessment, organizational structures, resource mobilization,

links to others, asking why, program management, and role of outside agents are the themes to

measure community empowerment. Smith et al. (2003) in their work “Measuring Community

Capacity”, constructed that participation, knowledge, skills, resources shared vision, sense of

community, and communication would comprise the measurement of empowerment. Hawe et al.

(2000) in their work “Indicators to Help with Capacity Building in Health Promotion”, believes

that building infrastructure for health services, partnerships and organizational environment and

problem solving can operations of empowerment. Bopp et al. (2004) in their work “Why

assessing community capacity is fundamental to Ecohealth work?”, added ongoing learning from

Smith’s organizational domains. Gibbon (2002) in his work “Evaluating community capacity”,

overlapped entirely with the authors and also added representation and implementation. Lastly,

Bush et al. (2002) in their work “Community Capacity Manual”, identified community capacity

index, network partnerships, knowledge transfer, problem solving and infrastructure

development as the measure for empowerment. In general, these organizational domains that

were identified produced common themes and intersect with each other on how one will measure

the level of empowerment of individuals or communities.

In order to materialize the essence of these empowerment tools and domains, there is a

need for a technique to understand and analyze the data to be gathered well. By virtue of

empowerment evaluation, the use of concepts, techniques, and findings to foster improvement

and self-determination will be determined. According to Kasmel & Andersen (2011),

empowerment evaluation is an internal process where the participants and the health promotion

practitioners would analyze their own program which emphasizes their roles as stakeholders and

beneficiaries. This is to give people power to help themselves through self-evaluation and

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constant reflection. In this case, the people have more to say to the projects that they need and

provide their own programs to improve their lives and sustain development.

Summary

This chapter talks about relevant literature that will aid the understanding of the research.

It includes the human rights approach that gives emphasis to the entitlements of the stakeholders.

The cultural and developmental factor is also explored to emphasize the significance of

contextualizing the study. PAMANA program and Mindanao 2020 were also included here to

present the current projects formulated by the government which will provide information that

will supplement the framework adopted by the government. The case of Sierra Lone and

Mozambique are examples of studies that introduce the idea of reflexivity and strong institutions

leading to effective implementation.

The gap of the literature includes the actual process of how the government formulate the

PAMANA program. The opinions of its framers will be very helpful on how the government

perceive and approach a problem. Another gap is the operationalization of culture and

development as an important factor in formulating peace and development programs like

PAMANA. It does not answer the specific way of living that the government should consider

and there is a need for looking at the experiences of the implementers and the beneficiaries as

well.

The citizens’ rights encompass their right to their own culture and their right to freely

express their demands to the government. The government, on the other hand, has the

responsibility to act on those demands resulting to formulation of various development programs

like the Mindanao 2020 and the PAMANA program. In the case of Sierra Lone, it calls on the

government to look at the situation on the perspective of the indigenous people. It posits the

26 | P a g e

question, “What should be done first or what should be prioritize before we implement our

development programs?” What’s happening today is that even though there are development

programs introduced by the government, it does not always show positive results. Sometimes, it

is not effective. There is a need for integration of the government in the community to

understand their struggles and from there, it should be able to formulate an effective

development program. The intentions of the government as well should be scrutinize as it will

prove what is really happening as they implement their programs. Moreover, there is a need for

evaluation regarding community empowerment to materialize the effects of their programs.

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Research Methodology

In this chapter, the research methodology used in the study is described. The geographical

area where the study was conducted, the study design and the population and sample are described.

The instrument used to collect the data, including methods implemented to maintain validity and

reliability of the instrument, are described

The research method involved in this study comprises the qualitative method using the

research design of a case study. According to Stake (1995) in his the Art of Case Study Research,

a case study becomes one of the most common ways to do qualitative inquiry. Yin (2003) pointed

out that case studies focuses on understanding complex social phenomena that allows investigators

to extract holistic and meaningful traits of real-life experiences. It raises the hows and whys of

each phenomenon the researcher wish to analyze and explain. A case study then is defined as a

detailed investigation giving much importance on the context of the area over a period of time

without clear boundaries between a specific phenomenon and context. In this case, the researcher

would like to study, analyze and understand the context of the PAMANA program in Barangay

Tagbacan Ibaba in Catanauan, Quezon Province. To explain the answers to the research question,

he will need to delve into the meaning of participants’ answers and consider the local context of

their barangay and their personal motivations as beneficiaries of the PAMANA program.

Data Matrix

The selection of informants was according to their expertise in the field and those who

were involved in the implementation of the PAMANA program including the beneficiaries in a

selected barangay in Quezon-Province in coordination with OPAPP and barangay local

government units. The researcher coordinated with OPAPP coordinators, consultant and local

28 | P a g e

area managers to seek their assistance in conducting the research. In order for the researcher to

gain entry into the research context, he coordinated with his practicum advisers in DLSU who

had a contact with OPAPP to help him interview people who handled the community’s

PAMANA benefits. He asked for the barangay profile to provide descriptive statistics and

information about the barangay. Letters were also sent containing the aims and objectives of the

interviews. Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya was chosen because the PAMANA projects there were

already done and the prospect of their results coincided with the objectives of the research.

Objectives Data Source Method of

Collection/How

Analyzed

Ethical Aspects

To give background to

what is a peace and

development program and

what is the current

situation of the people on

the ground

News Articles

NGOs records

Experts

In-depth interviews

Key informant

One expert, searching

for themes and

subthemes

Acknowledging

all are borrowed

Informed

Consent Forms

To describe the peace and

development framework

of PAMANA and the

ideology behind it

PAMANA

Guidebook

Document Content

Analysis

- Ideological

foundation and

frameworks

Acknowledging

borrowed ideas

Citations

To analyze the processes

and mechanisms of the

PAMANA program that

empower the beneficiaries

and the local government

units

OPAPP

PAMANA

Guidebook

DSWD Manual

Beneficiaries

Local Government

Units

In-depth interviews

Content Analysis

Key Informant

Interviews

- Mechanisms,

Processes, Principles,

Procedures, Rules

and Regulations

Acknowledging

all are borrowed

Informed

Consent Forms

and

Confidentiality

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The data collection methods included in-depth interviews, key informant interviews and

observation.

In-depth interview is a qualitative research technique that is intensive and holistic to

explore the perspectives of the participants on a particular idea, program or situation. In this case,

the researcher would ask the beneficiaries of the PAMANA program regarding their experiences,

To explore the manner of

implementing the

PAMANA program as an

empowerment tool

OPAPP

PAMANA

Guidebook

DSWD Manual

Beneficiaries

Local Government

Units

In-depth interviews

Key Informant

Interviews

Content Analysis

- Role of the

beneficiaries,

Experiences of the

beneficiaries,

Perception of the

beneficiaries

Acknowledging

all are borrowed

Informed

Consent Forms

and

Confidentiality

To examine the problems

in PAMANA program that

impede empowerment as

well as those operations

that promote

empowerment

OPAPP

Beneficiaries

Local Government

Units

In-depth interviews

Content Analysis

Key Informant

Interviews

- Political and

cultural values

embedded in their

relationships

Informed

Consent Forms

and

Confidentiality

To conceptualize the

results of PAMANA

program as an

empowerment tool from

the perspective of the

beneficiaries and local

government units.

Beneficiaries

Local Government

Units

Document Content

Analysis

Key Informant

Interviews

Citations

To give recommendation

in improving PAMANA

implementation as an

empowerment tool in

building resilient

communities

Researcher

Beneficiaries

Local Government

Units

Thesis Analysis and

Findings

30 | P a g e

perception and results. He would also ask for their assessment and recommendation to improve

the implementation of the PAMANA program.

Key informant interviews on the other hand are an in-depth interview with the people

who have first knowledge about what is going on the community. The researcher conducted KII

interviews with a barangay official and an OPAPP local area manager and consultants.

Lastly, observation is a method that involves looking and listening to the natural setting

of the barangay. In this case, the researcher emphasized the impact of the PAMANA program as

an empowerment tool and its results by observing the routines of the stakeholders. This was done

by evaluating the impact of the PAMANA projects. The researcher walked around the area and

observe the way of living of the community. He informally had conversations with his

participants after the interview, examining their responses and experiences.

The data collected included audio tapes of interviews with informants to check whether

something was missed with the transcripts of their conversations to serve as a backup as he

analyze the content and context of each texts and information. The researcher used existing

documents such as the PAMANA Guidebook and Accomplishments and KALAHI-CIDDS

reports to clarify data and serve as a reference in validating the data that the informants had

provided.

The data collection procedures included contacting the OPAPP to ask for assistance in

the community. The researcher prepared the informed consent forms and used phones or

recorders to record his interviews and conversations with them and. The researcher conducted

key-informant interviews with in-depth conversations to aid in understanding the totality and

background of their answers. He used his laptop in transcribing and used meta-analysis to

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consolidate their answers. In search for themes and subthemes, the researcher categorized their

answers and begin his content analysis from there. This helped him figure out his initial findings

and guided him to his conclusions by virtue of categorizing patterns and making valid inferences

through his own interpretations and understanding. In addition to this, by cross-referencing and

triangulating existing literatures as secondary data, and key informant interviews, the researcher

was able to validate the findings and conclusions which this study produced.

In every interview, he listened to each and made notes to guide him as he analyzed their

answers. Knowing their motivations and experiences gave him ideas on how to approach the

information that they gave. In order to check his knowledge, he considered his thoughts and

reactions in these interviews. The researcher provided a checklist in order to track his progress

The organization, formatting and presentation of data, interpretations, and conclusion were

in the form of a table showing the sequence of data and findings that consisted of 4 major parts:

questions, data, themes and subthemes and remarks. Diagrams were also provided to show the

relationship and flow of the information gathered applying the theories and literature involved.

The validity of the research was examined by the method of triangulation and cross-

references using secondary data. Interviews of the process of PAMANA implementation were

conducted with parties involved and checked for the consistencies of their answers to make valid

inferences. The use of secondary data helped him validate the interviewees’ answers. By checking

on the approaches adopted by the government agencies responsible in handling peace and

development projects in conflict-affected areas, it checked whether the answers of each party

sufficed or not. Examples of secondary data were Expert interviews, Accomplishment Reports,

PAMANA Guidelines Workbook and other researches and studies pertinent to the phenomenon

being examined.

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D. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

In order to protect the rights of his informants, the proponent also asked for their

informed consents and approvals to safeguard them from information which may be sensitive or

must be kept confidential (please see Informed Consent Form). The purpose and significance of

the study were presented in the letters to be sent. The risks and benefits were taken into account

as well to fully protect the interest of the informants. The risk included the sharing of personal

and confidential information and experiences which may show sensitive content. The benefits

included the improvement of policy implementation which would help the participants enhance

their capabilities.

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Chapter 2

Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya

Descriptive Statistics

Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya is one of the first barangays in Catanauan, Quezon province

which received PAMANA funds worth Php 300,000. It is composed of 6 sitios and has been

coordinating with the KALAHI CIDDS since 2010. The number of households in the barangay is

377. The number of female is 871, 39 greater than the number of males which is 832. The voting

population is 1039 where 490 are males and 549 are females. The labor force of the barangay

constitutes 501 males and 434 females. (Barangay Profile provided by KALAHI-CIDDS)

Table 2. Population profile

Total number of Households 377

Total number of Families 377

Number of Males 832

Number of Females 871

Total male voting population 490

Total female voting population 549

Total male labor force 501

Total female labor force 434

Source: Barangay Profile provided by KALAHI-CIDDS

The number of Pantawid Pamilya household beneficiaries in the barangay is 144 while

the number of Pantawid Pamilya family beneficiaries in the barangay is 350. The Sustainable

34 | P a g e

Livelihood Program beneficiaries consists 100 members each respectively. (Barangay Profile

provided by KALAHI-CIDDS)

Table 3. Pantawid Pamilya and SLP Beneficiaries

No. of Pantawid Pamilya household

beneficiaries

144

No. of Pantawid Pamilya family beneficiaries 350

No. of SLP household beneficiaries 100

No. of SLP family beneficiaries 100

Source: Barangay Profile provided by KALAHI-CIDDS

Area Profile

Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya is an upland barangay which is 6 kilometers away from the

poblacion. It would take at least 25 minutes to get to the poblacion. Environmentally critical

areas include Sitio Central and Capinay 2 which are both prone to flood and landslide. (Barangay

Profile provided by KALAHI-CIDDS)

Empowerment

There are two organizations operating within the barangay. These are the BBSTI or the

Barangay Bayanihan Sa Tagbacan Ilaya, a worker sector and the KALIPI or the Kalipunan ng

Liping Pilipina, a women organization. They both represent the livelihood sector advocating for

both savings and women domain/ The organization meets quarterly to discuss important matters

relating to the barangay. In BBSTI, there are 70 female members and 30 male members.

Notwithstanding that females are greater than male, it seems evident to conclude that females are

empowered and participative in the barangay. (Barangay Profile provided by KALAHI-CIDDS)

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In 2016, barangay assemblies were conducted 5 times where 80 percent were present, 30

percent were males and 50 percent were females. The Barangay Development Council on the

other hand met 24 times. The number of male Barangay Local Government Units (BLGU)

present in the meeting is 2 while the number of female BLGU is 9. The number of male Project

Organization (PO)/Community Based Organization (CBO) representatives is 70 while the female

PO/CBO representatives is 30. The barangay local government units and the community, from

my analysis, are both empowered as they continue coordinate and discuss barangay issues during

their meetings. Their institutions are active on managing their development projects. (Barangay

Profile provided by KALAHI-CIDDS)

Facilities, Services and Establishments

Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya has access to facilities, establishments and services but there

are essential facilities which are absent in their community. They have barangay halls, stores,

daycare centers, elementary and secondary school, health station, electricity, telecommunication

access, and law enforcers. They are also equipped with capacity and skills trainings related to

health, organizational development and agriculture and enterprise. From my experience, there is

a presence of active organization in their community that implements PAMANA projects. Their

barangay also have water station business which are owned by several volunteers to provide

good and clean water. (Barangay Profile provided by KALAHI-CIDDS)

One thing that I noticed there is the absence of an irrigation system. As they are farmers

as well, there is a need for a good irrigation system. Their access to such facility would take 2

hours for them to utilize it. There is also an absence of pre and post-harvest facilities, water

supply system, drainage system, and waste facility. On the average, access to these facilities

would take 45 minutes and would cost them PHP 20-65. These are all necessary facilities which

36 | P a g e

I think should be prioritized by the local and municipal government as the community is

composed of farmers who rely their livelihood to agricultural means. According to the Barangay

profile provided, the main problems of the barangay includes absence of comfort room and land

ownership, and lack of agricultural services and electrical supplies. (Barangay Profile provided

by KALAHI-CIDDS)

Poverty Profile

In terms of nutrition, 6 out of 236 children aged 0-5 are malnourished. In terms of access

to basic amneties, 369 out 377 households have potable water and 225 out of 377 have sanitary

toilet facilities. These two factors constitute the health conditions of the community. Contrary to

the health aspect, housing remains a pressing issue in the community. 290 out 377 households

are squatting. In peace and order aspect, 15 households were victimized by crimes in 2016. In

terms of income, there are 250 households living in less than the poverty threshold. 25

households suffer from food poverty and 10 households eats less than 3 meals a day. From the

information provided, poverty still dominates the lives of this community. More than half of the

households are unable to reach at least the poverty threshold which should be addressed

immediately as it affects the health and living conditions of the families. (Barangay Profile

provided by KALAHI-CIDDS)

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Chapter 3

PAMANA program

The PAMANA program or the PAyapa at MAsaganang PamayaNAn is a peace and

development program formulated by the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process

(OPAPP) for the isolated, hard-to reach and conflict-affected communities. It is implemented

through national government’s convergence initiatives partnering with different national

government agencies and forging strategic relationships to enhance goods and service delivery

and address regional development challenges. It is also included in the Philippine Development

Plan 2011-2016 of the Aquino administration under the following guideposts: 1) Anti-

Corruption/Transparent/Accountable and Participatory Governance, 2) Poverty Reduction and

Empowerment of the Poor and Vulnerable, 3) Rapid, Inclusive, and Sustained Economic

Growth, 4) Just and Lasting Peace and the Rule of Law, 5) Integrity of the Environment and

Climate Change 6.) Mitigation. Its primary sector outcome is declared by Chapter 8 of the PDP

on Peace and Security to have a sustainable and stable national security. It aims to have a

peaceful closure of all armed conflicts, and safer environment. This is considered as a

complementary track to peace negotiations undergoing from the previous administration to the

current administration.

PAMANA projects and objectives coincides with Sustainable Development Goals and

poverty reduction promoted by the United Nations in ensuring sustainable peace and

development. They emphasized three areas: human capital, infrastructure and human rights

(social, political, economic). Human capital refers to nutrition, healthcare and education.

Infrastructure refers to access to safe drinking water, energy, modern information and

communication technology, increased farm outputs applying sustainable inputs and practices,

38 | P a g e

transportation and environment. Human rights refers to empowerment, less violence, political

voice, access to public service and security of property rights. These constitute individual’s

human capabilities and advance the means to a productive life (Philippine Development Plan

2017-2022).

Under the Duterte Administration, they plan to enhance and strengthen the

implementation of the PAMANA program. According to the Philippine Development Plan 2017-

2022, the PAMANA has extended development projects effectively to hard-to-reach and

conflict-vulnerable areas by providing PhilHealth insurance, scholarship grants and livelihood

opportunities. As of 2016, the PAMANA program had reached 16 regions, 50 provinces, 6

highly-urbanized cities, and 523 municipalities (Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022). These

are all affected by conflicts among the military, CPP-NPA-NDF, and MNLF. The funds

allocated amounted to PHP36 billion from 2011-2016. Results of the program provided access to

basic social services such as health and education. Socioeconomic and security conditions are

improved as well making prices affordable and raising wages of workers. Response of security

forces became efficient when conflict arises.

The beneficiaries are not the only ones who benefit from PAMANA but the PAMANA

implementers as well such as the national government agencies and the local government units.

The competence of such implementers on good governance and peace-building agenda were

improved. They were able to get along with the communities and understand the situation and

context of their living conditions. They developed a heightened sense of belonging and respect

for diversity among otherwise polarized individuals, groups and sectors within among

communities. All of their efforts strengthened cooperation, volunteerism, and collaboration of

39 | P a g e

the marginalized and vulnerable groups in peace-building and development activities (Philippine

Development Plan 2017-2022).

However, the challenge remains on how to sustain and improve PAMANA program.

Although this is not the case to all areas as according to Kakai of Katribu. The indigenous people

continue to struggle in achieving peace and development in their areas. The importance of land

ownership is taken for granted by the government as this was not prioritized by the PAMANA

program. Although there are successes achieved by the PAMANA program, it should not be

underestimated that some areas continue to suffer from poverty, harassment and oppression.

Objectives of the PAMANA program

PAMANA’s objectives are the following:

“(1) improve the socio-economic conditions of areas affected by, and vulnerable to armed

conflict;

(2) enhance the institutional capacities of local government units (LGUs) and key

national government agencies (NGAs) so they

can effectively pursue local peace and development plans and programs in conflict

affected areas/ conflict vulnerable areas

(CAAs/CVAs); and

(3) enhance the capacities of communities to mitigate if not

address the conflict-triggers in their respective areas” (PAMANA Guidebook, 2016)

PAMANA opens an opportunity for the community to take charge of their own concept

of development. It provides a platform for the people to improve their quality of life, manage

conflict on the ground.

PAMANA Results Framework

Figure 2 specifies the details of how PAMANA program generates peace and

development in conflict-affected and conflict-vulnerable areas. The activities of PAMANA

implementation, oversight, monitoring and coordination includes facilitation of PAMANA

programming, establishment and implementation of PAMANA coordinating mechanisms,

40 | P a g e

mobilization of resources for PAMANA implementation, formulation of policy and program

documents on PAMANA to guide implementation of PAMANA interventions, Development and

implementation of capacity building interventions for implementing partners on conflict

sensitivity and peace promotion (CSPP), conduct of regular program monitoring and evaluation

initiatives and development of communications and advocacy plan for PAMANA. The expected

outputs include completed PAMANA projects through CSSP, implemented and established

PAMANA policies and mechanisms, enhanced CSSP knowledge, skills and attitudes of

PAMANA implementers, established transparency and accountability, increased awareness and

appreciation of PAMANA as a peacebuilding framework. The outcomes pursued by PAMANA

is peace and development which means improved socio-economic conditions, enhanced

PAMANA communities in adddressing conflict and engaging in peace, and peacebuilding

agenda adopted and implemented in NGAs, RLAs, and LGUs.

Figure 2. PAMANA Results Framework

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Pillars of PAMANA program

There are three pillars of PAMANA program. Pillar 1 aims to lay foundations for peace.

Pillar 2 intends to build resilient communities. Lastly, Pillar 3 promotes sub-regional economic

development.

Pillar 1: Laying the Foundations for Peace

“These are policy and program interventions on the macro-level that hope to address

governance issues, human rights, threats to marginalization issues, security guarantees,

transitional support especially for internally-displaced persons (IDPs), and reintegration

support to former rebels. Among the key strategies to ensure that peacebuilding

programs are sustained is the mainstreaming of conflict sensitive and peace promoting

policies and guidelines among government agencies at both the national and local levels.

These include enhancing conflict sensitive planning and strengthening peace promoting

mechanisms in LGUs.”

Pillar 2: Building Resilient Communities

“These are micro-level interventions that aim to promote the convergent delivery of

services and goods focused on households and communities. A distinct component of this

Pillar is the PAMANA Peace and Development Fund (PDF), which is a block grant of

PhP300,000 per barangay that will be provided to targeted barangays every year for a

period of three years. PAMANA Pillar 2 implementation follows the steps and

mechanisms of Community-Driven Development (CDD) programs which include

processes such as community consultations, sub-project identification, prioritization and

approval, implementation, and community monitoring and evaluation as well as

opportunities for improving the relationship between affected communities and

government institutions both local and national. Through the PAMANA Pillar 2

mechanisms, the beneficiary communities are empowered to plan and implement priority

community projects designed to improve basic services, access, security and social

cohesion. PAMANA Pillar 2 allows beneficiary communities an open menu guided by a

negative list. “

Pillar 3: Promoting Sub-Regional Economic Development

“These are meso-level interventions that address sub-regional development challenges. It

aims to contribute to high-impact connectivity and value chain development,

infrastructure support and economic integration, entrepreneurial development and

employment generation. The end-of-plan target is to achieve the economic integration of

conflict affected areas with more prosperous areas through physical and economic

connectivity improvements such as production areas expansion, post-harvest support,

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and infrastructure for agri-development, eco-tourism, and halal industry development.”

(PAMANA Guidebook, 2016)

As the research aims to evaluate and assess the PAMANA program as an empowerment

tool, the focus will be on pillar 2 which builds resilient communities. This follows the

implementation practices and guidelines of community driven development (CDD) projects. The

KALAHI CIDDS under the supervision of DSWD, or the Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan –

Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services is responsible for the scaling up of

CDD operations all over the country covering 846 poor municipalities. From 2011, the KALAHI-

CIDDS, in partnership with OPAPP, has adopted CDD strategy in implementing PAMANA

projects. It covers micro-level intervention in delivering goods and services. KC-PAMANA

provided guidelines on how to apply the CDD approach.

Program Management and Coordination Mechanisms (Beneficiaries)

According to Paul Escobar, Local Area Manager of OPAPP in the Bicol-Quezon-

Mindoro region, the social preparation treats the people as the center of the entire process. To

ensure that the necessary projects and interventions are chosen, it is crucial for the members of

the community to get involved and directly participate in the identification of projects. These

mechanisms provides a sense of ownership of the community. It means that these projects are not

others’ to take and control. In essence, social preparation facilitates the “buy-in” of the

community beneficiaries. If done properly, it assures the beneficiaries the consultation,

information, ownership, and control over the project cycle. As this process gives people the

power over the PAMANA implementation, there is a need for the researcher to seek the

challenges and successes of these empowerment activities.

Impediment and Promotion of Empowerment

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Escobar (2017) cited many examples of how empowerment of communities is inhibited.

He said that when LGU does not conduct social preparation, it prevents the community to get

involved. Thus, the consultation process is not conducted and major decisions in identifying

projects are delayed. Another impediment includes the direct implementation of the LGUs and

implementers without the support of communities. It bypassed the CSPP approach as inclusion,

participation, and accountability values were not mobilized. In connection with this, he further

stated that sometimes, the PAMANA agency acted on its own bypassing all the CSPP processes

and the beneficiaries’ involvement in the implementation. There are also cases where the CNN

rebels stop construction of the project because of extortion.

On the other hand, he also stated events where the PAMANA program promotes

empowerment. When the LGU complied with the CSPP processes, it considers the role of the

community in the implementation. They became more active because the projects determined are

decided by the stakeholders. Another instance where PAMANA empowers the community is when

the community felt a sense of ownership where they themselves took the initiative to sustain the

PAMANA project beyond PAMANA. Furthermore, a united LGU and community who supports

each other allows successful integration and effective participation achieve the common goal of

peace and development.

Judging from the expert’s perspective, he acknowledged the actual experience of a failed

and successful community empowerment provided by the PAMANA program. Failed

empowerment includes the situation of the indigenous people as the PAMANA program was used

as an instrument by the military regarding their operations against the rebels. According to Kakai

of Katribu, the indigenous people rather experienced negative results from the program. The

implementers of PAMANA in their areas provided a false leader to control the movements of the

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indigenous people, given the fact that they have their own leader to follow. In her experience, this

fake leader was used to report favorable comments and situations to the government so it can

justify its use of PAMANA program. As the indigenous people are beneficiaries under the pillar 1

which is laying the foundation of peace, she added that the situation worsened and the benefits

from PAMANA were not well-received. By looking at the experience of the indigenous people,

one must be aware of the background of the conflict in their area and one must look first on the

perspective of the IPs and asked for what they really need which is land ownership and reduction

of large-mining around their areas.

Improving Economic Conditions

Escobar (2017) presented the general accomplishments and progress of the PAMANA

program in Bicol-Quezon-Region. He said that the PAMANA program increases access to basic

services such as water, electricity, health and education. 141 water projects benefitting 32,748

households were implemented. 194 electrification projects provided electricity to 40,681

households. 127 schools and classrooms were constructed by DepEd and DSWD after the needs

have been endorsed to them. Livelihood opportunities were also provided. 240 livelihood

projects were implemented creating income for 4,451 households and 9,980 farmer beneficiaries.

The PAMANA program improved the connectivity between barangays and municipals. 541.91

kilometers of roads were constructed resulting to the decreased cost of transportation cost in area

were roads have been completed.

Summary

This chapter discussed the situation of the PAMANA program in the national level. It

also gave information regarding the principles behind the PAMANA program. The theoretical

45 | P a g e

framework and approach were also explained in this chapter. It sought to provide information

about the different pillars of PAMANA program which aims to lay foundation of peace, build

resilient communities and provide sub-regional economic development. It also showed the

mechanisms and activities of the PAMANA program which promotes empowerment to the

beneficiaries. Affirmed by interview with Paul Escobar, the results of the PAMANA program

were also discussed to show the success and failure of PAMANA, specifically in Bicol-Quezon-

Mindoro region.

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Chapter 4

Data Presentation and Analysis

This chapter contains the primary and secondary data gathered from various in-depth

interviews, key informant interviews, expert interview, and observation of the researcher with

the participants. The findings were organized thematically. The analysis of these findings were

based on the literature, theories, and concepts provided from the previous chapters. The method

of analysis is content analysis characterized by establishing themes, validity, and reliability of

the data. The data provided aimed to answer the research question, “How will the beneficiaries

and volunteers in Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya assess the PAMANA program as an empowerment

tool?” Other objectives such as the background, empowering activities and mechanisms of the

PAMANA program, and the analysis were also accomplished.

PAMANA program

All participants concurred that the PAMANA program is DSWD-KALAHI CIDDS peace

and development program intended to provide development projects for the barangay. It grants

Php 300,000 to barangays targeted by the PAMANA to aid the local government in providing

goods and services and economic opportunities. DSWD-KALAHI CIDDS reached out to the

people by conducting orientations and seminars to inform them about the PAMANA program

which included what projects would be implemented, how these would be implemented, and

who would benefit. The projects implemented in their barangays were farm to market roads and

school buildings.

PAMANA Conflict-Sensitivity and Peace Promotion approach

According to the expert, Paul Escobar of OPAPP who handles PAMANA in Bicol-Quezon-

Mindoro region, the approach adopted is Conflict-Sensitivity and Peace Promotion (CSPP), which

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differentiates PAMANA interventions from other development interventions of the government.

CSPP allows stakeholders to understand the interaction between the context and roots of conflict,

and the proposed peacebuilding interventions in view of avoiding negative impacts and

maximizing positive impacts of these interventions on the peace and conflict situation in an area.

Through PAMANA, the mainstreaming of the CSPP approach in the government planning,

programming, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, and communications and advocacy

systems and processes is advocated.

CSPP seeks to ensure that practices that will enhance social cohesion, strengthen

community resilience and build peace are mainstreamed in national and local governance

processes and structures, thereby making these more effective in addressing the root causes and

impacts of armed conflict and other issues that affect the peace process.

Other than CSPP, PAMANA is also guided by the principles of inclusion, participation,

transparency and accountability. Inclusion is defined as the provision of equal rights and

opportunities with special focus on empowering marginalized individuals and groups in the

community. Participation is the active involvement of all stakeholders in all aspects and stages

of governance especially in processes that directly affect the quality of their relations and way of

life. Transparency and Accountability is the sharing of information and acting in an open manner

whereby government and other institutions live up to their mandates and their overall commitment

to peace and development.

Volunteer and Decision-makers

The PAMANA program in Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya was implemented by the

community themselves with the help of barangay local government units. The volunteers assume

roles in the implementation to maintain transparency and accountability. The first interviewee in

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the barangay served as the leader of Barangay Bayanihan sa Tagbacan Ilaya or BBSTI. He led

the PAMANA implementation of the barangay by representing the community in seminars and

orientations and administrating jobs and responsibilities to other volunteers. The second

interviewee in the barangay functions as the monitoring and inspection leader which oversees the

works of the community, interaction of the community with the engineer, the measurement of

materials needed, and the participation of the barangay. He passed quarterly a budget

accountability report to the DSWD to ensure transparency and accountability about the usage

and procurement of funds and the detailed and itemized list of materials. Another role is the

public relations officer who ensured the attendance and collaboration of the community with

their volunteers and local government units. The third interviewee went to the houses of the

people of the barangay to attend the barangay assembly and explain the importance of the

assembly. By emphasizing on the benefits of the PAMANA program, people were encouraged

and persuaded to comply with the required attendance. As decision-makers, all of them

embodied this role as their votes bear importance to the identification of projects that will be

approved and funded by the PAMANA program and the counterpart of the barangay local

government units.

Process of PAMANA implementation in the Barangay level

The process of PAMANA implementation in the barangay consisted of 9 steps according

to the answers of the participants. First, the Barangay Development Council would meet with

municipal local government and representatives from the BBSTI to discuss the PAMANA

program and its objectives and the projects needed by the barangay. Second, in this meeting, they

would identify the projects by means of a participatory situation analysis. The participatory

situation analysis is an approach for ensuring community participation in identification of

49 | P a g e

community needs and the determination of priority PAMANA projects. After the needs of the

community are identified, barangay assembled requiring 80 percent of attendance from the

community members to ensure that more than half of the community are informed. In this

assembly, members of the BBSTI would present the projects identified based on the participatory

situation analysis conducted by the BBSTI volunteers. There would be discussions and open

forum for the projects presented to the barangay. This is the process of consultation where

suggestions, opinions and dissents were heard and considered before making decisions. After this

process, people would vote regarding the projects that need prioritization. The next step is the

approval of three projects. These would only be approved by the DSWD and after approval, the

necessary documents and reports would be made to keep record of important matters concerning

the PAMANA implementation. Then, the community represented by the volunteers would

procure funds from DSWD-KC PAMANA through a trust account to insulate the process from

political motivations. After all these, it would be the beginning of the implementation of projects

by the community.

Empowerment

There are two components of empowerment that were mentioned by the participants. The

first component is the capacity-building activities introduced by DSWD-KC PAMANA to fully

equip the community in implementing PAMANA projects. Three interviewees who were

volunteers expressed the same answers on the capacity-building activities. OPAPP provided

seminars, trainings and workshops regarding peace and development analysis and manual labor

skills. They emphasized the workshops that taught them how to select appropriate materials, how

to measure the materials, and how much materials to get and how to use equipment needed for

public works and highways, which in this case, farm to market road and school buildings.

50 | P a g e

The second component of empowerment is the political empowerment. Political

empowerment encompasses the participation, representation, resources, skills and knowledge,

sense of community, and the ability to influence decision-making. All participants were able to

voice out their opinions, make suggestions, and disagree on projects which in their opinion, must

not be prioritized. Participants were able to cooperate in the decision-making during the

implementation process through consultation and voting. The barangay assembly gave them an

arena to give their concerns about the projects that are presented to them. They believe that their

attendance would make an impact on the decision-making of the PAMANA implementers.

Another factor of empowerment was the ability of the barangay to assemble an organization that

would lead the PAMANA implementation. The BBSTI facilitated the guidelines and rules and

procedures for the implementation to run smoothly.

Motivation

When asked about their motivation about their participation in the PAMANA program,

all participants stressed their culture of “bayanihan” and camaraderie. The word “pagkakaisa”

and the phrase “sino bang gagawa at magtutulungan kundi tayo lang naman, ito naman ay para

sa ating kaunlaran” are the frequent answers of the participants. Poverty as well is mentioned

by four participants as their motivation why they volunteer and participate. Because of their

difficult lives, if the PAMANA projects such as the roads and school buildings were

implemented properly and quickly, their lives would be made easier. Participants also said that

their efforts in the PAMANA implementation would be for the well-being of their family

especially their children who are the future generation. Another answer is also the feeling of an

obligation to help because they are beneficiaries of 4Ps or the Pantawid Pamilya Program and

Sustainable Livelihood program.

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Results of PAMANA program

All participants expressed positive attitudes regarding the results of the PAMANA

program. They said that the program provided good and quality farm to market roads for

comfortable transportation. They were able to go from one barangay to another without any

transport concerns. They are able to transport their agricultural products to the market efficiently.

Before, it would take longer time for them to transport these because their roads were not

concreted. Their livelihood routines were also alleviated. One participant who worked as an

animal hunter and buyer said that what took half day during his travels were reduced to one to

two hours. In short, it made their life easier.

The well-being of the students were also improved. Before, the students struggled going

to schools because of muddy and tippy roads. Now, they are able to walk towards their school

without getting their legs and feet dirty. Complement to the improvement of the well-being of the

students, the PAMANA program also provided school buildings which are sturdier than the other

school buildings.

Lastly, participants also mentioned that participation increased when the results were

presented. It strengthened the “bayanihan” spirit of the community because of the aftermath of

the PAMANA projects. They said that some people became active because of the benefits that

PAMANA brought to their daily routines.

On the bad results of the PAMANA program, the answers of the participants are basically

none. Just few minor damages to the property because of PAMANA projects, less time with

family, and slow movement of documents are the common answers of the participants. They

agreed that the PAMANA program was an effective program and it brought only good results to

their barangay.

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Analysis

The nature of data analysis dwells on the explanation and implications of the study. In the

light of data presented, the new public administration theory guided the data analysis. Jocelyne

Bourgon in her work, “Responsive, responsible and respected government: towards a New

Public Administration (NPA) Theory”, discussed the transforming role of the government and

citizens in the modern society. This role is guided by four values provided by NPA: citizenship,

public interest, public policy and its implementation. Thus, the analysis would be divided into

four discussions.

Citizenship means integration of individuals and communities. The individuals belong to

a community through which they help each other ‘to work out their personal interests in the

context of community concerns.’(Putnam, 2000) The beneficiaries of the PAMANA program

served as the PAMANA implementers as well. The PAMANA program adopted the community

driven development approach wherein the community themselves received the PAMANA funds

and used these to implement the prioritized projects chosen by the people. Greater involvement

of the citizens of the barangay means better policy decisions for the volunteers of BBSTI which

is materialized in this case-study. From being a beneficiary, citizens of the barangay became

more involved in public discussion and integration.

Public interest, according to a consensualist school of thought, is defined as a policy

debate to achieve ‘public value consensus’ (Appleby, P, 1950; Stone, D., 1997). It is never an

aggregate of individual interests but a common or shared interests of the citizens. It is all about

communities being united to achieve something as communities. Participants were able to reach

a consensus with other people through the consultation and voting process during the barangay

assembly. Their votes are accounted by the volunteers to ensure one decision for all. The culture

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of “bayanihan” in their community strengthen the consensual tendencies of the individuals to act

and decide together as one community.

Developments regarding the service to citizens was made by the proponents of New

Public Administration theory. The implementation and policy formulation are not separate

processes but rather an integrative and interactive one (Pressman and Wildavsky, 1973). The

Pillar 2, which is building resilient communities, of the PAMANA program gives importance to

citizen participation in service design and delivery by providing peace and development

workshop and seminars. The decisions do not lie on the hands of the government but in the hands

of the beneficiaries as well. The role of the local government is to support the community in the

implementation and assist them whenever hard decisions are to be made. According to the

participants, the citizens of the barangay chose the projects based on their needs and interests.

Furthermore, the first participant mentioned that the physical projects brought by PAMANA are

considered the sub-project. According to him, the main project of the PAMANA program is to

bring knowledge to the beneficiaries and volunteers to capitalize people in implementing

projects. This statement is supported by the ‘new’ services which arose from the 1990s, the year

of modernization and advancement of technology (Bourgon, 2007). The knowledge-based

method takes into account the experiences and struggles of the people in the barangay as a basis

of what kind of services is needed. Participants mentioned about how low-quality roads

diminished their efficiency in transporting goods and services. The barangay assembly served as

an arena of inquiry and consultation for the people to prioritize farm to market roads. The role of

the citizens changed from non-interference towards participation and co-production of projects.

Aside from the knowledge-based approach, the holistic approach of the NPA presented

the idea of collaboration of multiple agencies among the levels of the government. The

54 | P a g e

PAMANA program is implemented with multiple agencies involved depending on the kinds of

projects that a community needs. In this barangay, the DSWD Kalahi and OPAPP partnership

focused on public works and highways and buildings. The decentralization of duties and

responsibilities were followed by the OPAPP to ensure efficiency and integration. According to

Paul Escobar (2017), the levels of government including the beneficiaries are activated and

guided by procedures and guidelines appropriate to the situation of the barangay and the local

government.

The New Public Administration theory supports the existing literature of OECD or the

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. It suggests that citizen involvement

in policy development have three primary characteristics:

Information – A one-way relationship in which governments provide information to

citizens

Consultation – A two-way relationship in which citizens provide feedback to

governments.

Active participation - An ongoing exchange in which governments and citizens are

involved in the content of policy making

These three characteristics are manifested on the process of implementation of the PAMANA

program in the barangay. The information of the program is made public by the DSWD Kalahi.

The citizens are welcomed to speak, suggest, and dissent on projects funded by the PAMANA

during the barangay assembly. There is a continuous and responsive exchange between the

beneficiaries and the implementers during the implementation where they ask for more funds

with the barangay local government, for volunteers and for participation of the citizens.

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On the other hand, the data’s manifestations are supported by the theory of structural

empowerment made by Kanter (1977). The opportunity for the beneficiaries to acquire

knowledge and skills to implement PAMANA projects were provided, according to the

participants. By virtue of conducting seminars and workshops, the DSWD-KALAHI managed

provide beneficiaries access to information, resources and support. Erickon et al. (2003) would

agree that the participants are empowered because based from the answers of the participants, the

agency encouraged collaboration among the members of the community and insisted that the role

of the organization of the ‘bayanis’ to take control of the implementation. With the help of the

barangay local government unit, the gaps were filled in terms of resources and manpower.

In terms of the result of the PAMANA program, the four guiding concepts of

empowerment were affirmed. The roles of the BBSTI, BLGU and DSWD-KALAHI were

integrated and they successfully implemented farm to market roads and school buildings. The

sense of ownership of these projects were felt as the participants mentioned several benefits (e.g.

transportation and convenience). The partnership between the agency and the community

showed good outcomes. Accountability was given importance by the presence of the monitoring

and inspection team.

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Chapter 5

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary

This research sought to explain and understand how the beneficiaries and volunteers of

the Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya assess the PAMANA program as an empowerment tool. The

PAMANA program involved in this case aimed to build resilient communities by bringing

development projects to the area considered to be isolated, hard-to-reach or conflict-vulnerable

and conflict affected areas. The researcher used the case-study approach as methodology

characterized by 6 in-depth interviews, 3 key informant interviews, 2 expert interviews, and

observation. He tested the validity and reliability of the data by means of the triangulation

method. The collection secondary data which includes journals, books, internet articles, reports,

barangay profile, and related guidebooks were deemed important and necessary to support the

data gathered.

The assessment of the participants from the barangay posits positive results regarding the

PAMANA program implementation. The beneficiaries’ experiences were satisfactory given the

outcomes of the PAMANA program. The process of implementation promoted transparency,

accountability and citizen participation based on the interpretation and observation of the

researcher on the participants’ answers and actions. The strong culture of ‘bayanihan’ is the main

reason why people in the barangay participated on the implementation. In the researcher’s

analysis, the theoretical framework complements the hows and whys of the participants’ answer.

To sum up, the thesis statement, that people became empowered because of the PAMANA

program, was proven and the question of sustainability needs to be addressed. According to the

participants, the PAMANA projects made a huge impact on their lives by improving their roads

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and providing school buildings. The modes of transportation and daily routines became easy and

convenient. The only problem in these projects is lack of funds for their maintenance. The

culture of bayanihan and the well-integrated beneficiaries and local government units

contributed to the success of the PAMANA program.

Conclusion

It is well-established in the analysis that the community of Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya

worked hand-in-hand as a community to deal with the implementation and results of the

PAMANA program. They became truly empowered in terms of personal, political and economic

aspect. Instead of just being bearers of rights, they became integrated and involved on the

formulation and implementation of public policy. Thus, It cannot be denied that the case of

Barangay Tagbacan Ilaya is a successful one in terms of empowerment and outcomes of the

PAMANA program. Existing literatures suggest that in order to effectively execute programs,

one must wear the spectacles of the people on the ground to contextualize the setting of the

community. The adoption of community driven development projects fits the situation of the

barangay. In addition to this, the strong sense of solidarity paved the way to the successful

outcome of the PAMANA program.

Although the PAMANA provided good results, the question of sustainability arises.

According to the key informant interviewee Rodrigo Brana, the PAMANA program was finished

in their barangay and funds were expected to stop. They added that they needed more funds to

sustain and maintain their roads and school buildings. Based on his statement, the concern for

development does not stop. The PAMANA program served as a short-term development policy

for them which ignored the long-term effect of such policy. There is a need for sustainable policy

with regards to the development of the barangay

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Another concern that should be taken into consideration is that not every community can

experience the same success. There are many cases where PAMANA program worsened living

conditions in the area. The indigenous people, for example, perceived PAMANA program as a

negative policy. According to Jesse Barcelon of Katribu, the PAMANA program serves as a

pacifying instrument of the military to intrude into ancestral lands where the alleged New

People’s Army are said to be staying. He further added that the PAMANA program made the

indigenous people more vulnerable as they are caught in between the military and insurgents’

strife. Because of this, there is a need for studies and researches concerning the effects of the

PAMANA program to the indigenous people as according to Jesse and Kakai, the PAMANA

program disrupts the lives of the indigenous people.

Nevertheless, this research promotes the objective evaluation of policies. The PAMANA

program can be an effective policy of development but it can also contain ulterior political

motives that can oppress people especially the marginalized sector such as the indigenous

people. This also calls for a vigilant evaluation of other cases because there are many lessons that

can be applied to other cases to improve the implementation of public policy. The citizens’

involvement in the policy-making and decision-making can be the key to a successful program.

Recommendation

The recommendations provided by the participants includes the continuation of funds for

development projects. This is for sustainability purposes of their farm to market roads and

highways and school buildings and also for more development projects to come. They also urged

the government to provide several small group discussions for a clear and comprehensive

understanding of the peace and development program. The volunteers want the local government

to provide activities that will encourage other inactive members to participate and increase

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awareness. The researchers’ recommendation includes further studies regarding the situation of

other beneficiaries such as the indigenous people. There is a need for an intensive study and

evaluation of the PAMANA program as a policy. As the peace process remains a relevant issue

today, more researches should be conducted concerning the relationship between peace and

development

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62 | P a g e

Appendix

Informed Consent Form for Beneficiaries and Local Government Units who have

experiences on the PAMANA program in building resilient communities.

Researcher: Fritz Paolo V. Casama

Institution: University of the Philippines – Manila

Research Adviser: Dr. Josefina Tayag.

Part I: Information Sheet

Introduction

I am Fritz Paolo V. Casama, a 4th year Political Science student at University of the Philippines –

Manila. I am doing a research about the effectiveness of the PAMANA program as a political

empowerment tool. I am going to give you information about the study and invite you to be part

of this research. Participating in the research is voluntary and you do not have to decide today

whether or not you will participate in the research. Before you decide, you can talk to anyone you

feel comfortable with about participating in the research.

This consent form may contain words or terms that you may be unfamiliar with or you do not

understand. Please ask me to stop as we go through the information and I will take time to explain.

If you have questions later about the research, you can freely ask them to me.

Purpose of the research

The research aims to examine and analyze the experiences and assessment of the beneficiaries and

local government units on the PAMANA program in building resilient communities and

empowering the stakeholders and implementers. This also aims to describe the ideological

framework behind PAMANA and conceptualize the roles and relationships of the beneficiaries

with the implementers. The researcher also intends to contribute to the literature for proper and

appropriate strategies in implementing government programs as well as to recommend in

improving PAMANA implementation and an approach regarding empowering the people to

facilitate the programs’ implementation

Type of Research Intervention

Your participation in the research would involve, with your consent, a recorded interview that will

take about thirty to sixty minutes long.

Participant Selection

You are being invited to take part in the research because the researcher feels that your experiences

and views as a beneficiary or local government unit can contribute much to the researcher’s

understanding and knowledge about the PAMANA program

63 | P a g e

Voluntary Participation

Your participation in this research is entirely voluntary. It is your choice whether to participate or

not. The choice that you make will have no effect on your life in the community. You may change

your mind at any time and you can stop participating in the research even if you agreed earlier.

Procedures

The researcher will be asking about the activities of the PAMANA program and its effectiveness

to you as a beneficiary or a local government unit. I am inviting you to take part in this research

project. With your consent and if you accept, you will be asked to participate in a recorded

interview with the researcher. Before the interview, I will read to you this informed consent form

and explain everything about it. If you wish to clarify something, you may ask the researcher to

explain it further so you will understand the purpose of the study. I have series of questions for

you to answer. If you do not wish to answer any of the questions during the interview, you may

say so and the interviewer will move on to the next question. No one else but the interviewer will

be present unless you would like someone else to be there. The information recorded is

confidential, and no one else except the researcher and his adviser, Dr. Josefina Tayag, will access

to the information documented during your interview. The entire interview will be tape-recorded,

but no-one will be identified by name on the tape. The tape will be kept in mp3 file format in the

computer. The information recorded is confidential, and no one else except the researcher and his

adviser, Dr. Josefina Tayag, will have access to the tapes. The tapes will be destroyed after 6

weeks.

Duration

The whole research takes place over a month in total. The researcher would allot 3-5 days in the

community to gather data and interview participants. The interview would take 30 minutes to 1

hour.

Risks

There is a risk that the research may require you to share some personal or confidential information

by chance during the interview. If by any chance that you feel uncomfortable in answering a

question, or talking about some topics, we do not wish for this to happen. You do not have to

answer any question or topic that you are uncomfortable answering or sharing if they are too

personal or may pose a great risk to your well-being.

Benefits

64 | P a g e

Participating in the research will give no direct benefit to you as an individual, but your

participation will aid in improving the PAMANA program as a tool for political empowerment. It

will also contribute to the existing literature about how should the government implement their

policies and what approaches should the government adopt.

Confidentiality

The research being done in the community may draw attention and if you participate you may be

asked questions by other people in the community. We will not be sharing information about you

to anyone. The information that the researcher collects from this research will be kept private. Any

information about you will be changed into a number or an alias would be used. Only the researcher

will know what your number or alias is. It will not be shared with or given to anyone except to the

research adviser, Dr. Josefina Tayag.

Sharing the Results

Nothing that you tell us today will be shared with anybody other than the researcher and his

adviser, and nothing will be attributed to you by name. The knowledge that we get from this

research will be shared with you and your community before it is made widely available to the

public. Each participant will receive a summary of the results. The publishing of results depends

on the participants if he/she will allow it.

Right to Refuse or Withdraw

Participation in the research is completely voluntary. You do not have to take part in this research

if you do not wish to do so, and choosing to participate will not affect you in any way. You may

stop participating in the interview at any time that you wish. The interviewer will give you an

opportunity at the end of the interview/discussion to review your remarks, and you can ask to

modify or remove portions of those, if you do not agree with my notes or I did not understand you

correctly.

Who to Contact

If you have any questions, you can ask them now or later. If you wish to ask questions later, you

may contact the researcher, Fritz Paolo V. Casama by phone (09068183367), or by e-mail

(fvcasama@up.edu.ph) and his adviser, Professor Josefina Tayag (josefinatayag@yahoo.com).

65 | P a g e

Certificate of Consent

I have been invited to participate in the research titled ““Isang PAMANA: A case-study on the

effectiveness of PAMANA program as a political empowerment tool.” The research talks about

pillar 2 of the PAMANA program which is building resilient communities. I have been invited for

an interview with the researcher to talk about my experiences and views about the empowerment

initiatives of the PAMANA. The researcher has discussed to me the purpose, risks, benefits, and

procedures of the research. My participation in the research is completely voluntary, and at any

time that I might feel uncomfortable, I have the right to refuse or to withdraw my participation in

the research.

I have read the foregoing information, or it has been read to me. I have had the opportunity

to ask questions about it and any questions I have been asked have been answered to my

satisfaction. I give consent to voluntarily be a participant in this study

Print Name of Participant__________________

Signature of Participant ___________________

Date ___________________________

Day/month/year

If illiterate 1

I have witnessed the accurate reading of the consent form to the potential participant, and

the individual has had the opportunity to ask questions. I confirm that the individual has

given consent freely.

Print name of witness____________ Thumb print of participant

Signature of witness _____________

Date ________________________

Day/month/year

1 A literate witness must sign (if possible, this person should be selected by the participant and should have no connection to the

research team). Participants who are illiterate should include their thumb print as well.

66 | P a g e

Statement by the researcher/person taking consent

I have accurately read out the information sheet to the potential participant, and to the best

of my ability made sure that the participant understands that the following will be done:

1. With their consent, there will be a recorded interview with the researcher about the youth

movement in their community.

2. The findings would be published in a paper by the researcher. All information would be

kept confidential and a number or alias would be used instead of the real name of the

participant to ensure their safety and confidentiality.

3. At any time that the participant feels uncomfortable, they have the right to refuse or

withdraw their participation in the research.

I confirm that the participant was given an opportunity to ask questions about the study, and

all the questions asked by the participant have been answered correctly and to the best of

my ability. I confirm that the individual has not been coerced into giving consent, and the

consent has been given freely and voluntarily.

A copy of this ICF has been provided to the participant.

Print Name of Researcher/person taking the consent________________________

Signature of Researcher /person taking the consent__________________________

Date ___________________________

Day/month/year

67 | P a g e

Questionnaire

Questionnaire (Beneficiaries)

1. Ano ang kaalaman niyo sa PAMANA program?

2. Paano niyo po nalaman ang PAMANA program at paano po ito ipinaliwanag sa inyo?

3. Anu-ano ang mga proyektong hatid ng PAMANA sa inyo at sa inyong komunidad?

4. May papel po ba kayo sa pagtataguyod ng mga proyekto? Kung mayroon ay anu-ano po

ito?

5. Kayo po ba ay may kakayahang iboses ang inyong mga saloobin?

6. Kayo po ba ay kinatawan sa pangangasiwa ng mga proyekto ng programa?

7. Kayo po ba ay nabibigyan ng pagkakataon na magdesisyon sa kung paano gagawin ang

mga proyekto?

8. Paano po ang naging proseso ng pagtataguyod ng mga programa?

9. Anu-ano po ang mga naging hadlang sa inyong paglahok sa pagdedesisyon at

paggampanan ng inyong mga papel sa implementasyon ng PAMANA?

10. Anu-ano naman po ang nag-uudyok sa inyo na lumahok sa programa?

11. Nang matapos ang implementasyon ng PAMANA program tungkol sa mga proyektong

hatid nito, ano po ang masasabi niyong maganda at di-magandang resulta nito?

12. Sa tingin niyo po ay mapapabuti pa ang paraan ng implementasyon ng PAMANA? Kung

oo, paano?

Volunteers

1. Ano ang kaalaman niyo sa PAMANA program?

2. Paano niyo po nalaman ang PAMANA program at paano po ito ipinaliwanag sa inyo?

3. Anu-ano ang mga proyektong hatid ng PAMANA sa inyo at sa inyong komunidad?

4. May papel po ba kayo sa pagtataguyod ng mga proyekto? Kung mayroon ay anu-ano po

ito?

5. Kayo po ba ay may kakayahang iboses ang inyong mga saloobin?

6. Kayo po ba ay kinatawan sa pangangasiwa ng mga proyekto ng programa?

7. Kayo po ba ay nabibigyan ng pagkakataon na magdesisyon sa kung paano gagawin ang

mga proyekto?

8. Paano po ang naging proseso ng pagtataguyod ng mga programa?

9. May mga capacity-building activities po bang hatid ang PAMANA program?

10. Paano po kayo sinanay bilang maging mga tagapagtaguyod ng PAMANA?

11. Anu-ano po ang mga naging hadlang sa inyong paglahok sa pagdedesisyon at

paggampanan ng inyong mga papel sa implementasyon ng PAMANA?

12. Anu-ano naman po ang nag-uudyok sa inyo na lumahok sa programa?

13. Nang matapos ang implementasyon ng PAMANA program tungkol sa mga proyektong

hatid nito, ano po ang masasabi niyong maganda at di-magandang resulta nito?

14. Sa tingin niyo po ay mapapabuti pa ang paraan ng implementasyon ng PAMANA? Kung

oo, paano?

68 | P a g e

Key Informant Interviews

1. What are the mechanisms and activities of PAMANA that empowers the beneficiaries and its

implementers?

2. How are these implemented?

3. What are the things that impede or promote empowerment during the PAMANA

implementation?

4. What are the results of these empowerment activities? How empowered the people are?

Letter of Intent

I am Fritz Paolo V. Casama, a fourth year student of University of the Philippines,

Manila. I am writing to you to show you my interest in the PAMANA program as a political tool

for empowerment of the beneficiaries and local government units. I would like to conduct a case

study on a specific community regarding the empowerment programs that PAMANA have for its

beneficiaries . Having been familiar with the PAMANA program, I would like to know the

extent of its empowerment programs guided by its pillar 2 foundation which is to build resilient

communities. The following are the objectives of the case study that I want to conduct:

1. To give background to what is a peace and development program and what is the current

situation of the people on the ground

2. To describe the peace and development framework of PAMANA and the ideology behind it.

3. To analyze the processes and mechanisms of the PAMANA program that empower the

beneficiaries and the local government units

4. To explore the manner of implementing the PAMANA program as an empowerment tool

5. To examine the problems in PAMANA program that impede empowerment as well as those

operations that promote empowerment

6. To conceptualize the results of PAMANA program as an empowerment tool from the

perspective of the beneficiaries and local government units.

7. To give recommendation in improving PAMANA implementation as an empowerment tool in

building resilient communities.

Main Question: How effective is the PAMANA program as a political empowerment tool?

Other Questions:

1. What are the mechanisms and activities of PAMANA that empowers the beneficiaries

and its implementers?

2. How are these implemented?

3. What are the things that impede or promote empowerment during the PAMANA

implementation?

4. What are the results of these empowerment activities? How empowered the people are?

The nature of the study is academic that would contribute to existing literature about the

government programs that promotes empowerment and give recommendation in improving the

PAMANA program in formulating effective empowerment programs for the communities. The

results of the study would be made available for both the people on the ground and OPAPP.

69 | P a g e

The deadline of my data gathering is by the end of April. The specific location that I wish to

conduct my research is around Catanauan, Quezon Province.

Letter to the Local Government

April 10, 2017

Almira Orfanel

Mayor of Catanauan, Quezon Province

Dear Mayor Almira,

I am Fritz Paolo V. Casama, fourth year Political Science Student from University of the

Philippines, Manila. I am writing to you to request for your permission to conduct my

undergraduate research in a specific barangay in Catanauan regarding the PAMANA program

and its effectiveness as a political empowerment tool of the government for the beneficiaries and

local government units and interview you and the community as my participants.

As I have ample knowledge about how PAMANA works in theory, I would like to focus

on the Pillar 2 which is building resilient communities. The nature of the study would be an

assessment of the PAMANA program as an empowerment tool. Your support and assistance will

greatly aid me in finishing my research. The start of our data gathering is on April 1, 2017 and its

deadline is on last week of April.

These are the questions that I wish to answer:

Main Question: How effective is the PAMANA program as a political empowerment tool?

1. What are the mechanisms and activities of PAMANA that empowers the beneficiaries and

its implementers?

2. How are these implemented?

3. What are the things that impede or promote empowerment during the PAMANA

implementation?

4. What are the results of these empowerment activities? How empowered the people are?

Thank you for your positive response.

Respectfully yours,

Fritz Paolo V. Casama

2013-20448

4th Year Political Science Student

University of the Philippines, Manila

70 | P a g e

Coding - Voice 1

Questions Quotes Themes and

Subthemes

Analysis/Remarks

What is your

understanding of

PAMANA

program?

isang programa ng DSWD

na ibinibigay sa barangay

na kung saan ang barangay

ay magtutukoy ng proyekto

na naangkop para sa kanila

at kung saan ay

popondohan rin ito ng

DSWD. w

DSWD project for

development

The reason behind

PAMANA program

is not well-defined

to the understanding

of the beneficiaries

of what PAMANA

aims

How did you

know PAMANA

program?

ang DSWD ang nagbibigay

ng proyekto sa bara-

barangay kung saan yun

nga proyekto ang

iniimplementa, sila ang

nagbibigay ng pondo. May

counterpart ang barangay at

community.

Information by

DSWD

Well-coordinated

agencies of DSWD

KALAHI-CIDDS

PAMANA

What are the

projects of the

PAMANA

program in your

community

dito sa amin, sa barangay

tagbacan ilaya, ay mayroon

tayong farm to market road,

school building.

Farm to Market

Road

School building

What is your role

in the

implementation

of its projects?

ako yung pangulo, ako

yung nangunguna, ako

yung sumusubaybay sa

lahat ng proyekto. Ah, bago

pa man dumating yung

PAMANA at original

kalahi ay ako pa din ang

humahawak.

Leader of Volunteers

Group

Do you have the

capacity to voice

out your

opinions?

malaki ang parsitipasyon

dahil kaming mga

volunteer, as ang, sabi nga

ay nangunguna sa

pagpapatayo ng proyekto.

Sabi nga, kaagapay la’ang

ang nasa LGU, yung mga

BLGU kaagapay sila nasa

likod namen sila at suporta

nila ang aming minahan.

Free to speak,

dissent and

participation

71 | P a g e

Yung suporta nila ay

patuloy naming hinihingi.

Do you have

representations?

Representations They represent

themselves

Are you part of

the decision-

making process?

oo kami ang nabibigyan ng

pagkakataon na

magdesisyon dahil kami din

ang gumagawa ng rules

dito eh. Ah pagdating do’n

sa bayarin kagaya ng mga

bayarin kame yung

nagdidisisyon, kami yung

nagpupulong pulong ng

mga community volunteers.

ah okay nagkakaroon tayo

ng konsultasyon. Actually,

yun yung tinatawag na

barangay assembly na kung

saan na inilalahad ng mga

volunteers yung mga

napiling proyekto. Hahanap

kami ng tatlong proyekto

na unang unang

pangangailangan dito sa

aming barangay at

pagkatapos ito yung

tinatawag na participatory

situation analysis yung PSA

na tinatawag. Na kung saan

ay ipaparating naman sa

community na eto po yung

tatlong proyekto na napili

namin at naaangkop naman

sa pangangailangan ng

ating barangay.

Political

empowerment,

Consultation

Rule-making in

implementation

How is the

process of the

program?

PSA o participatory

situation analysis na kung

saan ay tutukuyin yung

mga community kung ano

ang proyekto na naangkop

at na talagang

pangangailangan sa

kanilang barangay.

Pangalawa, ihaharap ito sa

assembliya at ah sasabihin

Participation

situation analysis –

prioritized necessary

projects

Barangay assembly

Consultation

Detailed and

itemized – cautious

against corruption

72 | P a g e

na ito yung napiling

proyekto. Tatlong proyekto

lagi e. eto yung napili

nating proyekto tapos kung

bukal sa kalooban nila na

ayun itatayo na

pangangailangan sa

barangay yun ang

popondohan then ihaharap

na ito sa DSWD, gagawa

ng mga papeles, mga

documents yun ang

pangyayari.

ah sila (DSWD) yun

nagpopondo kasi eh so

bibigyan kami ng program

of works na POW na

tinatawag. Kung saan ina-

itimize yung mga gagawin,

yung mga detailed estimate

DSWD

documentation

DSWD funds

Are there

capacity-building

activities for the

implementers?

What are those

activities?

iniinsist ng DSWD na

magkaroon ng samahan

May mga local government

unit na may mga sangay ng

ahensiya , mga agencies na

pwedeng lapitan para

maglobby ng pondo para sa

proyektong nais ipagawa

para sa barangay. Yun yung

capacity building and then

ah may mga trainings pa

den na itinuturo kung

papaano yung pamamaraan

ng pagpapatakbo ng

proyekto ano yung mga

dapat niyong tignan. Unang

una, pagdating sa

materyales na dinedeliver

sainyo kung ito ba ay tama.

Papaano ang sukat ng

materyales, ang mga

supplies pala, materyales.

Supplies, paano ang

Formation of

organization

Trainings and

Seminars for public

works and highways

How to select

appropriate

materials

How to measure

materials?

How much materials

to get?

73 | P a g e

pagsusukat ng supplies

kagaya ng ah grava,

buhangin, yung mga

pantambak, yan kung

papano.

What are the

challenges and

problems that

you faced during

the

implementation?

kung papaano natin siya

sisimulan although hindi

natin alam kung pare

pareho kung papaano natin

siya sisimulan yung

challenge so parang sabi

nga ng taga-DSWD sub

project la’ang yung

proyektong ibinibigay

siguro sa panahon. Parte

din ng hadlang yun. Yung

panahon pag ka nakasabay

ng planting season at

harvest season. So medyo

naantala pero hindi naman

kami umaabot sa timeline

na 60 calendar days, ay 90

calendar days dapat

matapos yung trabaho hindi

naman kami umaabot hindi

kami sumasagad sa ganon.

So medyo nga lang

pagdating sa panahon, hindi

natin hawak ang panahon

talagang

Lack of skills in

implementation

Weather

Knowledge and

skills are the main

project, the physical

aspect of projects is

considered the sub-

project

They are farmers

and they struggle on

how to cope up with

a volatile weather

What are your

personal

motivations on

participating in

the program?

ah unang una sabi ko kung

hindi namin nahawakan

yung volunteers ay sino?

Yung dahil pinamimigay

naman namin ang

paghawak sa ibang

community eh ayaw nila?

Eh sabi namin kung ayaw

nila eh sayang yung pondo

sayang ang binibigay na

pondo at pagkakataon na

rin ito para makatulong

kaming mga sabi lang ay

Willingness to help

for the community’s

welfare

They truly believe

that they can do

something about

their current

situation and they

also believe that

they can improve

their lives

74 | P a g e

kaming nasa community ay

makatulong din sa

pangangailangan ng BLGU

yung barangay local

government unit sinasabi

namin sige tayo nalang

humawak ng proyekto tutal

para din naman sa atin ang

proyektong ito at unang una

sinasabi din naman ng mga

naka upo, ng mga

namununo sa barangay,

kahit ilang termino silang

umupo dito ay hindi nila

kaya makapag pagawa ng

ganitong klaseng proyekto

na milyon ang amount,

hundreds of thousand

ganyan.

What are the

good and bad

results of the

program?

ang magandang resulta

muna tayo ha. Magandang

resulta kagaya nga ng

sinasabi ko nung nauna,

simula nung dumating ang

kalahi since program sa

aming barangay napakalaki

ng iginanda ng aming

barangay, ah, nung una,

bago kami makarating sa

pamilihang bayan ay

nakakailang baba kami sa

sasakyan, siguro mga lima,

ganyan! para itulak ang

sasakyan, yan, iunload at

iload ulit ang kalakan don

sa tricycle. ngayon hindi na

nagyayari.

oo atsaka malaking tulong

na din sa community.

Unang una ah kapag

community yung

nagtrabaho parang may

puso sila dun sa proyekto

Good

- Better

transportation

- Increased

participation

of the

citizens in the

barangay

Bad

- Lacking

quality of

highways and

road

75 | P a g e

na mapapangalagaan nila

yung proyekto…

Do you think the

PAMANA

program can be

improved? How?

What are your

recommendations

ang maganda siguro kung

ang kalahi ay sa kalahi

cidds pa rin papadaanin

dahil transparent ang

nangyayari.

Icontinue yung ah proyekto

ng PAMANA.

More funds for

continuation of

projects

KALAHI CIDDS

implementation

Transparency and

Accountability

The beneficiaries

have strong beliefs

that they can

participate in the

implementation of

government

programs.

76 | P a g e

Voice 2

Questions Quotes Themes and

Subthemes

Analysis

What is your

understanding of

PAMANA

program?

ah ang kaalaman ko sa

PAMANA ang priority nung

unang nabibigyan ng project

nito ay nabiktima ng

karahasan.

Ang pagkakaintindi ko ay

pograma ito ng DSWD na

galing sa OFAP office of the

president ng budget tapos

nagcocounter part naman

kami sa barangay

nagccounterpart para lumaki

yung pondo dahil tig-300k

lamang ang budget na

binababa sa amin.

Conflict-affected

area DSWD-OPAPP

program

300,000 bawat

barangay

To gather enough

funds for their

projects, they asked

for BLGU funds.

This is what he

meant when he said

“counterpart”

How did you

know PAMANA

program?

ah umaattend kami sir, sa

mga seminar. Ah nalaman

namin don na isa rin ang

aming barangay sa kasama

doon sa mabibigyan ng

project lalo na dito sa bayan

ng katanawan.

Orientation and

Seminar

What are the

projects of the

PAMANA

program in your

community

Dalawang FMR at isang

school building

FMR

School Building

School building –

750,000

What is your role

in the

implementation

of its projects?

Monitoring inspection

ah di may dalawa akong

miyembro tapos ang

ginagawa naman namin edi

presidente nga ako ng

parang bayanihan sa

tagbacan ilaya nahingi kami

ng tulong sa mga parents ng

mga nagpapaaral don para

makapagpaayo nga kami

Monitoring and

Inspection

Fundraiser

For transparency

and accountability.

Inspects materials,

time, equipment,

situation of

barangay

Political issues

arise

77 | P a g e

para makamit namin yung

200 last pa na para sa labor.

Oo may gumagawa kami ng

report na sa loob na dapat

may report na kada isang

buwan tapos nagcoconduct

din kami ng barangay

accountability report pag

rereport namin sa barangay

para ireport yung mga

nagastos na sa project, kung

ano na kalagayan ng

project..

yung ignagawa ko habang

nag iimplement para hindi

kami madali ng contractor at

supplier ay di yun nga

iniinspekiyon ko lahat ng

dinadala dito na materyales.

Yung minomonitor ko din

kung nasa tamang oras di

ang kanilang pagttrabaho

lalo na sa FMR syempre

equipment ang gamit at

tsaka imonitor ko yung

kalagayan ng kabarangay

namin gawa ng pagating sa

implementasiyon ay meron

kagaya sa FMR,

nasasagasan sa

pagpapagawa ng kalsada

yun ang inaayos namin

Dun kami nagcoconduct sa

may DSWD, sa opisina ng

kalahi kinukuha ng sadya

yung report dahil hindi rin

naman kami makakakuha ng

budget sa kanila pag hindi

kumpleto yung report tsaka

kumpleto yung dokumento

ibibigay, sabe nga namen eh

ang gamit lang naman ay

papel lang ballpen wala rin

They perceive NPA

as enemy

78 | P a g e

naman kaimng cash

paminsan nga eh

napagduduhan ng mga ibang

taga komunidad mga ibang

kabarangay baka nga raw

kami ay nangongorupt eh

kako ang gamit lamang

namin dyan ay ballpen at

papel hindi namna ibibigay

ng cash yung ano ay

syempre irerelease lang

namen sa bangko at

ibabayad agad sa contructor

ganon ang gawa namen gaya

ng school building irerelease

ang budget sa bangko

ibabayad agad sa utang

namen ang ginagawa namin

ay nautang kami sa supplier

Do you have the

capacity to voice

out your

opinions?

oo snagmumungkahi ako ng

halimbawa may gusto

kaming ipagawa ng project

edi nagmumungkahi ao sa

sangguniang barangay na

kinakailangan namin.

Nagsasabi namn ako

sakanila

Free to speak,

dissent and suggest

Do you have

representations?

Are you part of

the decision-

making process?

nabibigyan din naman sir,

ako na nga ang tumatayo na

ah project implementation

ako na ang nagdedesisyon

para sa pagsasagawa. Ang

katuwang ko nga dyan ay

yung una mong kinausap

don yung chairman,

treasurer ko yon yun ang

ano, kaming dalawa ang

nagdedesisiyon tapos pag

napagusapan namin ay

ipapadala namin sa

sangguniang barangay. Sila

Primary decision-

maker

79 | P a g e

naman ay laging umaaprove

dahil ang minumungkahi

naman ay puro para sa

kaunlaran, ikabubuti ng

barangay namin.

How is the

process of the

program?

ang ginagawa namin ay

nagpapa baranagay

assembly tapos tinatanong

nama ang syempre kunwari

may gusto na kaming

ipagawa halimbawa sa isang

sitio ito yung FMR dito sa

balintok pinapa-aprubahan

ang tao o hindi. Pag

sinabing eh palibhasa

magaganda ang sinusulong

namin eh inaaprubahan

naman.

tapos paguusapan na namin

sa sanggunian yungmagkano

yung icocounterpart tapos

pag may galing na 300k sa

OPAPP ay yun paguusapan

namin kung papaano.

Barangay Assembly

Project identification

Consultation

Approval

Documentation

Barangay meeting

for procurement of

funds

Are there

capacity-building

activities for the

implementers?

What are those

activities?

Seminars and

Trainings

What are the

challenges and

problems that

you faced during

the

implementation?

ang ano ko lamang tungkol

sa pamilya dahil

nababawasan ang oras ko sa

pamilya. 30% nalang ang

nabibigay kong oras sa

pamilya eh wala naman

akong sweldo wala naman

eh para naman sa kaunlaran

ng barangay.atsaka sa

pagiimplementation dyan ko

nakaano yng engineer dahil

Personal problems –

less time with family

80 | P a g e

hindi ako pumapayag nang

hindi sila sumunid ng nasa

POW yung program of

work. Syepmre hawak ko

yon pagkadi sila sumunod

don eh don ako nakakaranas

ng pafgtatalo sa mga

engineer

What are your

personal

motivations on

participating in

the program?

ay ako naman ay hindi

nagpresinta ako lang ay

kinuha lang ng BLGU para

humawak na akoy kinuha

nila para magvolunteer at ng

mga programa ng DSWD at

ng kalahi na yan.

ay kaya ano naman, hindi ko

naman basta basta tinanggap

dahil minonitor ko muna

kung patungo sa kaunlaran

ng barangay, hindi lang

naman ako ang

makikinabang at nng mga

barangay ay talagang lahat

ng tao ay makikinabang.

Duty

Willingness to help

What are the

good and bad

results of the

program?

ang magandang resulta nito

ay ah dati nung una yung

mga estudyante dito

pumapasok ng naka pack at

halos hanggang binti yung

putik ay ngayon pag

papasok na sila ay sa bahay

pa lang ay nakasapatos na

sila at nakakapasok na sila

sa skwelahan ng hindi nag

dadaan sa putik dahil nung

una ay puro putik dyan dahil

walang kalsada dyan.

Ngayon dahil nga sa

programa ng DSWD, kalahi,

ay nagkaroon kami ng

magandang kalsada.

Good

- Good

transportation

- Welfare of

the students

- School

building

Do you think the

PAMANA

kung oo edi syemre para

mapabuti pa yung

More funds PAMANA made a

good impact on the

81 | P a g e

program can be

improved? How?

What are your

recommendations

emplementation ng

PAMANA ay para mapabuti

ay pondohan ulit kami.

beneficiaries in the

barangay.

Judging from their

answers, they seem

to overlook their

primary needs as

farmers because

they do not have an

irrigation system as

well.

82 | P a g e

Voice 3

Questions Quotes Themes and

Subthemes

Analysis/Remarks

What is your

understanding of

PAMANA

program?

ay isang programa yan ng

DSWD na ipinatutupad sa

barangay. Parang isang

sangay yan sa programa ng

Kalahi.

Ang alam ko nyan ay utang

yan ng gobyerno lalo na

dun sa mahihirap tapos

babayaran. Hindi ako sure

kung babayaran ng

gobyerno kumbaga yung

ano dyan yung lugar ng

mahihirap. Halos lahat

naman ng barangay meron

yan eh. Ang alam ko dyan

ay national yan eh

kumbaga lahat ay binigyan.

DSWD-KALAHI

poverty program

How did you

know PAMANA

program?

Ay ano yan, may mga

nagsagawa diyan na mga

community facilitator ang

DSWD sa barangay,

nagpatawag sila ng

assembly meeting. Nung

una, di naming alam yan

dahil ako nama’y di rin

naman ako matagal na

volunteer. Pero nung una.

Hindi iyan masyadong

tinatanggap ng tao gawa ng

syempre wala naman silang

experience na yung resulta

pala’y ganon. Sa huli,

nakita ng mga tao ang

resulta na naging maganda

naman.

Ang unang-una dyan

syempre ay maiimplement

sya sa barangay, yung

pagtutulungan ng taong

Information by

DSWD

83 | P a g e

barangay yung pakiki-isa

nagsasagawa sila ng

assembly meeting sa

barangay at dun nila

binabase kung ang tao ba’y

tinatanggap nila yung

proyekto dahil community

yan eh, syempre di naman

yun tatanggapin ng

barangay kung di

makikipagtulungan ang

community yun ang

paliwanag ng mga

nagfacilitate ng una.

What are the

projects of the

PAMANA

program in your

community

Ah Pamana ba. Isang

school building, atsaka

dalawang FMR.

2 FMR

School building

What is your role

in the

implementation

of its projects?

Bale, bilang volunteer ako,

dumadalo ako sa mga

seminar tapos katulong rin

ako syempre sa mga

pagtatrabaho at unang-una

pag kung busy ang mga tao

sa pagano sa assembly

kumbaga hinihikayat para

sabihin na itong proyektong

ito ay importante

Volunteer

Public Relations

Officer

The roles of the

volunteers are well-

defined.

There is difficulty

to encourage people

because either they

are unable to

comprehend the

program or they

have different

beliefs

Or they thought

there is some

political agenda

behind it.

84 | P a g e

Do you have the

capacity to voice

out your

opinions?

Di yun nga syempre

pagnagdaraos kami ng

assembly meeting natulong

rin kami sa sanggunian na

iparating sa tao itong

proyekto na to na kumbaga

pag natapos yung proyekto

ang makikinabang nito ay

di lang tayo hanggang sa

ilang salin ng lahi natin itoy

pakikinabangan.

Free to assemble

Do you have

representations?

Are you part of

the decision-

making process?

Kumbaga pag nagdaraos

kami ng assembly dyempre

may open forum yun, may

kanya-kanya kaming

suggest. Syempre sa may

kalahi, may tinatawag

tayong BDC kung saan

tungkulin ng mga volunteer

sa barangay. Kumbaga

halimbawa, magpapasok ka

ng proyekto gusto mo dun

sa isang lugar, kumbaga

bawat isa samin kailangan

bawat volunteer ay

kailangang may maipasok

na proyekto sa mga sitio.

Kung alin dun ang

kinakailangang matugunan

na mas may

pangangailangan yun ang

uunahin. Hindi lahat

nabpagbibigyan, gusto man

naming lahat matugunan

syempre kulang sa pondo.

Prioritzation of

projects

They can prioritize

projects per sitio

although lack of

funds hinder other

projects needed by

the barangay

How is the

process of the

program?

Syempre magdadaos yan

ng BDC (Barangay

Development Council)

parang nagmmeeting

kaming mga volunteer at

council parang

nagkakaroon kami ng

Barangay

Development Council

Meeting

Identification of

projects

85 | P a g e

meeting tapos dun kami

nagssuggest ng mga

proyekto na gusto naming

sa isang sitio. Kung alin

dun ang dapat ipriority. Tas

pagnapagtibay,

magkakaroon kami ng

assembly barangay,

kunyare cr, fmr at school

building, itatanong namin

sa mga tao kung anong mas

gustong ipriority. Pero

lahat naman yun pwedeng

gawin di lang npo

sabay,sabay.

Hindi, parang ang

nangyayari ipapaliwanag

halimbawa netong

nakaraan ang proyekto ay

fmr, streetlight at cr,

itinanong namin sa tao

kung unahin natin ang cr,

syempre pwede naman siya

individual. Uunahin natin

ang fmr, dahil kailangan ng

lahat. Parang botohan na

rin.

Barangay Assembly

Explanation of

projects

Consultation and

Voting

Prioritzation of

projects

Are there

capacity-building

activities for the

implementers?

What are those

activities?

What are the

challenges and

problems that

you faced during

the

implementation?

Unang una yung

pagtatayuan ng proyekto

syempre hindi ppwede ang

property ay kulang kulang

ang papel, tsaka kailangan

mo rin yung pagtatayuan

ng proyekto, tas

pagsaiimplementasyon pag

napapasabay kami sa

trabaho ng mga tao, eh ang

proyekto naming ditto ay

Location of projects

Lack of necessary

documents

Some property will

be damaged once

the project is being

implemented

Sometimes, they

lack volunteers for

some have other

jobs

86 | P a g e

bayanihan syempre

uunawain mo rin ang

kalagayan ng trabahador na

hindi sya makakapunta

ganon.

What are your

personal

motivations on

participating in

the program?

Syempre ang unang una

yung dinanas naming hirap.

Syempre ako bilang

magulang, ayokong danasin

ng mga anak ko at ng

sususnod na henerasyon.

Ayoko namang mangyari

na patay na kami at

sisisihin kami ng anak

namin na kumbaga kung

ang tatay koy di tamad eh

tiyak na maginhawa kami

ngayon. Syempre kung di

ka magsisikap at

makikilahok ang mga

maiiwanan mo ay

nakatunganga lang,

kawawa naman. Kaya kahit

na mahirap maging

volunteer ay sinikap ko

naman na makatulong sa

kaunting paraan para pare-

pareho kaming

maginhawaan.

Syempre unang-una kami,

sunod ang kaunlaran ng

barangay. Ang

kinakailangan naman diyan

eh makipagtulungan ka

lang. Sa tagal ng panahon

na hinintay naming

dumating, sinamantala na

namin yung pagkatataon.

Will to get out

poverty

Next generation’s

future

Culture of Bayanihan

and Solidarity

What are the

good and bad

results of the

program?

Dun muna tayo sa positive,

unang-una naging mabilis

ang proseso ng araw-araw

na pamumuhay ng tao,

atsaka natuto ang mga tao

ng empowerment, maki-isa

Good

- Made life

easier

- Empowerment

- Increased

collaboration

87 | P a g e

sa kapwa niya. Parang wala

akong maisip na hindi

maganda ah. Ang hindi

maganda, halimbawa kahit

papano, ay may mga na-

damage na ari-arian ng tao

kahit maliliit na halaga

meron syang na-damage.

Yun lang, wala ng iba.

and

participation

Do you think the

PAMANA

program can be

improved? How?

What are your

recommendations

Ah rekomendasyon,

siyempre ipagpatuloy

Continuity of the

program

Increase awareness

88 | P a g e

Voice 4

Questions Quotes Themes and

Subthemes

Analysis/Remarks

What is your

understanding of

PAMANA

program?

basta po nagbibigay sila ng

proyekto

Project

How did you

know PAMANA

program?

Nagpapatawag sila ng

meeting tapos yun ang

pinaliliwanag nila ang

kasaysayan ng PAMANA.

Barangay Meeting

What are the

projects of the

PAMANA

program in your

community

Farm to Market

Roads

School building

What is your role

in the

implementation

of its projects?

ay wala akong papel kundi

halimbawang naging

nagtutulungan nakakatulong

ako riyan

Volunteer

Do you have the

capacity to voice

out your

opinions?

Oo, nakakapagsalita naman

nako ng opinion ko na…

abay napapaboran, barangay

napapaboran eh.

Free to speak,

dissent, suggest

The ability to speak

and suggest is good

for them because

they can express

their needs, wants

and opinion

Do you have

representations?

Are you part of

the decision-

making process?

ay oo sang ayon naman.

Nakikita ko naman nagagawa

so sang ayon

Consultation He trusts the people

implementing

PAMANA as he

observed its good

results

How is the

process of the

program?

Ay di nakita ko sa kalsada,

yung sa bayanihan.

Nakaktulong din naman sa..

Execution of

projects

He does not know

the process but he

participates

whenever they need

to

Are there

capacity-building

activities for the

implementers?

89 | P a g e

What are those

activities?

What are the

challenges and

problems that

you faced during

the

implementation?

kwan eh alam niyo ang hanap

buhay ko ay pamimili ng

hayop. Eh syempre pahuli

huli ako kaya minsan ay do

ako nakakapunta.

Personal problems

– work

He cannot attend

sometimes because

he has job to do to

support his family

What are your

personal

motivations on

participating in

the program?

aba’y nag-udyok saking sarili

ay nakikita kong maganda

ang kanilang ginagawa

Good Results Because of good

results, he was

convinced

What are the

good and bad

results of the

program?

ay basta nakikita kong

maganda at dahil napaburan

kaming mga taong barangay

dito napaburan ng

PAMANAng yan.

Lalong napaburan kami nang

bumilis katulad niyang

kalsada. Walang sagabal sa

amin sa sasakyan tuwing

uuwi kami. Pati produkto

namin madal lamang na

maideliver dahil madali ang

dating ng sasakyan .

Good

- Quality

Roads

- School

building

- Life made

easier

Do you think the

PAMANA

program can be

improved? How?

What are your

recommendations

para ay PAMANA ay

kailangan ay parating

mapabalik ng maayos para

mapabuti ang barangay.

Continuity of

PAMANA

More funds

They need the

PAMANA funds to

sustain their projects

and meet their needs

They want to ensure

the future of their

family. They want

more livelihood

projects

90 | P a g e

Voice 5

Questions Quotes Themes and

Subthemes

Analysis/Remarks

What is your

understanding of

PAMANA

program?

Pagkakaalam ko edi yun

nga, na project ng gobyerno

na ibinibigay sa barangay

tas ang mga tao nama’y

nagkakaisa-isa tumulong

para magawa yung

proyekto.

DSWD project for

development

The reason behind

PAMANA program

is not well-defined

to the understanding

of the beneficiaries

of what PAMANA

aims

How did you

know PAMANA

program?

Information by

DSWD

Well-coordinated

agencies of DSWD

KALAHI-CIDDS

PAMANA

What are the

projects of the

PAMANA

program in your

community

Yung kalsada, school

building sa high school, sa

elementary school

Farm to Market

Road

School building

What is your role

in the

implementation

of its projects?

Oo, talagang kami’y

nagtulungan dito talaga,

ilang araw namin yun

ginawa dito, lahat nilagay sa

aming harapan ang mga

buhangin, grava. Oo,

tulungan talaga kami.

Volunteer

Do you have the

capacity to voice

out your

opinions?

Andalang naman na may

nagrereklamo. Yung iba

siguro tutol sa kalooban,

hindi nalang naimik, meron

talagang ganoon tulad ng sa

kabila yung ginawang

kalsada katwiran ng mga

taga-rito hindi nalang

naimik na sasabihin pang

‘di naman kami dyan

dadaan’ at kayo ang dadaan.

Iniisip nila yung iba, pero

wala namang naririnig na

gayon eh. Talagang yung

pagkakaisa talaga, maganda

ang samahan ng mga tao

eh, nabigyan nga kami ng

Free to speak,

dissent and

participation

Usually, they reach

consensus. Even if

there were

disagreements, they

were resolved

immediately because

of good relationship

among the members

of the community

91 | P a g e

patubig project, itinayong

tubigan.

Do you have

representations?

Representations They represent

themselves

Are you part of

the decision-

making process?

oo kami ang nabibigyan ng

pagkakataon na

magdesisyon dahil kami din

ang gumagawa ng rules dito

eh. Ah pagdating do’n sa

bayarin kagaya ng mga

bayarin kame yung

nagdidisisyon, kami yung

nagpupulong pulong ng

mga community volunteers.

ah okay nagkakaroon tayo

ng konsultasyon. Actually,

yun yung tinatawag na

barangay assembly na kung

saan na inilalahad ng mga

volunteers yung mga

napiling proyekto. Hahanap

kami ng tatlong proyekto na

unang unang

pangangailangan dito sa

aming barangay at

pagkatapos ito yung

tinatawag na participatory

situation analysis yung PSA

na tinatawag. Na kung saan

ay ipaparating naman sa

community na eto po yung

tatlong proyekto na napili

namin at naaangkop naman

sa pangangailangan ng ating

barangay.

Political

empowerment,

Consultation

How is the

process of the

program?

Ang una nun ay ang mini-

meeting ang mga tao, pag

kakaunti ang nadalo

kailangan talaga maka-

100%. Ino-obliga talaga ang

mga tao na padaluhin,

pagka-kulang hindi nila ano,

gawa ng sabi samin pag

nagpapa-meeting, yun

naman ay para sainyo hindi

Barangay assembly

Consultation

DSWD

documentation

DSWD funds

If the community

does not attend

completely, the

assembly does not

go on.

92 | P a g e

naman para sa kung saan, sa

ating barangay hindi kung

kaninong barangay. Tapos

yun nagpapaliwanag sila .

Are there

capacity-building

activities for the

implementers?

What are those

activities?

What are the

challenges and

problems that

you faced during

the

implementation?

may nauunawaan kaya lang

marami ang hindi

nauunawaan sa haba ng

paliwanag . Merong ang

haba, salita ng salita

nakikinig kami, nakatingin

kami pero kapag kami’y

biglang tinanong, itinuro ,

hindi namin agad masagutan

gawa ng parang naano kasi

kami sa dami ng paliwanag .

Yung parang kahit may

alam ka, nahihiya kang

sumagot.

Lack of

understanding due

to tedious

discussions

There’s a need for

small and regular

discussions with the

people to be more

personal

What are your

personal

motivations on

participating in

the program?

Syempre pagkakaisa namin

, pag di ka lumahok parang

di ka nakikipagkaisa.

Atsaka, yung sa for peace

inoobliga talaga kami.

Syempre pagkakaisa namin

, pag di ka lumahok parang

di ka nakikipagkaisa.

Atsaka, yung sa for peace

inoobliga talaga kami.

Feeling of obligated

brought by external

influences

Culture of solidarity

The beneficiaries of

the 4Ps felt the need

to “give back”

They are also

encouraged by the

MLGU and BLGU

to participate

They trust each other

What are the

good and bad

results of the

program?

Ay, maganda naman, ang

totoo ay maraming nabigyan

g mga proyekto dito tsaka

dito ang mga tao’y

nagkakaisa sa mga ganyang

Good

- School

buildings

- Strengthened

bayanihan

93 | P a g e

trabaho . Tulad ng dito sa

iskul yung PAMANA .

Oo, diba’y yun ay nakagawa

dito ng iskul, elementary at

high school. Tapos yung

kalsada diyan. Maraming

naitulong ang PAMANA.

and

solidarity

- Farm to

Market

roads

Do you think the

PAMANA

program can be

improved? How?

What are your

recommendations

Edi dapat sana lahat

dumalo, umattend ng

meeting para lahat

nauunawaan. Meron ding di

naman nadalo.

Edi dapat sana lahat

dumalo, umattend ng

meeting para lahat

nauunawaan. Meron ding di

naman nadalo.

Encourage more

other members to

participate

Small group

discussions

The beneficiaries

have strong beliefs

that they can

participate in the

implementation of

government

programs.

Although the

barangay assembly

provided

opportunities for the

people to understand

and participate, there

is a need for small

group discussions

for those people who

are unable to

comprehend the

program and its

objectives

94 | P a g e

Voice 6

Questions Quotes Themes and Sub

themes

Analysis/Remarks

What is your

understanding of

PAMANA

program?

Sa pagkakaalam ko

proyekto siya ng kalahi.

DSWD KALAHI

project

How did you

know PAMANA

program?

Dinaan siya sa barangay

assembly.

Dun na siya pinagusapan

kung may tutol yung taong

barangay doon sa

proyektong gagawin, kung

sinasang-ayunan ng taong

barangay yung gagawing

proyekto.

Barangay assembly

What are the

projects of the

PAMANA

program in your

community

Proyekto niya ano. . . .

kalsada, school building.

Farm to Market

Road

School Building

What is your role

in the

implementation

of its projects?

Um-attend ng barangay

assembly

Member of the

Barangay

Do you have the

capacity to voice

out your

opinions?

Oo naman. Pwede namang

magtanong, atsaka . . . .

Willing naman silang

pakinggan yung mga

sasabihin

Free to speak,

dissent and

participate

Do you have

representations?

Ay, ako na mismo. Yung

katulad ng pag-attend? Ako

na mismo.

Representation

Are you part of

the decision-

making process?

Yun ay sa pagkakaalam ko,

pinangungunahan ng mga

volunteers tsaka ng mga

barangay officials.

Pero kung may masasabi

man kayo, pwede niyong

sabihin?

Voter They determine

what projects need

to be prioritzed

95 | P a g e

Pwede naman. Pwede

naman.

How is the

process of the

program?

Barangay assembly

Project identification

Consultation and

voting

Are there

capacity-building

activities for the

implementers?

What are those

activities?

What are the

challenges and

problems that

you faced during

the

implementation?

Siguro yung hindi agad na-

attend yung iba.

Hindi agad na-attend yung

iba. Parang nadedelay po

kasi nga hindi po

nakukumpleto yung

required number

attendance.

Lack of attendance

Delay

At first, not all are

hopeful of the

projects brought by

PAMANA

What are your

personal

motivations on

participating in

the program?

Eh ano na rin naman po,

gawa ng s’yrmpre eh kami

naman ditto ay

nakikinabang naman talaga

eh sa ginagawang proyekto

katulad ng kalsada, tulad ng

school building

Willingness to help

for the community’s

welfare

What are the

good and bad

results of the

program?

Ay Malaki pong katulungan

talaga. Katulad po nung

naipatayo yung school

building d’yan. S’yempre

lahat naman po ay

nakikinabang talaga pati

ang mga bata.

Ah yung kalsada. Dati ay

maputik, lubak-lubak

ngayon ay maayos na

pwede ng kahit hindi na

mag-bota paglabas

Good

- Sturdy school

building

- Welfare of

the students

- Increased

participation

- Good

transportation

roads

96 | P a g e

Do you think the

PAMANA

program can be

improved? How?

What are your

recommendations

Sa pagkakaalam ko naman

po eh nakaka-ano dun sa

tamang panahon.

Contentment They seem to be

contended with the

way PAMANA

works but from my

observation, they

need more projects

and funds for the

betterment of their

community

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Photos

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