Labs Day 2020

From a Grain of Sand to a |Quantum⟩ Bit of InformationJames S. Clarke

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Quantum Computing: Key Concepts

Superposition

Classical Physics Quantum Physics

Heads OR Tails Heads AND Tails

Entanglement

N Quantum Bits or Qubits = 2N States

1)

2)

3)

4)

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The Power of Quantum Computing

Quantum simulation▪ Chemistry▪ Materials▪ Drug discovery

Nearer Term

▪ Machine learning▪ Artificial Intelligence (AI)▪ Optimization▪ Cryptography

Longer Term

Quantum computers will let us do things we can’t do today

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Better Qubits

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A Quantum Bit

Google, IBM, Rigetti, DWave

Honeywell, IonQ

Intel Corporation, HRL

e-

DOI: 10.1126/science.354.6316.1090

Only One of These Qubits is Built on the Technology of Transistors

Superconducting Loops

Trapped Ions Silicon Quantum Dots

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Semiconductor Electronics: One of Mankind’s Greatest Inventions

1. Printing press

2. Electricity

3. Penicillin

4. Semiconductor electronics

5. Optical lenses

6. Paper

7. Internal combustion engine

8. Vaccination

9. Internet

10.Steam engine

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Transistors are the Most Ubiquitous Man-made Objects on Earth

Intel 14nm FinFet Fin Cut

Intel ships ~800 Quadrillion transistors every year (800,000,000,000,000,000)

Forbes.com

Gate Cut

By 2025 expect more transistors on Earth than human cells!

https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimhandy/2014/05/26/how-many-transistors-have-ever-shipped/

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Transistor = Many Electrons; T > 300K Spin Qubit = Single Electron at T < 1K

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Turning Transistors into Qubits

Transistors look extremely similar to silicon spin qubits

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Spin qubits

e-

▪ Spin is a fundamental property of electrons▪ Spin behaves like a tiny magnet that can be manipulated using

magnetic fields

|0⟩:

|1⟩:

Ener

gy

B field

e-

gμBB

2 basis states:

B field

e

Each Qubit is Encoded as a Single Electron Spin in a Silicon Substrate

e e

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Many similar process challenges to transistors such as: CD control, VT variation, gate dielectric interface/bulk quality, defects, traps

Spin Qubit Device Integration

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Qubits are Made on the Same Fabrication Line as Advanced CMOS

300mm Wafer Pilot Line Dedicated

to Quantum Computing

Intel Oregon – Ronler Acres

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Quantum Measurement Capability

Competitive Quantum Test Facilities Both the US and Europe

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Quantum Wafer Cryo-Prober

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Qubit Manipulation (Rabi Oscillations) Init Measure

fL

𝜋 2𝜋

𝜋

2𝜋

Microwave ESR line placed above qubits

Demonstration of coherent control of a qubit made in Intel’s 300mm Fab!

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Better Qubit Control

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First Integrated Circuit (1958) Quantum Supremacy (2019)

Brute Force Interconnects Work for a Few Devices – but NOT Millions

Fridge

Qubits(~50+)

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Integrated Cryogenic Qubit Control

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Horse Ridge Integration

Horseridge RFIC Fabricated in Intel 22nm FinFet CMOS Technology

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Horse Ridge 1

• Controller capability• Drive

• Main features• 128 qubits control with frequency

multiplexing (4 channel, each with 32 qubits)

• Arbitrary pulse envelope(SRAM based)

• Wideband frequency output(2-20GHz)

[J. P. G. Van Dijk et al., IEEE JSSC, Nov. 2020]

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Horse Ridge 2

• Controller capability• Drive

• Readout

• Gate pulsing

• Additional features• Programmable digital filter

for drive

• Integrated micro-controller

• 22 DACs for flexible gate control

• SoC integration: >100M transistors

Drive pulses

Readout TX pulses

Gate pulsing (2 DACs)

System fully-characterized at 4K

Technical details to be presented at 2021 IEEE International Solid-State Circuit Conference (ISSCC)

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Horse Ridge 2: Integrated and Testing

▪ HR2 system designed in-house and cooled to

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Spin Qubit PCBs

Spin Qubit PCB v1Spin Qubit PCB v2

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Conclusions

• Quantum computing will change the world, but it will require millions of qubits

• We are leveraging state-of-the-art transistor technology to build spin qubits in an HVM CMOS environment

• We need a scalable interconnect and addressing scheme in order to scale to large qubit arrays

At Intel, We’re working on this!

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Legal Disclaimers

• Intel provides these materials as-is, with no express or implied warranties.

• All products, dates, and figures specified are preliminary, based on current expectations, and are subject to change without notice.

• Intel processors, chipsets, and desktop boards may contain design defects or errors known as errata, which may cause the product to deviate from published specifications. Current characterized errata are available on request.

• Intel technologies' features and benefits depend on system configuration and may require enabled hardware, software or service activation. Performance varies depending on system configuration. No product or component can be absolutely secure. Check with your system manufacturer or retailer or learn more at http://intel.com

• Some results have been estimated or simulated using internal Intel analysis or architecture simulation or modeling, and provided to you for informational purposes. Any differences in your system hardware, software or configuration may affect your actual performance.

• Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the United States and other countries.

• *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

© Intel Corporation 2020

http://intel.com/