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From Acute to Chronic LBP
Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
No disclosures
Objectives
• To be able to name risk factors for developing chronic low back pain.
• To be able to identify the different management strategies required to treat chronic low back pain.
Case
• A 45 year old customer service agent presents to
your office with a 1 week history of low back
pain.
This began the day after raking leaves at
home.
He has tried acetaminophen but remains symptomatic.
Case
• 2.5 months after the back pain began it is
– “As bad as before”– “I’m scared of paralyzing”
– “Do I need an MRI?”
When Acute Becomes Chronic
• Many acute LBP sufferers have no pain at 1 year
• Recurrence is common
• 20% of CSST patients make up 80% of the costs
• About 10% of acute LBP will have ongoing work disability at 1 year
• Biological• Psychosocial
Biological
• Non‐
modifiable: Age, gender, race
• Modifiable: Specific, treatable condition; muscle weakness,
inflexibility
Biological
Multiple Populations
• Experimental volunteers
• Phantom pain
• Chronic lumbar radicular pain
• Chronic post‐operative radicular pain
• Post‐mastectomy pain
Behaviours and beliefs that individually constitute proven or presumed risk factors for chronicity of LBP
Cardinal Yellow Flags
• Work –related
• Beliefs• Behaviours• Affective
Work
• All pain must be abolished before RTW
• Expectations of pain with RTW
• Fear of
pain
with RTW
• Belief that work is harmful
• Poor work history• Unsupportive work environment
Beliefs
• Pain= harm• Catastrophizing• Pain is uncontrollable• Misinterpreting body signals
• Expectation of high‐tech fix
Affective
• Depression• Lack of self‐worth• Irritability/Anxiety• Disinterest in social activity• Partner overly protective or
punitive
Behaviours
• Passivity• Extended rest• Reduced activity/ADL• Impaired sleep
• Alcohol/drug abuse
Chou and Shekelle, JAMA 2010
• Evaluated 20 studies and almost 11000 patients
• Likelihood ratios for findings obtained in the clinical
evaluation were calculated
Individual Risk Factors
• Non‐organic signs• Smoking
• Maladaptive coping
• Demographics
• Baseline pain• Baseline functional
impairment
• Psychiatric co‐ morbidities
Individual Risk Factors
• Non‐organic signs• Smoking
• Maladaptive coping
• Demographics
• Baseline pain• Baseline functional
impairment
• Psychiatric co‐ morbidities
• 3.0• 1.2• 2.5• 1• 1.3• 2.1
• 2.2
Signs and Symptoms
Intensity of Pain 1.3
Intensity of Fear Avoidance
2.5
Leg pain 1.4
Non‐organic signs 3
General Health
Health Status overall low 1.8
Psychiatric co‐morbidities 2.2
Prior episodes of back pain 1.1
Work Issues
Compensation 1.4
Less job satisfaction 1.5
Higher physical demands 1.4
Acute versus Chronic Low Back Pain:
How does treatment differ?
Past experience,
beliefs, context
Mixed messages
Deconditioning
Referral
Chronic pain disability
The long and winding road to chronic pain disability
Acute• Pain reduction• Reassurance• Discussion of natural
history
Chronic• Pain management
• Focus on function: the barometer
• Self‐management
Case
• Active therapy• Sleep• Stress• Consistent message
• Challenge assumptions!
• One pair of hands on the steering wheel!
Summary
• People who develop chronic disabling pain are not the same as those who don’t.
• There are risk factors which have been identified
• Usually the patient will mention many of these risk factors spontaneously.
• Recognize, Reassure and Redirect