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From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

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Page 1: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

From Acute to Chronic LBP

Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC

Physical Medicine and  Rehabilitation

Page 2: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

No disclosures

Page 3: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Objectives

• To be able to name risk factors for  developing chronic low back pain. 

• To be able to identify the different  management strategies required to  treat chronic low back pain.

Page 4: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Case

• A 45 year old customer  service agent presents to 

your office with a 1 week  history of low back 

pain.

This began the day  after raking leaves at 

home.

He has tried  acetaminophen but  remains symptomatic.

Page 5: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Case

• 2.5 months after the back pain  began it is 

– “As bad as before”– “I’m scared of paralyzing”

– “Do I need an MRI?”

Page 6: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

When Acute Becomes  Chronic

• Many acute LBP sufferers have no  pain at 1 year

• Recurrence is common

• 20% of CSST patients make up 80%  of the costs

• About 10% of acute LBP will have  ongoing work disability at 1 year

Page 7: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

• Biological• Psychosocial

Page 8: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Biological

• Non‐

modifiable: Age, gender,  race

• Modifiable:  Specific, treatable  condition; muscle weakness, 

inflexibility

Page 9: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Biological

Page 10: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Multiple Populations

• Experimental volunteers

• Phantom pain

• Chronic lumbar radicular pain 

• Chronic post‐operative radicular  pain

• Post‐mastectomy pain

Page 11: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management
Page 12: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Behaviours and beliefs that individually constitute proven  or presumed risk factors for chronicity of LBP

Page 13: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Cardinal Yellow Flags 

• Work –related

• Beliefs• Behaviours• Affective

Page 14: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Work

• All pain must be abolished before RTW

• Expectations of  pain with RTW

• Fear of 

pain

with RTW

• Belief that work is harmful

• Poor work history• Unsupportive work environment

Page 15: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Beliefs

• Pain= harm• Catastrophizing• Pain is uncontrollable• Misinterpreting body signals

• Expectation of high‐tech fix

Page 16: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Affective

• Depression• Lack of self‐worth• Irritability/Anxiety• Disinterest in social activity• Partner overly protective or 

punitive

Page 17: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Behaviours

• Passivity• Extended rest• Reduced activity/ADL• Impaired sleep

• Alcohol/drug abuse

Page 18: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Chou and Shekelle,  JAMA 2010

• Evaluated 20 studies and almost  11000 patients

• Likelihood ratios for findings  obtained in the clinical 

evaluation were calculated

Page 19: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Individual Risk Factors

• Non‐organic signs• Smoking

• Maladaptive coping

• Demographics

• Baseline pain• Baseline functional 

impairment

• Psychiatric co‐ morbidities

Page 20: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Individual Risk Factors

• Non‐organic signs• Smoking

• Maladaptive coping

• Demographics

• Baseline pain• Baseline functional 

impairment

• Psychiatric co‐ morbidities

• 3.0• 1.2• 2.5• 1• 1.3• 2.1

• 2.2

Page 21: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Signs and Symptoms

Intensity of Pain 1.3

Intensity of Fear  Avoidance

2.5

Leg pain 1.4

Non‐organic signs 3

Page 22: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

General Health

Health Status overall low 1.8

Psychiatric co‐morbidities 2.2

Prior episodes of back pain 1.1

Page 23: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Work Issues

Compensation 1.4

Less job satisfaction 1.5

Higher physical demands 1.4

Page 24: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Acute versus Chronic  Low Back Pain:

How does treatment differ?

Page 25: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Past experience, 

beliefs, context

Mixed messages

Deconditioning

Referral

Chronic pain disability

The long and winding road to chronic  pain disability

Page 26: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Acute• Pain reduction• Reassurance• Discussion of natural 

history

Chronic• Pain management

• Focus on function: the  barometer

• Self‐management

Page 27: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Case

• Active therapy• Sleep• Stress• Consistent message

• Challenge assumptions!

• One pair of hands on the  steering wheel!

Page 28: From Acute to Chronic LBP - McGill University · From Acute to Chronic LBP Mohan Radhakrishna, MD, FRCPC Physical Medicine and ... • To be able to identify the different management

Summary

• People who develop chronic disabling pain are  not the same as those who don’t.

• There are risk factors which have been  identified

• Usually the patient will mention many of  these risk factors spontaneously.

• Recognize, Reassure and Redirect