From Economic Crisis to a ‘State’ of Crisis?: The Emergence of Neoliberalism in Costa Rica_HM 2005

7/30/2019 From Economic Crisis to a State of Crisis?: The Emergence of Neoliberalism in Costa Rica_HM 2005

1/34

Kduxirdegc Agxmrdgcdua# |ic}am 75:5 +767758$

Ni`d ncdjnm Ordcc @\# Cmdhm # ?66=

Gcui g|gdcgocm i`cd`m .ordcc.`c

7 M{me}xd|m Hdrmexir# D`xmr!Gamrdeg` D`uxdx}xm il K}ag` _dbkxu# _iomrxi E}ccgr#d` _ibmru ?667.

? Kmcdi Bgccgrhi d` J}hui` 7445# v. 7


2/34

76? Xkiagu Agridu

8 D` Li{ 744;.= Vi}cg`xzgu ?666> el. Vg`dxek 7448> Uimhmromrb ?667.

ei}`xrt dxk g viv}cgxdi` il gri}`h li}r adccdi`# ag`t il kia cd|m d g`h

gri}`h xkm egvdxgc edxt il Ug` Jiu9 Aiux agdùxrmga g`gctumu vid`x i}x xkgx#

udèm xkm m`h il Rirch Rgr DD g`h xkm liragc goicdxdi` il dxu uxg`hd`b grat#

Eiuxg _deg kgu eiam xi om i`m il xkm mgcxkdmux ei}`xrdmu d` Em`xrgc Gamrdeg#oiguxd b g uxgocm g`h m{xmùd|m mclgrm uxgxm d`xi xkm 74;6u. Eiuxg _degu briuu

hiamuxde vrih}ex +BHV$ vmr egvdxg e}rrm`xct rmuxu gri}`h (8#?66# dxk cm|mcu

il vmr egvdxg dèiam brixk xkgx kg|m u}rvguumh xkium il gcc ixkmr Em`xrgc!

Gamrdeg` uxgxmu. _mcgxd|m xi ixkmru d` Em`xrgc Gamrdeg# Eiuxg _degu dèiam

kgu g|mrgbmh airm xkg` hi}ocm xkgx il Ki`h}rgu# Mc Ugc|ghir# g`h @degrgb}g#

g`h kgu# d` xkm cgux hmeghm# i|mrxgnm` Vg`gag. Xkri}bk xkm adh!7446u# xkm

]`dxmh @gxdiù Hm|mcivam`x Vribrgaam K}ag` Hm|mcivam`x D`hm{ rg`nmh

Eiuxg _deg gu xkm aiux hm|mcivmh ei}`xrt d` Cgxd` Gamrdeg.8 Dl i`m du xi om

ugxdumh dxk u}rlgem g`gctumu# xkm` xkdu uxirt# viv}cgr gadhux Eiuxg!_deg`

xmekìergxu# cdxmu# g`h d`xmr`gxdi`gc `gèdgc dùxdx}xdiù lir xkm emcmorgxmh

u}eemuu il `micdomrgc rmlira# kgu omm` xich. Xkdu du ìx xkm kicm uxirt# kim|mr#

g`h emrxgd`ct ìx xkm i`ct uxirt km` ciinmh gx xkri}bk g erdxdegc cmù. _gxkmr#

i`m ummu xkgx# geriuu Em`xrgc g`h Cgxd` Gamrdeg# i`bid`b kgruk meiìade

ghj}uxam`x# rme}rrm`x erdudu# g`h uxgb`g`x xi |icgxdcm uiedi!meiìade brixk

du xkm airm eiaai` hgt!xi!hgt uxirt. Xkm viv}cgr rmuviùm xi xkdu rmgcdxt

kgu omm` g rguk il uxrdnmu geriuu kmgcxkegrm# mh}egxdi`# g`h v}ocde umr|dem

rmcgxmh umexiru xkgx d`|ic|m g rgdòi il am`# iam`# mxk`dedxdmu# g`h uiedi!

meiìade ecguumu. Rkgx xkdu hduum`x u}bbmuxu du xkgx# kim|mr hiad`g`x#

`micdomrgcduau cmbdxdaget# ir dxu godcdxt xi bi|mr`# rmagdù g uxr}bbcd`b# gcomdxxkmirmxdegcct uxgodcdumh# vrijmex. Xkm xgun il erdxdegc uekicgru# g`h xkm vid`x il

xkdu ux}ht# du xi }`|mdc `micdomrgcdua gu airm xkg` amrm vicdet vrmuerdvxdiù

g`h xi rm|mgc dxu }`hmrctd`b ecguu ogudu gu vgrx il g dhmr vrijmex il magèdvgxdi`.

Xi xkdu m`h# xkm liccid`b ux}ht ummnu xi rm!d`xmrvrmx xkm viux!74;6u mamrbmèm

il `micdomrgcdua d` Eiuxg _deg ot rmeib`dud`b xkm em`xrgcdxt il uiedgc ecguumu

g`h xkm ricm il uxgxm d` hm`d`b g`h ukgvd`b ecguu ei`dex# g`h xkm mllmexu il

kduxirdegc ecguu ei`dex i` xkm uxgxm# xkri}bk ekg`bmu d` xkm uiedgc rmcgxdiù

il vrih}exdi`.= Lria xkm iùmx# D rmjmex xkm hiad`g`x eiaai`!umùm

}`hmruxg`hd`bu il `micdomrgcdua xkgx grm m{vrmuumh amrmct gu g eirm umx il

gkduxirdegc `miecguudegc meiìade vicdedmu# ilxm` edxmh gu xkm Rgukd`bxi`

Eiùmù}u. Dri`degcct# xkmum eiaai`!umùm hdue}uudiù grm xtvdegcct lrgamh

d` i|mrct xmek`degc g`h `grrict meiìade xmrau# lie}ud`b }èrdxdegcct i`


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Xkm Mamrbmèm il @micdomrgcdua d` Eiuxg _deg 765

< Gudhm lria Rirch Og`n g`h DAL hie}am`xu# ghhdxdi`gc cdomrgc geei}`xu lie}ud`bi` agrnmx mledmèt dèc}hm: Gbiud` g`h Llrmèk!Hg|du 744=# Cme}i`g g`h Aiagtmzd?667# g`h Cgrrg` O. g`h Cvmz!Egc|g ?667. Lria xkm dùxdx}xdi`gcdux vmruvmexd|m#m{gavcmu il `micdomrgcdua!gu!vicdet gvvrigekmu grm Rdcui` 744;# Kgag`` g`h Rdcui`?667# Rdcui` 7444# g`h Rdcui` 7448.

2 _iodùi` 744;# g`h ?665> Ecgrn 7442.; Vi}cg`xzgu ?666# |i` Org}àkc 742;# Uimhmromrb ?667e# g`h ?66?. Lir g udadcgr

geei}`x il Eiuxg _deg# umm Biuu g`h Vgekmei 7444.4 Uimhmromrb ?667e# Ecgrnm 74;;# g`h H}a`dc g`h C|t ?66?.

76 Vg`dxek g`h Bd`hd` ?665# Gcoi ?665# g`h Riih ?665. Xkm `m davmrdgcdua uvinmìl kmrm rmlmru xi rmeiùxdx}xmh Gamrdeg` vimr g`h guuiedgxmh d`liragc davmrdgc r}cmxkgx a}ux om }`hmruxiih xkri}bk g rmj}|m`gxmh uxgxm xkmirt. Xi xkdu m`h# D hm`m xkmuxgxm gu g agxmrdgc# dùxdx}xdi`gc# g`h hdue}rud|m ei`hmùgxdi` il g ogcgèm il ecguuliremu> gu u}ek# xkm uxgxm du# gx dxu eirm# g uiedgc rmcgxdi` xkgx davcdmu xkm egvdxgc!cgoi}r

rmcgxdi` +umm Vi}cg`xzgu ?666> Vg`dxek 7448> Cg`bcmt ?665$.77 Xkm irch agrnmx du gvxct hmuerdomh ot |i` Org}àkc gu eiùduxd`b il g`d`xmr`gxdi`gc# uxgxm!irbg`dumh g`h uvmedegcct uxr}ex}rmh# gcc!mèiavguud`b mllmexd|md`xmr`gxdi`gc ei`xm{x il eiavmxdxdi` +|i` Org}àkc 742;$.

xkm mledmèt il xkm agrnmx dxkd` cdomrgc ir dùxdx}xdi`gcdux lrgamirnu. oixk il xkmum gda xi i|mreiam

rme}rrm`x ogrrdmru xi vribrmuud|m egvdxgc |gcirdugxdi`# g`h xi rmeiùxdx}xm

Gamrdeg` vimr.76 Dx uki}ch om mavkgudumh xkgx xkdu erdxdegc m{vcirgxdi` dcc

om gvvrigekmh ix ot ciind`b uicmct dxkd` xkm ei``mu il xkm gxdi`gc oirhmru

o}x rgxkmr ot g`gctud`b `micdomrgcduau kduxirdegcct uvmede mamrbmèm dxkd

xkm dhmr egvdxgcdux irch agrnmx.77

Xi agnm xkdu grb}am`x# D ciin rux gx Eiuxg _degu vrm!74;6u uiedgc rmcgxdiù

il vrih}exdi` dxkd` Em`xrgc Gamrdeg g`h# umei`h# gx ki xkm erdudu il

xkm 74;6u ivm`mh g hiir lir `micdomrgc rmlira. D` xkm xkdrh umexdi`# D vrmum`x

g hmxgdcmh m{gad`gxdi` il xkm rmcgxdiùkdv omxmm` ]U guuduxgèm g`hEiuxg!_deg` uiedgc liremu d` xkm u}oumw}m`x rmuxr}ex}rd`b il xkm uxgxm g`h dxu


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768 Xkiagu Agridu

7? _iodùi` ?665# vv. 7558.

guuiedgxmh ecguu eiavriadumu. G ordml ciin gx mllirxu xi vrd|gxdum dxu `gxdi`gc

og`nd`b utuxma umr|mu xi d`xrih}em }u xi xkm rdud`b `micdomrgc `gèdgc

irxkihi{t. Xi ri}`h ill xkdu ux}ht# Umexdi` D\ guumuumu Eiuxg _degu u}eemuumu

dxkd` Cgxd` Gamrdegu lgdc}rmu xi gekdm|m u}ouxg`xd|m hm|mcivam`x i|mr xkmcgux xm`xt tmgru. Ot gt il eièc}udi`# D vcgem xkdu g`gctudu dxkd` xkm ei`xm{x

il xkm `m davmrdgcdua.

D. Eiuxg _deg: g kduxirdegc i|mr|dm

Xkm rmcgxd|m vriuvmrdxt il Eiuxg _deg kgu bd|m` rdum xi g `}aomr il

d`xmrvrmxgxdiù. Dx du xr}m xkgx xkm ecguu uxr}ex}rm il Eiuxg _deg kgu hm|mcivmh

uiamkgx hdllmrm`xct xkg` mcumkmrm d` xkm rmbdi`# bd|m` g bm`mrgc goumèm

il xkm cgrbmr kgedm`hgu il# lir m{gavcm# Am{dei g`h B}gxmagcg. Xkdu goumèm#

g`h rmcgxd|m mgcxk g`h uxgodcdxt# kg|m bd|m` rdum xi g dhmuvrmgh atxk il

m{emvxdi`gcdua xkgx kgu ri`bct grb}mh xkgx Eiuxg _deg du g kgrai`di}uct

hmaiergxde uxgxm# i`m xkgx kgu mamrbmh lria g vgrxde}cgrct mbgcdxgrdg` eici`dgc

g`h viuxeici`dgc kduxirt. D` ei`xrgux xi xkdu hiad`g`x r}rgc hmaierget ir

tmiag` xkmudu# kim|mr# Eiuxg _deg gu ìx# g`h du ìx# g ecguucmuu uiedmxt

il u}ouduxmèm lgramru. Uiedgc uxrgxdegxdi` g`h ecguu ei`dex kg|m omm` w}dxm

vrmum`x g`h ag`t il xkm hiad`g`x cdxmu xihgt eg` xrgem xkmdr cd`mgbm ogen

xi mgrct Uvg`duk ei`w}duxghirmu# g`h xkmdr guuiedgxmh ecguu vrd|dcmbmu. Xkm

aihmr` m{vrmuudi` il xkdu ecguu ecmg|gbm omegam m|dhm`x dxk xkm d`xrih}exdi`

il eillmm vrih}exdi` d` xkm mgrct `d`mxmm`xk em`x}rt# km` xkm cg`hmh icdbgrektuicdhdmh uxgxm vimr g`h cgoi}r ukirxgbmu aghm cgrbm muxgxmu }`lmgudocm. Gu

g rmu}cx# uagcckichmr lgrad`b hiad`gxmh vrih}exdi` kdcm xkm cgrbmr g`h

mgcxkdmr brimru hiad`gxmh vriemuud`b# `gèd`b# agrnmxd`b# g`h m{virxd`b#

ermgxd`b g eiaamredgc g`h `gèdgc icdbgrekt. Xkdu gu xkm kduxirdegc ei`xm{x

lir g airm }`dmh vimr ocie glxmr Rirch Rgr DD# g`h g vicdxdegc utuxma xkgx

gu airm rmcdg`x i` dhmicibdegc kmbmai`t xkg` hdrmex vktudegc eimredi`.7?

Vicdxdegcct# Eiuxg _deg kgu eiam xi om g bm`mrgcct uxgocm eiùxdx}xdi`gc

hmaierget# kmrmd` dxu 7484 Eiùxdx}xdi` grium i}x il lgccd`b uxg`hgrhu il

cd|d`b# bm`mrgc uiedgc }`rmux lirmukghimh ot xkm J}ct 7482 viv}cgr uxrdnm

K}mcbg hm Orgziu Eghiu ^hmgh!gra uxrdnmQ# g`h xkm ordml 748; ed|dc gr.

Xkm ed|dc gru aiux daamhdgxm eg}um gu xkm g``}cam`x il xkgx tmgru

vrmudhm`xdgc mcmexdiù gccmbmhct i` ot Ixdcdi ]cgxm Ocgèi il xkm ivviud`b

Vgrxt il @gxdi`gc ]`degxdi` ot xkm eiùxdx}xdi`gc ei`brmuu uxdcc citgc xi


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Xkm Mamrbmèm il @micdomrgcdua d` Eiuxg _deg 76=

75 G eiavcmxm g`gctudu il xkm 748; ed|dc gr du omti`h xkm ueivm il xkdu vgvmr> u}lemdx xi ugt xkgx ei`xri|mrut m{duxu gai`bux Agr{dux# cdomrgc# g`h dùxdx}xdi`gcdux g`gctuxugu xi kt erdudu iee}rrmh g`h kt Eiuxg _deg rmuirxmh xi |dicmèm xi rmuic|m dxu ei`dex+umm Cmki}ew 7446# B}ha}`hui` 74; umm gcui Amug!Cgbi ?667. Udèm xkdu xdam# Eiuxg _deg kguagd`xgd`mh g cgrbmct xi!vgrxt utuxma: xkm aihmrgxm!cmlx VC@ g`h xkm em`xrm!rdbkxUiedgc Ekrduxdg` ]`dxt Vgrxt +V]UE$. Xkdu rmem`xct ekg`bmh d` xkm ?66? vrmudhm`xdgcmcmexdiù# km` VC@!hmlmexir Ixx` Uicu liramh xkm Edxdzm` Gexdi` Vgrxt +VGE$#agnd`b g kduxirde ormgnxkri}bk ot d``d`b ?< vmr em`x il xkm viv}cgr |ixm# eg}ud`bg r}`!ill |ixm omxmm` xkm VC@ g`h V]UE. Xkm V]UE cmghmr# Gomc Vgekmei# xiin xkm`gc |ixm g`h rmagdù gx xkm kmgh il xkm Eiuxg _deg bi|mràm`x }`xdc ?66


6/34

76< Xkiagu Agridu

74 O}camr!Xkiagu 74;2# v. 727.?6 O}camr!Xkiagu 74;2> gcui umm Bmragd` 7442.?7 Biuu g`h Vgekmei 7444> O}camr!Xkiagu 74;2# v. 725.?? Rdcui` 744;# v. 4=> Amug!Cgbi ?667.?5

Rdcui` 744;# Ekgvxmr 8> O}camr!Xkiagu 74;2# v. 742.?8 Amug!Cgbi ?667# O}camr!Xkiagu 74;2# vv. 748 O}camr!Xkiagu 74;2# v. 72


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?< Biuu g`h Vgekmei 7444# _dekgrhu 7442# g`h cd`nu omxmm` xg{ d`em`xd|mu g`h

ecguu!ogumh oiiau.?2 O}camr!Xkiagu 74;2# v. 74?.?; Amug!Cgbi ?667# g`h Rdcui` 744;# Ekgvxmr 8.?4 O}camr!Xkiagu 74;2# v. ?6;.

74


8/34

76; Xkiagu Agridu

56 Bkiuk# Xg`und g`h M`iaixi 744 Aicd`g g`h Vgcamr 7442# Uiji 7447# g`h Rdcui` 7448#v. 7=5.5? Aicd`g g`h Vgcamr 7442# v. ?2.55 Umm Orm`mu 7446# v. 7? Ki`mt 7448.

vrih}exdi` mamrbmh }`hmr `micdomrgcdua g`h g airm gbbrmuud|m m{virx!cmh

brixk aihmc. D` 74;6# Eiuxg _degu lirmdb` hmox rmgekmh =


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10/34

776 Xkiagu Agridu

airm xkm vrih}exd|m liremu il cgoi}r lir xkm |mrt rmgui` xkgx dx kgu gcrmght

uxrgd`mh xkma xkm cg xkgx brg`xu dx ì rmuvdxm# g`h eiùxg`xct uki}xu d`dxu mgr: Agrek' agrek' Xkdu du ì ixkmr cg xkg` xkgx kdek# dxkd` xkmvmrdihdegc }ex}gxdiù il eiaamrem# `memuugrdct ghj}uxu xkm vrdem il g eiaaihdxtxi dxu eiux il vrih}exdi`. +Agr{ 7;47.$

85 Ecgrn 7442> Uiji 7447> Aicd`g g`h Vgcamr 7442# v. ?4.88 J}hui` 7445# v. 7=5> Oi`mlmch 7444# _dekgrhu 7442# g`h Rdcui` 7444.8= Uiji 7447# v. 7;> umm gcui Aicd`g g`h Vgcamr 7442# v. ?4. Rkdcm ag`t g}xkiru

vid`x xi xkm bmivicdxdegc udb`degèm il xkm lgcc il Uiaizg g`h xkm rdum il xkm Ug`hd`duxgud` @degrgb}g |du!!|du xkm ]UGDH ricm d` xkm ui!egccmh uilx!rmuxr}ex}rd`b il Eiuxg _deg

+kdek D hi ìx hduv}xm$# xkdu du g hmogxm xkgx dcc ìx om m`xmrmh d`xi kmrm. U}lem dxxi ugt xkgx D hi ìx umvgrgxm Gamrdegu d`xmrmux d` @degrgb}gu eiaa}`dux xkrmgxlria xkm dhmr erdumu il egvdxgcdua g`h Gamrdegu rmeiùxdx}xmh davmrdgc odh dxkd`Cgxd` Gamrdeg.

8< ]U Gaoguughir# E}rxd` Rdùir# d` Ki`mt 7448# v. = umei`hct# xkm hduedvcd`d`b il cgoi}r

xkri}bk aguud|m cgtillu g`h hm!egvdxgcdugxdi` il d`h}uxrt> xkdrhct# xkm ivm`d`b

}v il xkm cgoi}r agrnmx xi airm eiavmxdxdi`> li}rxkct# g rmh}exdi` d` uiedgc

vribrgaamu g`h u}oudhdmu> g`h# `gcct# xkm d`xrih}exdi` il `m vrih}exdi`

amxkihu ot ummnd`b `m agrnmxu.88 Gu vgrx il xkdu rm`mbixdgxdi` il m{duxd`b

ecguu eiavriadumu# xkm Ai`bm ghad`duxrgxdi` guu}rmh xkm ]UG xkgx Eiuxg

_deg i}ch hmaiùxrgxm xkgx hmaierget g`h cdomrxt grm viuudocm d` Em`xrgc

Gamrdeg hmuvdxm xkm ciiad`b Ug`hd`duxg xkrmgx d` @degrgb}g.8= Udèm Ai`bm#

vrgexdegcct gcc u}oumw}m`x `micdomrgc rmlirau g`h uxgxm rmuxr}ex}rd`b kg|m omm`

ei}ekmh d` lgxgcduxde xmrau ot u}eemuud|m VC@ g`h V]UE bi|mràm`xu.

DDD. ]UGDH# xkm vgrgccmc uxgxm# g`h uxgxm rmuxr}ex}rd`b

. . . ^RQkgx m ermgxmh gu g egueghd`b ei`hdxdi`gcdxt kmrm m bix xkm

Eiuxg _degù xi gbrmm xi hi kgx xkm Rirch Og`n g`xmh# dxk kgx xkm

DAL g`xmh# g`h dxk kgx xkm eiaamredgc og`nu g`xmh. G`h meiirhd gxmh xkm kicm xkd`b ui xkgx xkmt bix g cig` vgengbm . . . g`h xkmt

d` x}r` hdh kgx gu `memuugrt xi agnm kgx gcc il }u g`xmh xi umm hi`m#

irn.8


11/34


12/34

77? Xkiagu Agridu

=7 Ki`mt 7448# v.


13/34


=< Hrg` lria Biuu g`h Vgekmei 7444> Uiji 7447.=2 Ki`mt 7448# v. 2=.=; Ki`mt 7448# Ekgvxmr 5> Uiji 7447> _dekgrhu 7442.=4 Lrgèi g`h Uiji 744?# v. ?;. Omeg}um# gu Ekmr} g`h Bdcc 7442 vid`x i}x# xkm

hduxdèxdi` omxmm` xkm DAL g`h RO du oc}rrt g`h omeg}um xkm ]U kgu g ei`xriccd`bd`xmrmux dxkd` xkma# dx du }`cdnmct xkgx kdbkct ei`xrghdexirt vicdet vrmuerdvxdiù i}chmamrbm i}x il ]UGDH u}bbmuxd`b g emrxgd` `micdomrgc dhmicibdegc ei`|mrbmèm m{duxugai`b xkmum xkrmm nmt meiìade dùxdx}xdiù. Il ìxm# eriuu!ei`hdxdi`gcdxt gu vrikdodxmhd` 74;8 d` xkm Nmav!Nguxm` Gex> ì`mxkmcmuu# g ecium rmcgxdiùkdv rmagd`mh gai`bux

xkmum dùxdx}xdiù. +Umm Ki`mt 7448# v.


14/34

778 Xkiagu Agridu


15/34


16/34

77< Xkiagu Agridu

2;

Rdcui` 744;# v. Er}z g`h Lgedi ?666.;6 Xkm liccid`b g`gctudu i` vmgug`xu rmuduxgèm xi bciogcdugxdi` du xgnm` lria

Mhmcag` 744;# g`h 7444.;7 Mhmcag` 744;# g`h 7444.

omeiam xkm cgoi}r guuiedgxdi` il ekidem d` xkm 7446u lir i|mr 46 vmr em`x il

dèiad`b a}cxd`gxdi`gc eiavg`dmu.2;

Viv}cgr rmuduxgèm

Rkdcm ]UGDH!uviùirmh uxgxm rmuxr}ex}rd`b gu hmudb`mh xi adxdbgxm rmuduxgèm

+g`h oiiux vrixgodcdxt$# xkmum mllirxu xi ukdlx vimr rmcgxdiù dxkd` Eiuxg

_deg ei}ch ìx mcdad`gxm ecguu uxr}bbcm. Viv}cgr hduum`x kgu ag`dlmuxmh dxumcl

xkri}bk |grdi}u lirau il uiedgc rmuduxgèm lria cdomrgxdi` xkmicibt +gexd|m d`

hmlmèm il xkm viir h}rd`b xkm erdudu tmgru il 74;6=$ xi iamù uiedgc

ai|mam`xu# xkgx rium }v d` rmuviùm xi xkmdr dèrmgud`b agrbd`gcdugxdi` dxkd`xkm `mct ui!egccmh hmaiergxdumh meiìat.24 Ilxm` gx xkm lirmlri`x il viv}cgr

rmuduxgèm grm xkm origh!ogumh# r}rgc egavmudì ai|mam`xu eiaviumh cgrbmct

il uagcc lgramru g`h vmgug`xu.;6 Egavmudìu agrekmh# ocienmh kdbkgtu# g`h

ei`h}exmh udx!dù gx bi|mràm`x o}dchd`bu d` vrixmux il uiedgc vribrgaam

e}xogenu# g`h d` mllirxu xi vrmumr|m xkmdr cd|mcdkiih g`h m{duxd`b ecguu

eiavriadumu. Xi xkdu m`h# xkm r}rgc viir liramh hiamuxde gccdgèmu dxk

mgcxkt lgramru# `mbixdgxmh dxk vicdxdedgù# g`h rux rmer}dxmh# xkm` rmjmexmh#

ekgrduagxde i}xudhmru ki egam xi cd|m gai`b xkma g`h xi uvmgn d` xkmdr

`gam. Hmuvdxm eriuu!ecguu gccdgèmu# ei`lri`xgxdi` omxmm` xkm egvdxgcdux

vimr!ocie g`h uagcc lgramru iee}rrmh. D` 74;;# gadhux g` d`xrg! g`h d`xmr!

irbg`dugxdi`gc vicdxdegc umxxd`b d` Ug`xg Er}z# B}g`geguxm# g uxrdnm xiin vcgem

kmrm g lm bi|mràm`x o}dchd`bu mrm iee}vdmh ot um|mrgc hizm` g`brt

vmgug`xu. Rkdcm xkm hdrmex gexdi` cmh xi g` dèrmgum d` ekmgv ermhdxu lir vmgug`xu

g`h# xk}u# d` uiam uagcc gt uilxm`mh meiìade rmuxr}ex}rd`b# ui xii hdh xkm

hdrmex gexdi` rmu}cx d` ghhdxdi`gc bi|mràm`x rmvrmuudi` dxk# lir m{gavcm#

xkm grrmux il vmgug`x cmghmr Agreiu _garmz liccid`b xkm iee}vgxdi`. I|mr

xdam# bd|m` ]UGDH uiedgc eiavmùgxdi` g`h xkm uxr}ex}rgc vimr il egvdxgc#

vmgug`x irbg`dugxdiù mrm liremh xi ukdlx lria ei`lri`xgxdi` xi `mbixdgxdi`.

Xkm hi`brghd`b d` rmuduxgèm uxrgxmbdmu du aghm gcc xkm airm }`hmruxg`hgocmbd|m` xkm lgex xkgx xkm ui!egccmh ]U Liih lir Vmgem gdh vribrgaam mllmexd|mct

dvmh i}x xki}ug`hu il ciegc vrih}emru g`h hmuxritmh xkm `gxdiù liih

umcl!u}ledmèt ot h}avd`b aguud|m gai}`xu il ekmgv eir`# kmgx# g`h rdem

i`xi xkm Eiuxg!_deg` agrnmx.;7 Xkgx du# ot mcdad`gxd`b xkmdr agxmrdgc ogudu lir


17/34


;? Biuu g`h Vgekmei 7444# Ecgrn 7442# g`h Ki`mt 7448# v. 2;.;5 Umm Ki`mt 7448# vv. 24# ;=> Cdzg`i rmxdrmh d` @i|maomr ?66?# g`h kdu u}eemuuir#

Vg}cg B}xdrrmz# kgu guu}rmh gcc xkgx ukm dcc licci xkm ugam `g`edgc g`h ermhdxvicdedmu +@ixdedgu: 3.egvdxgcmu.eia0# = @i|maomr ?66?$.

;8 Ecgrn 7442.;= Ecgrn 7442> Ki`mt 7448# v.


18/34

77; Xkiagu Agridu

;; Cg @ged`# Eiuxg _degu cmghd`b hgdct vgvmr# rg` g` gbbrmuud|m egavgdb` h}rd`bxkm mgrct og`n vrd|gxdugxdi` vmrdih hmì}èd`b xkm hibag il xkm `gxdi`gcdzmh og`nd`butuxma +Ki`mt 7448# v. ;?$.

;4 Ki`mt 7448# vv. ;6 Oiixk 744;# Ekgvxmr ;.46

\gc|mrhm 7445# Biuu g`h Vgekmei 7444.47 Ki`mt 7448# v. ;;.4? Dodh.> Uicu# g ?66? vrmudhm`xdgc eg`hdhgxm# gu xkm` Eiuxg _degu VC@ Vcg``d`b

Ad`duxmr.

Ld`gèdgc cdomrgcdugxdi` vrmuu}rm hdh ìx rmcm`x km`# d` 74;8# xkm davirxg`x

Ai`mt Cg ^Cmt hm cg Ai`mhgQ gu vguumh glxmr xm`xt!xkrmm ki}ru il uxrgdbkx

cmbducgxd|m hmcdomrgxdi` gadhux d`xmùm vrmuu}rm lria Vrmudhm`x Ai`bm# VC@

r}cd`b cdxmu# uxgxm xmekìergxu# hiamuxde egvdxgcu# ]U gaoguughir Rdùir# Cg@ged`#;; ]UGDH hdrmexir Ekgdj# vrmuud`b DAL ei`hdxdi`gcdxt# g`h r}ai}ru il

g ei}v. Ièm vguumh# xkm Ai`mt Cg mllmexd|mct ormgekmh v}ocde ei`xricu i`

hiamuxde ug|d`bu ot gccid`b vrd|gxm og`nu xi rmemd|m xmra hmviudxu il airm

xkgx 7;6 hgtu# g`h ot vmradxxd`b emrxgd` xrgùgexdiù d` ]U hiccgru.;4 Xkdu gu

g |dexirt lir oixk hiamuxde g`h lirmdb` egvdxgcu xkgx uxiih xi om`mx lria

cdomrgcdugxdi`. D` xkm cmgh }v xi dxu vguud`b# oixk }umh xkm ixkmr xi ioue}rm

xkm lgex xkgx mgek g`xmh xkmum rmlirau.

D`xi xkm cgxm!74;6u# xkm DAL agd`xgd`mh hm`gxdi`gcdugxdi` vrmuu}rm agnd`b

xkm gvvri|gc il xkm Aihmr`dugxdi` il xkm @gxdi`gc Og`nd`b Utuxma Gex +74;;$#

kdek ui}bkx xi l}rxkmr hmrmb}cgxm xkm og`nd`b umexir# g rmw}drmam`x il Eiuxg

_degu umei`h uxr}ex}rgc ghj}uxam`x cig`.46 Xkm 74;; Gex ukdlxmh uxgxm vimr

ei`b}rgxdiù ot rmai|d`b xkm Ad`duxmr il Vcg``d`b g`h xkm Ad`duxmr il xkm

Meiìat lria xkm Em`xrgc Og`nu Oigrh il Hdrmexiru# kdek kgh kdxkmrxi

lg|i}rmh uiedgc hm|mcivam`x i|mr ai`mxgrt eiùdhmrgxdiù# kg`hd`b xkm

agjirdxt il Oigrh umgxu xi xkm `gxdi`gc vrd|gxm umexir.47 Ui# xii# hdh xkm 74;;

Gex ì b}grg`xmm hmviudxu +ìxgoct liccid`b xkm Iexiomr 74;2 Rgcc Uxrmmx

erguk$ d` vrd|gxm og`nu g`h `gèm eiavg`dmu ot xkm uxgxm. Xkm UO@u irdbd`gcct

d`xm`hmh hmaiergxdugxdi` il ermhdx ì kgh omm` rmvcgemh ot xkm uiedgcdugxdi`

il rdun. Xkdu amgù# gu Ixx` Uicu v}x dx# xkgx vrixu grm vrd|gxdzmh kdcmciuumu grm xkm rmuviùdodcdxt il xkm uxgxm.4? Liccid`b u}oumw}m`x UO@ rmlirau

d` 744= xkgx gccimh vrd|gxm og`nu xi eiavmxm i` mw}gc liixd`b dxk xkm xkrmm

rmagd`d`b uxgxm og`nu# VC@ Vrmudhm`x Ldb}mrmu gxxmavxmh xi umcc xkmum rmagd`d`b

uxgxm og`nu d` 7442. Xkm umcc!ill kgu ìx tmx iee}rrmh gu dx ei`xd`}mu xi om g

uiedgcct ei`xm`xdi}u duu}m. @i`mxkmcmuu# xkmrm kgu omm` g` m{vciudi` il i|mr

xm`xt vrd|gxm eiaamredgc og`nu g`h `gèdgc dùxdx}xdiù xkgx grm ì

rmb}cgxmh ot xkm Em`xrgc Og`n xkri}bk xkm Bm`mrgc U}vmrd`xm`hm`x il Ld`gèdgc

M`xdxdmu +U]BML$. Il xkmum# xkm cgrbmux vrd|gxm og`nu dèc}hm Ogèi D`xmr`#


19/34


45 _iodùi` ?665# Ekgvxmr 7.48 _iodùi` ?665# v. 78=.

Ogèi Ug` Jiu# Ogèi Og`m{# OgÈrmem`# g`h xkm bciogc Eg`ghdg` og`n#

Ueixdgog`n.

Uxgxm rmuxr}ex}rd`b gu xrgù`gxdi`gcdugxdi` ir d`xmr`gxdi`gcdugxdi`9

Xkm ricm il \MDu g`h xkm vgrgccmc uxgxm# rm`mbixdgxmh ecguu eiavriadumu# viv}cgr

rmuduxgèm# g`h g` mamrbm`x `gèdgc irxkihi{t# grm kduxirdegcct ei`xd`bm`x

aiam`xu xkgx d`dxdgxmh# ukgvmh# g`h aihdmh xkm mamrbmèm il Eiuxg!_deg`

`micdomrgcdua dxkd` xkm ei`xm{x il g egvdxgcdux irch agrnmx. Xkm orighmr

davcdegxdiù il xkmum ekg`bmu kg|m omeiam g vid`x il hmogxm dxkd` kduxirdegc

agxmrdgcdua. Himu `micdomrgcdua rmvrmum`x mamrbd`b xrgù`gxdi`gc ir d`xmùdmhd`xmr`gxdi`gc vriemuumu9 I` xkm udhm il xrgù`gxdi`gc vriemuumu# _iodùiù

m{emvxdi`gc g`gctudu il Em`xrgc Gamrdeg u}bbmuxu# dxk bciogcdugxdi`# m grm

dx`muud`b g` mviekgc ukdlx g`h xkm rm!irbg`dugxdi` il uiedgc uxr}ex}rmu

m|mrtkmrm. Rkdcm xkmrm du ì uvgem kmrm xi bd|m j}uxdem xi xkm rdek`muu g`h

`}gèmu il _iodùiù xkmudu# km udb`gcu xi vd|ixgc vid`xu: ruxct# xkm rdum il

xrgù`gxdi`gc egvdxgc g`h# umei`hct# xkm u}vmremuudi` il xkm `gxdi`!uxgxm gu xkm

g{du il irch hm|mcivam`x.45 @m vgxxmrù il gee}a}cgxdi` g`h vrih}exdi`

kg|m omm` aghm viuudocm ot xmekìcibt xkgx kg|m kmcvmh ai}ch xkm irch

d`xi g ud`bcm# l}èxdi`gcct d`xmbrgxmh bciogc utuxma. Bciogc egvdxgcdua du hm`mh

gu xkm xrgù`gxdi`gc d`xmbrgxdi` il `gxdi`gc meiìadmu# rmcgxmh xkri}bk m{xmr`gc

m{ekg`bmu. G `m egvdxgc!cgoi}r rmcgxdi`# ukgvmh ot xkm rmcgxd|m vimr il

bciogc egvdxgc i|mr bciogc cgoi}r# kgu omm` {mh }`hmr guuiedgxmh vgxxmrù il

m{docm gee}a}cgxdi`. Xrgù`gxdi`gc egvdxgc kgu mamrbmh gu xkm hiad`g`x

lrgexdi` il egvdxgc. @gxdi`!uxgxm dùxdx}xdiù grm omd`b u}vmremhmh ot g umx il

xrgù`gxdi`gc dùxdx}xdiù. D`hmmh# g `m xrgù`gxdi`gc uiedgc uxr}ex}rm du

mamrbd`b kmrmd` xkm uxgxm du ì ci`bmr xkm gvvrivrdgxm }`dx xi m{gad`m xkm

bciogc vicdxdegc meiìat. Gu u}ek# _iodùi` viudxu xkm xrgù`gxdi`gc uxgxm gu

g eiùxmccgxdi` il ecguu liremu g`h rmcgxdiù# aghm }v il g umx il u}vrg`gxdi`gc#

vicdxdegc g`h meiìade dùxdx}xdiù g`h vrgexdemu# xkgx xrgùadx xkm xrgù`gxdi`gcegvdxgcdux gbm`hg dxkd` ì egvx}rmh g`h rm!irbg`dumh `gxdi`!uxgxmu

m|mrtkmrm. Lir Eiuxg _deg# dx du tmx gìxkmr ciegc uxgxm egvx}rmh ot xrgù`gxdi`gc

lrgexdiù xkgx xkm` }um xkm uxgxm xi bciogcdum xkm ei}`xrt.48

Rkdcm _iodùi` g`h D mavkgudum ag`t il xkm ugam kduxirdegc hm|mcivam`xu#

um|mrgc vid`xu il xkmirmxdegc ei`xm`xdi` grdum xkgx eg` i`ct om kdbkcdbkxmh# o}x

kdek grm u}vvirxmh dxkd` at orighmr g`gctudu. Ldrux# D u}bbmux xkgx egvdxgc


20/34

7?6 Xkiagu Agridu

4= Vg`dxek g`h Bd`hd` ?665# Gcoi ?665. Xkm bmibrgvkt il ai`mt cdxmrgx}rm illmrua}ek xi om gvvrmedgxmh d` xkdu rmbgrh +umm Eirordhbm# Xkrdlx# g`h Agrxd` 7448$.

4< Lir g erdxdw}m il xkm xm`hmèt il xkm xrgù`gxdi`gc kduxirdegc agxmrdgcduxu xi rmdltr}cd`b!ecguu gbmèt# umm Eicu ?66?.

42 _iodùi` ?665# vv. 8?5# 82.4; Ot exdxdi}u uvgem D ga rmlmrrd`b xi _iodùiù xrgù`gxdi`gcdua. At eièmvx}gc

hdllmrmèmu grm egvx}rmh c}edhct ot Gcoi ki# rmlmrrd`b xi d`xmr`gxdi`gc egvdxgcduxeiavmxdxdi`# uvmgnu il ciegc g`h vgrxde}cgr lirau il |gc}m vrih}exdi` xkgx grmei``mexmh dxk xkm gouxrgex g`h }`d|mrugc iu il ai`mt d` xkm irch agrnmx +Gcoi?665# v. 48$.

kgu ìx tmx xrgùem`hmh g`h du gu tmx ìx hm!cd`nmh lria uxgxmu m|mrtkmrm.

Rkdcm egvdxgc kgu omm` bciogc lria dxu dèmvxdi`# vrixu grm uxdcc rmgcdumh#

ei`xrgexu g`h vrivmrxt vrixmexmh# ai`mt b}grg`xmmh# cgoi}r hduedvcd`mh# uiedgc

g`h ecguu rmvrih}exdi` iee}ru g`h du rmvrih}emh# g`h xkm d`xmr`gxdi`gcgee}a}cgxdi` il egvdxgc egrrdmh i}x dxkd` hiamuxde uvgemu# ìx xrgùem`hm`xgc

i`mu.4= Dx rmagdù dxkd` g`h geriuu hiamuxde uvgemu xkgx ecguu uxr}bbcm rgbmu

g`h uxrgxmbdmu grm dùxdx}xdi`gcdumh. Umei`h# kdcm _iodùi` du ecmgrct umùdxd|m

xi xkm egvdxgc!cgoi}r rmcgxdi`# km ì`mxkmcmuu i|mrmavkgudumu xkm gbmèt il

xkm egvdxgcdux ecguu# uvmedegcct kdu hiad`g`x xrgù`gxdi`gc lrgexdi`.4< Om dx g

uxrgxmbde lie}u ir ìx# xkdu lrmmzmu xkm egvdxgc!cgoi}r rmcgxdi` g`h l}èxdi`gcdumu

xkm uxgxm gu g xiic il xrgù`gxdi`gcu. Ot lmxdukdud`b xkm vimr il xrgù`gxdi`gcu#

bciogc g`h hiamuxde d`xmr!egvdxgcdux ei`dex ummau xi dxkmr ggt. D` xkdu

umùm# ìx i`ct du dx adurmvrmum`xgxd|m il egvdxgcdux eiavmxdxdi` o}x dx omeiamu

gcaiux daviuudocm xi umm ki ekg`bm g`h)ir erdudu eg` iee}r. Xkdrh# dx du i`ct

ot lmxdukdud`b xrgù`gxdi`gc egvdxgcdux vimr gu maoihdmh dxkd` egvdxgc gci`m

xkgx _iodùi` eg` viudx xkm xrgù`gxdi`gc uxgxm gu g xrgùadxxd`b gbm`x. Kim|mr#

km eg`ìx ombd` g` g`gctudu il egvdxgc g`h uxgxm ogumh i` xkm uiedgc lira

g`h xkm` u}hhm`ct gcci xkgx egvdxgc!cgoi}r rmcgxdi` xi ucdv ggt dxkd` g

u}vviumh +xrgù$`gxdi`gc uvgem ir uxgxm. Xk}u# kdcm _iodùi` gbrmmu dxk

@deiu Vi}cg`xzgu xkgx xkm uxgxm du g uiedgc rmcgxdi`#42 xkm X@U dxumcl eg`ìx om

xkm maoihdam`x il xrgù`gxdi`gc egvdxgc gci`m dl km dukmu xi rmagd` xr}m xi

xkm uiedgc lira. Airmi|mr# m|m` xi ombd` ot brglxd`b g Vi}cg`xzdg` uxgxm i`xi

g xrgù`gxdi`gc i`m du m{emmhd`bct vriocmagxde m|m` airm ui udèm# gu _iodùi`genìcmhbmu# xkm X@U kgu ìx tmx agxmrdgcdumh.

Xi g|idh xkmum vriocmau g`h agd`xgd` xkm uiedgc lira g`h ecguu uxr}bbcm

gu em`xrgc xi kduxirdegc!agxmrdgcdux g`gctumu# `micdomrgc uxgxm rmuxr}ex}rd`b du

omxxmr eièmd|mh gu d xmr`gxdi`gcdugxdi`# g vriemuu kdek kgu tmx xi iee}vt g

exdxdi}u uvgem omti`h uxgxmu.4; Rkdcm gx rux g rmgexdi` xi erdudu# xkm d`xmr!

`gxdi`gcdugxdi` il xkm uxgxm kgu omeiam g` dèrmgud`bct uxr}ex}rgc lmgx}rm il


21/34

Xkm Mamrbmèm il @micdomrgcdua d` Eiuxg _deg 7?7

44 Vg`dxek g`h Bd`hd` ?665# v. 72.766 Cg`bcmt ?66?.767 Big` 7444# vv. ?8=> Uimhmromrb ?667o.

`micdomrgcdua kmrmd` xkm dùxdx}xdi`gc lira il uxgxm kgu eiam xi geemvx

rmuviùdodcdxt lir ag`gbd`b dxu hiamuxde egvdxgcdux irhmr d` g gt xkgx

ei`xrdo}xmu xi xkm i|mrgcc ag`gbmam`x il xkm d`xmr`gxdi`gc egvdxgcdux irhmr.44

D` xkm egum il Eiuxg _deg# gu m nì# uxr}ex}rgc ghj}uxam`x kgu omm` lgedcdxgxmhot xkm DAL# Rirch Og`n# ]UGDH# g`h ui lirxk# o}x xkdu himu ìx davct xkgx

xkmum dùxdx}xdiù kg|m xrgùem`hmh ir hm!cd`nmh lria hiamuxde d`xmrmuxu ir

xkgx `micdomrgcdua du g xrgù`gxdi`gc hdexgxm. _gxkmr# d`xmr`gxdi`gcdugxdi` du

u}ek xkgx hiamuxde g`h lirmdb` egvdxgcu omeiam cd`nmh dxkd` vimr ocieu

lir rmguiù dèc}hd`b geemuu xi cgoi}r# vrixmexdi` il vrd|gxm vrivmrxt# rmgcdugxdi`

il vrixu# b}grg`xmm il ei`xrgexu# g`h ume}rdxt il ai`mt xi `gam o}x g lm.

_gxkmr xkg` g uaiixk xrgù`gxdi`gc xrgùdxdi`gc vriemuu# eiavmxd`b hiamuxde

egvdxgcu xrt xi ukgvm xi xkmdr gh|g`xgbm xkm d`xmr|m`xdiù il d`xmr`gxdi`gc

`gèdgc dùxdx}xdiù# j}ux gu a}ek gu eiavmxd`b lirmdb` egvdxgcu hi. Kduxirdegc

g`gctudu dcc}ad`gxmu xkm rmgc ei`xi}ru il ki xkdu vcgtu i}x hdllmrm`xct d`

hdllmrm`x vcgemu.

Rm eg` umm xkdu hiamuxde uvmededxt d` mllirxu xi vrd|gxdum xkm `gxdi`gc

og`nd`b utuxma +UO@$# g vriemuu kdek du ciegxmh rmcgxd|m xi xi orighmr g`h

d`xmrrmcgxmh guvmexu il ]U davmrdgcdua. I` xkm i`m kg`h# m rmeib`dzm guvmexu

il `gèdgcdzgxdi`: xkm viux!74;6u dèrmgud`bct uxr}ex}rgc lmgx}rm il uvme}cgxd|m

egvdxgc gee}a}cgxdi` xkri}bk ermhdx vrgexdemu.766 I` xkm ixkmr kg`h# m

rmeib`dum guvmexu il xkm Hiccgr!Rgcc!Uxrmmx _bdam +HRU_$: xkm muumèm il

xkm mamrbm`x bciogc ht`gade# kmrmd` xkm em`xrgcdxt il xkm hiccgr hdrmexu

vmivcm xigrhu Rgcc Uxrmmx lir `gèm# g`h xkm uxrm`bxk il Rgcc Uxrmmx# gu g`gèdgc em`xrm# rmd`liremu xkm hiccgr gu g` d`xmr`gxdi`gc e}rrmèt.767 X}r`d`b

xi xkm hiamuxde uvkmrm# m umm ki ]UGDH `gèdgc d`|ic|mam`x gu

liradhgocm g`h gekdm|mh a}ek d` xmrau il bgd`d`b hiamuxde gccdmu g`h

i|mreiad`b uiam il xkm kgrukmr aiam`xu il erdudu g`h `micdomrgc rmuxr}ex}rd`b.

\dg xkdu ]U!uviùirmh xrgùlmr il ai`mt xi xkm egvdxgcdux ecguu# hiamuxde g`h

lirmdb` egvdxgc m`jitmh ag`t om`mxu d` Eiuxg _deg xkri}bk `m g`h uglm

egvdxgc |gcirdugxdi` ivvirx}`dxdmu. D` xkdu# m umm xkm vgrgccmc uxgxm gu g`

dùxdx}xdi`gc m{vrmuudi` g`h lira il ]U davmrdgc vimr xkgx gu gcui m`jitmh

ot hiamuxde cdxmu ot hmudb`. Xkdu vimr gu }umh xi gcxmr vrih}exdi` g`h

vimr rmcgxdiù gai`b Eiuxg!_deg` cdxmu# xkgx du# vimr rmcgxdiù dxkd` xkm

hiamuxde vimr ocie# omxmm` xkm vimr ocie g`h viv}cgr ecguumu# g`h dxkd`


22/34

7?? Xkiagu Agridu

76?

J}hui` 7445# v. 7=?. UGV!hmvm`hmèt kgu m|ic|mh d`xi kgx Vg`dxek g`h Bd`hd`kg|m rmlmrrmh xi gu g `m davmrdgc oi`h# ir lirmdb` hdrmex d`|muxam`x hmvm`hmèt+Vg`dxek g`h Bd`hd` ?665# v. 74$.

765 Xkm liccid`b du hrg` lria Li{ 744;# g`h ?665.

viv}cgr ecguumu# xkmrmot gccid`b lir airm mllmexd|m g`h cmbdxdagxm d`xmr|m`xdi`

d` meiìade rmuxr}ex}rd`b. D` xkdu umùm# vrm!m{duxd`b Eiuxg!_deg` uxr}ex}rgc

hmvm`hmèdmu# u}ek gu g` gbri!m{virx meiìat g`h d`xmr`gxdi`gc hmox!`gèd`b#

mrm gcxmrmh g`h brglxmh i|mr ot g `m g`h mamrbd`b UGV!hmvm`hmèt.76? Dùkirx# xkm goi|m umr|mu xi dcc}uxrgxm xkgx kgxm|mr `micdomrgc rmlirau xkm

Gamrdeg` g`h hiamuxde vimr ocieu g`xmh hi`m# xkmt uxdcc kgh xi iee}r

xkri}bk# g`h om dùxdx}xdi`gcdumh d`# xkm Eiuxg!_deg` uxgxm d` irhmr xi i|mreiam

m{duxd`b ecguu eiavriadumu g`h bgd` g`h agd`xgd` cmbdxdaget +d` ixkmr irhu#

`micdomrgcdua du ìx amrmct daviumh$. Xkm Eiuxg!_deg` dùxdx}xdi`gc lira il

uxgxm gu d`|ic|mh omeg}um il dxu ricm d` xkm irbg`dugxdi` il eiavmxd`b egvdxgcu#

ei`xric il cgoi}r# g`h dxu amhdgxirt ricm omxmm` egvdxgc g`h cgoi}r. Xkm

w}muxdi` rmagdù# kim|mr# uiam xm`xt tmgru i` lria xkm d`dxdgc 74;6u erdudu

g`h 766!Hgt Vcg`: kgu `micdomrgcdua u}eemmhmh ir lgdcmh lir xkm agjirdxt il

Eiuxg _degù9

\D. Xkm cmuuiù il xm`xt tmgru il `micdomrgcdua

]UGDH cmuuiù cmgr`mh

Iuxmùdoct# gu g rmu}cx il lxt tmgru il d`xmr|m`xdi`# ]UGDH u}bbmuxu xkgx dxu

`gèdgc g`h xmek`degc guuduxgèm kgu udb`deg`xct ei`xrdo}xmh xi Eiuxg!_deg`

mclgrm# gu xmuxdmh xi ot g kmgcxkdmr# mgcxkdmr# g`h omxxmr mh}egxmh viv}cgem#

ekgrgexmrdumh ot g airm mw}dxgocm dèiam hduxrdo}xdi` g`h g omxxmr agd`xgd`mhm`|driàm`xgc ogum xkg` dx i}ch kg|m kgh dxki}x ]UGDH.765 Eiuxg _deg

kgu amx xkm m{vmexgxdiù il Gamrdegù omeg}um dx rmagdù uxri`bct hmaiergxde

g`h rmuvmexu k}ag` rdbkxu +lir dùxgèm# ed|dc g`h vicdxdegc rdbkxu kg|m omm`

agd`xgd`mh$. Edxd`b Ekdcm gu g airm vriocmagxde m{vmrdmèm dxk `micdomrgc

ghj}uxam`x# Eiuxg _deg umr|mu gu g aihmc lir Cgxd` Gamrdeg omeg}um# udèm

xkm ekgccm`bmu il xkm mgrct 74;6u# dxu meiìat kgu u}eemuul}cct d`xmbrgxmh d`xi

xkm `m irch meiìat kdcm omd`b g cmghmr d` meiutuxma ag`gbmam`x. Lir

]UGDH# dl i`ct


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Documents

From Economic Crisis to a ‘State’ of Crisis?: The Emergence of Neoliberalism in Costa Rica_HM 2005