From Here to

Beneficial AGI

Dr. Ben Goertzel

The next wave of radical AI progress:

The transition from narrow AI to

artificial general intelligence (AGI)

“We have reviewed progress

in the field over the past six

years. Our conclusion is

near term AGI should be

taken as a serious

opportunity. – Ilya SutskeverOpenAI

Founder and Research Director

1970s

2000s - 2010s

THE FUTURE

The AI field shifts towards Narrow AI application due to the

apparent difficulty of realizing early AGI visions

Cheap powerful computing and abundant data fuel a

commercial Narrow AI Revolution, focused heavily on

neural net algorithms analyzing huge datasets

Limitations of neural net data analytics becomes clear,

attention begins shifting to neural-symbolic method and the

search for new ideas

Russian National AGI Initiative

AGI begins to garner serious attention in industry and

government

Steady Narrow AI research progress,

most funding and applications are military

Cogistry moving toward AGI via Narrow AGI and

Computational Creativity

AGI

Historical

Timeline

1980s - 90s

Google invests $500+ million in Deep Mind

Microsoft invests $1 billion in OpenAI

2014

2019

Narrow AISpecific to narrow domains

Levels of AI

Artificial Super IntelligenceBeyond human-level AGI

Artificial General IntelligenceAbility to learn new domains and create

imaginatively

Narrow AGIGeneral learning ability within a domain

Major Roadblocks Remain Between

Here and Global AGI

No CooperationInteroperation of AIs

is unsystematic and

awkward

Top-Down

ControlA few large

corporations and

governments

control the AI scene

Weak

GeneralizationNarrow AIs are poor at

dealing with novel

situations outside their

training contexts

From Narrow AI to AGI

via Narrow AGI

● The path from here to AGI will be carried out

largely via the creation of “Narrow AGI” systems

that serve practical functions in specific

application areas

● A Narrow AGI service-robotics system would

display near human-like general intelligence in

the home and office service robotics domain, but

not necessarily much expertise outside this

domain of knowledge

● Similarly one may have biomedical Narrow AGIs,

Smart City Controller Narrow AGIs, etc.

● Connecting together multiple Narrow AGIs is one

path to a full-scale AGI

● To make this connection work AGI systems will

require components with everyday human

commonsense knowledge and practical

creativity

We at SingularityNET believe we have the

critical ingredients for advancing from

narrow AI to narrow AGI

Platforms !!!

Historically, the AI field has fostered a variety of

paradigms.

In recent years deep neural networks have become

commercially dominant, due largely to their success at

visual and auditory analysis and generation tasks.

Today there is an increasing realization that deep

neural nets will not suffice for AGI, and that these

useful narrow tools will have to be combined with

different AI modalities to achieve generalization and

creativity.

Some recent “deep neural net” successes are actually

hybrid architectures:

● AlphaGo architecture from Google DeepMind

integrates two neural nets with one game tree

● ERNIE architecture for Natural Language

Processing question-answering from

Tsinghua University integrates knowledge

graphs into neural networks

LOGIC

SYSTEMS

EVOLUTIONARY

LEARNING

ARTIFICIAL

LIFE

Shift Toward Hybrid

Architecture

NEURAL

NETWORKS

OpenCog, founded 2008, is a hybrid neural-symbolic AGI

architecture that stores its learned knowledge in a hypergraph

knowledge base known as its Atomspace.

The largest global AGI project outside of

big tech companies

Integrates logic systems, neural

networks, and evolutionary learning in a

single architecture, with multiple AI

algorithms acting on the same dynamic

knowledge hypergraph known as the

Atomspace

OpenCog AGI Platform

Integrated into SingularityNET platform

Computational Creativity via Cogistry

● Algorithmic chemistry was first articulated

by Walter Fontana, and the basic concept is

to create a collection of machine

instructions that are able to symbiotically

interact with each other

● In algorithmic chemistry, Machine Code A

can do work on Machine Code B to

transform it into Machine Code C – and

these Machine Codes all exist together

within a ‘primordial algorithmic soup’,

where they can act on each other and

create new interesting and dynamic

structures

● Cogistry involves a ‘self-modifying

algorithmic soup’ existing in OpenCog’s

Atomspace that is enhanced by advanced

AI algorithms such as hypergraph pattern

mining and probabilistic reasoning

Adds a self-organizing

imagination and creativity

component to the OpenCog

architecture

Cogistry is an attempt to

create new

AI/AGI/Artificial-Life on

OpenCog, through the

concept of algorithmic

chemistry

CREATIVITY

ALGORITHMIC

CHEMISTRY

Blockchain/Distributed

Ledger + Off-chain

Messaging/Storage

Infrastructure Abstraction

Data

AI Algorithms

Data Processing

Tools

AI Solutions/Services

Software & Hardware

Applications

Market

AGI Token

AI nodes may join

together into

“federations” –

subnetworks of nodes

that habitually work

together to carry out

particular sorts of tasks

All nodes in the SingularityNET carry out diverse

cognitive and analytic operations, and exchange diverse

types of data

This is a “network

effect” from both

business and cognitive

perspectives

Video Analysis Node

Voice Samples in need

of Sentiment Analysis

Voice Analysis AI Node

Semantic Analysis of

Sentences

Sentences in need of

Semantic Analysis

Natural Language

Processing AI Node

Sentiment Labeled

Voice SamplesList of Objects in

Video

Video Clips in Need

of Object

Recognition

1

4Singularity StudioEnterprise AI via AGI + Blockchain

1

5TODALARITY: AI + Blockchain Startup

Accelerator•

Co-founded by industry pioneers

• SingularityNET, the leading decentralized AI platform

• Toda, the breakthrough scalable secure value

transaction platform•

Providing seed funding, wisdom and hands-on help to startups

• based anywhere on the planet

• leveraging SingularityNET, Toda, and/or other leading

technologies at the intersection of AI and blockchain•

Accelerating the growth of the decentralized AI ecosystem

Bringing Robots to Life

Loving AI"robots that respond with

unconditional love"

Hanson Robotics humanoid robot “Sophia”

has been used experimentally as a

meditation coach —

and pilot psychological studies

are very promising!

Sophia as a Meditation Coach

Robot Preschool:

One Initial AGI Testing Ground

● One way to proceed toward AGI is via creating a Narrow

AGI system demonstrating human-like general

intelligence in a “robot preschool” context

● A wheeled humanoid robot with flexible hand-like

manipulators and high-quality video and audio sensors, in a

“preschool” type environment, is within the scope of

commodity technologies and can easily be built in a lab for

research use or mass-produced commercially

● SingularityNET founders led the Sophia robot software

team at Hanson Robotics, and bring this experience to

Cogistry

● This system will then be integrated with applied

commercial narrow AI systems built using OpenCog,

yielding Narrow AGIs for other domains

From Robot Preschool to

Commercial Narrow AGI

Robot school can be used to train commercial robotic products, such as

domestic robot helpers and construction workers

AGI PRESCHOOL TRAIN VERTICAL

APPLICATIONS

COMMERCIAL

NARROW AGI

Making Smart Cities

Actually Smart

In 2018-19, OpenCog and SingularityNET partnered with

Cisco to build a neural-symbolic reasoning system for

traffic analytics in smart cities.

The team built a system using OpenCog’s abductive

reasoning to analyze street scenes and re-identify objects

within a smart city across non-overlapping cameras.

This neural-symbolic reasoning system did not just

populate a symbolic knowledge base with labels produced

by DNNs in a bottom-up way. Instead, it performed

grounded reasoning, guided by both data and seed

ontology, over symbols connected to subsymbolic

data, assembling module networks on the fly.

Such tight integration of deep neural networks and

symbolic reasoning allowed OpenCog to detect

undesirable behavior, such as jaywalking and possible

collisions alerts, and identify anomalies by creatively

discovering surprising patterns.

Neural-Symbolic AGI: OpenCog Smart City Application

Would You Like to Live

1000000 Years?

Supercentenarians (>105)

Data provided by James Clement and

supercentenarian.com.

27 whole genome sequences taken from

subjects 105 – 117 years old. 14 women & 13

men of European ancestry.

Control group (chosen by SingularityNET) –

503 European samples from 1000 Genomes.

GWAS shows no genome-wide significant

SNPs

Extreme longevity phenotype is associated with above

average genome-wide SNP density

BETTER HUMANS vs CONTROL The mean SNPs per sample was

21% larger in the supercentarians when

compared to average humans (p < 2.2e-

16*)

BETTER FLIES vs CONTROL Methuselah Flies vs Control: mean SNPs per

sample 23% larger(p < 2.2e-16*)

*Welch Two Sample t-test

Analysis of Supercentenarian Data

using MOSES AI toolMOSES – probabilistic evolutionary program learning algorithm from OpenCog AGI framework -- used to evolve boolean classification models

Feature set: 38k subset of SNPs in exons of genes described in: Longevity‐related molecular pathways are subject to midlife “switch” in humans.*

800 transcripts from muscle & brain tissue,

including IGF‐1/PI3K/mTOR pathway, are

coherently co-expressed only in cohort

aged 30 to 60 years

Linear model relating expression levels to

age fails in cohort aged 60 to 90.

Drugs extending lifespan in model

organisms regulate IGF‐1/PI3K/mTOR

pathway similarly to model.

MOSES results

10 cross validated runs yielded 70 models

balanced accuracy 0.73 – 1.0, F1 > 0.98

positive predictive value 1.0

Negative predictive value > 0.9986

57 SNPs in 68 HGNC genesAND

OR

OR

NOT 3:10035899

A/C

19:8547635

T/G het

17:4856312

T/C het

2061147728

T/C het

8:8099555

G/T

OpenCog-based

Gene Annotation

Service developed

by:

SingularityNET/Mozi AI Service for

Annotating/Interpreting Analysis Results

Rejuve’s mission is to accelerate longevity

therapeutics by connecting individuals, medical

clinics, biology labs and AIs.

Rejuve has been incubated since early 2018

within the SingularityNET Foundation, creators of

the leading decentralized blockchain-based AI

platform.

rejuve.io

REJUVE

REGENERATIVE

MEDICINEARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

BLOCKCHAIN NETWORK

RJV tokens flow through the

network, compensating

individuals and clinics for their

data, clinics for their

therapeutic services, AIs for

their analytic services, and

researchers for their

discoveries

Biomedical researchers

push toward new

longevity therapy

discoveries via applying

SingularityNET AI to

individual members’

biomedical data

RJV: payment

for data access

RJV: payment

for data access

Data from lab experiments

AI services for analysis and

hypothesis generation

Personalized

analytics

Personal

biomedical data

RJV: payment

for data

analyticsPersonal

biomedical data

SINGULARITYNET AI AGENTSBIOMEDICAL RESEARCHERS

INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS

RJV/AGI: payment for data analytics

Biomedical researchers

push toward new longevity

therapy discoveries via

putting together data from

individual members and

member clinics

RJV: payment

for data access

New therapies

RJV/AGI: payment for AI

analytics

Data gathered during clinical

procedures

Therapies

delivered in

clinic

Data: general personal

biometric data, and data

gathered during clinical

procedures

RJV: payment

for clinical

therapeutic

procedures

Personal

biomedical data

LONGEVITY CLINICSBIOMEDICAL RESEARCHERS

INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS

SMART FASTING

APP

● Provides guidance to people wanting to

fast for health and longevity

● Gathers personal data and shapes

advice on this basis

● Data gathered goes into the Rejuve data

cloud, strongly encrypted

● Results from applying SingularityNET AI

to the data gathered are used to improve

the app’s recommendations and to fuel

longevity research

● Results and proceeds of research fueled

by user data, are shared with users

SMART FASTING

APP

Narrow AISpecific to narrow domains

Levels of AI

Artificial Super IntelligenceBeyond human-level AGI

Artificial General IntelligenceAbility to learn new domains and create

imaginatively

Narrow AGIGeneral learning ability within a domain