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From Stargazing to Space TravelOur brief history into space
Science in the NewsElaine Garcia
Angela She
November 4th, 2015
Why do we care?
Gives us perspective• What did our forefathers think of the Heavens?
• Why did they think that?
• How did theories change throughout time?
Gives us purpose• Mystery drives inquiry and discovery.
Important Lessons were Learned and will Continue to be Discovered!
Keywords
Astrology – The study and interpretation of the movements and
positions of celestial bodies in relation to Earth and Earthly affairs.
Astronomy – The study of physical objects in space: gas, dust,
stars, planets, moons, comets, and other non-Earthly mass and
phenomena.
• Astrophysics – The study of the physical nature and energy
of cosmic mass.
• Cosmology – A branch of study that theorizes about the
origin and nature of the universe.
l
Outline
1. Star Gazing• Theories about why, where, and how
2. Star Studying• Technology to study the unknown
3. Star Reaching• Demo on space exploration
Outline
1. Star Gazing• Theories about why, where, and how
2. Star Studying• Technology to study the unknown
3. Star Reaching• Demo on space exploration
What are stars’ purpose?
Are they the actions, moods, or warnings of
celestial beings?
Star Worship
Is their existence independent and separated
from Earth’s existence and purpose?
Star Navigation and Measurement
Greek Rule
Zeus King of Gods
Hera Queen of Gods
Poseidon God of the Sea
Hades God of the Underworld
Helios The Sun God
Ares God of War
Aphrodite Goddess of Love
Eros God of Love
Athena Goddess of Wisdom
Hephaestus God of Fire/Forge
Wikicommons.com
Millennia of Lessons
1750+ BC
The earliest records of
astronomical observations
and mathematics.
570 BC
Pythagoras was born
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Pythagoras
Pythagoras founded a school
• Reality is Mathematical
• Philosophy can be used for
spiritual purification
• All students of the school
should observe strict
loyalty and secrecy
• MUSIC
MATH
PHILOSOPHY
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Millennia of Lessons
1750+ BC
570 BC
427 BC
Plato was born
• The heavens are
combinations of
geometric shapes
• Geometry is key to
understanding the
universe
• Stars rotate around the
Earth in simple circular
paths
Pixabay.com
Geocentricism
• If the Earth did move, then one ought to
be able to observe the stars shifting.
• Constellations would change shape and
not repeat year after year.
• In fact, the Earth DOES move, but the
stars are much father away than
imagined thus making their shifting
undetectable.
Millennia of Lessons
1750+ BC
570 BC
427 BC
384 BC
310 BC
Aristarchus was born
• Known as the first person to
have proposed heliocentricism
• Wrote “On the Dimensions
and Distances of the Sun and
Moon”
The Epicycle explains
planetary movements
• Sometimes it was seen
that stars (which were
really planets) did not
move from East to West
• This movement was
attributed to an epicycle
• Even though he was
wrong, he wrote 30
volumes on the
subject!
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Millennia of Lessons
1700
1600
1400
Nicolaus Copernicus
• Published his book
“On the
Revolutions of
Celestial Spheres”
• Triggered the
Copernican
Revolution, making
an important
contribution to the
Scientific
Revolution
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Heliocentricism is SupportedG
alil
eo
Ga
lile
i • Supported Heliocentric Theory
• Supported Circular Orbits
• Made significant discoveries in fundamental science (motion) and applied science (strength of material, optimizing the telescope
• Died under house arrest
Jo
ha
nn
es K
ep
ler • Incorporated religious
reasoning into his work
• Elliptical orbit calculations are more elegant than circular orbit calculations
• He published a 3 part work “Epitome of Copernican Astronomy” which described planetary motion
Issa
cN
ew
ton • Formulated the
laws of motion and universal gravitation
• Used these laws to support elliptical planetary orbits and other things, thus removing doubts to heliocentricism
• Built the first practical reflecting telescope
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Outline
1. Stargazing:• Theories about why and where
2. Star Studying• Technologies to study the unknown
3. Star Dreaming:• Demo on space exploration
Outline
1. Stargazing:• Theories about why and where
2. Star Studying:• Technologies to study the unknown
3. Star Dreaming:• Demo on space exploration
Studying the Stars
A) Telescopes: Seeing the Sky
B) Rocket Science: Reaching for the Moon and
Beyond
What do we use telescopes for?
https://pixabay.com
To make things easier to see; to make the invisible, visible.
How do telescopes work?
https://pixabay.com
Telescopes work by collecting much more light than our eyes can
and focusing it.
Resolving images that are far away
Flickr: stewartde, August 2, 2008
http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1118a/
Jupiter
Europa
Io
Ganymede
Callisto
Two types of telescopes
refracting telescopestelescopes that use lenses
to focus light
reflecting telescopestelescopes that use mirrors
to focus light
Encyclopedia Britannica Kids
A History of Looking Up
?1500s
Inventor: a lens maker
(probably)
1608Hans Lippershey
Patents 3x magnification
Photo Credit: Public Domain
He who patents first gets the credit.
A History of Looking Up
?1500s
Inventor: a lens maker
(probably)
1608Hans Lippershey
Patents 3x magnification
Photo Credit: Public Domain
1609Galileo Galilei
Presented design to
Venetian Senate
He who speaks the loudest gets the
most recognition.
What did Galileo see?
Flickr: stewartde, August 2, 2008
Galilean moons
Jupiter
Europa
Io
Ganymede
Callisto
Photo Credit: NASA
A History of Looking Up
?1500s
Inventor: a lens maker
(probably)
1608Hans Lippershey
Patents 3x magnification
Photo Credit: Public Domain
1609Galileo Galilei
Presented design to
Venetian Senate
1611Johannes Kepler
Refracting telescope
with convex lenses
Some Discoveries made by Early Refracting
Telescopes
Saturn’s rings and Titan
Christiaan Huygens (1655-1659)
Photo Credit: NASA
Sunspots
Christoph Scheiner (1612)Orion nebula
Nicolas-claude Fabri de Peiresc (1610)
Christiaan Huygens (1659)
Photo: Andrew Common (1883)
Chromatic aberration
Photo Credit: Public DomainFlikr: DopefishJustin, Sept. 7, 2012
a phenomenon that occurs when a lens in unable to focus all colors of light to
the same convergence point, resulting in "fringes" of color along boundaries
that separate bright and dark parts of an image
The Bigger the Lens, the More We Can See
Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, 1896
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Improvement: using two different types of glass to correct chromatic aberration
The Bigger the Lens, the More We Can See
Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, 1896
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Improvement: using two different types of glass to correct chromatic aberration
The Bigger the Lens, the More We Can See
Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, 1896
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Improvement: using two different types of glass to correct chromatic aberration
Is the lens big enough?
A History of Looking Up
?1500s
Inventor: a lens maker
(probably)
1608Hans Lippershey
Patents 3x magnification
Photo Credit: Public Domain
1609Galileo Galilei
Presented design to
Venetian Senate
1611Johannes Kepler
Refracting telescope
with convex lenses
1668Isaac Newton builds
telescope with mirrors
Some Discoveries made by Early Reflecting
Telescopes
Spiral Galaxies
William Parsons, Earl of Rosse (1845)
Uranus
William Herschel (1781)
Measurement of distances to nearby stars
Hale Telescope, Mt.Wilson (1909)Expansion of the Universe
Hubble and Humason (1929)
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Improvement: mirror making technology and coating the mirrors with silver
60 in. 100 in.
Reflecting Telescopes Today (Adaptive Optics)
Keck Telescopes
Mauna Kea, Hawaii
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Photo Credit: Paul Hirst, 2006
Reflecting Telescopes Today (Adaptive Optics)
Keck Telescopes
Mauna Kea, Hawaii
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Black hole at the
center of the Milky
Way
Formation of planets
Demotion of Pluto
Dark energy
A History of Looking Up
?1500s
Inventor: a lens maker
(probably)
1608Hans Lippershey
Patents 3x magnification
Photo Credit: Public Domain
1609Galileo Galilei
Presented design to
Venetian Senate
1611Johannes Kepler
Refracting telescope
with convex lenses
1668Isaac Newton builds
telescope with mirrors
1839John William Draper takes
first successful picture of the moon
Astrophotography
Henry Draper
1880
Andrew Ainslie Common
1883
Hubble Space Telescope
2006
Orion Nebula
A History of Looking Up
?1500s
Inventor: a lens maker
(probably)
1608Hans Lippershey
Patents 3x magnification
Photo Credit: Public Domain
1609Galileo Galilei
Presented design to
Venetian Senate
1611Johannes Kepler
Refracting telescope
with convex lenses
1668Isaac Newton builds
telescope with mirrors
1839John William Draper takes
first successful picture of the moon
1932Karl Guthe Jansky
builds the first radio telescope
at Bell Laboratories
Bell Laboratories, 1964
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Arno Penzias
and
Robert Woodrow Wilson
Holmdel Horn Antenna
Bell Laboratories, 1964
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Arno Penzias
and
Robert Woodrow Wilson
Echo 2 Balloon Satellite
Telescopes around the worldMore than 400 research telescopes around the world
BICEP2 telescope +
South Pole Telescope
(studies of early universe)
Photo Credit: David Walker
Cerro Tololo Inter-American
Observatory (CTIO)
(discovery of new southern star systems)
A History of Looking Up
?1500s
Inventor: a lens maker
(probably)
1608Hans Lippershey
Patents 3x magnification
Photo Credit: Public Domain
1609Galileo Galilei
Presented design to
Venetian Senate
1611Johannes Kepler
Refracting telescope
with convex lenses
1668Isaac Newton builds
telescope with mirrors
1839John William Draper takes
first successful picture of the moon
1932Karl Guthe Jansky
builds the first radio telescope
at Bell Laboratories
1971USSR launches first
space observatory,
Orion 1, into space
Summary
Photo Credit: Public Domain
?1500s
Inventor: a lens maker
(probably)
1608
Hans Lippershey
Patents 3x magnification
1609
Galileo Galilei
Presented design to
Venetian Senate
1611
Johannes Kepler
Refracting telescope
with convex lenses
1668
Isaac Newton builds
telescope with mirrors
1839
John William Draper
Takes first successful
picture of the moon
1932
Karl Guthe Jansky
builds the first radio telescope
at Bell Laboratories
1971
USSR launches first
space observatory,
Orion 1, into space
Questions?
Studying the Stars
A) Telescopes: Seeing the Sky
B) Rocket Science: Reaching for the Moon and
Beyond
“Interplanetary Rocketry”
1865 1898
The Exploration of Cosmic
Space by Means of
Reaction Devices
-Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
(1903)
Photo Credit: Public Domain
1940s: World War II and Rocket Engineering
V2 RocketPhoto Credit: Public Domain
First animals in space:
fruit flies (1947)
V2 Rocket carrying Albert
II, first monkey in space
Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Supremacy in spaceflight capability
necessary for national security
Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958USA launches
Explorer 1
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
1959USSR
Luna 1
Orbited the sun
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
1959USSR
Luna 2
Impacted the moon
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
1960USA launches
Tiros-1 (Weather satellite)
Discoverer XIV (Recognizance satellite)
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
1961Yuri Gagarin
First man in space
1961Alan Shepard
First American in Space
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
Sending humans into space
1961
1962-1968
John Glenn Valentina
Tereshkova
L. Gordon Cooper
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
Sending humans into space
1961
1962-1968
John Glenn Valentina
Tereshkova
L. Gordon
Cooper
Mariner 2
(Venus)
Ranger 7
(Moon)
Mariner 4
(Mars)
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
Sending humans into space
1961
1962-1968
John Glenn Valentina
Tereshkova
L. Gordon
Cooper
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
Sending humans into space
1961
1962-1968
John Glenn Valentina
Tereshkova
L. Gordon
Cooper
1969Moon Landing
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Space Race (1955-1972)
1939-1945World War II
1947Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958NASA
Sending humans into space
1961
1962-1968
John Glenn Valentina
Tereshkova
L. Gordon
Cooper
1969Moon Landing
Photo Credit: Public Domain
Summary
1939-1945
World War II
1947
Cold War
Begins
1957
USSR launches
Sputnik1 into orbit
1958
NASA
Sending humans into space
1961
1962-1968
John Glenn Valentina
Tereshkova
L. Gordon
Cooper
1969
Moon Landing
Questions?
Outline
1. Stargazing:• Theories about why and where
2. Star Studying• Technologies to study the unknown
3. Star Dreaming:• Demo on space exploration
Outline
1. Stargazing:• Theories about why and where
2. Star Studying:• Technologies to study the unknown
3. Star Dreaming:• Demo on Space Exploration
Thank you!
SITN would like to acknowledge the following organizations for their generous support.
Harvard Medical SchoolOffice of Communications and External Relations
Division of Medical Sciences
The Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS)
The Harvard Graduate Student Council (GSC)
The Harvard/MIT COOP