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From Treatment Plants to Turbots: Data Suggesting Effects From
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Wastewater Discharged into
the Pacific Ocean
From Treatment Plants to Turbots: Data Suggesting Effects From
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Wastewater Discharged into
the Pacific Ocean
Jeffrey L. Armstrong, Ph.D.Environmental Assessment DivisionOrange County Sanitation District
Jeffrey L. Armstrong, Ph.D.Environmental Assessment DivisionOrange County Sanitation District
Love those Acronyms!Love those Acronyms!
CEC = Contaminants of Emerging Concern
CPC = Contaminants of Potential Concern
PPCP = Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
EDC = Endocrine Disrupting Chemical
PPCP ≠ EDC, CEC/CPC ≠ EDC
CEC = Contaminants of Emerging Concern
CPC = Contaminants of Potential Concern
PPCP = Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
EDC = Endocrine Disrupting Chemical
PPCP ≠ EDC, CEC/CPC ≠ EDC
What are EDC’s???What are EDC’s???
EDCs directly affect the endocrine system e,.g., birth control, thyroid medication
Also called hormonally active agents, endocrine active chemicals, estrogen mimics, Xenoestrogens = man-made compounds
(e.g., birth control)
Phytoestrogens = naturally occurring estrogen compounds (e.g., lilac)
EDCs directly affect the endocrine system e,.g., birth control, thyroid medication
Also called hormonally active agents, endocrine active chemicals, estrogen mimics, Xenoestrogens = man-made compounds
(e.g., birth control)
Phytoestrogens = naturally occurring estrogen compounds (e.g., lilac)
EDCs are not just hormones!EDCs are not just hormones!
Of course, they include hormones, but they’re also:
Pharmaceuticals (-blockers, birth control)
Personal care products (sun screen)
Industrial chemicals (plasticizers)
Pesticides (organochlorine compounds)
Legacy contaminants (DDT, PCB)
Of course, they include hormones, but they’re also:
Pharmaceuticals (-blockers, birth control)
Personal care products (sun screen)
Industrial chemicals (plasticizers)
Pesticides (organochlorine compounds)
Legacy contaminants (DDT, PCB)
Endocrine disruption is not just “girly fish”
Endocrine disruption is not just “girly fish”
Gender Effects Feminization or masculinization
Stress response (Cortisol inhibition)
Growth and repair, immune function, reproduction
Behavioral changes Decreased territoriality, color
changes, predator response
Reproductive impairment Sperm DNA Damage
Gender Effects Feminization or masculinization
Stress response (Cortisol inhibition)
Growth and repair, immune function, reproduction
Behavioral changes Decreased territoriality, color
changes, predator response
Reproductive impairment Sperm DNA Damage
What are the issues?What are the issues?
Where are EDCs coming from?
Are endocrine disrupting chemicals adversely affecting wildlife? Humans?
What can be done about them?
Does anything need to be done about them?
What about water reclamation efforts?
Where are EDCs coming from?
Are endocrine disrupting chemicals adversely affecting wildlife? Humans?
What can be done about them?
Does anything need to be done about them?
What about water reclamation efforts?
Sources of EDCsSources of EDCs
Agricultural Runoff
Industrial Waste
Prescription / Non-prescription pharmaceuticals
Wastewater Effluent
Many references in the scientific literature
Ole’ Miss Study
Agricultural Runoff
Industrial Waste
Prescription / Non-prescription pharmaceuticals
Wastewater Effluent
Many references in the scientific literature
Ole’ Miss Study
Ocean Discharge of EffluentOcean Discharge of Effluent
NewportPier
NewportPier Balboa
PierBalboa
Pier
HuntingtonPier
HuntingtonPier
120-inch Dia. Pipeline4 ½ Miles Out200 Feet Deep
120-inch Dia. Pipeline4 ½ Miles Out200 Feet Deep
1 Mile LongDiffuser with 500 ports1 Mile LongDiffuser with 500 ports
HuntingtonHuntingtonBeachBeach
NewportNewportBeachBeach
Corona Corona Del MarDel Mar
PLANTPLANTNO.1NO.1
PLANTPLANTNO. 2NO. 2
Sant
a A
na R
ive
r
Newport BayNewport Bay
What is OCSD doing about EDCs?
What is OCSD doing about EDCs?
Conducting collaborative studies with universities and other researchers.
Universities provide expertise OCSD lacks
OCSD provides:
Ecological expertise
In-kind services (vessel, crew and equipment)
Funding of graduate students
Conducting collaborative studies with universities and other researchers.
Universities provide expertise OCSD lacks
OCSD provides:
Ecological expertise
In-kind services (vessel, crew and equipment)
Funding of graduate students
EDC Exposure to Flatfish EDC Exposure to Flatfish
Cortisol Inhibition Dr. Kevin Kelley CSU Long Beach, OCSD
Estrogenicity Dr. Dan Schlenk UC Riverside, OCSD
Sperm DNA Damage CSC Biomarker Lab (San Diego, CA), OCSD
Cortisol Inhibition Dr. Kevin Kelley CSU Long Beach, OCSD
Estrogenicity Dr. Dan Schlenk UC Riverside, OCSD
Sperm DNA Damage CSC Biomarker Lab (San Diego, CA), OCSD
OCSD Monitoring AreaOCSD Monitoring Area
OO
Cortisol Production EffectsCortisol Production Effects
Produced via the HPI Axis in response to a stressor
Stressors = chemical, physical, environmental
Cortisol production is:
metabolically expensive
Inhibited by chronic stress
Produced via the HPI Axis in response to a stressor
Stressors = chemical, physical, environmental
Cortisol production is:
metabolically expensive
Inhibited by chronic stress
HORNYHEAD HORNYHEAD TURBOTTURBOT
ENGLISH ENGLISH SOLESOLE
Peak Cortisol Peak Cortisol Concentrations in Post-Concentrations in Post-
trawl Flatfishtrawl Flatfish
Ref.Ref. Outfall Outfall Outfall Outfall Ref.Ref.
Orange C0. Orange C0.
Peak CortisolPeak Cortisol Hornyhead Turbot from Different LocalesHornyhead Turbot from Different Locales
T11 T1
cort
iso
l (n
g/m
l)
4006
Santa Santa Monica BayMonica Bay
4036 4320
San Diego San Diego Co.Co.
160 160 --140 140 --120 120 --100 100 -- 80 80 -- 60 60 -- 40 40 -- 20 20 --
4037
Reproductive/Gender EffectsReproductive/Gender Effects
Reproductive Effects
DNA Damage
Behavioral Effects
Gender Effects
Estrogenicity
Androgenicity
Reproductive Effects
DNA Damage
Behavioral Effects
Gender Effects
Estrogenicity
Androgenicity
Sperm DNA DamageSperm DNA Damage
Studies conducted 2000–2004
Comet Assay
DNA damage consistently greater at Outfall Station over Reference Station
Studies conducted 2000–2004
Comet Assay
DNA damage consistently greater at Outfall Station over Reference Station
Sperm DNA DamageSperm DNA DamageEnglish Sole GonadEnglish Sole Gonad
0
1
2
3
4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
0
1
2
3
4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
ReferenceReferenceStationStation
OutfallOutfallStationStationTail
MomentTail
Moment
Proportion of plasma vitellogenin levels at given concentrations
in male hornyhead turbot
Proportion of plasma vitellogenin levels at given concentrations
in male hornyhead turbot
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Outfall July '03 n=5
Outfall Jan '04 n=7
Outfall Aug '04n=10
Reference Jan '04n=54
Sampling Site and Period
Perc
en
tag
e >0.45 ng/ug
0.31-0.45 ng/ug
0.15-0.30 ng/ug
<0.15 ng/ug
Proportion of plasma vitellogenin levels at given concentrations in male English soleProportion of plasma vitellogenin levels at given concentrations in male English sole
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
OutfallJuly '03n=30
ReferenceJuly '03n=29
Outfall Jan '04
n=8
ReferenceJan '04n=13
OutfallAug '04
n=12
ReferenceAug ' 04
n=25
Sampling Site and Period
Per
cen
tag
e
>8.0 ng/ug
6.1-8.0 ng/ug
4.1-6.0 ng/ug
2.0-4.0 ng/ug
<2.0 ng/ug
Proportion of hornyhead turbot and English sole males collected at the outfall
and reference site: 1988 - 2004
Proportion of hornyhead turbot and English sole males collected at the outfall
and reference site: 1988 - 2004
0
10
2030
40
50
60
7080
90
100
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year of Sampling
Perc
enta
ge o
f Mal
es
HornyheadTurbot FromOutfallHornyheadTurbot FromReferenceEnglish SoleFrom Outfall
English SoleFromReferenceExpected
Conclusions of EDC Studies to Date
Conclusions of EDC Studies to Date
Indications of Feminization Increased [vitellogenin] in males – both species
Increased sperm DNA damage in HT
Indications of Masculinization Increased male GSI – both species
Higher proportion of male HT
ES Stress and Growth Factor Hormone Production Inhibited at the Outfall HT expression inhibited at all sites
Indications of Feminization Increased [vitellogenin] in males – both species
Increased sperm DNA damage in HT
Indications of Masculinization Increased male GSI – both species
Higher proportion of male HT
ES Stress and Growth Factor Hormone Production Inhibited at the Outfall HT expression inhibited at all sites
Conclusions in Context to OCSDConclusions in
Context to OCSD OCSD effluent is a source of EDCs
Not the only source
Flatfish in OCSD monitoring area show evidence of EDC exposure
Does exposure equal effect?
No population-level effects observed
Yet??? Other effects??? Endpoints???
Definitive cause-effect studies needed linking specific chemicals to receiving water impacts
OCSD effluent is a source of EDCs
Not the only source
Flatfish in OCSD monitoring area show evidence of EDC exposure
Does exposure equal effect?
No population-level effects observed
Yet??? Other effects??? Endpoints???
Definitive cause-effect studies needed linking specific chemicals to receiving water impacts
Is mitigation necessary?Is mitigation necessary?
Pharmaceutical Take-back Programs
Public Education Proper disposal of pharmaceuticals, personal
care products, and pesticides/herbicides
Treatment Options Reverse Osmosis
Microfiltration
Ozonation
Pharmaceutical Take-back Programs
Public Education Proper disposal of pharmaceuticals, personal
care products, and pesticides/herbicides
Treatment Options Reverse Osmosis
Microfiltration
Ozonation
Studies in ProgressStudies in Progress Estrogenicity in Flatfish
UC Riverside, Doctoral Student Research
Correlation of EDCs in Fish Tissues to POTW Effluent, Sediments, and Infauna (Fish food)CSU Long Beach, OCSD, and City of LA
Cortisol Inhibition and Fish Parasitization CSU Long Beach
Endocrine Disruption in Coastal FlatfishSCCWRP, OCSD, LACSD, CLAEMD, CSD, UC Riverside, CSU Long Beach, UC San Diego
Estrogenicity in FlatfishUC Riverside, Doctoral Student Research
Correlation of EDCs in Fish Tissues to POTW Effluent, Sediments, and Infauna (Fish food)CSU Long Beach, OCSD, and City of LA
Cortisol Inhibition and Fish Parasitization CSU Long Beach
Endocrine Disruption in Coastal FlatfishSCCWRP, OCSD, LACSD, CLAEMD, CSD, UC Riverside, CSU Long Beach, UC San Diego
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements CSU Long Beach, CA
Dr. Kevin Kelley Professor of Endocrinology Dr. Julianne Kalman Post Doctoral Researcher, Lecturer Jesus Reyes Laboratory ResearcherKathy Sak Laboratory Researcher
U.C. Riverside, CADr. Dan Schlenk Professor of Aquatic ToxicologyDr. Luke Roy Masters Graduate (UCR)Mary Ann Rempel Doctoral Candidate
Computer Sciences Corp., San Diego, CAScott Steinert
CSU Long Beach, CADr. Kevin Kelley Professor of Endocrinology Dr. Julianne Kalman Post Doctoral Researcher, Lecturer Jesus Reyes Laboratory ResearcherKathy Sak Laboratory Researcher
U.C. Riverside, CADr. Dan Schlenk Professor of Aquatic ToxicologyDr. Luke Roy Masters Graduate (UCR)Mary Ann Rempel Doctoral Candidate
Computer Sciences Corp., San Diego, CAScott Steinert
Jeff Armstrong(714) 593-7455
Jeff Armstrong(714) 593-7455
Visit Our Website: www.OCSD.comVisit Our Website: www.OCSD.com
