4Photo by Sgt William R. Keating, National Archives Photo (USMC) 127-N-A5404

Once the high ground commanding Funchilin Pass had been taken and theTreadway bridge was in place, the 1st Ma rine Division could descend almost unim-peded to the sea. All day long on 10 December Marine troops marched down thepass until they reached first Chinhung-ni and then went beyond Sudong-ni wherethey took trucks to Hamhung.

ing the Yonpo airfield. As theevacuation progressed, the MLRwas to shrink back to successivephase lines.

Admiral Doyle, as commander,Task Force 90, assumed control ofall naval functions on 10December. Marine Colonel Ed-ward Forney, a X Corps deputychief of staff whose principalduties were to advise Almond onthe use of Marine and Navy forces,was now designated as the Corps'evacuation control officer. TheArmy's 2d Engineer SpecialBrigade would be responsible foroperating the dock facilities andtraffic control. A group of experi-enced Japanese dock workersarrived to supplement their efforts,

Years later Almond character-ized Forney's performance as fol-lows: "I would say that the successof [the evacuationi was due 98percent to common sense andjudgment and that this commonsense and judgment being prac-ticed by all concerned was turnedover to General Forney who orga-

on the status of the 1st MarineAircraft Wing. Ashore were Marinefighter squadrons -312, -542, -513,and -311. Afloat were VMF-212 inthe Bataan, VMF-214 in the Sicily,and VMF-323 in the BadoengStrait. Shepherd learned that thewing had been offered either the K-10 airfield near Masan or K-i nearPusan. K-i was preferable becauseit was the better field and close toPusan's port facilities.

The 11th of December was abusy day. X Corps issued itsOperation Order 10-50, calling forthe immediate embarkation of the1st Marine Division. The perimeterwould shrink progressively as thenthe 7th and 3d Infantry Divisions, inturn, were withdrawn. As theperimeter contracted, naval gun-fire and air support wouldincrease to defend the remainingbeachhead. General MacArthurhimself arrived that day at Yonpo,met with Almond, and approvedthe X Corps evacuation plan. Hetold Almond that he could return to

(Continued on page 118)

nized the activities in fine form. Imean Colonel Forney, he shouldhave been a General!"

General Field Harris briefedGeneral Shepherd on 10 December

A Marine, left, and a Korean soldier, right, check the meager baggage of aKorean family on 10 December at some point east of Chinhung-ni before allow-ing the family to proceed to Hungnam. Some 91,000 refugees, driven by hungethe cold, and fear qf the Chinese, would be evacuated.

Photo by Cpl James Lyles, National Archives Photo (USA) 111-SC354459

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Et.#'1. éf r

ii

he Medal ofHonor, theNation's highest

award for valor, hasbeen given to 294Marines since its incep-tion in 1862. TheKorean War saw 42Marines so honored. Ofthis number, 14 awardswere made for actionsincident to the ChosinReservoir campaign.Seven of these awardswere posthumous.

Sergeant James I. Poynter

Sergeant James I. Poynter, 33, ofDowney, California, a squadleader with Company A, 1stBattalion, 7th Marines, post-humously awarded the Medal ofHonor for his actions on 4November south of Sudong,

114

where, although already criticallywounded, he assaulted threeenemy machine gun positionswith hand grenades, killing thecrews of two and putting thethird out of action before fallingmortally wounded.

Medals of Honor

Staff Sergeant Archie Van Winkle

Staff Sergeant Archie Van Winkle,25, of Juneau, Alaska, andDarrington, Washington, a pla-toon sergeant in Company B, 1stBattalion, 7th Marines, awardedthe Medal of Honor for gallantryand intrepidity in action on 2

November 1950 near Sudongwherein he led a successfulattack by his platoon in spite of abullet that shattered his arm and agrenade that exploded against hischest.

4S'

'l,

r )flcl Lie U Icier cit Ni )l)ert I).Iteerri. 20, of Llizahethtown,I'cnns leaner. a plaicion leader in

)tiipafl H, 3d BallaIu)rr, 7thLi r'ilies. p1 )Stl 111111 )tlsl\ a\\ ;trded

the Nieclal Of I honor Or :rctirrns

l:jrst I.reujen;rni Frank N. \iittlichI..29. of Inthan Gap. 'l'exas a mem-ber ol ()uip:Inv A. 1 'I Battalion,th \ I. I lIlies, pI rsthi U nt us! V

a\Vatcled lie .\Ivd,iI of Iloiior 11)1e\tiRilcIilIar\ lierciisnr ill \\aLi1n4 a

SEa l'l' Sc:_c'aI1t Nt then S.

Ken rieniin 11L', $1 I, nil ( reenvil!e,51111111 ( ar nlin:n. a iii:i.Iiitie grinscsI in ill leader with (n flhlp;IilV F, 2dflail ah ni. 'r I \Ltrines. a \ aftieci(lie \Ie]aI nil ltonoricti estiaoi'di—

''Ii In Ni )\'ellll)er' I 050 near(hinhuog—ni Leading u.s platoonin the assauLt of a heavily fortifiedChinese position, lie threw himselfupon an enemy grenac le, sacrilic—ing his life tc save his men.

single—h. rnded battle against tIleenen II'. 1)11 20 November 1951near YLidani—ni to ci \er the sv ith—dra'n a] of wounded ,\ larines,notwithstanding multiple wotnicisto hiniseil.

nan lieruisni during the night ol27-2K November 1 95k) or ii'tli oluda rn—ni in dclii re rate! \ cc cr—

ing an enemy grenade \\ hoseexplosinin ernst him 1)0th cii hislegs.

Corporal Lee H. Phillipsnrporal Lee H. Phillips. 2(1. of a eosllv but successful Itl\onet

Ben Hill, Georgra, a scttacI leader charge against a nitnierie:r]lvwith Couiijtrnv E. 2d Ban.nlion, superior enenc Corporal Phi]—71h \l:rrines, pnrsthuorouslv lips was suisseqtlentl\ killed inawarded the \Ic'claI of Honor Fr rr action ciii S No\ einiber 1950 atactions on 1 Ni n\ember 1950 near \udam—ni.Such mg here he led Iris squad iii

Second Lieutenant Robert D. Reem

First Lieutenant Frank N. Mitchell

Staff Sergeant Robert S. Kennemore

115

Private I—iector A, ( :,ifterit:i. Jr..

21. H tm in New York City, a i-itie-iiian with Company F. 2tI13:tttah in. th \Iarines awardedthe Medal 1 Honor lot' his stout-

Cal)tain \\'illiani F. Barber, .31. ofI )e hart. Kentucky. ' tii ma tidingilftcer ii ( i )tiifXlfi\ 1, _?d

Battalit ii. 'tlt Marines, awarded

Private First ClassPrivate First Class William 13.

Baugh, 20, horn in McKinneKentucky. a member ol the Anti-Tank Assault Platoon. \\eap ins

Coiitpanv. 3d Battalion, 1st

Ma ri lies. postliiim tusl V awa tiledthe Medal of H flit )t' IC ii ci tvct'iFutg

Major Reginald R. Myers, 31,l3oise, HaLe executive officer ofthe 3d Battalion, 1st Ma rifles,awarded the Medal c )f I lonor 11)1lead i ti' a hastil v ( irganized pts vi—

hea tied delense ciii 2K Nc c ctiilierI OSit of IlLs )sition at IoktongPass despite his repeated gricv-

oti wounds.

the Medal C f Hi )ilcr l'or I us ititi'e—

pit] defense f I 'oktong I 'ass In nit2K November to 2 I )c'cemlicr inspite of his own se\et'e wi atnds.

William B. Baughwith his hod .t n eneniv grenadethrown into the truck in which

Ins squad w;i.s moving h'oni

Kotct—ri lo I lag:trti—ri on the nightof 29 Ni etitlier 1950 as part of'I':isk H tree I)t'vsdale.

sti trial conipan ol s ildicrs-,tndMarines in the critieal assaitli ccl'

List I liii at I lagaru—riNi tveni I iet' I 954

Private HectorA. Cafferata,Jr.

Captain William E. Barber

Major Reginald R. Myers

116

Captain Carl L. Sitter, 28, horn inSyracuse, Missouri, commandingofficer of Company G. 3dBattalion, I St Marines, awardedthe Medal of Honor for his valiantleadership in bringing his compa-

Staff Sergeant William G.\\itidrich. 29. born in Chicago,Illinois, a platoon sergeant withCompany 1. 3d Battalion, 5thMarines, posthumously awardedthu Medal of Honor for his extra—

Lieutenant Colonel Raymond G.Davis, 3, of Atlanta. Georgia,commanding ollicer of the 1st

Battalion. 7th Marines. aw:irdedthe Medal Honor for his con-spicuous gallantry and skill in

Scrtuant ames E.\\ashington. [).C.idaho, regularly a11th Marines hut serving as a pla-toon sergeant of :i provisional nIleplatoon itLiI('hed to the 3dBal Ia I 1 n , 7t I Marines. ( )sl ho—

JollflS( )fl, 2 i.and Pocatello,nenber the

nv from Koto—ri to Hagaru—ri a.part o Task F( )rce Drysdale on 29November, He then led it in thecontinued assault of vital Fast Hillon 3() November i9(

ordinaiy bravery in taking andthen holding a critical posiLi( )n

near Yudam-ni on 29 Novemberdespite two serious woundswhich eventually caused hisdeath.

leading his battalion, from 1 to -IDecember 19S1), act' ss moun—

Iambus and frigid terra in to cometo the relief of the beleagueredcompany h lding Toktcng Pass.

rn()usly awarded the Medal ofHonor for c'ontinuing to engagethe enemy single-handedly inhand—to—hand combat on 2

December south of Yudam—ni afterbeing severely wounded.

Captain Carl L. Sitter

Staff Sergeant William G. Windrich

Lieutenant Colonel Raymond G. Davis

Sergeant James E. Johnson

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GHQ and pick up his duties asMacArthur's chief of staff or hecould remain in command of XCorps. Almond replied that hewished to stay with X Corps evenif it became part of Eighth Army.The 27th of December was set asthe day that X Corps would pass toEighth Army control.

The evacuation of the 1stMarine Division began with theloading-out of the 7th Marines inthe MSTS Daniel I. Sultan. The 5thMarines would follow on the 12thand the 1st Marines on the 13th. Itwas anticipated that the shipswould have to make a second,even a third turn-around, to lift theentire division. The docks couldberth only seven ships at a time. Tocompensate, there would be somedouble berthing, but most of thepassengers would have to load outin the stream. Approximately 1,400vehicles had been brought downfrom the Chosin plateau, about thesame number as had gone up, butnow some of the complementbore U.S. Army markings. Most ofthe division's vehicles would goout in LSTs. Green Beaches One

and Two could handle 11 LSTssimultaneously. Thankfully therewas no great tide to contend with,only one foot as compared toInchon's 30.

Major Harold E. Allen commanding,shut down at Yonpo on the 11th,passing control of air defense ofthe perimeter to the MountMcKinley. The sky remainedempty of enemy aircraft. Overallair control stayed with MTACS-2,the Marines' tactical air controlsquadron, under Major Christian C.Lee. Each of the infantry battal-ions had gone into the Chosincampaign with two forward aircontrollers assigned, most of themreserves, all of them qualifiedMarine aviators. They broughtwith them both expertise in closeair support and rapport with thefighter-bombers overhead. Al-though inclined to lament not hav-ing a cockpit assignment theyrealized they were providing anunmatched link to the air. Theyknew how to talk a pilot onto a tar-get.

Between 1 and 11 December,Marine aviators, ashore and afloat,flew more than 1,300 sorties insupport of their comrades on theground. Of these, 254 were flownfrom the Badoeng Strait and 122from the late-arriving Sicily.(Lundin's Blacksheep squadron,still at Wonsan, reembarkecl in the

Photo by sgt Frank C. Kerr, National Archives Photo (USMC) 127-N-A5754

LtCol Murray's 5th Marines found a tent camp waiting for them when theyarrived at Hungnam after the long march. Much of the camp was the work ofthe 1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion. Although there was still snow on theground, the weather at Hungnam was mild in comparison with the sub-zero tem-peratures of the C'hangjin plateau.

The Marines' ground controlintercept squadron, MGCIS-1,

Ma/Gen Almond gave his Marine deputy chief of staff ('ol Edward H. Forney, muchof the credit for the orderly departure of X coips from Hungnam. Here, on 14December, he presents Forney with a Legion of Merit.

National Archives Photo (USA) 11 1-SC355068

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11 tic Closc .\i F SIIT)l)(

at It I'iiicst

I—T

Photo by Sgt Jack T. McKirk, National Archives Photo (USA) 111-SC354464

MajGen Almond, left, always generous with medals and commendations, on 11December congratulates bareheaded BGen Armistead D. Mead, commander fTask Force Dog, on keeping the MSR open from Chinhung-ni to Hamhung. FewMarines were aware ofthisArmy contribution to their march backfrom Chosin.

Sicily on 7 December.) The resthad been by the shore-basedsquadrons at Wonsan and Yonpo.The first Marine jet squadron toarrive in Korea, VMF-311, withMcDonnell F9F Panther jets,Lieutenant Colonel Neil R.

McIntyre commanding, had ar-rived at Yonpo on 10 Decemberand managed to fly four days ofinterdiction missions before movingback to Pusan to aid the Fifth AirForce in its support of the EighthArmy.

Flight conditions both ashore atYonpo and afloat in the carrierswere hellish—in the air, poorcharts, minimal navigational aids,and capricious radios; at Yonpo,primitive conditions and icy run-ways; and, afloat, ice-glazed decksand tumultuous seas for the carrier-based aircraft. The Badoeng Straitreported scraping off three inches

of ice and snow from the flightdeck. The Sicily at one point had tostop flight operations for VMF-214's Blacksheep in the face ofheavy seas and 68-knot winds.Planes were lost. Three night fight-ers went down. There were othercrashes. It was estimated that apilot who had to ditch at sea in thearctic waters had only 20 minutesbefore fatal hypothermia. TwoVMF-212 pilots from Yonpo, out ofgas, managed to save themselvesand their planes by landing on theBadoeng Strait. By strenuouseffort on the part of all hands, air-craft availability at Yonpo hoveredaround 67 percent and a remark-able 90 percent on board the carri-ers. About half the missions flownwere not for the Marines but forsomeone else. Statistics kept bythe wing reported a total of 3,703sorties in 1,053 missions controlledby tactical air control parties beingflown between 26 October and 11December. Of these missions, 599were close support—468 for the1st Marine Division, 67 for the

Gen MacArthur made one of his quick trips to Korea on 11 December, this timeto Yonpo Airfield to meet with Ma/Gen Almond and approve the X Corps evacu-ation plan. MacArthuris in his trademarkpeaked cap andAlmond is in a born-bardier's leather jacket. No one would mistake the accompanying staff officers,with their well-fed jozvls, for combat soldiers.

National Archives l'hoto (USA) 111-SC3544110

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leave on the 11th. Marines were

ROKs, 56 for the 7th InfantryDivision, and 8 for the 3d InfantryDivision. Eight Marine pilots werekilled or died of wounds, threewere wounded, and four weremissing in action.

Marine transports—twin-engineR4Ds and four-engine R5Ds fromVMR-152, commanded by 44-year-old Colonel Deane C. Roberts—supplemented General Tunner'sCombat Cargo Command in itsaerial resupply and casualty evac-uation from Hagaru-ri.

The squadron that the 1stMarine Division considered itsown private air force, MajorGottschalk's VMO-6, with 10 lightfixed-wing aircraft and nine heli-copters, racked up 1,544 flightsbetween 28 October and 15December. Of these 457 had beenreconnaissance, 220 casualty evac-uation, and 11 search-and-rescue.

Wonsan closed as a port onSunday, 10 December. Outloadingfor the evacuation, conductedfrom 2 to 10 December, was underLieutenant Colonel Henry "Jim"Crowe with muscle provided byhis 1st Shore Party Battalion. Theattached Company A, 1st Amphib-ian Truck Battalion, foundemployment for its DUKWs

(amphibian trucks) in shuttlingback and forth between docks andships. In the nine-day period,3,834 troops (mostly Army), 7,009Korean civilians, 1,146 vehicles,and 10,013 tons of bulk cargowere evacuated. Defense of theimmediate harbor area was sharedwith two battalions of SouthKorean Marines and a battalionfrom the 3d Infantry Division.

General Craig, Smith's sorelymissed assistant division comman-der, returned from emergency

left to wonder what his tacticalrole might have been if he hadcome back earlier. Smith sent himsouth to Pusan to arrange for thedivision's arrival. "I took 35 peopleof various categories with me andleft for Masan," said Craig yearslater. "[II conferred with the Armycommander there about replace-ment of enormous losses of equip-ment of various kinds. He assuredme that he would open his store-rooms to us and give us anythingwe required that was in his stock.And this he did."

On Tuesday evening, 12

December, General Almond calledhis generals together for a confer-ence and a dinner at X Corpsheadquarters. The division com-manders—Smith, Barr, andSoule—listened without commentto a briefing on the evacuationplan. They then learned that thetrue purpose of the dinner wasAlmond's 58th birthday. GeneralRuffner, Almond's chief of staff,eulogized his commander, saying,in effect, that never in the history of

Photo by SSgt Ed Barnum, Department of Defense Photo (USMC) Al 30426

Marine crewmen check the loading of rockets on the rails of an F-4UCorsairfly-ing from Yonpo Airfield early in December. Despite minimum facilities and ter-rible weather, the hard-working crews maintained an availability rate of 67

percent for aircraft flying from Yonpo.

Nerve center for the tactical air support of X Corps was the 1st Marine AircraftWing's Tactical Air Control Center at Hamhung. After the last of the Marinesquadrons departed Yonpo on 14 December, control of air operations passed toNavy air controllers on the command ship Mount McKinley (AGC 7).

Photo by 5Sgt Ed Barnum, National Archives Photo (USMc) 127-N-A130453

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lilliC Jo Ii•'c

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Wings folded, Marine F-4U Corsairs wait on the ice-glazeddeck of the escort carrier Badoeng Strait (CVE 116). Asmuch as three inches of ice had to be scraped from theflight deck. A remarkable aircraft availability rate of 90

Nationaf Archives Photo (USN) 80-G-422892

percent was maintained on board the carriers. Only half themissions were in support of the Marines. The rest went to theArmy and South Koreans.

the U.S. Army had a corps in sucha short time done so much.General Almond replied andGeneral Shepherd added a fewcomplimentary remarks. EarlierAlmond had asked Smith if hethought it feasible to disinter thedead buried at Hungnam. Smithdid not think it feasible.

Interdiction fires by Armyartillery, deep support by navalgunfire, and air interdiction bomb-ing by Air Force, Navy, and Marineaircraft provided a thunderousbackground of noise for the load-ing operations. By 13 Decemberthe 5th and 7th Marines wereloaded and ready to sail. At 1500,General Smith closed his divisioncommand post ashore and movedit to the Bayfield (APA 33). Beforedeparting Hungnam, Smith pausedat the cemetery to join a memorialservice for the dead. Protestant,Catholic, and Jewish chaplainsofficiated. Volleys were fired andtaps sounded. Meanwhile, the 3d

and 7th Infantry Divisions hadnothing to report except lightprobing of their lines and minorpatrol actions.

The loading of the Marines andattached Army elements was com-pleted on the 14th. That day sawthe last of the Marine land-basedfighter-bombers depart Yonpo forJapan. Shortly after midnight theair defense section of MTACS-2passed control of all air to theNavy's Tactical Air ControlSquadron One on board theMount McKinley, but, just to besure, a standby Marine tactical aircontrol center was set up on anLST and maintained until the daybefore Christmas.

The Bayfield, an attack trans-port and the veteran of many land-ings, with General Smithembarked, lifted her hook andsailed at 1030 on 15 December.The ship had been experimentingwith C-rations, but with theembarkation of the Marines she

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In a landing exercise in reverse,Marines in an LCM landing crafthead for a transport waiting for themin Hungnam harbor. The docks couldonly berth seven ships at a time, somost soldier and Marines had to loadout in the stream. Collecting enoughships, both U.S. Navy and MerchantMarine, for the evacuation was amonumental effort.

National Archives Photo (USN) 80-G-424506

Department of Defense Photo (USA) SC355243

These members of the 5th Marinesmove by way of a cargo net from an1CM landing craft into a side hatch ofthe transport that would take them tothe southern ti of the Korean penin-sula. Loading out of the regiment wasessentially accomplished in one day, 12December. Destination was the "BeanPatch" atMasan.

blage of 4 transports, 16 landingships, an assault cargo ship, and 7merchant ships. General Shep-herd, with his Marines safelyembarked, left Hungnarn the sameday for Hawaii by way of Tokyo.Just before leaving Hungnarn heattended a ceremony at whichGeneral Almond presented aDistinguished Service Cross toGeneral Barr.

A day's steaming on board thejam-packed ships took the Marinesto Pusan. They landed at Pusanand motor-marched to the "beanpatch" at Masan where a tentcamp was being set up. Smithmoved into a Japanese-stylehouse. 'The toilet works, but theradiators are not yet in operation,"he noted.

The Commandant reported tothe Secretary of the Navy 4,418

Marine casualties for the period 26October to 15 December. Of these,718 were killed or died of wounds,3,508 wounded, and 192 missingin action. In addition, there were7,313 non-battle casualties, mostlyfrostbite. Roughly speaking, thesenon-battle casualties added up to athird of the strength of the divi-sion. (From 26 November until 11December, Commander HowardA. Johnson's 1st Medical Battalionhad treated 7,350 casualties of allcategories.) The three infantry reg-iments had absorbed the lion'sshare of the casualties and arrivedat the Bean Patch at about 50 per-cent strength. Some rifle compa-nies had as little as 25 or 30percent of their authorizedallowance.

Captured documents and pris-oner interrogations confirmed thatthe Marines had fought at leastnine and possibly all 12 CCF divi-sions. These divisions can beassumed to have each enteredcombat at an effective strength ofabout 7,500—perhaps 90,000 menin all. Other estimates of Chinese

strength go as high as 100,000 ormore. Peng's chief of staff said, itwill be remembered, that theNinth Army Group had startedacross the Yalu with 150,000troops, but not all of these hadcome against the 1st MarineDivision. The Marines could onlyguess at the casualties they hadinflicted. The estimates came in at15,000 killed and 7,500 wounded bythe ground forces and an addition-al 10,000 killed and 5,000 wound-ed by Marine air.

Still waiting in the surroundinghills above Hamhung, Sung Shi-lun's Ninth Army Group—assum-ing non-combat casualties at leastequal to battle casualties—probablyhad at most no more than 35,000combat effectives. Almond's XCorps had three times that num-ber. Rank-and-file Marines whogrumbled, "Why in the hell are webugging out? Why don't we stayhere until spring and then coun-terattack?" may have had it right.

The light carrier Bataan (CVL29) joined Task Force 77 on 16December, too late to help the

returned toNavy diet.Marines had

a more appetizingA total of 22,215boarded an assem-

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Marines, but in time for the laststages of the Hungnam evacua-tion. Airlift from Yonpo continueduntil 17 December after which thatfield was closed and a temporaryfield, able to handle two-enginetransports, opened in the harborarea. The only Marine units stillashore were an ANGLICO (AirNaval Gunfire Liaison Company)group, a reinforced shore partycompany, and one-and-a-halfcompanies of the 1st AmphibianTractor Battalion manning 88amphibian tractors. These Marineshad been left behind to assist in

the outloacling of the remainder ofX Corps. General Smith had resist-ed this detachment, and GeneralShepherd, before departing, hadadvised Smith to stress to X Corpsthe irreplaceable character of thetractors. Admiral Doyle, as a safe-guard, had earmarked severalLSDs (landing ship, docks) to lift offthe tractor companies and theirvehicles.

The last of the ROK Army unitssailed away on the 18th. GeneralAlmond closed his command postashore on 19 December andjoined Admiral Doyle in the

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Mount McKinley. Doyle remindedAlmond that, in accordance withamphibious doctrine, all troopsstill ashore were now under hiscommand as amphibious taskforce commander. By the 20th all ofthe 7th Infantiy Division wasembarked. On the morning of 24December the 3d Infantry did itsamphibious landing in reverse,coming off seven beaches intolanding ships in smart style marredonly by the premature explosionof an ammunition dump, set off byan Army captain, that killed aMarine lieutenant and a Navy sea-

MajGen Smith, a deeply religious man, paid a last visit to thedivision's Hungnam cemetery before boarding the Bayfield(APA 33) on 13 December. A memorial service with chaplainsqf three faiths, Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish, was held.

Photo by Cp W. T. Wote, Department of Defense Photo (IJSMC) A5414

Volleys were fired and taps sounded. During the course ofthe ('hosin Reservoir campaign, 714 Marines were killed ordied of wounds.

I. records show that during the peri-od 7 to 24 December the expendi-ture, headed off by 162sixteen-inch rounds from the bat-tleship Missouri (BB 63), included2,932 eight-inch, 18,637 five-inch,and 71 three-inch shells plus 1,462five-inch rockets. The Chinese didnot choose to test seriously theHamhung-Hungnam perimeter de-fenses. Not a man was lost toenemy action.

After the short run south,General Almond went ashore fromthe Mount McKinley at Ulsan atmid-afternoon with Admiral Doyleto inspect unloading areas. Late inthe evening they returned in theadmiral's barge to the flagship andthen went ashore again forChristmas dinner, Doyle explain-ing to Almond that no alcoholicdrinks could be served on boardship.

man and wounded 34 others.Three Marine amphibian tractorswere lost in the explosion.

Totting up the statistics: 105,000U.S. and ROK service men, 91,000Korean refugees, 17,500 vehicles,and 350,000 measurement tonshad gone out in 193 shiploads in109 ships—some ships made two oreven three trips.

The carrier Valley Forge cameon station on 23 December, intime for the final curtain. By mid-afternoon on the 24th, all beaches

were clear and the plannedpyrotechnic display of demolitionsand final naval gunfire began. Thewhole waterfront seemed toexplode as prepared explosivecharges went off, sending skywardsuch ammunition, POL, and otherstores as could not be lifted off.On board the Mount McKinley theembarked brass enjoyed the showand then the command ship sailedaway.

More naval shells were used atHungnam than at Inchon. Navy

On 17 December the Chineseoccupied Hamhung. On the 27ththey moved into Hungnam.Chairman Mao Sent the NinthArmy Group a citation: "You com-pleted a great strategic task underextremely difficult conditions."

But the costs had been high.The assaults against Yudam-ni andHagaru-ri had almost destroyedthe 20th and 27th CCF Armies.From Koto-ri on most of theChinese fight was taken up by the26th CCF Army.

Zhang Renchu, commander ofthe 26th CCF Army lamented inhis report:

A shortage of transporta-tion and escort personnelmakes it impossible toaccomplish the mission ofsupplying the troops. As aresult, our soldiers frequentlystarve. From now on, theorganization of our rear ser-

Department of Defense Photo (USN) 424527

Marines, probably members of the division headquarters, board the Bayfield byway of the gangway ladder. With MajGen Smith and his command groupembarked, the Bayfield lifted her hook and sailed before noon on 15 December.A day's steaming would take the ship to Pusan.

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Department of Defense Photo (USA) SC355244

Vehicles of LtCol Youngdale's 11th Marines are swung up on board a merchantship at a Hungnam dock on 14 December. Some ships had to make two or eventhree round trips before the evacuation was completed. About 1,400 vehicles hadbeen brought down to Hungnam by the division. Most would go out by LSTs (tanklanding ships).

vice units should be im-proved.

The troops were hungry.They ate cold food, and somehad only a few potatoes intwo days. They were unable tomaintain the physical strengthfor combat; the wounded per-sonnel could not be evacuat-ed. . . . The fire power of ourentire army was basicallyinadequate. When we usedour guns there were no shellsand sometimes the shellswere duds.

Zhang Yixiang, commander ofthe 20th CCF Army, equally bitter,recognized that communicationslimitations had caused a tacticalrigidity:

Our signal communicationwas not up to standard. Forexample, it took more thantwo days to receive instruc-

tions from higher level units.Rapid changes of the enemy'ssituation and the slow motionof our signal communicationscaused us to lose our oppor-tunities in combat and madethe instructions of the highlevel units ineffective.

We succeeded in the sepa-ration and encirclement of theenemy, but we failed to anni-hilate the enemy one by one.For example, the failure toannihilate the enemy atYudam-ni made it impossibleto annihilate the enemy atHagaru-ri.

Zhang Yixiang reported 100deaths from tetanus due to poormedical care. Hundreds more weresick or dead from typhus or mal-nutrition to say nothing of lossesfrom frostbite. The 26th CCFArmyreported 90 percent of the com-mand suffering from frostbite.

An Army band greets ColLitzenberg's 7th Marines on arrivalat Pusan. From herethe regiment moved by motor march to Masan where an advance party had thebeginnings of a tent camp ready for them. After a pause for Christmas, therebuilding of the 1st Marine Division began in earnest.

National Archives Photo (USMC) 127-N-A5704

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MajGen Robert H. "Shorty" Soule,USA, supervises the loading-out of thelast elements qf his 3d InfantryDivision at Hungnam on 24December. By then, MajGen Almond,the X Corps commander, consideredthe 3d Infantry Division, which hadnot been involved in heavy fighting, hismost combat-effective division.National Archives Photo (USA) i11-SC355587

Peng Deqing, commander ofthe 27th CCF Army, reported10,000 non-combat casualties inhis four divisions:

The troops did not haveenough food. They did nothave enough houses to livein. They could not stand thebitter cold, which was thereason for the excessive non-combat reduction in person-nel. The weapons were notused effectively. When thefighters bivouacked in snow-covered ground during com-bat, their feet, socks, andhands were frozen togetherin one ice ball. They couldnot unscrew the caps on thehand grenades. The fuseswould not ignite. The handswere not supple. The mortartubes shrank on account ofthe cold; 70 percent of the

126

shells failed to detonate. Skinfrom the hands was stuck onthe shells and the mortartubes.

In best Communist tradition ofself-criticism, Peng Deqing de-plored his heavy casualties ascaused by tactical errors:

We underestimated theenemy so we distributed thestrength, and consequentlythe higher echelons wereover-dispersed while thelower echelon units wereover-concentrated. Duringone movement, the distancebetween the three leadingdivisions was very long,while the formations of thebattalions, companies, andunits of lower levels were tooclose, and the troops wereunable to deploy. Further-

The 1st Marine Division was only a fraction of the totalevacuationfrom Hungnam. In all, along with 105,000 US.and South Korean servicemen, 91,000 civilian refugeeswere evacuated. In materiel, 17,500 vehicles and 350,000

Photo by David Douglas Duncan

tons of all classes of equipment and supplies were taken outin 193 shiploads in 109 ships. "We never, never contemplateda Dunkirk "Admiral C. Turner Joy later said.

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Department of Defense Photo (USN) 424093

North Korean reftigees wait apprehensively to board U.S. Navy 1ST 845. Some91,000 civilians were evacuated from Hungnam. This does not count the thou-sands of others who fled Hungnam and otherNorth Korean ports in fishing boatsand other coastal vessels. Family separations occurred that in future yearswould never be mended.

Zhang Renchu, commander ofthe 26th CF Army found reason toadmire the fire support coordinationof the Marines:

The coordination betweenthe enemy infantry, tanks,artillery, and airplanes is sur-prisingly close. Besides usingheavy weapons for the depth,the enemy carries with himautomatic light firearmswhich, coordinated withrockets, launchers, and re-coilless guns are disposed atthe front line. The character-istic of their employment is tostay quietly under cover andopen fire suddenly when wecome to between 70 and 100

meters from them, making itdifficult for our troops todeploy and thus inflictingcasualties upon us.

In a 17 December message toPeng Dehuai, Mao acknowledgedthat as many as 40,000 men hadperished due to cold weather, lackof supplies, and the fierce fighting."The Central Committee cherishesthe memory of those lost." Pengasked for 60,000 replacements; itwould be April before the NinthArmy Group again went into corn-bat.

An enormous stockpile of equipment and supplies, including rations, fuel andammunition had been built up at Hungnam. Much was evacuated, but even morewould have to be destroyed. A detachment of Marines was left behind to help inthe destruction. A Marine lieutenant was killed on 24 December in a prematureexplosion, probably the last Marine casualty of the campaign.

Department of Defense Photo (USA) SC 355021

At Masan on Christmas Eve, OlinBeall, the mustang commander ofthe 1st Motor Transport Battalion,wrote a letter to his old command-ing officer, General Holland M."Howlin' Mad" Smith, now retiredand living in La Jolla, California:

more, reconnaissance wasnot conducted strictly; wewalked into the enemy firenet and suffered heavy casu-alties.

127

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I just thought that youmight like to have a fewwords on first hand informa-tion from an ole friend andan ole timer. . . . I've seensome brave men along thatroad and in these hills, menwith feet frozen, men withhands frozen still helpingtheir buddies, men riding

trucks with frozen feet butfighting from the trucks. . . .1

think the fight of our 5th and7th Regts, from Yudarn-ni in toHagaru-ri was a thing thatwill never be equaled.Litzenberg [7thI and Murray[5th] showed real commandability and at no time did anyof us doubt their judgment.

The night we came out ofKoto-ri the temperature was27 below zero and still wefought. Men froze to theirsocks, blood froze in woundsalmost instantaneously, onesfingers were numb insideheavy mittens. Still men tookthem off to give to a wound-ed buddy. . . . We are now in

The Begor (APD 127), a high-speed amphibious transport,lends its weight to the pyrotechnic display ashore on 24December. In a finalfarewell to the stricken port there was

Department of Defense Photo (USN) 424297

a crescendo of planned demolitions and naval gunfire.RAdm Doyle and MajGen Almond watched the spectaclefrom the bridge qf the Mount McKinley.

128

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to cut pine trees to line the com-pany streets of the tent camp. C-ration cans and crinkled tinfoilfrom cigarette packages made dofor ornaments. Choirs wereformed to sing Christmas carols.Various delegations of SouthKoreans, civilian and military,arrived at the camp with gifts andmusical shows.

On Christmas Day, GeneralSmith was pleased to note thatattendance at church services wasexcellent. Afterward he held openhouse at his Japanese-style housefor officers of sufficient rank—hisspecial staff, general staff, andmore senior unit commanders.First Lieutenant James B. Soper,serving at Sasebo, Japan, had sentthe commanding general's mess acase of Old Grand-Dad bourbon.Mixed with powered milk, sugar,and Korean eggs it made a passableeggnog.

The irrepressible LtCol Olin L. Beall ina photo taken at Camp Pendleton inMay 1951. Beall's exploits as com-manding qfficer of the 1st MotorTransport Battalion, which lost noth-ing in his own telling, delightedMajGen Smith, himself a reservedand rather humorless individual.National Archives Photo (USMC) 127-N-A215229

Masan in South Korea reout-fitting, training and gettingsome new equipment. I'mvery, very proud to be able tosay that in all our operationmy Bn [1st Motor TransportBattalion] has lost only 27trucks and every one of thesewas an actual battle casualty,so I think my boys did prettygood. . . . Oliver P. Smith andCraig make a fine team andwe'd stand by them thru helland high water.

An epidemic of flu and bronchi-tis swept through the tent camp atMasan. The Marines were treated

with an early antibiotic, Aure-omycin, in capsules to be swal-lowed the size of the first joint of aman's finger. The division rebuiltitself rapidly. Replacements—menand materiel—arrived. Some unitsfound themselves with an "over-age" of vehicles and weapons thathad to be returned to the Army.

A refrigerator ship brought intoMasan a planned double ration ofChristmas turkey. Through somemix-up a second shipment ofturkey and accessories arrived sothat there were four days of holidaymenu for the Marines. Workingparties pretending to be patrolswent up into the surrounding hills

129

Department of Defense Photo (USA) 426954

More naval shells were shot at Hungnam than at Inchon. Here the battleshipMissouri (BB 63) bangs away with its 16-inch guns. Altogether the Navyfired morethan 162 sixteen-inch, 2,932 eight-inch, and 18,637five-inch shellsplus 1,462five-inch rockets during the period 7 to 24 December.

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National Archives Photo (USMC) 127-N-A5848

On Christmas Day, MajGen Smith held open house for his senior officers and imme-diate staff at his Japanese-style quarters in Masan. Not all can be readily iden-tified, but easily recognizable on the General's right are Cols Pullei McAlister, andBowser. On Smith's immediate left, with pipe, is BGen Craig. In the middle of thekneeling row is LtCol Beau.

Corps was now part of the EighthArmy, which had a new comman-der. General Walker had beenkilled when this jeep collided witha South Korean weapons carriernorth of Seoul on 23 December.Lieutenant General Matthew B.Ridgway, known to the Marines asa fighting paratrooper in WorldWar II, took his place. GeneralSmith met him for the first time ata conference at X Corps headquar-ters on 30 December. Ridgway toldhis listeners that he wanted lesslooking backward toward the MSR,saying that when parachutistslanded their MSR was always cut.Smith, not sure if this was praise orcriticism, was nevertheless cau-tiously impressed by the new com-manding general.

By the first of the year the 1stMarine Division would be ready toreturn to combat. There would benew battles to be fought—andwon.

Drysdale's 41 Commando alsoheld an open house. The Britishembassy in Tokyo had sent over asupply of Scotch whisky andmincemeat pies. Most of the guestswere officers of the 1st and 5thMarines.

On 27 December, for the benefitof his log, General Smith added uphis division's losses since theInchon landing on 15 September:

Killed in actionDied of wounds 163Missing in actionWounded in action 5,517

TotalNon-battle casualtiesPrisoners of war taken

On the 28th of December thedivision was placed once againunder the operational control of XCorps, still commanded byAlmond who would soon be pro-moted to lieutenant general. X

Dressed for the occasion of MajGen Smith's 6'hristmas party, LtC'ol Murray is wear-ing an Army winter trench coat and Col Puller a brand-new M1943 field jack-et. Both wear the highly prized cuffed Army boots, but 0. P Smith, hisinseparable pipe clutched in his left hanc4 is wearing, as always, regulation leg-gings with his high-top "boondockers."

Department of Defense Photo (USMc) A5850

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What Happened to Them?

HARLES L."Gus" BANKS, commander of the 1stService Battalion, received a Navy Cross forhis actions at Hagaru-ri. He retired in 1959

with a promotion to brigadier general in recogni-tion of his combat decorations and died in 1988.

BOEKER C. BATTERTON, commanding officer ofMAG-12, retired in 1958 with a promotion tobrigadier general in recognition of his combatdecorations. He died in 1987.

OLIN L. BEALL, commanding officer of the 1stMotor Transport Battalion, retired as a colonel,with both a Navy Cross and a DistinguishedService Cross for his actions at Chosin Reservoir.He died in 1977.

ALPHA L. BOWSER,JR., the division's G-3 or oper-ations officer, retired in 1967 as a lieutenant gen-eral and presently lives in Hawaii.

JAMES H. BROWER, commander of the 11thMarines, the artillery regiment, retired as a

colonel in 1960 and died in 1984.J. FRANK COLE, commanding officer of VMF-312,

retired as a colonel in 1965 and died in 1969.HENRY P. "JIM" CROWE, commanding officer of 1st

Shore Battalion, retired in 1960 as a colonel,became chief of police in Portsmouth, Virginia, anddied in 1991.

RAYMOND G. DAVIS, commander of the 1stBattalion, 7th Marines, went on to command the3d Marine Division in Vietnam and was a four-stargeneral and Assistant Commandant of the MarineCorps before retiring in 1972. He now lives nearAtlanta, Georgia.

FREDERICK R. DOWSETF, the executive officer of the7th Marines, retired as a colonel and died in 1986.

VINCENT J. GOTTSCHALK, commanding officer ofVMO-6, received a Silver Star for his service inKorea. He retired as a colonel in 1968 and died in2000.

FIELD HARRIS, commanding general of the 1stMarine Aircraft Wing, retired in 1953 and wasadvanced to lieutenant general because of hiscombat decorations. He died in 1967 at age 72.

WILLIAM E HARRIS, commander of the 3dBattalion, 7th Marines, was listed as missing inaction. No trace of him was ever found and he waseventually presumed dead. He received a posthu-mous Navy Cross.

BANKSON T. HOLCOMB, JR., the division's G-2 orintelligence officer, retired as a brigadier general

131

in 1959. An expatriate, he lived for many years inInverness, Scotland, where he died in 2000 at theage of 92.

MILTON

Companywounded,

A. HULL, company commander,D, 2d Battalion, 7th Marines, twicereceived both a Silver Star and Navy

Cross for his actions. He retired as a colonel in 1969and died in 1984.

ROBERT P. KELLER, commander of the"Blacksheep Squadron" and air liaison officer toFifth Air Force, retired in 1974 as a lieutenantgeneral. He lives in Pensacola, Florida.

RANDOLPH S. D. LocKwooD, commander of the 2dBattalion, 7th Marines, was not evacuated afterbeing relieved but continued to move with the 7thMarines. On arrival at Masan he was sent to anArmy hospital for psychiatric observation. TheArmy psychiatrist concluded he had suffered asituational neurosis, which disappeared after theevacuation. Lockwood returned briefly to the 2dBattalion, 7th Marines, but was soon transferred toadministrative duties. He retired as a lieutenantcolonel in 1960 and resides in Texas.

JAMES F LAWRENCE,JR., who assumed command of2d Battalion, 7th Marines, after Lockwood's relief,received a Navy Cross for his actions at the reser-voir. After distinguished service as a Marine Corpslawyer, he retired in 1972 as a brigadier general.He lives in northern Virginia.

HOMER L. LITZENBERG,JR., commanding officer ofthe 7th Marines, rapidly ascended in grade tomajor general and as such in 1957 served as thesenior member of the United Nations componentnegotiating the peace talks at Panmunjom. Heretired in 1959, was elevated to lieutenant gener-al because of his combat decorations, and died in1963 at age 68.

FRANCIS M. MCALISTER, the division's G-4 orlogistics officer, succeeded Puller as the com-mander, 1st Marines, a position he held untilwounded in May 1951. He retired as a major gen-eral in 1960 and died in 1965.

JOHN N. MCLAUGHLIN, survived his captivity andwent on to become a lieutenant general and chiefof staff at Headquarters Marine Corps. He retiredin 1977 and lives in Savannah, Georgia.

RAYMOND L. MURRAY, commander of the 5thMarines, rose to the grade of major general beforeretiring in 1968. He lives in Southern California.

REGINALD R. MYERS, Executive Officer, 3dBattalion, 1st Marines, received a Medal of Honorfor his actions on East Hill. He retired as acolonel in 1967 and now lives in Florida.

GEORGE R. NEWTON, commander of the 1stBattalion, 5th Marines, received a Silver Star for hisservice in Korea and retired as a colonel in 1964.He died in 1993.

FRANCIS F "Fox" PARRY, commander of 3dBattalion, 11th Marines, retired as a colonel in1967. He published his memoir, Three WarMarine, in 1987. He lives in Flourtown,Pennsylvania.

JOHN H. PARTRIDGE, the division engineer, retiredas a colonel in 1965 and died in 1987.

LEWIS B. "CHE5TY" PULLER, the 1st Marines' com-manding officer, was promoted to brigadier gen-eral and became the division's assistantcommander in February 1951. He received hisfifth Navy Cross for his performance at the ChosinReservoir and rose to the grade of major generalon active service and to lieutenant general on theretired list when he retired in 1955. He died in 1971at the age of 73.

J. ROBERT REINBURG, commander of VMF(N)-513,retired as a colonel in 1978 and died in 1997.

THOMAS L. RIDGE, Commanding Officer, 3dBattalion, 1st Marines, received a Silver Star for hisdefense of Hagaru. He retired as a colonel in1964 and died in 1999.

MAURICE E. ROACH, Litzenberg's jack-of-all-trades, retired as a colonel in 1962 and died in1988.

DEANE C. ROBERTS, commander of VMR-152,retired as a colonel in 1957 and died in 1985.

HAROLD S. RoIsE, commander of 2d Battalion,5th Marines, received two Navy Crosses for hisheroic actions. He retired as a colonel in 1965and died in 1991.

WEBB D. "Buzz" SAWYER, Litzenberg's roving bat-talion commander, received two Silver Stars for hisactions at Chosin Reservoir and a Navy Cross forlater heroics during the Chinese spring coun-teroffensive in April 1951. He retired as abrigadier general in 1968 and died in 1995.

HENRY W"Pop" SEELEY,JR., retired as a colonel in1963 with his last years of active duty as a highlyregarded logistics officer. He lives in Florida.

DONALD M. "BUCK" SCHMUCK, CommandingOfficer, 1st Battalion, 1st Marines, was lateradvanced to executive officer of the regiment. He

132

retired in 1959 and because of his combat deco-rations was advanced in grade to brigadier general.He lives in Wyoming and Hawaii.

CARL L. SITTER, company commander, CompanyG, 3d Battalion, 1st Marines, recipient of a Medalof Honor, retired as colonel in 1970. He was a long-time resident of Richmond, Virginia, until hisdeath in 2000.

OLIVER P. SMITH, Commanding General, 1stMarine Division, was promoted to lieutenant gen-eral in 1953 and given command of Fleet MarineForce, Atlantic. He retired in 1955 and for hismany combat awards was raised in grade to four-star general. He died on Christmas Day, 1977, athis home in Los Altos Hills, California, at age 81.

EDWARD W. SNEDEKER, the division's deputy chiefof staff, retired as a lieutenant general in 1963. Inretirement he was known as a world-class stampcollector. He died in 1995.

EDWARD P. STAMFORD, the Marine tactical air con-troller with Task Force Faith, retired as a major in1961 and lives in Southern California.

AUAI'4 SUrFER, commander of the 2d Battalion, 1stMarines, retired as a colonel in 1964 and died inOrange, Virginia, in 1988.

MAX J. VOLCANSEK, JR., commander of VMF(N)-542, retired in 1956 and was advanced in grade tobrigadier general because of his combat decora-tions. He died in 1995.

HARVEY S.WALSETH, the division's G-1 or person-nel officer, after recovering from his wounds,returned to the division to serve as deputy chiefof staff and commanding officer, rear echelon. Heretired in 1960 as a colonel and resides in SantaBarbara, California.

ERWIN F WANN, JR., commander of the 1stAmphibian Tractor Battalion, retired as a colonelin 1965 and died in 1997.

GREGON A. WILLIAMS, the division's chief of staff,retired as a major general in 1954 and died in1968.

DAVID C. WOLFE, successor to Reinburg asCommanding Officer, VMF(N)-513, served as thehead of the U.S. military mission in theDominican Republic before retiring as a colonel in1965. He died in 1992.

CARL A. YOUNGDALE, who relieved Brower asCommanding Officer, 11th Marines, went on tocommand the 1st Marine Division in Vietnam andretired as a major general in 1972. He died in1993.

dwin Howard Simmons, a

retired Marine brigadier gen-eral, was, as a major, the com-manding officer of WeaponsCompany, 3d Battalion, 1stMarines, throughout the ChosinReservoir campaign. His activeMarine Corps service spanned 30years—1942 to 1972—duringwhich, as he likes to boast, suc-cessively in World War II, Korea,and Vietnam he had command oracting command in combat of every size unit from platoonto division. A writer and historian all his adult life, he wasthe Director of Marine Corps History and Museums from1972 until 1996 and is now the Director Emeritus.

Born in 1921 in Billingsport, New Jersey, the site of a

Revolutionary War battle, he received his commission in theMarine Corps in 1942 through the Army ROTC at LehighUniversity. He also holds a master's degree from Ohio StateUniversity and is a graduate of the National War College. Aone-time managing editor of the Marine Coips Gazette(1945-1949), he has been widely published, including morethan 300 articles and essays. His most recent books are TheUnited States Marine: A History (1998), The Marines (1998),and a Korean War novel, Dog Company Six. He is theauthor of an earlier pamphlet in this series, Over theSeawall: U.S. Marines at Inchon.

He is married, has four grown children, and lives withhis wife, Frances, at their residence, "Dunmarchin," twomiles up the Potomac from Mount Vernon.

THIS PAMPHLET HISTORY, one in a series devoted to U.S. Marinesin the Korean War era, is published for the education and training ofMarines by the History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S.Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., as part of the U.S. Department ofDefense observance of the 50th anniversary of that war. Editorial costshave been defrayed in part by contributions from members of theMarine Corps Heritage Foundation. To plan and coordinate the KoreanWar commemorative events and activities of the Sea Services, the Navy,Marine Corps, and Coast Guard have formed the Sea Services KoreanWar Commemoration Committee, chaired by the Director, Navy Staff.For more information about the Sea Services' commemorative effort,please contact the Navy-Marine Corps Korean War CommemorationCoordinator at (202) 433-4223/3085, FAX 433-7265 (D5N288-7265), E-Mail HonorAndRemember@hqmc.usmc.mil, Website: www.histo-ry. usmc . mil.

KOREAN WAR COMMEMORATIVE SERIES

DIRECTOR OF MARINE CORPS HIS TORYAI\U) MUSEUMS

Colonel John W. Ripley, USMC (Ret)GENERAL EDITOR, KOREAN WAR COMMEMORATiVE SERIES

Charles R. SmithEDITING AND DESIGN SECTION, HIS TORY AND MUSEUMS DIVISION

W. Stephen Hill, Visual Information SpecialistCatherine A. Kerns, Visual Information Specialist

NAVY-MARiNE CORPS KOREAN WAR COMMEMORATION

Lieutenant Colonel Ward E. Scott H, USMCR, Coordinator

U.S. Marine Corps Historical Center1254 Charles Morris Street SE

Washington Navy Yard DC 20374-50402002

PCN 19000410000

\I)oIuL the \tiihior

Son rces

The official history, 1/ti' C/a os/n Rtseo't,trittti/'aopi Nv Lynn Mtintr' tss anti Capt

\ieholas'\.Ca n/t ml. vi tlmne ti tree in thefite—vt d iIttIe st-ries P S., I/op/itt' (i/t,'tsil/ons

IpSo- 195/, provtded a startingpitee fur this account. iltisveeer, in ilk' taetiihail-century 'oicc this volume was puh-I isht't I in I 9S• there has Net-n a great rica Iof new scholarship ;ts 'sell as release i 'I

cl:tssifictl ret-i mis. particularly with respectit Ch i nest' N in es This pamphlet at nit 515lit ijenefit from these liter soti ties.

\Vtrli respect to Chinese ft tot's, TheDragon Sir/hits- liv Maj I>alrick C. Rot- hasheeti especially osciul as have various arti-cles hi hoth (It it 'ese and Western scht 11.1 rsthat have appeared io academic journ;tl.'i/it' C/ia ng/i n Ion t'pt al. the e Ic etrott icnewsletter edited hy Col Get re A Rasula,C sA (Ret), has prt tvided tliitrtt.ht—pnivokiogdetail on the role ol ItS. Army fctrees. par-ticularis RCT-31, at the reservoir. The as-yetuncompleted work on the Flu tt)tnitnt evaeo-attt tn lay Profess, it' Donald Chisholni hasyielded new insigltts on that critical culmi-nating evetit

I-it toks, 51 ttne new, some talci, that haveI teen most rtseful inelude—i isteci aiphaheti-e;tilv and not necessarily lay worth, which

varies svilt'lv—Rov F Appleman. Last ofCiaosi,t and 50th/i to //ti' .\ultirtni, Vi pitt 0'i/ic t ct/IL Cliv 13 lair, Tin' Forgotten IS/pr,

Malcolm (V. C;ii.tle and Frank A \Ii,nsrtn,'I /it' 5,-vt It-Ni' it p Nmtrt',t; T. R. Fe hren iaae It.'ii'ts A'itti'./ of' Il/in Aitslrew (ear. The ANn'1/rev!. I). itl Giangreect, If/it- in Korea,/ 'TSr) 195,1 Richard P. I lallitin, flat- Aitt si/I ir It ar lit koreo; Max I lasting.s, T/ae

I/o rca it liar: Rohert I.e, k ie, The .1 to ta/i toC//itt-i'. Dttoglas \I;teArthttr. Rem ftit.ciettees.Francis I-its Parry, 7/net' lot' Map/tie.Russell Sporr. Enter I/li' Dra,ipttt, 'diet lay I..

Stanit ttt. America 's Tert/h Lt',qfltn; Iohn'it,] and, In MtniaI Cttni P a - A'ov'o t 950—

/955: Rudy Tonied i ,.Vtt Bog/es. ,Vti Dot pitsand I larry Trun'tats, tA' ttiuit:s.

The (till cia I re ports that i''-' tv ccl it R istIteipiul were the Par Fast Citmmatad'sContntattd Repofl. December / i Si), the 1st\I,irine Division's Historical Diary /''i'\ ots'tti hi'" 1950: the Commander, Taskhttree Ltd's /lteo,ttiaot Riv/ejtItt'ioet;i. c)—25

/),tceua her I t.t-S0: antI the I Ieadqrta roars, Xtrps, .S/s'i'iai Report oe f/,rts/ti Reseri '0/Pr

/ 7 ,Vre-r'in/s'p' to Ii) /leietti/tt'i' /95CrOral histories, il Ia ries. memoirs (pith—

I islic'd and unpuhltsheti p and personal cor—respondence were ,'xtrenieiy tiseftil, espe—daily titose p:tpers originating withGencr:tis Almond. I-It 'ws&'r. Craig. I.iti.en—

herg, Murray, si tepherd, anti 'iii rh -

Resort ss as made to scores td' ititigraphi—cal anti srtbject files held hy the RefcreneeSeetirtn of the Marine Corps H iso 'rica ICenter.

The ttothor t iso unalaa 'dtet.i I y put ti t usehis , two reeol leetiotas of e' etits arid rec\ (ledtnateria Is that he had first des c'h 'ped t tn

Cht sin Reservoir its sat cii us esa vs. articles.anti I ectures d u ring the past hal f—ce mit orv.

As is invariably the case, the author hadthe unstinting a nil enthusiastic su pp ,rt andcooperation of the st,til at the 5l,,rine ('mr asllistoricttl Center

The text has benefited gretttlv from thecritical reviews h' the editorial ladrler with—its the Marine Corps I Iistorlcai Center—Mr.Charles ii. — ItCh - Smith, Mr. Chri ries flMelsttn. L1CoI ion Httffman—and externallyNv Ctil Joseph Alexander, Col 'l'httmas C;.

Fergusott. I. SA (Ret, BGen James F.

Lasvrettee. (Ti ii Allati R. Slilielt. Mr. j, RohertMoskin, Cii George A. Rasitla. liSA fRet,atad Ma j l'a trick rT. Roe. The a tt t Itt 'r. ofeotlrse. remains resptansi ale for atty defectsremaining in the ins 'is -

.( hilly annotated clra ft man ii script is t ta

deposit at the NI .irine Corps H ist, irkCenter. Virtually all ol the retereoce io.tteri-als published and unpublished. used can befound at the (Ia rine Corps I-i is' deal Centerin Washingtian, H C,rtr rtt the Mo'ine CorpsIiese:treh Cctatt'r at Qtaanti':ct, \-'irginia.