FRP Piping Technical Aspects

8/13/2019 FRP Piping Technical Aspects

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FRPPipingTechnicalAspects.Page1of15

FRPPIPINGSYSTEM

Introduction:

Fiberglassreinforcedplastic(FRP)pipingmadefromepoxyvinylesterresinsprovidesexcellentcorrosion

resistance in saturated inorganic brine service. However, the rapid rate of change and significant

differenceintemperaturesmentionedpreviouslywouldmakeFRPsusceptibletothermalshock,which

mayleadtothecrackingofthecorrosionbarrierandsignificantstressontheentirepipingsystem.

Carbonsteelpipingcarryingasaturatedinorganicbrinesolutionwasexperiencingleakswithinayearof

installation. Even though brine temperatures were normally controlled to change gradually, the

temperature of the brine could change rapidly from20C to 60C (4F to 140F) in less than five

seconds. The operating pressure was 345 kPa (50 psig). Other metallic piping substitutes were

investigatedwithcoppernickelpipingbeingfoundtobetheonlymetallicmaterialsuitableforresisting

the corrosive nature of the saturated brine process stream. However, coppernickel piping is very

expensivematerial.Alowercostalternativewasneededandsought.

Fiberglassreinforcedplastic(FRP)pipingmadewithepoxyvinylesterresinsandmodifiedfromstandard

manufacturingpracticesinordertohandlerapidtemperaturechangeswasusedforanimmediatecost

savings.TheFRPpipinghasprovidedmaintenancefreeserviceforthreeyears.CustomfabricatedFRP

pipe,up to twelve inches indiameter, is approximately1.5 to 2 times the costof carbon steelpipe

installed.Asthepipediameterincreasesthecostdifferencedecreases.

KnowledgeableFRP

piping

manufacturers

can

design

piping

systems

to

withstand

thermal

stresses

put

onthemwiththeuseofappropriateguidesandanchorsinhighstresslocations,aswellas,fabricating

thepipe for the requiredphysicalproperties.However, a standard corrosionresistantbarrier in FRP

pipingwouldprobablynotresisttheeffectsofexcessivethermalshocksexperiencedintheprocess.In

order to meet the severe thermal requirements for the saturated inorganic brine, modifications to

standardFRPcorrosionresistantbarrierwereemployed.

Essentially all FRP equipmentmadewith epoxy vinyl ester resinshas a resin rich corrosion resistant

barrier and structural wall. (The resin provides corrosion resistance and holds the shape of the

fiberglass.While, the fiberglass is forstrength).ThestandardFRPcorrosionresistantbarriergenerally

consists

of

a

c

glass

or

synthetic

veil

0.3

mm

(10

mils)

thick

and

at

least

two

layers

of

450

g/m

2

(1.5

oz./sq, ft.) chopped strand glass mat for a total thickness of about 3mm (100mils). The corrosion

resistant barrier being resin rich contains 7080wt% resin, while the structural portion of FRP

equipmenthassresincontentcloseto50wt%.

It isessentialthatthe integrityofthecorrosionresistantbarrierbemaintained inordertoprotectthe

structuralwallofFRPequipment.Thereareseveraltechniquesthatcanbeemployedtogreatlyreduce


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theeffectsofthermalshockand fatigueonthecorrosionbarrierofFRPequipment.Epoxyvinylester

resinlaminat.

GlassReinforcedPlastics"GRP"orReinforcedThermosettingResin"RTR" Pipesexhibit,

1. Excellentadhesion.2. Fatigueresistance.3. Impactstrength.4. Chemicalresistance.5. Lowshrinkage.6. Longtermperformance.7. SuperiorMechanical&Chemicalproperties.8. Excellentfatigueresistanceundercyclicloading.

Dependsup

on

the

type

of

Resin

used,

the

Pipes

&

Fittings

are

categorized

as

GRP,GRV

&

GRE

and

are

usedfordifferentindustrialapplications.

Applications/Industries:

1. SeweragePiping2. StormWaterSystem3. WaterDesalinationPlants.4. PumpingStations5. FireMain.6. PowerPlants.7. Chemical&PetrochemicalPlants.

StiffnessClassofpipes:

1500N/m2,2500N/m2,5000N/m2,10000N/m2

PressureClassofPipes:

Gravity,6Bar,12Bar,16Bar,25Bar,32Bar


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Installation:

TherequirementsforproperinstallationofFiberglassPipingSystemdependsontheapplication Above

GroundorBelowGround .Itsignificantlyvary from theproceduresOfMetallicPipingSystem itneeds

reviewofdesign specifications, informationon typeand spacingof supports,anchors,guidesetc. In

general thedeflectionsofunsupportedspan lengthsaremaintainedwithinacceptable limitsandalso

compensatefortheeffectofthermalexpansion.Installcarefullytokeepstressesorstrainsinthesystem

belowacceptablelimits.

TypesofJointingandPreparation

Thereare

several

methods

available

for

the

installation

and

adjusting

of

FRP

pipe

systems

in

the

field.

Thefollowingjointingmethodsarecommonlyused.

1. Adhesivebondedjoint2. Rubbersealjoint3. Flangedjoint4. Laminationjoint5. MechanicalcouplerIn case it is necessary to shorten the pipe length at a certain point in the line, rejointing can be

performed by adhesive bonding or by laminating. The adhesive bondedjoint is available up to and

includingadiameterof400mm.

Cutting

Thepipesectiontobecutshouldbemarkedusingamarkerpenandapipefitter'swraparoundguide.

Ensurethatthecutend iscompletelysquareasthereliabilityofthejointdependson it.Thecuttingof

glassfiberreinforcedepoxypipescanbedonebymeansofahacksawfordiametersupto100mm.For

diametersabove100mmanabrasivecuttingdisccanbeused.Donotcutclosetothesocketendofa

rubbersealjointand/oradhesivebondedjoint.Thecuttingdistanceaway from theconicalpartofthe

bellendmustbeequalto,orlongerthanthelengthforlaminatedjoints.


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1. AdhesivebondedjointsBeforeadhesivebonding,allsafetyprecautionswillneedtobechecked.Ensurethatallnecessarytools

and materials are available. Adhesive bondedjoints can only be made by fully trained and certified

personnel.

1.1Toolsforadhesivebondedjoints

Forassemblyofadhesivebondedjointsthefollowingisneeded:

measuringtape+markerpen+pipefitter'swraparound+measuringgauge pipeclamp+bench+rubberstrip(foruseunderneaththechainclamp) anglegrinderwithdiagritorcarborundumcuttingdisc(grain24)flappersanderandasandingbobbin,a

handsawwitha24teeth/inchblade,jigsawwitha14teeth/inchblade

shaver cleaningrag adhesive,spatula(=rubberscraperplate),emerycloth heating blanket, hot air gun (paint stripper gun), digital temperature gauge, variable energy control

(rheostat),insulationblanket

generator Cleaningfluid/gloves/dustmask/safetyglasses. shelter(dependingontheweatherconditions)

1.2Machining

Afterthepipehasbeencuttotheexactlength,theendwillhavebemachinedtotherightdiameterto

ensureaproperjoint.Thesurfacehastobecleanedwithacleancloth.Ifthesurfacehasbeenincontact

withoilorgrease, itshouldbecleanedwithacleanclothsoaked inpureacetone,M.E.K.(methylethyl

ketone)orM.I.B.K.(methylisobutylketon)(freeofwater).Afterdrying,machiningcanstart.Thereare3

shaversavailable:onefordiametersupto50mm,onefordiametersfrom80mmto250mmandonefor

diametersfrom200mmto400mm.

Aftertheadhesiveisappliedagoodbondisguaranteed.Anyirregularityinthicknesscanbedetermined

by measuring the spigot end in several places. On the machined spigot end the max. wall thickness

difference allowed is0.2%of thediameterof thepipe,with aminimum valueof0.3mm.The spigot

dimensionshavetobeinaccordancewiththevaluesshowninthebondinginstructionspackedwiththe

adhesive.


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1.3Bonding

of

the

joint

Thebonding instructionsarepackedwitheveryadhesivekit.Wastageofadhesive canbe reducedby

goodplanningandthebestuseoftheadhesivekits.Toomuchadhesiveappliedtothesocketwillreduce

thediameterandresultinrestrictedflow.Removeexcessadhesivewiththeaidofthespatulaandfinish

theseamproperlyandsmoothly.Thiscanalsobedone inside thepipe, forexample,bypullingaplug

throughthepipe.Thiswillpreventsproblemsusingfoampigslater.

Thetemperatureoftheheatingblanketshouldbeat least90Cforapplicationsofmediumbelow65C

and125Cformediumtemperaturesbetween65Cand90C.

Curingtimeisnearly onehourandonehourwarminguptime.Curingtimestartsafterthesurfaceofthe

pipe has reached the required temperature underneath the heating blanket. During curing thejoint

should be insulated for example by using insulation blanket and seal off the pipe ends to prevent

draughtsthroughthepipe.

Becauseoftheirconfiguration,flangedjointsandlateralsaredifficulttocurefromtheoutsidebyusinga

heatingblanket.Theycanbecuredwiththefollowingalternativeprocedure:

A Rollup theheatingblanketandplace itonthe insideofthepipeatthemachinedend.Fillthe

space inside theblanketwithheat resistantmaterial toensure that theblanket ispressedagainst the

pipewall.

The

electrical

cables

must

not

be

inside.

B Heat thejointon the insidewithahotairgun/paint stripperor infra reddevice.Control the

temperaturewith adigital temperature gauge.For laterals, thebranch and thenearestjointmustbe

curedfirst.Theremainingpartscanbecuredwithaheatingblanket.

Donotmovethejointduringsettingoftheadhesive!Thiscanresultinfailureofthejoint.Afterthecured

jointhascooleddownitmaybeloaded.

NoteInmanycasesthenumberofsitejointscanbereducedbyprefabrication(spoolbuilding)inthefactory.

IntegralRubbersealjoint(RSJ)andRubberSealLockJoint(RSLJ)

BeforeassemblingtheRubberSealJoints,allsafetyprecautionswillneedtobechecked.Ensurethatall

necessarytoolsandmaterialsareavailable.


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Toolsforrubbersealjoints.

Forassembly

of

rubber

seal

joints

the

following

is

needed:

LubricantforOringandlockingstrip Arodorstick 2pipeclamps Chaintackles(2):uptoID500mmpullingforce750kg.

ID>500mmpullingforce1500kg.

Plasticorwoodenmallettodrivethelockingstripintotherubberseallockjoint Nonfluffycleaningrags

Thefollowing

actions

must

be

taken

in

order

to

install

the

rubber

seal

joint.

2.1. RubberSealJoint(RSJ)withpipestop

Clean the spigot and socket end thoroughly with a clean cloth before jointing. Do not use

materiallikedustersinordertoavoidfibersfromstickingtothesurfaceoftheseal.

Checkbothpipeendsfordamage. Markthedepthofentryonthespigotend.

The

measurement

of

the

mark

on

the

spigot

end

is

as

follows:

depth

of

the

socket

end

minus

end

play

Positiontherubberringintothegrooveofthespigotend. Usearoundtoollikeascrewdriverunderneaththerubberringandworkitaroundafewtimesin

ordertodistributethetension.


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2.2. RubberSealJoint(RSJ)withoutpipestop

Toassemble

arubber

ring

joint

use

this

manual.

For

marking

the

depth

of

entry

on

the

spigot

end

use

the

instructionbelow.Markthedepthofentryonthespigotend.

Apply lubricant to the rubber ringand theentire inner surfaceof the socketend.Avoidany lubricant

undertherubberring inordertoprevent itfromslippingoutofthegroove.Donottrytoassemblythe

jointwithouttheuseofany lubricant.Softsoapcanbeusedasanalternativeforthe lubricant.Fitthe

rubberlinedclampsonbothsidesofthejointensurethatthespigotendispositionedrightinfrontofthe

socketendandthatbothsectionsarefullyaligned.Attachthechaintacklestotheclampsonbothsides

ofthepartstobeconnectedandeasethespigotslowlyandgraduallyintothesocketuntilthemarkisin

linewiththefrontofthesocketend.

Ifindoubt,checkwithathinfeelergaugearoundthecircumference,toconfirmthattherubber

ringisintherightpositioninthegroove.

Diametersupto300mmcanbe installedwithout theuseoftackles.The forcenecessary tomake the

jointcanbedonebyusingawoodenbeamasaleverattheendofthepipe.Donottrytojointwopipes

atanangle,since it isprobablethattherubberringmayslipoutofthegroove.However, ifnecessary,

only after assemblyof thejoint apermitted anglemaybeused.Donotuse themaximumpermitted

anglewhere

you

anticipate

soil

settlement.


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2.3. RubberSealLockJoint(RSLJ)withpipestop

Position

the

hole

so

the

locking

strip

can

be

inserted

easily.

Follow

the

assembly

instructions

for

the

rubbersealjoints (RSJ).Attach thechain tackles to theclampsonbothsidesof thepipeandease the

spigotendslowlyandgraduallyintothesocketenduntiltherearstopofthespigotendispasttheholeof

thelockingstrip.Applysomelubricantonthefirstsectionofthelockingstrip.

Insertthelockingstripinsuchawaythatthebeveledendrestsagainsttheinsideofthesocket.

2.4.Rubber

Seal

Lock

Joint

(RSLJ)

without

pipe

stop

Toassemblearubberringjointusethismanual.Formarkingthedepthofentryonthespigotendusethe

instructionbelow.

Usingaplastichammerorapieceofwood,tapthelockingstriphomeuntilitrestsagainstthefirstpart

of the strip.Theendof the locking strips sticksoutbyapprox.100mm.Thisallowsdisassemblyof the


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newlyassembledunit.Ensurethatthestopofboththesocketandendthespigotendareincontactwith

thelockingstripandthatthefullyextendedsystemiskeptinthisposition.

ForRSJsystemsanadditional'endplay'of30mmisallowedfordiametersupto300mmand50mmfor

diameters 350 mm up to 1200 mm. This 'end play' allows for contraction as a result of pressure,

temperaturechangesandsoilsettlementsandthereforeshouldnotbeusedintheinstallation.

2.5TypesoftheRubberringandthelockingstrip

ThecommonlyusedrubberringismadeofNBR(NitrilButadieneRubber).Othertypesofrubbercanbe

supplied depending on the medium and/or the temperature. The different types of rubber can be

recognizedbythefollowingcodes:

SStyreneButadieneRubber SBR colourcode redspot

N

Nitrile

Butadiene

Rubber

NBR

colour

code

yellow

spot

EEthanePropaneTerpolymer EPDM colourcode bluespot FFluorElastomer FKM HHydrogenatedNitrileButadieneRubber HNBR

2.6Disassemblyofrubbersealjoints

Inprincipalitispossibletotakerubbersealjointsapartwithinashortperiodafterinstallation.Inpractice

thejointwillbecutoutduetothe lackofspacetopullthespigotoutofthesocket,unless it isthe last

installedjoint.

Thedismantling

procedure

for

arubber

seal

lock

joint

is

as

follows:

Pushthepipebackintopositiontofreeupthelockingstripifpossible.Gripthelockingstripwithapair

ofpliersoraplateclamp. Tapthepliersoruseacrane topull theplateclamptoremovethe locking

strip.(Ifthelockingstripjams,turnthepipealittlewhilepullingthestrip).Pullthespigotendoutofthe

socketuntiltherubberring ispositionedatthe insertionholeofthe lockingstrip. Pulltherubberring

throughthishole,cuttherubberringandremovetheringcompletelythroughthehole. Nowthejoint

canbereleasedcompletely.

3.Flanged

joints

Before assembling the Flanged Joints, all safety precautionswill need to be checked. Ensure that all

necessarytoolsandmaterialsareavailable.


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3.1Toolsforflangedjoints

Toolsnecessary

for

assembly

of

flanges:

Ringspannerwithrequiredboltheadsize. Torquewrenchwithrequiredsocketsize.

R.T.R.P. flangesare flat faced.These flangesmustalwaysbeaccuratelyalignedandnotsubject toany

stress.OntheR.T.R.P.sideoftheflangedjointtheboltsandnutsmusthavewasherstoavoidexceeding

thepermittedsurfacepressure.Asanalternative,asteelbackingringcanbeinstalled.Pipesmustnotbe

pulled togetherby tightening thebolts. IfanR.T.R.P.pipeline isconnected toametalpipe, thismetal

pipemustbeanchoredtopreventanymovementorloadsbeingtransmittedtotheR.T.R.P.line.

When assemblingawafertypebutterfly valve, thebolts shouldbe tightened firstbyhand. If leakage

occursduringpressuretests,theboltscanbetighteneduptothemax.

Topreventdamageoftheflangeswhentightening,spacersmaybeplacedbetweentheR.T.R.P.flanges.

Tightening of the bolts of flange connectionsmust be done diagonally according to the sequence as

shown in figure . Bolts in flanges must be placed on either side of the centre line unless otherwise

specified.

Theflangemustbeconnectedperpendiculartotheaxisofthepipe.

Inpractice

minor

deviations

might

occur.

If

this

happens,

agasket

with anOring sealor aprofiled gasketwith vulcanized steel ring

(Kroll&Ziller)shouldbeused.Theflangemustbe installedfreeof

tension.

3.2Gasketsandtorques

ForR.T.R.P.flangesseveralgasketsmaybeused,dependingonthe

diameter, system pressure or specific requirements of the client. To prevent excessive bending on

R.T.R.P. flanges themax.bolt torquesare specified. Inorder todetermine the right torquevalue, it is

necessarytolubricatetheboltwith,forexample,molykote.

Whenassemblingflanges,theboltshouldbetightenedbyhandupto30%ofthemax.Torquevalue.If

leakagesoccur,increasethetorquevalueupto60%ofthemaximumvalue.


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3.3RecommendedBoltTorques

ID

(mm)

BoltTorque

BS4504

Table10

(PN10)

MaxTorque(Nm)

DIN1882

DIN2501

ND10

MaxTorque(Nm)

DIN2502

ND16

ASA150

MaxTorque(Nm)

DIN2501

ND25

ASA300

Torque

Increment

(Nm)

25 25 70 70 100 7

40 25 100 100 150 7

50 25 100 100 150 7

80 25 100 100 150 7

100 20 100 100 250 7

150 35 150 150 250 14

200 45 150 150 300 14

250 55 150 300 500 14

300 75 150 300 550 14

ID(mm)Bolt

Torque

BS4504Table10

(PN10)

MaxTorque

(Nm)

ToqueIncrement

(Nm)

350 450 95115 400 14

500600 115170 500 27

700 1400 170 230 700 34


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3.4Assemblyanddisassemblyofflangedequipment

Ensurethatthejointisfullyextendedandthestopofboth,thesocketandthespigotendareincontact

withthelockingstrip.Assemblingflangedparts(equipment,valves,adjustingpieces,orificeflangesetc.)

onemustbearinmindthatthesepartscouldalsobedismantled.Toprovidespacefordisassemblyinany

installation theremustbe a rubber sealjoint atone side. This allows somedisplacement in the axial

directionusingtheclearanceinthesocket.

4.ButtandwrapjointsBeforestartingabuttandwrap(lamination)joint,allsafetyprecautionswillneedtobechecked.Ensure

that all necessary tools and materials are available. A reliable laminatedjoint can only be made by

personnelauthorized

and

trained

to

do

so.

4.1Toolsbuttandwrapjoints

LaminationjointForbuttandwrapjointsthefollowingisneeded:

1. Measuringtape+pipefitter'swraparound+markerpen2. Cleaningrags3. Anglegrinderwithdiagritorcarborundumcuttingdisc(grain24),ahandsaw24teeth/inch,4. jigsawwitha14teeth/inchblade5. Anglegrinder+sandingdisc+flexiblesupportdisc6. Resin,hardenerandglassreinforcement+apairofscissors7. Gloves,brushes,rollers,dustmasks inquantitiesasmentioned inthe fitand laminatingsets,a

pairofsafetyglasses

8. Shelter(dependingontheweathercircumstances)9. Insulationblanket,hotairgun (paintstrippergun),digital temperaturegauge,gasburner, field

oven,Heatingblanket, variable energy control (rheostat) [These items are especially for GRE

Lamination]

10.Pipeclamp,benchandrubberstrips(underchainclamp)11.Generator

Forthe

butt

and

wrap

joint

procedures

see

instructions

enclosed

with

the

lamination

sets.

These

instructionsinclude;cuttingandsanding,mixing,thefitprocedure,laminationandcuring.


13/15


4.2Cuttingandsanding

Markoff

the

pipes

to

be

joined

using

apipe

fitters

sleeve

and

felt

tipped

pen.

Saw

the

pipe

(sections)

to

the right length,witha straightcutperpendicular to thepipeaxis.Thepipecanbe shortenedusinga

diagrit,carborundumslittingdiscorwithadiamondedgeddisc.Useasander(Anglegrinder)toremove

the topcoatof thepipeswhen cut to the right length, inorder togiveacleanand rough surface for

adhesion.Cleanthesandedpartwithaclean,nonfluffyclothorbrush.Thepipesectionsmustnowbe

cleanandfreeofdust.

4.3Mixing

Thefullcontentsofthehardenermustbeaddedtothecontainerwiththeresinandcarefullymixed.The

resinand

hardener

contain

the

right

mixing

ratio.

4.4Fitlayer

Thefunctionsofthefitlayerare,firstly,toensureproperpositioningand,secondly,tocreateaseal.The

fitlayer,withitslowerviscosity,willnotdrainfromtheVshapedseam.

4.5Laminating

Grind the surface (ensure the topcoating is removed)and remove thedustusingacleandryclothor

brush toensure agoodadhesionbetween fit layerand laminate.Theworkmust continuewithin the

hour,otherwisethegrindingandcleaningoperationwillhavetoberepeated.Ensurethattolerancesare

notexceeded!The laminateshouldbebuiltup followingtheprocedurealreadymentioned.Thewoven

rovings,theapplicationofresin/hardenermixandthecorrectsequenceofbuildingupthewovenrovings

mustbedoneaccording to the instructionson the laminationkit.Removeexcess resinusinga rubber

spatula.


14/15


4.6Curing

Thelamination

will

harden

at

ambient

temperatures.

This

can

be

speeded

up

by

applying

heat

using

for

example,aninfrareddeviceorhotairgun.Thehardeningprocessneedstobedonegradually.Afterthe

lamination isno longersticky,curingcanbecontinuedwiththeaidofheatingblankets,hotairgunsor

ovens.Heatinguptothecuringtemperatureshouldalsobeperformedgradually.Thecuringtimeonly

startswhen the laminatehas reached the correct curing temperature. Thejoint is ready and can be

testedwhenthelaminateisfullycuredandhascooleddown.

5.Mechanicalcouplers

5.1Toolsformechanicalcouplers

ForStraubandTaylorKerr: Allenkeyandtorquewrench. ForDresser,VikingJohnsonandInlandcouplers: ringspanner.

FRPpipeshavelowertorquesthansteelpipes,dependingonthewallthickness

Mechanical couplers, normally used for steel pipes, can also be used: e.g. Straub, Viking Johnson,

Dresser,TaylorKerr.However, restrainingcouplersshouldnotbeusedasthesemaydamage theFRP

pipes.

WiththesecouplersconnectionsbetweenR.T.R.P.andothermaterialscanbemade.Reducingcouplers

are available forpipeswithdifferentoutsidediameters.Whenusing these typeof couplers, the cut

R.T.R.P.pipeendsmustbesealedwitharesincoating.Seelaminationinstructions.Thesecouplersmay

alsobeusedforquickrepairsofundergroundpressuresystems.Asthesecouplersdonotprovideaxial

restraint,they

must

not

be

used

within

aspecific

distance

of

achange

of

direction

as

this

can

cause

separationofthejoint.Oneofthefactorsdeterminingthislengthisthefrictionvalueofthesurrounding

soil.Adequatefixingofabovegroundpipesystems isrequired.Thetorquesgivenonthejointsdonot

applytoFRPPipes.AfterinstallationofDressercouplersthestopperboltmustberemovedandreplaced

byapluginordertopreventdamageofthepipewall.


15/15


ApplicableCodes/Standards:

ASTMD2996 : Standards Specification for Filament Wound Fiberglass (Glass Fiber

ReinforcedThermosettingResin)Pipe.

ASTMD3517 : Standards Specification for Fiberglass (Glass Fiber Reinforced

ThermosettingResin)PressurePipe.

ASTMD3262: StandardsSpecificationforFiberglass(GlassFiberReinforcedThermosetting

Resin)SewerPipe

ASTMD3754 : StandardsSpecificationforFiberglass(GlassFiberReinforcedThermosetting

Resin)SewerandIndustrialPressurePipe.

ASTMD4024 : StandardsSpecificationforMachineMadeFiberglass(GlassFiber

Applicablefromin.through24in.(13mmthrough600mm)

ANSIB16.5#150boltcircleflanges.

ASTMD4161 : StandardSpecificationforFiberglass(GlassFiberReinforced

ThermosettingResin)PipeJointsUsingFlexibleElastomericSeals.

API15LR : SpecificationforLowPressureFiberglassLinePipe.Applicableto2in.through

12in(50mmthrough300mm)diameterpipeofEpoxyorpolyesterresinfor

use

at

cyclic

pressure

(6,895

k

pa).

AWWAC950 : AWWAStandardforFiberglassPressurepipe.

AWWAM45 : FiberglassPipeDesignManual

ASMEB31.3 : ProcessPiping

BS5480 : BritishStandardSpecificationforFiberglass(GRP)pipes,jointsandFittingsfor

usefor watersupplyorsewerage.

BS7159 : BritishStandardCodeofpracticeforDesignandconstructionofFiberglass(GRP)

pipingsystemsforindividualplantsorsites.

Documents

FRP Piping Technical Aspects