Fruit and vegetable peels – strong natural source of antimicrobics

S. Chanda*, Baravalia Y, Kaneria M and Rakholiya K

Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Microbiological Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University,

Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India

* author for correspondence email:svchanda@gmail.com

Infectious diseases are leading cause of death world wide due to multidrug resistant strains of bacteria, reduced

susceptibility to antimicrobics and increase in untreatable bacterial infections. Natural products provide unlimited

opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Because of increasing threat

of infectious diseases, the need of the hour is to find natural agents with novel mechanism of action. Fruit and vegetable

peels are thrown into the environment as agro waste which can be utilized as a source of antimicrobics. It will be

economic, eco friendly and reduce pollution. Here we report the antimicrobial activity of peels of seven fruit and

vegetables against 11 microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method. The

Mangifera indica peel showed best and promising antimicrobial activity. This study will definitely open, scope for future

utilization of the waste products for therapeutic purpose.

Key words: Agro waste; peels; antimicrobics; natural extracts; Mangifera indica

1. Introduction

The introduction and increasing use of antibiotics for antibacterial therapy has initiated a rapid development and

expansion of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens. Infectious diseases are as old as life itself. They have played a

major part in shaping human history, not only because of the decimating effects of the various plagues through the

centuries, but also because of the intense efforts made to find cures for them, thus advancing medical sciences. It is

widely accepted that the increased availability and the use of antibacterial and antifungal agents in recent years has

resulted in the control and even eradication of diseases, but it has also led to the development of resistant strains.

Infectious diseases caused by bacteria and fungi affect millions of people world wide due to the global emergence of

multi-drug resistant bacterial strains; it is increasingly limiting the effectiveness of current drugs and significantly

causing treatment failure of infections [1].

1.1. Mechanism of drug resistance

The development and spread of resistance to currently available antibiotics is a worldwide concern. Bacterial resistance

is an increasing threat to the successful treatment of infectious diseases. As bacterial resistance continues to evolve,

some pathogens that were once considered routine to treat are developing, or have developed, resistance to almost

every antibacterial agent currently available [2]. Several mechanisms have evolved in microorganisms, which confer

them with antimicrobial resistance. Three mechanisms predominate in antimicrobial resistance: 1) enzymatic

inactivation of the antimicrobial agent, 2) substitutions, amplifications or modifications of the drug target reducing the

affinity of the drug to the target or 3) reduced access of the antimicrobial agents to the target by means of permeability

barriers or efflux pumps [3, 4]. These mechanisms can either chemically modify the antibiotic, or it becomes inactive

through physical removal from the cell, or modify target site so not recognized by the antibiotics. Examples include

methicillin-resistant staphylococci, pneumococci resistant to penicillin and macrolides, vancomycin-resistant

enterococci as well as multi-drug resistant Gram-negative organisms and fungi [5].

1.2. Role of pathogens in infection

S. aureus is a facultative anaerobic organism, which causes food poisoning and usually grows on the nasal membrane

and skin. It causes boils, abscesses, wound infection, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome and other diseases [6].

Klebsiella species cause diseases such as pneumonia, urinary and respiratory tract infections. K. pneumoniae are widely

distributed in hospitals and are increasingly being isolated from community-acquired infections [7]. S. typhi is a serious

public health problem in developing countries and represents a constant concern for the food industry [8]. P. mirabilis

is a secondary invader of ulcers, pressure sores, septicemia and occasionally meningitis and chest infections [9]. C.

albicans is the agent of candidisis; is one of the most pervasive pathogenic fungi, especially infecting immuno-

compromised hosts, in which it can invade various tissues [10, 11]. C. tropicalis is one of the non-albicans candida

strains that are emerging in fungal infections [12]. C. glabrata is a highly opportunistic pathogen of urogenital tract and

of the blood stream. It is especially prevalent in HIV positive people.

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1.3. Approaches towards natural drugs

In recent years, multiple drug resistance in human pathogenic microorganisms developing due to indiscriminate use of

commercial antimicrobial drugs commonly used in the treatment of infectious diseases. This situation has necessitated

a search for new antimicrobial compounds and for this reason, researchers are increasingly turning their attention to

herbal products, looking for new leads to develop better drugs against pathogenic microbial strains [13]. The

emergence of antibiotic resistance is further complicated by the fact that bacteria and their resistant genes are traveling

faster and further. We are facing not only epidemics but pandemics of antibiotic resistance. Existing antibiotics are

losing their effect at an alarming rate, but development of new antibiotics is declining. There is a tremendous need for

novel antimicrobial agents from different sources. Screening of plants with validated methods can lead to identify

potentially useful molecules against infectious disease [14]. Medicinal plants produce a large number of secondary

metabolites with antimicrobial effects on pathogens [15]. All parts of plants individually or in combination show

antimicrobial properties. A significant part of the chemical diversity produced by plants is thought to protect plants

against microbial pathogens.

Many medicinal plants remain unexplored; screening of antibiotic resistance modifying compounds from plants

sources are expected to provide the basis for identifying leads for the isolation of therapeutically useful compounds.

The antimicrobial constituents are present in all parts of the plant viz. bark, stalks, leaves, fruits, roots, flowers, pods,

seeds, stems, latex, hull and fruit rind [16-18]. Recent research has revealed that fruit peels and seeds, such as grape

seeds and peels [19], pomegranate peel [20], wampee peel [21] and mango seed kernel [22] may potentially possess

antimicrobial property. This represents a potential area of future investigation. The reported antimicrobial activity of

some plants peel is listed in table 1.

1.4. Peel: eco-friendly source of novel antimicrobics

Numerous scientific investigations point at consecutive rich sources of antimicrobics, especially among fruits and

vegetables, but only few of them involve waste parts of fruits, i.e. seeds and peels. Many of the fruits and vegetables

skins are thrown in the garbage or fed to livestock. Fruits and vegetables wastes and by-products, which are formed in

great amounts during industrial processing, represent a serious problem, as they exert an influence on environment and

need to be managed and/or utilized. On the other hand, they are very rich in bioactive components, which are

considered to have a beneficial effect on health. Since last decade, efforts have been made to improve methods and

ways of reusing fruits and vegetables wastes. The important purpose is the valorization of the biocomponents in

byproducts from fruit and vegetable industries. Plant waste is prone to microbial spoilage; therefore drying is necessary

before further exploitation. Till now, agro industrial waste often is utilized as feed or fertilizer. But using this agro

waste therapeutically is a new idea which is slowly gaining popularity. They are high value products and their recovery

will be economically attractive. These are novel, natural, eco friendly and economic sources of antimicrobics, which

can be used in the prevention of diseases caused by pathogenic microbes and also reduce pollution.

In the, present investigation, we report the antimicrobial property of peels of different fruits and vegetables, that are

commonly available and readily consumed in India, and to indicate which of them can become a new source of natural

antimicrobics for pharmaceutical industries. Some promising fruit and vegetable peels are shown in figure 1. Seven

fruits and vegetables peels were evaluated for their antimicrobial property (Table 1).

2. Antimicrobial activity

The antimicrobial activity was done against eleven microorganisms by agar well diffusion method [23, 24]. DMSO was

used as the negative control.

3. Results and discussion

In this study, polar solvents (acetone and methanol) were more effective as antimicrobial agents than non-polar solvents

(hexane and chloroform). The maximum zone of inhibition was shown by acetone extracts followed by methanol

extracts of all the 7 peels. The fruit and vegetable peel extracts showed better antifungal activity than antibacterial

activity; Gram-negative bacteria were more susceptible than Gram-positive bacteria which contradict the previous

reports that plant extracts are more active against Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative bacteria [25]. This

difference may be due structural differences in cell wall of these bacteria. The Gram-negative cell wall is complex and

multilayered structure; it has an outer phospholipid membrane carrying the structural lipopolysaccharide components,

which makes a barrier to many environmental substances including synthetic and natural antibiotics. The Gram-positive

bacteria contain a single outer peptidoglycan layer, which is not an effective permeability barrier [26]. The most

susceptible organism was fungi C. glabrata and Gram-negative K. pneumoniae. M. indica showed maximum and best

antimicrobial activity (Table 2).

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Table 1 Antimicrobial activity of some plant peels against some microorganisms causing infectious diseases

Pl ant name

Extract

Microorganisms

Reference

Citru

s gra

ndis (Rutaceae)

Hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol,

methanol, benzene: acetone

Bacillus

subtilis, Bacillus

cer

eus, Sta

phyloco

ccus

aure

us, Esc

her

ichia

co

li,

Salm

onella

enteritidis

[27]

Citru

s re

ticu

lata

Blanco

(Rutaceae)

Oil

Alter

naria

alter

nata

,

Rhizoctonia

so

lani,

Curv

ula

ria

lunata

, Fusa

rium

oxy

sporu

m,

Helmin

thosp

orium ory

zae

[28]

Vitis vin

ifer

a

(Vitaceae)

80% ethanol

Sta

phyloco

ccus aure

us, B

acillus ce

reus Esc

her

ichia

coli, Salm

onella

infa

ntis, C

ampylobacter

coli

[29]

Citru

s re

ticu

lata

Blanco(R

utaceae)

Flavonoid extract

Esc

her

ichia

coli, S

taphyloco

ccus aure

us, S

taphyloco

ccus ep

ider

mid

is, Entero

cocc

us fa

ecalis,

Salm

onella

typ

him

urium, Entero

bacter

clo

aca

e [30]

Citru

s acida Roxb. (R

utaceae)

Oil

Bacillus

subtilis, Bacillus

cere

us, Sta

phyloco

ccus

aure

us, Esc

her

ichia

co

li,

Entero

bacter

aer

ogen

es,

Salm

onella

typhim

urium,

Asp

ergillu

s ficu

um,

Asp

ergillu

s nig

er,

Asp

ergillu

s

fumig

atu

s, A

sper

gillu

s flavu

s, F

usa

rium salo

ni, F

usa

rium o

xysp

oru

m, Pen

cilliu

m d

igitatu

m,

Candid

a utilis

[31]

Ficus ca

rica

L. (Moraceae)

Aqueous

Bacillus

cere

us, Sta

phyloco

ccus

epid

ermid

is,

Sta

phyloco

ccus

aure

us, Esc

her

ichia

co

li,

Pse

udomonas fluore

scen

s [32]

Citru

s ber

gamia

Risso

(Rutaceae)

Ethanolic fraction

Esc

her

ichia

co

li,

Pse

udomonas

putida,

Salm

onella

en

terica

, Listeria in

nocu

a,

Bacillus

subtilis, Sta

phyloco

ccus aure

us, L

actobacillus la

ctis, Sach

aro

myc

es cer

evisia

e

[33]

Nep

heliu

m lappace

um L

.

(Sapindaceae)

Ether, methanol, aqueous

Esc

her

ichia

coli, Klebsiella

pneu

monia

e, P

seudomonas aer

ugin

osa

, Salm

onella typ

hi, V

ibrio

cholera

e, E

ntero

cocc

us fa

ecalis, Sta

phyloco

ccus aure

us, Staphyloco

ccus ep

ider

mid

is

[34]

Musa

sapientu

m (Musaceae)

Chloroform

, ethyl acetate,

aqueous

Sta

phyloco

ccus aure

us, B

acillus su

btilis, B

acillus ce

reus, S

alm

onella

enteritidis, Esc

her

ichia

coli

[35]

Tra

pa natans L.

(Trapaceae)

Petroleum ether, 1,4-dioxan,

chloroform

, acetone,

dim

ethylform

amide, ethanol,

aqueous

Bacillus ce

reus, M

icro

cocc

us flavu

s, S

taphyloco

ccus aure

us, A

lcaligen

es faec

alis, K

lebsiella

aer

ogen

es,

Klebsiella

pneu

monia

e, Pro

teus

mirabilis,

Pro

teus

morg

anii,

Pse

udomonas

putida,

Pse

udomonas

testoster

oni, Candid

a alb

icans, Candid

a alb

icans, Cry

pto

cocc

us

luteolu

s, T

rich

osp

oro

n beigelii, Asp

ergillu

s ca

ndid

us, A

sper

gillu

s flavu

s

[36]

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Table 2 Antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of seven fruits and vegetables peels

Plant name (Family) Extracts

Zone of Inhibition (mm)*

Gram positive Gram negative Fungi

SA SS CR EA KP PM ST CA CT CG CL

Mangifera indica L.

(Anacardiaceae)

HE – – – – – – 9 11.5 – 11 –

CH 13.3 11.7 14 10 14 13 11 – – 11 11

AC 15 12 12.7 11 18 13 11 11 10 12 12

ME 16 13.7 11.7 10 18 – 12 12 11 11 12

Lagenaria siceraria

(Molina) Standl.

(Cucurbitaceae)

HE 10 10 – – 12 9 10 9 – 10 –

CH – 10 9 – 13 9 – 10 9 11 10

AC 10 11 10 10 10 10 9 12 10 9 10

ME – – – 9 9 – 9 12 10 10 10

Solanum tuberosum L.

(Solanaceae)

HE – – – 10 10 – – 10 9 11 –

CH – 9 – 10 10 – 9 13 11 9 –

AC – – – 9 11 10 9 9 9 10 9.5

ME – 9 – – 15 11 – 10 9 11 9.5

Ananas comosus

(Linnaeus) Merr.

(Bromeliaceae)

HE – – – – 11.7 – – – – 9 –

CH 10 – 9 – 12.7 – 9.3 9.5 10 10.5 9.5

AC 11 10 9 9 10 9 9 10.5 9.5 11 10

ME 12 – – – 9 – – 12 9.5 11.5 10.5

Luffa acutangula (L.)

Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae)

HE – 9 – – – – 9.5 10 – 10.5 –

CH – 9 – – 13.5 – – – – 11 –

AC – – – – – – – 10 10 9.5 –

ME – – – 10 9 – 9 10 10 9 9.5

Momordica charantia L.

(Cucurbitaceae)

HE – – – – 9 – – 12 9 11 –

CH 11 10 9 – 11 11 – 10 – 12 9

AC 10 10 – – 11 10 – 11 10 9 10

ME 9 11 – – 11 12 – 12 10 11 10

Moringa oleifera Lam.

(Moringaceae)

HE – – – – 9 – – 13 – 10 –

CH – – – 10 10 – – 11 9 11 9

AC 10 10 11 10 13 10 10 11 10 10 10

ME 10 9 – – 10 11 – 10 9 10 10

* The values are mean (n = 3); –: No zone of inhibition; HE: Hexane; CH: Chloroform; AC: Acetone; ME: Methanol;

SA = Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29737; SS = Staphylococcus subflava NCIM2178; CR = Corynebacterium

rubrum ATCC14898; ST = Salmonella typhimurium ATCC23564; EA = Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC1304; KP =

Klebsiella pneumoniae NCIM2719; PM = Proteus mirabilis NCIM2241; CL = Cryptococcus luteolus ATCC32044;

CA = Candida albicans ATCC2091; CT = Candida tropicalis ATCC4563; CG = Candida glabrata NCIM3448

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Mangifera indica Lagenaria siceraria Solanum tuberosum Ananas comosus

Luffa acutangula Momordica charantia Moringa oleifera

Ficus carica Nephelium lappaceum Punica granatum Vitis vinifera

Luffa acutangula

Manilkara zapota Musa sapientum Trapa natans

Citrus grandis Citrus reticulata Citrus bergamia Citrus acida

Fig. 1 Some promising plant peels with antimicrobial property

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4. Conclusion and future aspects

It is known that the by-products of some vegetables and fruits represent an important source of sugars, minerals,

organic acid, dietary fiber and phenolics that have a wide range of action, which includes antitumoral, antiviral,

antibacterial, cardioprotective and antimutagenic activities. Thus new aspects concerning the use of the wastes

therapeutically are very attractive. The present investigation focuses on the possibility of using plant peel waste as a

source of low-cost natural antimicrobial. M. indica peel, usually a waste product which is thrown into the environment

has a very good antimicrobial potentiality. The demonstration of broad spectrum of antibacterial activity by M. indica

peels may help to discover new chemical classes of antibiotic substances that could serve as selective agents for

infectious disease chemotherapy and control. This investigation has opened up the possibility of the use of this plant in

drug development for human consumption possibly for the treatment of various infections caused by microbes. These

are novel, natural and economic sources of antimicrobics, which can be used in the prevention of diseases caused by

pathogenic microbes. Therefore, this study will definitely open up as a scope for future utilization of the waste for

therapeutic purpose. The results also indicate that selective extraction from natural materials, by an appropriate solvent,

is important for obtaining fractions with high antimicrobial activity.

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